History Paper Essay Example

in the world. Additionally, as the majority of Britain's overseas trade had been taken by the US, they feared the possibility of communism taking hold in Germany. France had their own prerequisites in mind. They sought compensation for the damages done to them by Germany in a previous war and lost territories such as Laces and Lorraine. Their actual territorial aims included the return of Laces and Lorraine, as well as the creation of new nations such as Poland, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia to balance power in central Europe and weaken Germany economically. They also aimed to create an independent state in Rangeland due to its major resources and industry.The text discusses the aims of different countries in the Paris Peace settlements after World War I. France aimed to have buffer states between itself and Germany and desired the Sara region as compensation. They also wanted Germany to have no overseas territory and pay a large indemnity for damages. The military was to be limited, and France sought an alliance with Great Britain and the United States of America. Japan desired recognition, possession of previously German-owned areas in China and the Pacific, racial equality, major power status, and a strong empire. Italy had promised territory in the Treaty of London if they joined the war, but had little military success.In the Paris Peace Treaties, the aims of the conference were to obtain all promised areas from Austria-Hungary and colonies in the former Ottoman Empire, which went against self-determination, to become the protector of Albania obtaining control over foreign policy and resources, and to receive reparations from Austria-Hungary. The Treaty of Versailles was the most significant treaty

to emerge from the negotiations, dealing with the handling of Germany. Key clauses of the Treaty were only met through a compromise between participants. The clauses can be categorized into Covenant of the League of Nations, War guilt clause, reparations, territorial adjustments, and disarmament. The Covenant of the League of Nations is comprised of 26 articles and is an independent organization composed of independent states that cooperate to promote peace through negotiation. Articles 8-17 focus on preventing war and require all members to disarm to their lowest point of national safety.Articles 12-17 of the proposed process for resolving international disputes between countries included options such as arbitration, condemnation, and sanctions. Article 16 called for collective security to encourage aggressor nations to seek negotiation and arbitration. The league aimed to eliminate slavery, human and drug trafficking, and diseases, while also promoting religious freedom. However, they rejected the idea of including racial equality in treaties demanded by China and Japan. Under the War Guilt Clause in Article 231, Germany was universally blamed for the outbreak of the war and thus prohibited from attending negotiations. The reparations articles included a fixed payment of $22 billion that the United States deemed appropriate to avoid future resentment and war. Britain was divided on the issue, with some demanding that Germany pay for war pensions while others sought reparations for the war as a whole. Britain's Dominions also wanted a share of war pensions, leading to higher demands from Germany.Britain owed a large sum of money to the US and needed France to pay their debt to them. In order for France to do so, they required Germany to pay huge

reparations, which would cover their debt and damages done in Northern France, as well as war pensions and serve as punishment for Germany. Prime Minister Lloyd George wanted the amount to be high enough to inhibit the rebuilding of a German military but not too high to restrict the stabilization of the economy. The estimated total was $120 billion. France desired an estimated sum of $220 billion for the same purposes and wanted Germany's economy analyzed to determine how much they could afford to pay by May 1, 1921. In the meantime, Germany was to make an interim payment of 20 billion gold marks and arrange loans and raise another 60 million. France would receive over half of the money, Britain a quarter, and Belgium the remaining portion. Territorial adjustments included returning Schlesinger back to Denmark, holding plebiscites in Peen, Malted, and Moroseness to determine if they would be returned to Belgium. Laces-Lorraine would go back to France without question. The League would have control over the Sara government, while France would control its coalmines for 15 years.

After a span of 15 years, the citizens were able to vote in a plebiscite to decide whether they wanted Germany or France in their territory. Based on the results - a huge victory for Hitter's campaign - Germany was chosen. The Rangeland was under the occupation of the Allied Powers for fifteen years following the Anglo-American guarantee, after which it became a permanent demilitarized zone. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk granted Germany vast areas of Russian land but Article 118 of the Treaty of Versailles prohibited Germany from keeping any benefits attained from victory against Russia.

It was suggested that Poland be given Dancing, Marinades, and Upper Sillies from German territory to provide it with access to the sea and some industrialized sectors. However, Lloyd George disagreed and predicted that Germany would later turn to Communist Russia for help regarding this issue. Clemencies agreed that Marinades should have a plebiscite, and Dancing should become a free trade area with Poland, resulting in the polish Corridor, which divided sections of Germany from the Eastern-Prussia area.

Additionally, Austria-Hungary dissolved and the 14 points stated that their people could establish nations as they desired. Consequently, the inhabitants of Austria joined Germany in the German Republic of Austria. Although this move was detested by France and Britain, they forbade the two states from unifying.Germany lost all of its colonies to the League as mediators (South Africa) or Mandates (Pacific). Japan acquired the colonies in China following a disagreement between Wilson and other parties. As part of disarmament, Germany was limited to an army of 100,000 elite soldiers without conscripts and was not allowed to possess artillery, air force, poison gas, tanks, or submarines. They could only have six battleships at a time. French General Foci believed that this would allow Germany to quickly expand and strengthen their army. German reaction to the treaty was hostile because it did not follow the 14 points. They attempted to negotiate for immediate membership in the League and demanded plebiscites in areas granted to Poland. They also wanted a neutral commission to examine the war guilt question, no foreign troops in German Territory, and guarantees for Austria and ethnic Germans in Czechoslovakia. The demand was denied because

the Allied Powers believed that meeting them would give Germany an advantage over other nations in Europe. Nonetheless, a plebiscite was held in Upper Silesia, and if Germany behaved well, the occupation of Rhineland would be called off earlier than planned.

