Conservative medicine and the rise of alternative medicine Essay Example
Conservative medicine and the rise of alternative medicine Essay Example

Conservative medicine and the rise of alternative medicine Essay Example

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  • Published: September 13, 2017
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Introduction

In today 's Western society the field of medical specialties is really advanced, which is seeable in the complex operations physicians have to transport out on a day-to-day footing such as bosom organ transplants and encephalon surgery. Furthermore, increasing scientific cognition and research about specific parts of the human organic structure make it available that there are different medical specialties for different complaints: 'A pill for every ailment ' . Before your intervention can be applied, a diagnosing must be made. This is frequently done in the signifier of blood trials, urine samples, X raies or CT-scans. Then the collected stuff is analyzed an a decision is formed about what is incorrect with your organic structure and how it should be cured. For illustration, by cognizing that you have an ear infection, you will be prescribed to take antibiotics. The workings of these prescribed medical speci

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alties or interventions are based on scientific grounds and solid informations and are frequently described as being conservative, conventional or Orthodox[ 1 ]. Furthermore, conservative medical specialty is socially accepted as we see in different establishments. For illustration a big portion of these medical specialties are covered by wellness insurances and surveies such as medical scientific discipline focal point upon this attack to healthcare ( Kaptchuck and Eisenberg, 1998: 1063, 1064 ; Campbell, 2007: 97, 100 ; Siahpush, 1997: 105 ; Coulter and Willis, 2004: 587 ) .

In contrast to conservative medicines and interventions, alternate therapies and medical specialties are progressively popular and used by many people in the West. Examples are acupuncture, curative touch, homoeopathy, chiropractic, reflexology, crystal therapy, aroma therapy or mending with music and colourss. These

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alternate interventions are really different from each other, but all are characterized by being focused on the care of wellness and by non suiting in the class of conservative medical specialty. In contrast to conservative medical specialty, alternate medical specialty treats an person as a whole and does non merely concentrate on the disease itself[ 2 ]. Central to alternative attacks is the physical, emotional, mental and religious balance of the person. The disease is seen as a perturbation of this balance. It is argued that the usage of these interventions are non merely a ephemeral tendency, but are here to remain. Campbell ( 2007 ) argues that in Britain there are more practicians of alternate medical specialty than practicians of conservative medical specialty. Furthermore, he claims that homoeopathy is used by one in five people in Britain and gross revenues of homeopathic remedies increase every twelvemonth. In add-on, people progressively prefer and request being treated by alternate therapies. Nowadays, alternate medical specialty are besides progressively happening its manner into the field of conservative medical specialty ; wellness insurances cover these interventions more and more, infirmaries are get downing to offer it to their patients and major pharmaceutical companies are take parting in the industry of alternate medical specialty ( Campbell, 2007: 97-101 ; Angell and Kassirer, 1998: 839 ) .

This essay will concentrate on the differentiation between conservative and alternate medical specialty and attempts to foreground how this addition in popularisation of alternate medical specialty can be explained. The theory and constructs of Weber are of importance for this account. These constructs include rationalisation, distinction and disillusion. The chief statement will be that

one the one manus, Weber 's anticipation about an increasing rationalized, differentiated and disenchanted universe is true, which is seeable in the field of conservative medical specialty. On the other manus, as several writers have claimed, there are procedures noticeable that lead to propose that the universe is non as disenchanted, differentiated and rationalized as Weber has suggested. For illustration, Tiryakian ( 1992 ) argues that there are certain procedures seeable in the Western universe which run counter to the statements of Weber, which he describes as signifiers of re-enchantment and dedifferentiation. Alternate medical specialty, which focuses on emotions, nature, experience and handling the person as a whole, can be seen as such a antagonistic motion. However, the growing and popularisation of alternate medical specialty does n't travel without struggle. Here a certain tenseness is noticeable, which besides will be included in this essay ( Tiryakian, 1992: 83-92 ) .

Theoretical Model

In the following portion will travel more in-depth into the chief constructs of the theory of Weber, which include rationalisation, disillusion and distinction. These can be described as the chief characteristics of modern Western society. Furthermore, the construct of secularisation will be discussed and the point of view of Weber will be handled in respect to the development of the societal universe of the West. After this, I will depict procedures that run counter to rationalisation, disillusion and distinction. Re-enchantment, dedifferentiation and Campbell 's statement about the Easternization of the West are of importance here. This theoretical model is needed to understand the phenomena taking topographic point in the field of medical specialties.

