Geographic Information Systems 593 Essay Example

related matters strive to enhance decision-making by offering up-to-date information and innovative methods for analyzing physical, social, and economic data. As a result, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and other comparable technologies continuously reshape our understanding of the natural surroundings. This empowers planners to scrutinize geographic areas using advanced mapping techniques that consider their physical, social, and economic characteristics.

The aim of this essay is to investigate and illustrate the advantages offered by Geographic Information Systems, as an inexpensive management tool, for strategic planning and management in all industries. Before starting, the next section gives a brief overview of the basic concepts and functions of a GIS.

Concepts & Functions of Geographic Information Systems

Although many efforts have been made to determine the precise definition of a GIS, few theorists directly connect it to the strategic aspect of planning and management. However, the following definition is a fairly successful attempt at creating a comprehensive, well-balanced, and precise definition: "A system of hardware, software, and procedures designed to support the capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling and display of spatially-referenced data for solving complex planning and management problems." (NCGIA lecture by David Cowen, 1989). One major benefit of a GIS is its ability to integrate data and information from various departments and documents scattered throughout an organization in a generic manner.

The distinguishing factor of GIS is its ability to integrate common database operations, query, and statistical analysis with unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits, making it valuable for explaining events, predicting outcomes, and planning strategies for both public and private enterprises. Additionally, GIS allows decision-makers at various levels to conduct integrated and coordinated planning, efficient

construction coordination, and development of preventative and routine maintenance programs based on reliable data and long-range plans.

At senior management levels, GIS serves as an indispensable tool for policy definition and control of high priority and critical regions. It also aids in decision making for planning and development across different time horizons - immediate, intermediate, and long-range.

In essence, a Geographic Information System connects spatial information (CAD) with alphanumeric information (database) to create a geographically referenced database. GIS software enables users to collect, edit, analyze, and display this information. The stored information can be categorized into three ways:

1. Points: Representing the locations of electric and telephone poles, fire hydrants, traffic lights.
2. Lines: Topologically defined network or linear data such as water pipelines, road centerlines, communication networks.

A Geographic Information System has two types of data: graphic and non-graphic. Graphic data includes polygons, which are closed areas with distinct characteristics like parcellation, land use, surface cover, and structures.

Graphic data in a GIS are digital descriptions of map features, used to generate visual representations on a display device or other media. Nongraphic data represent the characteristics and relationships of map features and locations. The diagram below illustrates how graphic elements relate to nongraphic data, enabling the creation of GIS software that integrates visuals with relevant data (Antenucci et al., 1991). The GIS operates by integrating three aspects of computer technology shown in the diagram: database management consisting of graphic and nongraphic data, graphic capabilities involving routines for manipulating and displaying visuals, and spatial analysis tools employing algorithms for spatial analysis. A GIS allows extracting specific sets of information from a map, such as roads, settlements, and

vegetation. These can be used as needed.

GIS technology revolutionizes the field of map-making and geographic analysis by providing customizable paper maps that meet users' specific needs. Additionally, GIS simplifies analysis and modeling through computer-based data storage. By using GIS, users can easily access detailed information about chosen buildings from an accompanying database, thus surpassing the limitations imposed by traditional paper maps. Furthermore, GIS has the capability to calculate the most efficient route between these buildings. In terms of speed and accuracy, GIS outperforms conventional manual methods in both map-making and geographic analysis. Prior to the introduction of GIS technology, only a limited number of individuals were skilled enough to utilize geographical information for decision making and problem solving.

Creating a Geographic Information System

Using a computer system known as a Geographic Information System (GIS) is an effective way to manage extensive databases. Unlike many personal computer applications, which can be used immediately after obtaining the necessary hardware and software, the use of a GIS involves several steps. These steps include creating large spatial databases, acquiring suitable hardware and software, developing applications, and installing, integrating, and testing all components before users can utilize the GIS. When introducing a GIS in an organization, it brings significant changes in how data is perceived. In the past, information technology only allowed for data collection and its limited association with individual activities or projects. The practice of organizing data stores was not common but rather exceptional.

The existence of duplicate data collection and storage in different departments led to the potential presence of inaccurate data in multiple locations. One objective of computer systems and database development is to eradicate redundant data collection and

storage. The principle is to collect data once and make it accessible to all relevant parties, minimizing redundancy and facilitating improved data accuracy and comprehension regarding the usage of the data by various departments.

