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Muscular System study guide Essay Example

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question

3 Major Groups Of Muscle

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1. Skeletal Muscle 2.

Cardiac Muscle, also known as the heart muscle, is a type of muscle that exclusively exists in the heart. Each individual cardiac muscle cell has its own rhythmic contraction. The fastest contracting cell or group of cells in the right atrium establishes the rate for all other cardiac cells.

Smooth Muscle is another type of involuntary muscle found in organs such as the stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, and uterus. In contrast, Skeletal Muscle is voluntary and connects to bones. The main function of muscles is to move the skeleton.

The text below provides definitions for va

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rious muscle-related terms: eyes, air passageways, blood vessels

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Myo

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refers to muscle - myositis, myometrium, myocardium, etc.A single cell can have over 100 nuclei and a muscle fiber can be several inches long, making it 25,000 times larger than regular cells.

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what does Previously Voluntary mean

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under control of the conscious mind

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what is Straited?
comes from the muscle cell's appearance - striations consisting of light and dark Bands< / div >

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<>Gross Anatomy Of A Skeletal Muscle
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fla shcar d_a_text ot;

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Muscle Belly

Most muscles have a muscle belly and two or more attachment sites.

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Attachment Sites

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They connect the muscles to whatever they are supposed to move.
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ques tion
Tendons
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Tendons are a band of tough connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone; generally cord-like.

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Linea alba

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The linea alba is the most prominent aponeurosis. It is a white line that runs lengthwise on the ventral midline between the muscles of the abdominal wall. It serves as the most common site for surgical entry into the abdomen. Below is a section with flashcards containing questions and answers about the

origin, attachments, insertion, and mobility of the white line. Please keep in mind that the and their contents are included.

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span ="lbl" > answer< /spAn >
div ="clAss" And "flAshcArd_A _text ">Most stable attachment site;

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Insertion

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Most mobile attachment site;

The text discusses the characteristics and components of a muscle cell, such as having

up to 100 multinucleated cells per cell and a high number of mitochondria. It identifies the sarcrolemma as the muscle cell membrane. The contractile protein structures in the cell, known as myofibrils, are made up of actin and myosin filaments. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is equivalent to the endoplasmic reticulum. Extensions of the sarcolemma called T tubules extend into the cell. Actin filaments are thin and attach to Z-lines, while myosin filaments are thick or wide. These thick and thin filaments contribute to the striated appearance in skeletal muscle fibers. The A Band appears dark due to its composition of myosin filaments, whereas the I Band looks light with its content of actin filaments. Z Bands resemble discs and serve as attachment points for actin filaments. The sacromere is responsible for muscle contraction; it extends from one Z-line to another, with actin filaments connecting to Z-lines while myosin filaments occupy the middle portion. This information is presented using various div and span elements within format.During sarcomere contraction, there is a sliding movement where actin filaments move inward over myosin filaments

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Connective Tissue Layers

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- Endomysium, Perimysium, Epimysium - All three layers come together and are continuous with tendons or aponeuroses

Endomysium

a _ text "> surrounds each individual muscle cell or fiber "

"< divclass = " q_and_img "> "< spanclass = " lbl_question "> "< divclass = " flash_card_q "> Perimysium
"< divid =" faulash_ard_a ">" "< spalasss =" blablabla1 ?>">'< dsslvlassb="'flshcaraat' > surroundsa fascicle ,which consists of abundleof musclase cells ''."

Acetylcholine is released from vesicles and diffuses through the synaptic space in response to a nerve impulse. It then binds to receptors on the sarcolemma, triggering muscle contraction. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine, stopping muscle contraction.

A motor unit consists of one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers it innervates. Fine movement muscles have low motor units, while large muscles generally have high motor units. In a low motor unit, the nerve fiber innervates only one or a few muscle fibers, while in a high motor unit, it innervates many muscle fibers.

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Stages of Initiation of Muscle Contraction and Relaxation

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The nerve impulse at the neuromuscular junction triggers the release of acetylcholine from synaptic vesicles in the end bulb. This acetylcholine then spreads across the synaptic space and binds to receptors on the sarcolemma. Subsequently, the impulse proceeds along the sarcolemma and enters the cell interior through T-tubules.

When the impulse reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum, it triggers the release of stored calcium ions (Ca++). These Ca++ ions then enter the sarcoplasm and spread throughout the myofibrils. The dispersal of Ca++ into the myofibrils initiates

muscle contraction, which is fueled by ATP. Shortly after being released, Ca++ quickly returns to the sarcoplasmic reticulum with the help of ATP.

