Graciano Lopez Jaena Essay Example

child. Rizal was an incredibly prolific writer who advocated for non-violence; rather than resorting to physical strength, he believed in using his pen to fight for his beliefs.

Rizal wrote two books, "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo", while in Berlin, Germany in (1887) and Ghent, Belgium in (1891), respectively. These books exposed the cruelties of the Spanish friars, the defects of the Spanish administration, and the vices of the clergy. They depicted the oppression brought about by Spanish colonial rule. Consequently, Rizal became a target of the Spanish friars. Upon his return to the Philippines in 1892, he established La Liga Filipina, a nonviolent reform society that served as a platform for Filipinos to express their desires for progress and freedom from oppressive Spanish colonial rule through commerce, industry, and agriculture. In 1896, despite having no involvement with the nationalist secret society Katipunan's revolt against the Spaniards, Rizal's enemies successfully associated him with the uprising. Seeking to avoid involvement in the revolutionary movement, he requested Governor Ramon Blanco to send him to Cuba. However, he was instead returned to Manila and imprisoned for a second time at Fort Santiago.

Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaytan, also known as Plaridel, was a prominent figure in the Philippine Revolution. He was a leading advocate for reforms in the Philippines and played a crucial role in uniting the nationalist sentiment of the enlightened Filipino ilustrados against Spanish imperialism. Del Pilar was the editor and co-publisher of La Solidaridad, a newspaper he founded in 1889. Additionally, he established Diariong Tagalog in 1882, with the aim of spreading democratic liberal ideas among the farmers and peasants.

In 1888, Del Pilar defended

Jose Rizal's writings by publishing a pamphlet to counter an attack by a priest. This pamphlet showcased his sharp wit and harsh criticism of clerical idiocy. Later that year, Del Pilar left his family behind and fled from persecution from the Church to Spain. In December 1889, he took over as the editor of La solidaridad, a Filipino reformist periodical in Madrid, succeeding Graciano Lopez Jaena. Alongside, Andres Bonifacio (1863-1897), a revolutionary hero from the Philippines, founded the Katipunan. This secret society led the rebellion against the Spanish and laid the foundation for the first Philippine Republic.

Andres Bonifacio was born in Tondo, Manila, on Nov. 30, 1863. Growing up in the slums, Bonifacio had first-hand knowledge of the class struggle in his society. He gained insight into the dynamics of the sociohistorical process by studying classic rationalism through the works of Jose Rizal, Victor Hugo's Les Miserables, Eugene Sue's The Wandering Jew, books on the French Revolution, and the lives of US presidents. As a result, he decided to join the Liga.

Filipina was organized by Rizal in 1892 to unite and strengthen the nationalist movement for reforms. When Rizal was arrested and banished, the Liga was dissolved and Bonifacio established the Katipunan in the same year, serving as a focal point for the people's pursuit of freedom, independence, and equality. Emilio Jacinto, often referred to as the "Brains of the Katipunan," acted as a young adviser to Andres Bonifacio. Jacinto was born on December 15, 1875, in Trozo, Manila. His parents were Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon.

He died at the young age of 24 at his secret headquarters in Majayjay, Laguna due to a severe case of malaria.

Jacinto authored notable works such as the Kartilya ng Katipunan (Primer of the Katipunan), the pledges' oath titled "Sa Mga Kababayan," as well as "Pahayag" and "A La Patria," the latter being considered as his finest poem. He was the founder and editor of Kalayaan, the newspaper for the Katipunan movement. On August 30, 1896, the Katipunan initiated its initial attack on a Spanish garrison located in San Juan del Monte.

During that time, Rizal was sentenced to exile in Dapitan and Jacinto was tasked with rescuing him from a Spanish warship bound for Cuba. Jacinto cleverly disguised himself as a Chinese coolie and managed to board the ship. However, Rizal declined the rescue, causing much debate about his reasons. In February 1898, Rizal sustained a thigh injury during a clash with Spanish riflemen in Maimpis, Laguna. He was then taken to the Catholic Church of Magdalena before being transferred to the Church of Santa Cruz, where a kind Spanish surgeon treated his wound.

To escape the Spanish military authorities, Jacinto utilized the pass of Filipino spy Florentino Reyes, who was apprehended before the conflict in Maimpis. Responding to the urgent call of the Katipuneros in Laguna to lead them, Jacinto established his covert headquarters in the hills of Majayjay, where he passed away on April 16, 1899. Emilio Aguinaldo, the Philippine revolutionary leader, fought for the independence of the Philippine Islands against both Spain and the United States. Born on March 23, 1869, Emilio Aguinaldo grew up in.

Kawit in Cavite Province is where he hailed from and he received his education in Manila. In addition to being appointed to a local government position in his hometown,

he also held the position of local leader of a revolutionary society striving to overthrow Spanish dominance over the Philippines. In January 1898, a pact was signed between rebel leaders and Spain, wherein Spain committed to implementing progressive reforms and paying a significant indemnity. Subsequently, the rebels were forced into exile. Following the outbreak of war between Spain and the United States in April 1898, Aguinaldo coordinated with U.S. consuls located in Hong Kong and Singapore as well as Commodore George Dewey to come back from exile and actively combat Spain.

On June 12, Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippine Islands from Spain. He raised the national flag, introduced a national anthem, and instructed a public reading of the declaration of independence. Apolinario Mabini (1864-1903) was a Filipino political philosopher and played a crucial role in the Philippine revolution. He developed the principles for a democratic popular government, giving the historical struggles of the Filipino people a clear ideological direction. Apolinario Mabini was born on July 22, 1864, in Talaga, Tanauan, Batangas.

His parents were from the poor farming class. In 1896, Mabini fell ill, possibly with infantile paralysis, which caused him to lose the ability to walk. When the Katipunan revolt started later that year, he was taken into custody by the Spanish authorities. Little did people know, Mabini was already a member of Jose Rizal's reformist group, the Liga Filipina. While initially doubtful of Andres Bonifacio's armed uprising as a peaceful reformist, Mabini eventually recognized the intense longing of the people for freedom.

Following this, he wrote subversive manifestos urging all Filipinos to come together in opposition to Spain. Mabini's most important work, La Revolution

Filipina, offers a well-reasoned analysis and persuasive argument about the ideological consequences of the revolution against Spain and the resistance against the American invaders, demonstrating the progressive and democratic ideals underlying his thoughts. Julian Felipe, a musician and composer, is renowned for creating the "Marcha Filipina Magdalo," which eventually became the Philippine National Anthem.

On June 5, 1898, Julian Felipe visited the home of Maximo Inocencio, one of Cavite's revolution martyrs. The following week, Philippine independence was to be announced. General Emilio Aguinaldo approached Felipe and requested him to perform a march composed by a fellow Filipino in Hong Kong. Nevertheless, Aguinaldo was not content with the march and sought Felipe's talent to create a more uplifting melody that would inspire bravery and patriotism among all Filipinos.

On June 11, one day prior to the declaration of independence, Felipe returned and performed his composition to the leaders of the revolution. The leaders unanimously agreed to adopt it as the country's national anthem. Felipe named his creation the "Marcha Filipina Magdalo." On June 12, his composition was played while raising the Philippine flag at the Aguinaldo mansion's historic window. The march was then renamed to "Marcha Nacional Filipina," instantly becoming the official National Anthem.