What was The Democratic Republic of Congo formerly known as?

Zaire More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/geography-chapter-7-test-3-37735/

Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire)

KinshasaBorders: Sudan, Central African Republic, Congo, Angola, Zambia, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda More test answers on

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Democratic Republic Of Congo Fluid And Electrolyte Balance Nutrition

MEPAP 2 Final Exam – Flashcards 100 terms

Kenneth McQuaid

100 terms

Preview

MEPAP 2 Final Exam – Flashcards

question

Aging changes may cause what kinds of problems when using or taking medications?

answer

a. Increased time to process and eliminate due to declining liver & kidney function b. Increased brain & nervous system sensitivity to certain medications c. Declining eyesight

question

Which of the following is NOT a behavior that can cause issues in later life (behavioral risk factor)? a. Being a "couch potato" b. Excessive use of tobacco and/or alcohol. c. Inadequate amount of sleep d. Lack of good coping & communication skills. e. Sitting too close to the TV, especially in a dark room

answer

Sitting too close to the TV, especially in a dark room

question

What are some terms commonly applied to middle-aged folks and their family situations? a. Sandwich Generation

answer

Sandwich Generation, Empty Nest, Crowded Nest

question

True or false? It is not as important to recognize resident coping skills as it is coworkers' coping skills.

answer

False

question

Which of the following are the best choices regarding communicating with residents with hearing loss? a. Get their attention first b. Speak slowly and clearly c. Give detailed answers immediately so they don't get more confused d. Gesture behind their back - they can't see you anyway

answer

a. Get their attention first b. Speak slowly and clearly

question

What is social integration?

answer

The process of helping the resident transition to their new home so they feel welcomed and part of the community.

question

You know that socially integrating a new resident into a LTC community involves team work. Who is part of the team responsible for social integration?

answer

All the staff in the community plus the resident and his/her family & friends.

question

Which of the following is not a way for the activity professional to develop professionally? a. Influencing the development of the profession through continually endeavoring to improve professional practices, by teaching, through service, by advocacy and leadership. b. Advocating that the activity profession is the most important profession serving in the LTC setting. c. Recognizing that professional growth is continuous d. Recognizing the need for continuing education to ensure competent services.

answer

Advocating that the activity profession is the most important profession serving in the LTC setting.

question

True or False? LTC Communities are legally obligated by regulations to insure that their activity staff develop the necessary skills and knowledge to do their jobs

answer

False! It is the activity professional's responsibility to make sure their skills are up to date.

question

Which of the following are included in the Code of Ethics endorsed by NCCAP? a. Professional responsibility b. Professional relationship standards c. Experiential standards d. Resident/Client relationship standards

answer

All of them

question

True or False? Familiarity with the various developmental theories of aging - Freud, Piaget, Erickson, Maslow, etc. - provides a basis of why people are the way they are.

answer

True

question

What does your professionalism reflect?

answer

a. How well you do your job b. How others view you as a professional. c. How you feel about yourself

question

True or False? The Ombudsmen have regulatory oversight in the LTC setting.

answer

False

question

True or False? All nursing homes accept residents through the Medicare/Medicaid program.

answer

False

question

How is the effectiveness of an activity evaluated?

answer

a. Observing residents' participation levels in the activity b. Listening to residents' comments about the activity. c. Tracking the number of residents who participate

question

Which of the following is not a resident's right? a. To be treated with consideration, recognition and dignity b. To be taken on outings every other month c. To receive unopened mail. d. To receive medical care in private

answer

To be taken on outings every other month. That is an ALF regulation in NC, but it is not part of the resident's bill of rights.

question

True or False? There is a delicate balance between the resident's right to self-determination and the professional caregiver's responsibility to protect.

answer

True

question

Describe the regulatory difference between a NC nursing home being licensed or certified.

answer

All nursing homes must be licensed to operate. They can choose whether or not they want to be certified.

question

19. Which of the following are included in the resident's right to be treated with consideration, respect, and full recognition of personal dignity? a. The resident is free to do whatever they want in the facility. Staff need to recognize the resident's right to make their own choices. b. Individual choices such as sleeping patterns, food likes and dislikes, flexibility in bathing times, religious preference, clothing choices, and friendships must be respected. c. The staff of the facility should speak courteously with the residents at all times. Staff should call residents by their preferred name d. Always knock before entering a room, even when the door is open.