Rationalization, Disenchantment and Differentiation

Max Weber has build up a strong theory about the

function of faith in societal alteration throughout history. In his book, The Sociology of Religion, he describes 'the outgrowth and development of modern Western civilization ' ( Gane, 2002: 15 ) . This modern civilization is different from earlier Western societies, where faith played an of import function in societal integrating, giving significance to persons and steering actions of persons. Gane ( 2002 ) argues that the modern Western civilization is produced by two procedures. The first 1 is the displacement from charming to faith and the 2nd entails the disillusion of this faith with the outgrowth of rationalisation. Rationalization can be described as a procedure by which thaumaturgy, supernatural and spiritual thoughts are non of importance anymore and are being replaced by thoughts based on scientific discipline and computation. It is a inclination where societal histrions progressively use cognition to form and systematise thoughts, which influences their manner of thought and moving. Furthermore, this empirical and nonsubjective intervention of the universe besides involves the utilizing of efficient agencies to pursuit this-world terminals. Technology plays an of import function in prosecuting these terminals. This phenomenon is dominant in Western society, where rationalisation can be discovered in different domains. Examples are the economic domain, political domain and the domain of jurisprudence. Rationalization is closely connected to the construct of disillusion, which can be described as a procedure of devaluation and adulteration of spiritual values. Religious values are replaced by values based on scientific discipline and cognition ( Wallis and Bruce, 14 ; Gane, 2002: 15, 23 ; Weber, 1993: fourteen ) . Secularization is another phenomenon that characterizes modern Western society. Wallis and Bruce ( 1992

) depict this as the diminishing of the societal significance of faith and claim that this is the merchandise of rationalisation, societal distinction and societalization. This implies that faith has lost its map as a unifying and dominant establishment and as a effect different establishments originate and specialised functions are developed outside the sphere of faith. Furthermore, different values and beliefs are viing with each other which follow their ain logic. This procedure is called ( societal ) distinction, which besides entails that due to the economic growing a broad scope of businesss and life state of affairss emerged. Societalization can be described as a procedure by which life is progressively organized on a social footing. Furthermore, 'the outgrowth of modern provinces co-ordinated through monolithic, impersonal bureaucratisms and the development of anon. urban agglomerations as the typical residential scene ' ( Wallis and Bruce, 1992: 13 ) fits this class. It is argued, by Wallis and Bruce ( 1992 ) , that faith is moved to the private domain, is fragmented and individualized. However, this latter statement is mostly criticized by different writers ( Wallis and Bruce, 1992: 8, 9, 11-14 ; Gane, 2002: 29 ) Weber has a pessimistic position on the development of the societal universe in the West. He argues that the displacement from a closely-knit society based on spiritual beliefs and traditional authorization has moved towards a fragmented, bureaucratic, depersonalized and rational dominated topographic point, where persons are limited in their freedom and creativeness. In add-on, this leads to a universe without ultimate values and where significance is going debatable. This is what Weber has described as the Fe coop (

Gane, 2002: 26, 27 ; Tiryakian, 1992: 91, 92 )

Re-enchantment, Dedifferentiation and Easternization of the West

Tiryakian ( 1992 ) acknowledges that rationalisation, distinction and disillusion are of import facets of Western modernness and can still be recognized in several aspects of modern life. However, he argues that Western society is non as disenchanted, differentiated and rationalized as one would anticipate and claims that there are certain counterprocesses at work. These counterprocesses are portion of modernness and function as new ways to give significance in a universe of disillusion. Tiryakian ( 1992 ) describes two important procedures, which he footings re-enchantment and dedifferentiation. Re-enchantment can be defined as 'a assortment of new ways of sing the universe as charming and enchanted ' ( Tiryakian, 1992: 83 ) . Sing the universe as charming and enchanted is seeable in the Romantic Movement, where modernness with its cold, impersonal and rationalized character is rejected and is replaced by the focal point on emotions and on human existences. Re-enchantment is besides seeable in the entreaty for the unfamiliar and alien and in popular subjects of modern society such as imaginativeness, phantasy, science-fiction and engineering. Dedifferentiation can be seen as a dialectically opposed to the procedure of distinction. Dedifferentiation can be described as a Restoration and consolidative mechanism of different fragments and constructions. This procedure tends to mend the committedness of histrions to the system as a whole. An Example of dedifferentiation can be seen in the Gallic Revolution ( Tiryakian, 1992: 79-92 ; Aupers, 2009: 153 ) . Another procedure of importance here is the claim of Campbell ( 2007 ) that the West is undergoing a procedure of