For computer system and database development to be successful, different departments and agencies need to collaborate. A database is a resource for the entire organization and is created and managed based on a set of database principles. The decision to develop a GIS is made gradually. The necessary information to assess the feasibility and desirability of developing a GIS is not accessible until several planning steps are finished.

The text outlines the key decision points for implementing a GIS (Geographic Information System) in an organization. These decision points include:

1. Decision to investigate GIS for the organization: This is the initial decision to begin the process. It involves assessing the feasibility and potential usefulness of implementing a GIS. It is important to identify the major participants, such as departments within organizations and key organizations that will contribute data.
2. Decision to proceed with detailed planning and design of the database: Once the feasibility is determined, the next decision is to move forward with detailed planning and design of the GIS database. This includes identifying the applications, data requirements, data sources, prioritizing and scheduling applications, and determining the benefits.
3. Applications and questions for pilot study: During the planning phase, applications to be tested during a pilot study are determined. Additionally, specific questions to be answered by the pilot study are identified.

Before beginning the pilot study, it is important to choose the GIS software. This choice comes after developing a detailed database plan, conducting the pilot study, and performing

benchmark tests. At this point in development, it becomes possible to estimate the implementation costs of the GIS, establish a schedule for data conversion, and set goals for user adoption. Acquiring appropriate hardware and software is just one aspect of GIS development. The most difficult part of this process is constructing the database, which demands extensive planning and management efforts as well as significant time and financial investment.

Most local governments typically acquire GIS hardware and software from a GIS vendor. The process of selecting the appropriate GIS for a specific local government involves aligning the GIS requirements with the capabilities of the commercial GIS. Smaller local governments often seek assistance from larger agencies, experienced university individuals, and qualified consultants in order to make the right GIS choice. The GIS development cycle consists of eleven steps, beginning with the needs assessment and concluding with the continuous utilization and upkeep of the GIS system.

The following text presents a systematic progression of steps in the creation of a Geographic Information System (GIS), where each step is completed before moving on to the next. However, in reality, this sequential approach may not always be followed. Some activities in the process may occur simultaneously, be done iteratively, or require adjustments based on the organization's size, nature, and available resources for GIS planning.

Developing a GIS is a time-consuming endeavor that encompasses system development and human resources. Even if the system functions flawlessly from a technical standpoint, it can still yield misleading results. Equally vital to the system itself are staff training, education, and interaction with the GIS.

GIS: A Vital Tool for Strategic Planning and Management:

It is the combination of a well-built system that meets the user's needs and well-trained personnel that allows organizations to fully exploit the potential of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Today, GIS is used in various organizations such as government municipalities, marketing firms, and finance corporations. GIS incorporates spatial graphics to data, enabling effective decision making. Originally used by the government, these systems have gained popularity across different industries. Designed for geographic purposes, GIS is capable of meeting user needs and providing significant benefits for planning and management in all sectors. London's Heathrow Airport management is a prime example of GIS application. The airport uses the system to handle large amounts of constantly changing data, requiring approximately 400,000 technical and engineering plans for its operation and maintenance.

The airport required a system to meet customer demands and keep accurate records. This system, known as a Geographic Information System (GIS), allows the Airport Planning group to issue safety regulations and provide up-to-date information on construction works, diversions, and other relevant details. The GIS has led to financial benefits and improved turnaround times for record requests at Heathrow Airport. By providing timely information, the system is becoming an integral part of decision-making. The UK water industry has also benefited from GIS technology.

East Surrey Water (ESW), a water company serving the southern fringe of London, East Surrey, and West Kent, has successfully implemented a Geographic Information System (GIS) in the private sector. This system has enabled the company to enhance planning and customer services by implementing a targeted and cost-effective works program to improve water quality and supply. The GIS has minimized paperwork and duplicated tasks while

providing quick access to important information and an efficient updating system. Meanwhile, UK water companies are currently facing a challenge of up to 30% water loss due to leakage. Consequently, British water companies are constantly developing new modeling and water distribution management systems to address this significant issue.

At Thames Water Utilities, a PC-based GIS system was implemented to address the financial challenges. This system made it easier to update records and access information from databases, streamlining operations and enabling faster resolution of obstacles through more efficient techniques (Mapping Awareness). Boots the Chemist, a popular UK retail chain with over 50% of the population as customers each month, is facing growing competition. To maintain its competitive edge, Boots has embraced new technologies and became one of the pioneering retailers to integrate GIS into its mainstream IT infrastructure.