answer

b. Individual choices such as sleeping patterns, food likes and dislikes, flexibility in bathing times, religious preference, clothing choices, and friendships must be respected. c. The staff of the facility should speak courteously with the residents at all times. Staff should call residents by their preferred name d. Always knock before entering a room, even when the door is open.

question

When can nursing homes can expect to receive a survey from DSS?

answer

Annually or when a complaint is filed against the nursing home.

question

21. Which of the following is not one of the questions asked in developing an advocacy strategy? a. What do you want? b. What do they need to hear? c. How much money do we need? d. How do we tell if it's working?

answer

c. How much money do we need?

question

True or False? Advocating for culture change within your LTC setting is expected for APs who want to enhance the quality of life for their residents.

answer

True

question

When is nursing home accreditation required?

answer

The nursing home chooses to seek accreditation.

question

True or False? Disease is not universal; it can sneak up on you gradually and is harmful to your body.

answer

True

question

True or False? Disorganization is considered a stage of grief by some health care professionals.

answer

True. The 5 stages described by Elizabeth Kubler-Ross is the best-known grief model, but not the only one. According to Dr. Roberta Temes and Geoffrey Gorer, these stages include many emotions that occur in stages. Each stage needs to be felt and lived through in order to successfully proceed to the next stage. Numbness, Disorganization and Reorganization are these stages.

question

True or False? Only seniors are encouraged to designate a HCPOA.

answer

False. No one expects to need a HCPOA, but anyone might need one. Everyone should designate an HCPOA.

question

What is the clinical definition of schizophrenia?

answer

Being out of touch with reality - NOT a split personality, as popular thinking suggests.

question

Which of these is more important to a LTC resident: the quality of life or the quality of the care?

answer

Quality of life

question

True or False? Empowerment Activities help residents meet their physical needs as described by Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

answer

False! They help with self-esteem and self-actualization.

question

True or False? Nursing staff are allowed to medicate residents during activities.

answer

False!

question

True or False? Both AL and SNF communities are seeing more residents with non-traditional diagnoses.

answer

True

question

Which of these statements is/are true about using props when reminiscing? a. Prevents the resident from imagining creatively b. Isn't essential, but greatly enhances the activity c. Should be done with the resident's own items only to prevent problems such as breakage or loss.

answer

b. Isn't essential, but greatly enhances the activity

question

33. Which of these is the poorest example of the Emotional Need/Affective scope? a. Pet Therapy b.Trivia c. Reminiscing d. Journaling

answer

Trivia

question

34. Match the activity "prop" with its correct sensory area. The prop may only be used for one sense. a. Kinesthetic 1. Texture book b. Vision 2. Color wheel c. Touch 3. Outing d. Smell 4. Scented candle e. Auditory 5. Sweeping f. Taste 6. Talking bird 7. Ice Cream

answer

a. Kinesthetic - 5: Sweeping b. Vision - 2: Color wheel c. Touch - 1: Texture book d. Smell - 4: Scented candle e. Auditory - 6: Talking bird f. Taste - 7 : Ice Cream

question

True or False? An orange could be used to stimulate all 6 senses

answer

True

question

True or false? A reminiscing group is the one group that it's OK to let one resident hog the conversation because if the memories are stirred up, they gotta come out!

answer

False

question

"Writing a short story" is an example of an Intellectual Empowerment activity. Which of the following would best describe another Intellectual Empowerment activity? a. Sending a letter to the newspaper editor b. Reminiscing about favorite authors c. Reading a newspaper d. Selecting songs for a sing-along

answer

Sending a letter to the newspaper editor

question

What are some things that might contribute to a resident feeling vulnerable & uncomfortable in a group environment?

answer

- Being in a new situation - not knowing the other residents, the "routines", the staff involved, etc. - New use of an ambulation appliance (walker, wheelchair) - Inability to control their bodies - not just incontinence, but after a stroke they may be left with one-sided weakness - Visual and/or hearing impairments - Memory loss

question

True or False? If a resident becomes upset during a reminiscing group, you should end it immediately to prevent the resident from upsetting the rest of the group.

answer

False

question

True or False? Activity that has a diversional theme should occupy a minor place in the activity department's services.