Easternization. The West is characterized by holding two chief typical characteristics: Christianity and a secular tradition. Therefore the Western worldview can be seen as Manichaean. Within this dualism, the layman and scientific worldview dominates. The West makes a crisp differentiation between spiritualty or faith and secular domains. Furthermore, the West is characterized by holding a peculiar historical sense, seeable in the additive clip frame and advancement. Furthermore, an accent is placed upon ground, rational idea and analysis and on individuality. In add-on, in the West there is a demand for commanding and manipulating nature. In contrast, the East is typified by constructing upon one ingredient, that of faith. Religion and spiritualty is intertwined within all domains in the East. Furthermore, the East is characterized by a cyclical clip frame, the importance of societal dealingss and household and an accent placed upon experience, intuition and penetration. Additionally, Easterners have a holistic position, where the universe is seen as inter-connected, complete and self-contained. No crisp differentiations are made between organic structure and head, organic structure and psyche, God and mankind, or worldly and religious as being done in the West ( Campbell, 2007: 49-58, 60-67 ) . Harmonizing to Campbell ( 2007 ) , Easternization of the West implies that the boundaries between secular and religious are progressively vanishing in the West and that 'previously secular activities become `` spiritualized '' ' ( Campbell, 2007: 51 ) . The worldview of the East is progressively happening its manner into the Western universe. This Easternization can be seen as a signifier of re-enchantment, since spiritualty, faith and its interconnection to nature are cardinal elements of the Eastern worldview

and are re-entering into Western society. Furthermore, the Easternization of the West thesis contradicts the impressions of a disenchanted, rationalized and nonmeaningful universe ( Campbell, 2007: 51 ) .

Conservative Medicine V. Alternate Medicine

In this subdivision, I will discourse how the above described procedures can be applied to the field of medical specialties. In this field a separation can be made between conservative and alternate medical specialty. In this subdivision the differences between these two will be outlined. I will reason that the rationalisation, distinction and disillusion is so seeable in the field of medical specialties. However, in line with Tiryakian ( 1992 ) , a counterprocess with the features of re-enchantment is besides at work. The field of conservative medical specialty is characterized by being rationalized, differentiated and disenchanted. Conservative medical specialty are or non based on supernatural or spiritual thoughts, but on thoughts based on scientific discipline, grounds and computation. Conservative medical specialty are socially accepted by different establishments, such as infirmaries and health care insurances. Furthermore, research on the human organic structure has resulted in specific cognition on specific organic structure parts. There are different specializers, medical specialties and interventions for different parts of the organic structure. When a individual is claiming to be sick, different trials are run to happen what is incorrect with what portion of the organic structure. These trials are once more based on scientific discipline, for illustration blood trials or CT-scans. Conservative medical specialty ascribe nature as the cause of complaints. The intervention or prescribed medical specialties are antecedently tested and scientific grounds is available that the intervention or prescribed medical specialties will bring around or hold a

coveted consequence onto the disease. Specific agencies are used to run into this-world terminals. Within the field of conservative medical specialty, engineering plays an of import function. Technology is a tool used to develop new medicines, to name a individual and to reconstruct the wellness of an person ( Kaptchuck and Eisenberg, 1998: 1063, 1064 ; Campbell, 2007: 97, 100-103 ; Siahpush, 1997: 105 ; Coulter and Willis, 2004: 587 ) . Additionally, the field of conservative medical specialty are frequently claimed to be bureaucratic and depersonalized. This is seeable in how a infirmary is organized and the protocols and processs persons have to follow to do an assignment with a physician. Siahpush ( 1997 ) argues that physicians working in this field hold small clip with their patients and that an accent is placed upon measure instead than quality. Furthermore, Siahpush ( 1997 ) claims that physicians are losing their human touch, have small regard for their patients and take no enterprise to explicate the complaints, diagnosings and forecasts to their patients, which leads to estrange and disgruntled patients ( Siahpush, 1997: 107 ) . This all signals that the anticipation of Weber, of a disenchanted, rationalized, differentiated, depersonalized and bureaucratic universe can still be defended. Although multiple footings exist for alternate medical specialty and there is a broad scope of these interventions and attacks, Campbell ( 2007 ) argues that all these have in common that they focus on 'the Restoration and care of wellness that have traditionally fallen outside of the domain of modern Orthodox medical specialty ' ( Campbell, 2007: 97, 98 ) . Examples are acupuncture, reflexology, aromatherapy and homoeopathy.