Boots wanted a system that would combine their existing sets of data, such as CCN's Marketing Environ system and GOAD plans, into one system. They needed a flexible GIS that could analyze and plan for site location and research. They also wanted to use the system to adjust their inventory based on daily customer trends. However, developing a GIS was a complex and time-consuming task that took Boots over 18 months. Despite this, the new technology shifted the company's focus from stores to customers, towns, and competitors, which will be crucial for their future success. The British Royal Navy also demonstrated the military applications of GIS technology.

The Royal Navy has recently equipped some of its warships with a standalone plotting system that employs GIS technology. This new system not only offers increased accuracy but also enhances the amount of

tactical information plotted. It is proving to be an invaluable and cost-effective planning tool that may even contribute to saving lives. The Royal Navy recognizes the need for sophisticated data-handling technology in modern warships to effectively deploy sensors and weapons systems. As a result, they are heavily investing in customized computer systems capable of managing vast amounts of tactical data. These systems must be able to rapidly process information with minimal operators, providing a clear and concise overview of the tactical situation to ensure successful operations in the Royal Navy.

Previously, ships had to manually update positions on a paper chart every 10 to 15 minutes. Now, with the new system, they can achieve almost instant updates using computer graphics display and satellite navigation data. The GIS is currently in the trial stage, but it offers a low-cost, customized, commercial off-the-shelf system for sea-going commanders to use as an amphibious planning tool. GIS consultants worldwide are confident that the technology will flourish in the future, albeit in a different form. They predict that the GIS market will have fewer suppliers, more lower-cost systems, and easy-to-use desktop systems integrated into mainstream corporate solutions in a few years. While the flexibility of GIS will increase overall, the utilities and local government sectors are expected to be the healthiest markets, while industry/manufacturing shows the least potential. Moving forward, the rapid growth of GIS will be coupled with the expansion of low-end GIS and desktop PC-based solutions. Business GIS is anticipated to experience the most significant growth and become widely accessible on desktop computers. Currently, GIS is seen as a specialized tool limited to specific industries and organizations.

In five

years, it is expected that GIS will greatly enhance many applications as open systems become more prevalent. This will bring increased benefits for both users and suppliers. The growth potential for GIS is significant due to lower costs of software/hardware and increased data availability in various markets. Over time, GIS systems will become more user-focused, as users and buyers will demand higher quality, cost-effective, and easier-to-use application-based solutions. Once users understand and embrace GIS, and desktop prices continue to decrease, its popularity will skyrocket.

References

1. Antenucci, John C. et al, Geographic Information Systems: A Guide to the Technology, Chapman ;Hall, UK, 1991.
2. Bernhardsen, Tor Geographic Information Systems, Viak IT, Norway, 1992.
3. Davis Bruce, GIS; A Visual Approach, Onword Press, USA, 1996.
4. Fotheringham, S., Rogerson, P. Spatial Analysis and GIS, Taylor ;Francis, London, 1994.
5. Star, J., Estes, J. Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction, Prentice-Hall, USA, 1990.
6. Worrall, L., GIS Spatial Analysis and Spatial Policy using Geographic Information Systems, Belhaven Press, London, 1991.
7. Journals
8. Mapping Awareness, The Start of Something Big: Using and Managing Spatial Data in the Cable Industry, December 1995.

Below are various sources related to mapping awareness, GIS (Geographic Information Systems), and geography:

- "Mapping Awareness, Building on Safe Foundations: Landmark Reports on Contaminated Land, November 1995."
- "Mapping Awareness, Planning is Paramount: GIS in District Councils, September 1995."
- "Mapping Awareness, Consulting the Consultants, October 1995."
- "Mapping Awareness, Consulting the Experts, November 1996."
- "Mapping Awareness, Public Services in Wales: Analysing Supply and Demand for Healthcare and Education, September 1995."
- "Mapping Awareness, Helping Manage Emergencies: One GIS Company's Perspective, June 1995."
- "Mapping Awareness, Fast Track to GIS - PC Based Systems in Local Government, March 1995."
- "Mapping Awareness, London Calling: Ambulance Services get Better with GIS, April

1997."

There are also several resources available on the internet:

- "Internet"
- "GISLinx" (Website: http://www.gislinx.com/)
- "GIS" (Website: http://gene.wins.uva.nl/~jkaizer/bis/index.html)
- "Geography" (Website: http://www.acu.edu/~armstrongl/geography/website.html)
- "GIS FAQs" (Website: http://www.census.gov/geo/gis/faq-index.html)
- "USGS" (Website: http://info.er.usgs.gov/research/gis/title.html)
- "GIS Team" (Website: http://fatboy.larc.nasa.gov/ictghome.html)