answer

True

question

What is multi-sensory cueing?

answer

Stimulating more than one sense at a time to help a resident retrieve a thought or action.

question

When orienting volunteers to your community, which would be the most important items to include in your orientation session?

answer

Resident rights, infection control, fire safety

question

What are some things that motivate volunteers?

answer

- "doing something useful" - Fulfilling course requirements - Opportunity for recognition and acceptance - Chance to obtain new skills & abilities

question

What does PPD stand for?

answer

Per patient day, TB test

question

True or False? A tracking system for resident contacts made by volunteers is not necessary.

answer

False

question

True or False? Since volunteers are not paid, there is no need to give them performance appraisals, provide counseling as needed or to terminate them. You're lucky to have them at all!

answer

False

question

47. Which of these is not part of the evaluation process? a. Measurement b. Judging the value of measurement against a standard like a checklist or questionnaire c. Keeping the administrator happy d. Making a decision based on the data and options available

answer

c. Keeping the administrator happy

question

True or False? Attendance records are fine since they reflect whether or not a resident attended an activity. That is the only resident outcome necessary to record.

answer

False

question

What are some ways the activity program prevent learned helplessness with residents?

answer

- Engaging them in activities that challenge them at the highest level practicable for the resident. - Provide opportunities to keep doing overlearned tasks - Encouraging residents to wheel their own wheelchairs to or from an activity, even if they do so slowly.

question

What does the "P" in the resident assessment process "A PIE" stand for?

answer

Plan

question

True or False? According to regulations, activity assistants cannot document in a resident's chart.

answer

False

question

What are some of the benefits of ensuring quality?

answer

- Assisting residents in achieving high outcomes - Reducing costs - Eliminating frustration - Giving employees and residents positive feelings

question

53. The RAI involves which of these? a. Episodic notes b. Assessment and data collection c. CAAs and triggers d. Basic assessment tracking

answer

- Assessment and data collection - CAAs and triggers - Basic assessment tracking

question

54. Section F of the MDS 3.0, Preferences for Customary Routine and Activities, includes, among other things: (choose all that apply) a. Who was the primary respondent for the questions in Section F? b. A list of the resident's favorite activities. c. Amount of time the resident is involved in activities d. The resident's desire to go outside.

answer

The resident's desire to go outside. Who was the primary respondent for the questions in Section F?

question

True or False? You should not document when residents have negative outcomes in your progress notes. A negative outcome from a resident will show that you are not doing so well meeting the residents' needs and there is no reason to highlight your deficits.

answer

False

question

What kind of language is used for documentation?

answer

3rd person

question

True or False? If a resident is not capable of participating in the care planning process, you do not have to include her/him in any way.

answer

False

question

Who performs the actions outlined in the Approaches section of the care plan?

answer

Staff, volunteers, the resident, his or her friends & family

question

Under what circumstances can you use abbreviations when documenting in the activity section of the medical chart?

answer

When the abbreviation is listed on the approved abbreviation list for the facility.

question

True or False? It is okay to use whatever abbreviations you want to on a chart as long as you tell the other staff what the abbreviation stands for.

answer

False

question

What are the three components of the Resident Assessment Instrument?

answer

The MDS, CAAs and CAA Summary Form

question

62. Which of the following statements is/are true about progress notes? a. By regulation, Progress Notes must be completed monthly on each resident. b. Progress Notes generally are in a check-list format. c. Progress Notes relay information about a specific incident involving a resident d. Progress Notes can summarize a specific time period in a resident's life.

answer

- Progress Notes can summarize a specific time period in a resident's life. - Progress Notes relay information about a specific incident involving a resident

question

Which of the following words are considered third person language? a. The resident b. I c. He/She d. We e. Me

answer

The resident, he/she

question

Which of the following describe a resident's assessment? a. A specific, detailed, objective evaluation that identifies the individual's problems & needs as well as his/her positive characteristics, abilities and strengths. b. A specific, detailed, subjective evaluation that identifies the individual's problems & needs as well as his/her positive characteristics, abilities and strengths.

answer

A specific, detailed, OBJECTIVE evaluation that identifies the individual's problems & needs as well as his/her positive characteristics, abilities and strengths.