When calcium ions (Ca++) exit the myofibrils, the process of contraction begins to shut down after 10 seconds.The muscle fiber relaxes and returns to its original length.

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Muscle contraction and relaxation require what

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Require ATP

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Mitchondria

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- immediate energy source that powers the sliding of actin filaments over myosin filaments - Energy is released when a phosphate group splits off ATP to form ADP

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Creatine phosphate (CP)

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in the sarcoplasm then donates a phosphate group to convert the ADP back to ATP

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Glycogen

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stored glucose.

Glucose, derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, serves as the primary energy source for most cells. It is utilized first by a working muscle, followed by glycogen.

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Mechanics of Muscle Contraction

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Initiated by a nerve impulse and requires calcium (Ca++). Contraction occurs at the actin and myosin filaments level.

The filaments sliding over each other causes the sarcomere to shorten.

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Myoglobin

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stored oxygen

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Aerobic metabolism

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most efficient;requires oxygen

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Anaerobic metabolism

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not as efficient as aerobic metabolism;kicks in after available O2 and myoglobin are used up;produces lactic acid.The build-up of lactic acid in the muscle causes muscle fatigue and pain.

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Some Characteristics of Muscle Contraction

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- All-or-none principle: when stimulated by a nerve impulse, an individual muscle fiber contracts completely or not at all
- Contraction of skeletal muscle generates heat.Shivering is a mechanism that the body uses in cold conditions to avoid hypothermia

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Cardiac Muscle

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Involuntary striated - found only in the heart

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Gross Anatomy of cardiac muscle

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.Makes up most of the heart
.Not defined groups as we see in skeletal muscle;very involved networks
.Starts contracting while the fetus is still in the embryonic phase

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SA Node (sinoatrial node)

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this group of cells is the pacemaker for the heart

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Microscopic Anatomy of cardiac muscle

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.Striated .Much smaller than skeletal muscle cells .One nucleus per cell .Branched

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Intercalated disks

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- strong end-to-end attachments between cardiac muscle cells;

The text describes how impulses are transmitted between cells in cardiac muscle, allowing them to function as a coordinated unit. It also provides information about the nerve supply in cardiac muscle. The text is structured as a series of flashcards with questions and answers. The first flashcard discusses the nerve supply and states that nerves are not needed

to initiate contraction of cardiac muscle. The second flashcard mentions that sympathetic nerve fibers cause the heart to beat harder and faster. The third flashcard states that parasympathetic nerve fibers allow resting cardiac function. Lastly, the fourth flashcard mentions that visceral smooth muscle is found in the walls of many internal organs.

- Cells are arranged in large sheets, exhibiting large, rhythmic waves of contraction and do not require nerve supply for contraction. Stretching stimulates stronger contraction in visceral smooth muscle.

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Multiunit Smooth Muscle

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- Found in the iris of the eye, walls of small blood vessels, and small air passageways in the lungs where small delicate contractions are required. Consist of single smooth muscle cells or small groups of cells.

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Contractions of Multiunit Smooth Muscle

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- Contractions are not automatic and require specific impulses from autonomic nerves to occur.

However, the function of smooth muscle cells is still involuntary. Think of

a bright light (which acts as a triggering impulse) that leads to the constriction of the pupil in the eye. Smooth muscle cells are characterized by their spindle shape and single nucleus. In contrast to skeletal muscle cells, the actin and myosin filaments in smooth muscle cells crisscross instead of being linear. Additionally, smooth muscle cells are attached at both ends to dense bodies, which are comparable to the Z-lines found in skeletal muscle.Cells that are located in the connective tissue just beneath the skin shorten more than cardiac or skeletal muscle cells.
Cutaneous Muscles are located in the connective tissue just beneath the skin.
Masseter muscle - Head and Neck Muscles is the biggest and strongest chewing muscle.
Splenius and Trapezius help to raise the head.
Brachiocephalic helps to extend the head and neck and pull the front leg forward.
Sternocephalic flexes or lowers the head and neck.
External abdominal oblique muscle - Abdominal Muscles runs in a caudoventral direction.
Internal abdominal oblique muscle runs in a cranioventral direction.
Rectus abdominis (straight abdominal) is the abdominal wall floor ("six pack").
Transversus abdominis muscle is the deepest abdominal muscle.
Latissimus dorsi muscle - Thoracic Limbs flexes the shoulder.
Pectoral muscles are adductors of the front limb.
Deltoid muscle abducts and flexes the shoulder.
Biceps brachii (brachialis) flexes the elbow joint.
Triceps brach is not available.

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