Although some alternate medical specialties and interventions already existed in early Western society, the popularisation and use over the last decennaries have increased enormously in the Western universe. Alternate medical specialty have a typical and oppositional doctrine to that of conservative medical specialty. Therefore this development can be seen as a counterprocess to the field of conservative medical specialty. Alternate medical specialty are characterized by concentrating on the care of wellness alternatively of concentrating on the complaint. Furthermore, an person is treated as a whole, where the physical, emotional, mental and religious status of an person is of importance and should be in balance. An complaint is seen as a perturbation of this balance and hence the person must be healed holistically. In contrast to conservative medical specialty, nature does non do the disease and no unreal or technological agencies are used to assail or mend a specific organic structure portion. In add-on, in alternate medical specialty, the head and organic structure is interconnected. This consequences in presuming that mental jobs can do physical complaints and this implies that persons are in charge of their ain wellness or complaint ( Campbell, 2007: 97-103 ) . Furthermore, alternate medical specialty portion the common belief that the mending power resides in nature and exist in the single itself. Coulter and Willis ( 2004 ) depict this as the rule of vitalism, which implies that 'all life beings are sustained by a critical force that is both different from and greater than physical and chemical forces ' ( Coulter and Willis, 2004: 587 ) . Another of import facet of alternate medical specialty is the subjective experience of

the person as opposed to the importance of grounds that a intervention or medical specialty has worked. In contrast to the bureaucratic and depersonalized character of conservative medical specialty, practicians within the field of alternate medical specialty are frequently claimed to pass a batch of clip on their clients. Campbell ( 2007 ) argues that this clip is non merely pass on physical affairs, but besides on emotional, personal or lifestyle subjects. Furthermore, accounts for the complaints are given in apprehensible footings, which is mostly appreciated by the clients ( Campbell, 2007: 97-103 ; Coulter and Willis, 2004: 587 ) . The rise and popularisation of alternate medical specialty in Western society can be seen as a counterprocess as described by Tiryakian ( 1992 ) and provides support for the Easternization of the West statement of Campbell ( 2007 ) . All the different interventions and medical specialties that autumn under the term alternate medical specialty non merely mostly originate from Eastern states but besides have a shared Eastern doctrine. This doctrine entails blurred boundaries between spiritualty or faith and secular domains. An accent is placed upon nature, the connexion between organic structure and head, personal experience and upon the person as a whole. Furthermore the mechanism of re-enchantment is being at drama, since a secular activity is going spiritualized and enchanted. This is in crisp contrast to the dominant Western field of conservative medical specialty field where reason, scientific discipline, distance, engineering and evidence-based patterns are the norm ( Campbell, 2007: 51, 102, 103 ; Tiryakian, 1992: 83 ; Kaptchuck and Eisenberg, 1998: 1061-1064 ) .

Explaining the Rise of Alternative Medicine

An interesting inquiry to

inquire is how this rise of alternate medical specialty in the West can be explained and why people progressively choose to utilize these attacks alternatively of conservative medical specialty. Coulter and Willis ( 2004 ) argue that small research have focused on explicating the rise and demand for alternate medical specialty. It could be that when conservative medical specialty do non win, people do n't desire to give up and turn to alternate medical specialty. Furthermore, a greater consciousness of the being of alternate medical specialty could besides explicate this growing and development. Additionally, the usage of alternate medical specialty could be intertwined with the tendency of advancing wellness, fittingness and beauty in Western society. The increased migration of people from Asiatic states and their medical specialty patterns might besides hold contributed to the spread outing alternate medicine field. Although the above described factors might hold played a function, I would reason that there is more to the explaining of the rise and increasing use of alternate medical specialty, associating to their intrinsic doctrine and method of working as opposed to conservative medical specialty ( Campbell, 2007: 99-101 ; Coulter and Willis, 2004: 588 ) . In his research, Siahpush ( 1997 ) focused on why people turn to alternative medical specialty and offers rich accounts for this phenomenon. A possible motive to take for alternate medical specialty is the dissatisfactory with the wellness results of conventional medical specialty. This implies that conservative medical specialty is non able to bring around the disease or cut down the agony efficaciously. This leads to a turning disenchantment of conservative medical specialty. However, Siahpush ( 1997 ) argues