question

When writing approaches on a resident's care plan, what 2 questions should you ask yourself to determine if the approaches are appropriate for the care plan? a. Is this approach related to the resident's problem on the care plan? b. Is it something the resident really needs to have done? c. Is this something the staff has time to do with the resident? d. What can we do to make the resident happy? d. Does it support the resident in achieving their goal?

answer

- Is this approach related to the resident's problem on the care plan? - Does it support the resident in achieving their goal?

question

When is a full MDS required on a resident?

answer

On admission, annually, when there is a significant change

question

If you have an assessment that was due on Monday, but you did not have time to put it on the chart until Thursday, what date should you put on the assessment?

answer

Thursday's date

question

Which of the following describes what should be included in writing a CAA? Select one or more: a. The problem along with complications & risk factors b. Factors to consider in developing an individualized plan c. A review of the resident's recent activity participation over the past 7 days d. A decision to proceed or not proceed to care plan the problem identified

answer

- The problem along with complications & risk factors - Factors to consider in developing an individualized plan - A decision to proceed or not proceed to care plan the problem identified

question

True or False? The Activity Director can fill out any part of the MDS at her/his community that she wants to.

answer

False. BUT - the community MDS coordinator can assign staff members to complete sections other than "their" department's.

question

What is a specific, observable and measurable action that results in some type of life status improvement and/or improvement in functioning for a resident?

answer

a goal

question

What are the 4 steps nursing home staff use in the assessment process?

answer

A PIE - Assess, Plan, Implement, Evaluate. Now - add D for Documentation.

question

True or False? You do not have to take this course to be a qualified activity director in a NC nursing home.

answer

True

question

Which of these statements best describes the role of the activity professional in the long term care setting? a. To develop a fun-filled, engaging activity program that attracts the interest and attention of the residents and their families. b. To provide programs through an activity calendar designed to meet the diverse interests of the residents in the community. c. To develop and provide an activity program that meets the assessed needs and interests of the residents.

answer

To develop and provide an activity program that meets the assessed needs and interests of the residents.

question

How do you correct an error when writing a progress note?

answer

Draw a line through the error, correct, initial and date it.

question

True or False? Activity Professionals primarily provide activity services for residents in all health care settings across all age spectrums.

answer

False

question

76. Which of the following statements best describes the mission of professional activity service? a. To "teach old dogs new tricks." Learning never ends. b. To engage the residents in ways to keep their days filled with activity. c. To empower older adults to continue life interests and activities with adaptations as needed.

answer

- To empower older adults to continue life interests and activities with adaptations as needed.

question

What does "CCRC" stand for?

answer

Continuing Care Retirement Community

question

What does "SNF" stand for?

answer

Skilled Nursing Facility

question

What are the ways you can be considered "qualified" as an activity director in NC?

answer

1. Have a degree in Recreation Therapy or similar degree 2. Be an OT or certified OT assistant (COTA) 3. Be certified by an approved certification board 4. Take a state-approved class 5. Have two years experience in a social or recreational program within the last five years, one of which was full-time in a patient activity program in a health setting.

question

What's the difference between a for-profit business and a not-for-profit business?

answer

The for-profit organization makes a profit for the owners or stockholders and the non-profit funnels its profits back into the organization

question

True or False? The continuum of care is a concept of care that shows a gradual increase in needs with care and services that range from home care through institutionalization.

answer

True

question

True or False? Body language may give clues into the real message that the communicator is trying to make and sometimes contradicts the verbal message.

answer

True

question

True or False? Face-to-face verbal communication is the most effective form of exchanging ideas because this provides the best chance of the message being understood.

answer

True

question

True or False? The group leader can ignore nonverbal communication because what people say is more important than what they don't say.

answer

False

question

What are some examples of written communication?

answer

Letters, memos, newsletters, e-mails, meeting minutes, social media postings

question

True or False? Defining the purpose of the newsletter helps the editor decide what sort of articles should be put in it.

answer

True

question

True or False? You don't need to be prepared at interdepartmental meetings because other department heads know that you're in charge of the "fun" department anyway.

answer

False. Anyone who said "True" should be shot.

question

True or False? Communication requires an exchange of information that assures mutual understanding.

answer

True

question

Which of these are ways to de-escalate conflict? a. If necessary, ask for a break to collect your thoughts or release pent-up tension. b. Ask questions that encourage the other person to look for a solution. Ask open-ended questions rather than ones that will evoke a yes or no response. c. Give "I" messages d. Speak with authority e. Look the other person in the eye, with both of you sitting or standing.