The US rejection of the Treaty was due to political reasons. Lloyd George and Clemencies were able to sign it without any issues as they represented the majority of their parliaments. However, Woodrow Wilson, a democrat in a Republican majority senate, couldn't sign it as his party's ideologies were not aligned with the treaty's negotiation. The US parliament was also against the treaty, unwilling to be obligated to defend other countries through war. Furthermore, they objected to Japan's acquisition of the Shank Tuning peninsula provinces and Britain and France's expansion in Africa and the Middle-East, which could impede the growth of democratic governments in those regions. They feared that joining the league would compromise the Monroe doctrine which prohibited European interference in Central and South Africa. The Treaty of SST. Germane dealt with Austria and was primarily composed by diplomats including the covenant of the league in the first 26 articles. It addressed reparations, territorial adjustments, disarmament, and war guilt clause where Austria took responsibility for the outbreak of war, leading to a committee analyzing their economy to determine how much they could pay for reparations.

It was understood that Austria would face difficulty in paying large sums of money, resulting in Austria having to pay a certain amount to Italy and other allied nations. Additionally, Austria was required to provide significant amounts of livestock to Italy, Yugoslavia, and Romania. As part of

the Treaty, cultural treasures were to be returned to their respective nations. Italy obtained some underwater cables in the Adriatic Sea. The Treaty officially ended the Austro-Hungarian Empire and established new states at its expense. The Republic of Austria was confirmed as a small, German-speaking nation with a population of approximately 6 million inhabitants. Austria and Germany were not permitted to unite despite governmental interests, granting France the ability to veto any changes regarding the two countries' status. The remaining parts of Austria were to be distributed among Italy, Yugoslavia, Poland, Romania, and Czechoslovakia. South Tyrol, home to 230,000 ethnic Germans, the Strain Peninsula, other islands in the Adriatic Sea, and the crucial port of Trieste were ceded to Italy. Czechoslovakia acquired the provinces of Bohemia and Moravia, which contained over 3 million Germans.The objections from Britain or LISA about the overhanging of provinces elicited an angry response from Clemencies. The provinces of Slovenia, Bosnia-Herringbone, and Dalmatian were given to Yugoslavia, which many Slovenes refused. The treaty authorized a plebiscite for German-speaking Slovenes in 1920 to join Austria. Galatia and Bouzouki were given to Poland and Romania, respectively. Austria was limited to an army of 30,000 men and prohibited from conscription. Only one factory could produce replacement weapons and munitions, and the export and import of weapons and munitions were banned. Austria had no air force or navy and no access to the sea, resulting in their ships being claimed by the Allies. The Treaty of Unlikely addressed Bulgaria, which was viewed as an enemy by Britain and France and threatened the stability of the Balkan region. Italy and the US wanted a less severe

approach, but France and Britain disagreed. Bulgaria did not have to admit fault for causing the outbreak of WWI but had to acknowledge responsibility for causing loss of life and damage to the Allies. This treaty also included the Covenant of the League in the first 26 articles.

An payment of appear.DIDO million will be made in equal sums twice per year for 37 years with a 5% interest rate. As part of previous treaties, western Bulgaria was lost to Yugoslavia and the Mug-Bulgarian border moved closer to the Bulgarian capital. Additionally, the Southern Dobra area was given to Romania despite having only 7000 Romanian residents compared to 250,000 Bulgarian residents. The Bulgarian military was reduced to 20,000 men with only 33,000 rifles and one factory for weaponry. The country had no air force or submarines, only 4 torpedo boats and 6 motor boats without torpedoes. Military equipment was not allowed to be imported or exported due to the Treaty of Titration which dealt with Hungary after a Bolshevik-inspired revolution in 1919. The treaty acknowledged Hungary's difficulty in separating its nationalities fairly, but Yugoslavia and Romania still received portions of its territory. Article 161 of the treaty acknowledged that as part of the Dual Monarchy, Hungary shared responsibility for the start of the war.The reparations outlined in the Treaty of SST were nearly identical. However, they were applied to different countries which led to significant losses for Hungary. As a result of the treaty, Hungary lost 72% of its land and 64% of its total population - 30% of the ethnic Hungarian population was forced to relocate to other countries. The United States initially opposed

this deal. Romania was secretly promised Transylvania by France and Britain if they attacked Hungary during the war, which led to Hungary's capitulation due to Romanian forces being stationed within its borders. Slovakia and Ruthenia were ceded to Czechoslovakia, with Budapest, the former capital of Hungary, now in another country. Croatia and Slavonia left Hungary and joined Yugoslavia. Hungary also lost some ports, which limited its ability to trade. The rich area of Insanity was given to Romania without any plebiscites held. The military limitations set out by this treaty included an army size restricted to 35,000 men, no conscription, use of certain weapons (such as poison gas, flamethrowers or tanks), no air force, and confiscation of previously-held German planes by the allies. Import and export of military goods were also prohibited. Additionally, the Treaty of Sevre dealt with Turkey, specifically the remaining lands within the Ottoman Empire. One major issue with negotiations in this treaty arose from differing opinions between Lloyd George and Clemenceau on the matter at hand.Lloyd George's plan to weaken Turkey involved seizing Constantinople and the Bosporus strait, and demanding that Turkey relinquish any territory without a Turkish minority. France, however, had invested in Turkey prior to the war and wanted to preserve a strong Turkey. This led to a humiliating treaty that resulted in the Allied powers taking control over Turkey's state finances, banking, and currency rates. Although there were no direct reparations demanded, Constantinople remained under Turkish control while the Darkenese and Bosporus strait were placed under international supervision. The Ottoman Empire was difficult to divide due to its many nationalities, but Greece was permitted to establish a parliament

in the Gizmo district and self-administer there.