that a more of import factor in explicating why people choose alternate medical specialty is the discontent with the medical brush of patients. Patients are dissatisfied with the small clip pass on them and the doctor-centered attack of conservative medical specialty. Alternate medical specialty provides them engagement in their healing procedure, have a less distant and magisterially attack and practicians of alternate medicine devote more clip to their clients ( Siahpush, 1997: 105-107, 116 ) . Harmonizing to Siahpush ( 1997 ) , the most of import account for the increasing usage of alternate medical specialty is the birth of 'a new value system which is congruent with the philosophical underpinnings of alternate medical specialty ' ( Siahpush, 1997: 105 ) . This postmodern value system include new thoughts about nature, scientific discipline and engineering, wellness, authorization, single duty and consumerism. More concrete, persons progressively value natural redresss over chemical medicines, hold an anti-technology and holistic wellness attitude, reject authorization, value single duty and see benefits in the assortment of medical interventions. Siahpush ( 1997 ) argues that these thoughts are progressively held by people and are congruous with the doctrine of alternate medical specialty, which is discussed before. Astin ( 1998 ) underlines this statement. This value system mostly overlaps with the Eastern worldview and Easternization of the West thesis of Campbell ( 2007 ) and rejects the premises of reason and disillusion. However, more research is needed to beef up the account that the outgrowth of a new value system explains the rise and popularisation of alternate medical specialty. ( Siahpush, 1997: 105, 107-109, 112, 116 ; Astin, 1998: 1548 ) .

A Rational

Response to Alternative Medicine

Alternate medical specialty is progressively happening its manner into the field of mainstream conservative medical specialty ; they increasingly become covered by wellness insurances, infirmaries start offering alternate interventions to their patients and major pharmaceutical companies are take parting in the industry of alternate medical specialty. However, this passage does n't travel without any struggle. An interesting tenseness has moved towards the foreground, which deserves more attending. Different establishments within the field of conservative medical specialty attempt to put their criterions, evidence-based and scientific regulations upon alternate medical specialty. Coulter and Willis ( 2004 ) argue that the force per unit area of different health care establishments, has caused that alternate medical specialty are progressively 'embracing evidence-based methods, with an accent on results and the effectivity of intervention compared with other intervention or placebo groups ' ( Coulter and Willis, 2004: 588 ) . Furthermore, Fontanarosa and Lundberg ( 1998 ) argue that the deficiency of grounds is unacceptable and distressing: 'As with conventional therapies, advice should be based on informations and scientific information, instead than anecdotal information, misperceptions, or preconceived or baseless impressions about effectivity or deficiency thereof ' ( Fontanarosa and Lundberg, 1998: 1018 ) . Angell and Kassirer ( 1998 ) besides stress the importance of scientific grounds for alternate interventions, because 'there is merely medical specialty that has been adequately tested and medical specialty that has non, medical specialty that works and medicate that may or may non work ' ( Angell and Kassirer, 1998: 841 ) . However, as antecedently argued, the nucleus beliefs of alternate medical specialty are in resistance to this scientific and evidence-based attack.

This tenseness illustrates that alternate medical specialty is non blindly accepted by Western society as might be suggested. One the one manus it could be argued that alternate medical specialty will spread out due to a new value system that fits the religious and enchanted doctrine of alternate medical specialty, coexists with conservative medical specialty or might even rule the field of medical specialty at some point in Western society. On the other manus, it could be argued that conservative medical specialty will dominate alternate medical specialty and put their rational and disenchanted regulations upon the alternate interventions. In the terminal, reason might still win over the religious character of alternate medical specialty. Again, research is needed to research this phenomenon. It will be interesting to see in what way alternate medical specialty will develop.