answer

- If necessary, ask for a break to collect your thoughts or release pent-up tension. - Ask questions that encourage the other person to look for a solution. - Ask open-ended questions rather than ones that will evoke a yes or no response. - Give "I" messages - Look the other person in the eye, with both of you sitting or standing.

question

True or False? You don't need to worry about non-verbal communication with very old seniors. They are too old to understand it anyway.

answer

False!

question

Which of these is NOT a principle of argumentation? a. Public Confession—show your willingness to admit error, ignorance, or misunderstanding; b. Seek Common Ground—attempt to establish common ground with your opponent as a starting c. Escape Principle - exit gracefully when you recognize your error d. Terrier Principle—never leave a point at issue, once established, until it is settled, unless the movement brings one closer to a foundational question e. POSTMORTEM or Why didn't I think of that at the time?

answer

Escape Principle - exit gracefully when you recognize your error

question

What are Civil Money Penalties?

answer

Civil Money Penalties are the fines imposed through the survey process to facilities who are cited for deficiencies that rank high in severity and scope.

question

What is the intention of the Interpretive Guidelines for Surveyors?

answer

Interpretive Guidelines provide guidance to surveyors to determine the facility's compliance with federal nursing home regulations.

question

When OSHA inspects a LTC setting, it surveys health and safety conditions for whom?

answer

Employees only

question

True or False? OBRA '87 is a piece of legislation that changed the way surveyors looked at residents in nursing homes and assisted living communities.

answer

Nursing homes across the nation

question

When reminiscing, open-ended questions: a. should be avoided to prevent one person from monopolizing the conversation b. are less effective than yes/no questions especially with confused residents c. provide the best chance of residents expanding answers & enhancing the reminiscing experience d. Could open a can of worms that you don't want to go close to

answer

provide the best chance of residents expanding answers & enhancing the reminiscing experience

question

True or False? Perceived loss of control can lead to feelings of increased vulnerability in group settings.

answer

True

question

Which of these statements best completes the sentence "Activity calendars should have: a. Lots of clip art to illustrate the activities & provide a visual cue. b. One main font style with a few pieces of clip art c. Many different fonts to show different types of activities. Residents take their cues from this.

answer

One main font style with a few pieces of clip art

question

What things shouldyou consider when setting up an activity area?

answer

Lighting, traffic in the area, room size, temperature

question

What is Medicaid? A federal health program for individuals and families with low incomes and resources managed by the states

answer

A federal health program for individuals and families with low incomes and resources managed by the states

STUDY

AP Human Geography Birth And Death Rates Democratic Republic Of Congo Nile River Valley Population Geography

Population practice questions… http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=human-geography-population – Flashcards 13 terms

Deloris Connelly

13 terms

Preview

Population practice questions… http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=human-geography-population – Flashcards

question

What is the key difference between arithmetic and physiological population density? A. Arithmetic is total population divided by total land and physiological is total population divided by total arable land B. Arithmetic is total population divided by total arable land and physiological is total population divided by total land C. Neither

answer

question

Which of the following would properly express the population pressure in Egypt

answer

Physiological population density

question

What 3 areas contain the vast majority of the world population? A. South Asia, East Asia, and the United States. B. Europe, East Asia, South Asia. C. South America, Europe, East Asia. D. Europe, United States, East Asia.

answer

question

If a country is going through a population explosion what demographic stage (s) is it likely in? A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4 E. Two of the above are correct

answer

question

I pass a billboard on the road in which a small, Causcasian family is smiling and laughing, put up by the government. What logical conclusions can I draw from observing this billboard A. The country is practicing restrictive population policies. B. The country is practicing expansive population policies. C. The country is practicing eugenic population policies. D. Two of the above are correct.

answer

question

What is the root cause (s) of high CBR and CDR in the first stage of demographic transition A. Lack of food; famine B. Lack of sanitation C. Epidemics and instability D. Two of the above are correct E. All of the above are correct

answer

question

My nation is mainly comprised of young teenagers and young adults- why, I'm one of the VERY few old people. What would my population pyramid look like, you think? A. Chalice B. Pillar C. Pyramid D. Ellipse

answer

question

Who sounded the "warning bells" about population in the early 1700's

answer

thomas malthus

question

A high birth rate means population growth? True or false?