Decision

This essay has focused upon the differentiation between conservative and alternate medical specialty in today 's Western society. On the one manus, the field of conservative medical specialty is really advanced, socially accepted by different establishments and used by the bulk of Western society. On the other manus, alternate medical specialty is progressively popular and its usage is going more recognized by many people. This essay has tried to research how this addition in usage and popularity of alternate medical specialty in contrast to conservative medical specialty, can be explained. The theory and constructs of Weber of rationalisation, distinction and disillusion were utile for this account. It has shown that Weber 's anticipation of an increasing rationalized, differentiated and disenchanted universe can still be defended, as is seeable in the field of conservative medical specialty. Within this field, an accent is

placed upon scientific discipline, grounds, computation, engineering and bring arounding a specific portion of the organic structure by trained specializers. Additionally, conservative medical specialty is frequently described as being depersonalized and bureaucratic ( Kaptchuck and Eisenberg, 1998: 1063, 1064 ; Campbell, 2007: 97, 100 ; Siahpush, 1997: 105 ; Coulter and Willis, 2004: 587 ; Wallis and Bruce, 14 ; Gane, 2002: 15, 23 ) . However, different writers have claimed that certain counterprocesses are noticeable that imply that the universe is non as disenchanted, differentiated and rationalized as is suggested by Weber. These counterprocesses are characterized by signifiers of re-enchantment and dedifferentiation. Furthermore, the statement of Campbell ( 2007 ) about the Easternization of the West besides underlines this. It has shown that alternate medical specialty with its distinctive and oppositional doctrine to that of conservative medical specialty, can be seen as a counter motion to the field of conservative medical specialty and provides support for the Easternization of the West thesis of Campbell ( 2007 ) . Alternate medical specialty focuses on handling the person as a whole, where interconnection of the organic structure and head, nature, subjective experience and spiritualty play an of import function. Additionally, practicians of alternate medical specialty spend a batch of clip on their clients and make non merely concentrate on discoursing the complaint. There are different accounts for the rise of alternate medical specialty and more research is needed in this country. This rise can be explained by factors such as a turning consciousness of alternate medical specialty or the migration of Asiatic people and their health care doctrines. However, the consequences of the research of Siahpush

( 1997 ) indicate that people in the West progressively choose for alternate medical specialty, because they are unsated with the medical brush of conservative medical specialty and because the doctrine of alternate medical specialty is congruous with a freshly developed postmodern value system ( Tiryakian, 1992: 78-94 ; Campbell, 2007: 51, 97-103 ; Siahpush, 1997: 105, 107-109, 112, 116 ) . Finally, this essay has briefly touched upon the tenseness that has evolved, since alternate medical specialty is progressively happening its manner into the field of the mainstream health care. Different establishments within the field of conservative medical specialty attempt to put their criterions, evidence-based and scientific regulations upon alternate medical specialty. This illustrates that alternate medical specialty is non blindly accepted in Western society and that its enlargement and popularisation causes clash. This tenseness could hold two possible results. First, alternate medical specialty can coexist with conservative medical specialty, or at some point dominate mainstream wellness attention in Western society. Second, conservative medical specialty will win the conflict and coerce their rational and disenchanted ruled upon alternate medical specialty, characterized by their religious and enchanted doctrine. Coulter and Willis ( 2004 ) argue that this is already seeable. However, extra research is needed to further research this ( Angell and Kassirer, 1998: 841 ; Fontanarosa and Lundberg, 1998: 1018 ; Coulter and Willis, 2004: 588 ) .

Literature

Angell, M. & A ; Kassirer, J.P. 1998. Alternate Medicine - The Risks of Untested and Unregulated Remedies. The New England Journal of Medicine 339, p. 839-841.

Astin, J. A. 1998. Why Patients Use Alternate Medicine: Consequences of a National Study. The Journal of the American Medical Association

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Aupers, S. 2010. Enchantment Inc: Online bet oning between religious experience and trade good fetichism. In: D. Houtman and B. Meyer ( eds. ) . Thingss: Material Religion and the Topography of Divine Spaces, New York: Fordham University Press ( in imperativeness ) .

Campbell, C. 2007. The Easternization of the West: A Thematic History of Cultural Change in the Modern Era. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.

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Fontanarosa, P.B. & A ; Lundberg, G.D. 1998. Alternate Medicine Meets Science. The Journal of the American Medical Association 280, p. 1618-1619.

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