answer

False

question

A megalopolis is a large ______ center?

answer

urban

question

Stationary population level requires a total fertility rate among women of

answer

2.1

question

Political stability, Medicine/Industrialization, Education and birth control, Traditionalism are all reasons of why...?

answer

Population rises and falls in certain places

question

Expansive population policies, Eugenic population policies, Restrictive population policies, Unintended consequences are all ways...?

answer

government affects population change

STUDY

Democratic Republic Of Congo Infant Mortality Rates Internally Displaced Persons Sub Saharan Africa World Geography

GEO 101 Chapters 6-9 – Flashcards 93 terms

Edwin Holland

93 terms

Preview

GEO 101 Chapters 6-9 – Flashcards

question

What is the unifying theme of Sub-Saharan Africa?

answer

Similar livelihood systems and shared colonial experience

question

Great Escarpment

answer

The edge of the continent's plateau in Southern Africa

question

What is the Sahel?

answer

A zone of ecological transition between the sahara to the north, and the wetter savannahs forests to the south

question

Sub-Saharan Africa desertification the most severe

answer

the Sahel

question

primary biofuels in Sub-Saharan Africa

answer

Wood and Charcoal used for household goods

question

What parts of Sub-Saharan Africa may receive more rainfall in the future according to climate change models?

answer

Highland east Africa and equatorial Central Africa

question

What is the most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa?

answer

Nigeria

question

In what part of Sub-Saharan Africa are the highest rates of HIV/AIDS found?

answer

The southern portion of the region (?)

question

Why is there concern about the tsetse fly in Sub-Saharan Africa?

answer

spreads sleeping sickness to humans, cattle, and some wildlife.

question

What are the elements/characteristics of apartheid?

answer

system of racial segregation in South Africa enforced through legislation by the National Party (NP) governments - from 1948 to 1994- Apartheid was developed after World War II by the Afrikaner-dominated National Party and Broederbond organisations and was practiced also in South West Africa

question

How are indigenous African religions generally classified?

answer

animist

question

How many Africans were transported to the Americans as slaves from the 1500s until 1870?

answer

Half a million (?)

question

What role did disease play in European efforts to colonize Africa?

answer

europeans were susceptible to malaria and other diseases that flourished in the tropics

question

What countries received African territory in the Berlin Conference?

answer

Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, and Spain

question

What is an internally displaced person (IDP)?

answer

is someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders. They are often referred to as refugees, although they do not fall within the current legal definition of a refugee.

question

Where in Sub-Saharan Africa has the deadliest ethnic and political conflict in the region occurred?

answer

Democratic Republic of the Congo

question

What Sub-Saharan African territory declared independence in the 1990s but has yet to be recognized as independent by any other nations?

answer

South Africa

question

What states in Sub-Saharan Africa successfully seceded from their parent states (and what were their parent states)?

answer

Eritrea/Ethopia South Sudan/Sudan

question

What country is the unchallenged economic powerhouse in Sub-Saharan Africa?

answer

South Africa

question

According to the UN, what percentage of African children is enrolled in primary and secondary school?

answer

75%

question

By what name is the region of Southwest Asia and North Africa most commonly known?

answer

Middle East

question

What countries are located in the Fertile Crescent of Southwest Asia and North Africa?

answer

Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey

question

In what country is the Aswan High Dam located?

answer

Egypt

question

In what country are Makkah (Mecca) and Medinah located?

answer

Saudi Arabia

question

Why is the island of Socotra considered unique?

answer

The environment evolved in isolation. It is home to hundreds of plants that are not found anywhere else in the world.

question

What does OPEC stand for?

answer

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

question

What are the environmental problems facing Southwest Asia and North Africa?

answer

deforestation and degradation are commonplace-- also vulnerable to drought-- air and water pollution-- problems with sewage and waste disposal-- national parks have been established for tourism (?)

question

What countries comprise the Maghreb of Southwest Asia and North Africa?

answer

The northern parts of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia

question

By what name is the eastern Mediterranean region of Southwest Asia and North Africa known?

answer

the Levant

question

The location of the population in Southwest Asia and North Africa is most often dependent on access to what?

answer

oil

question

What is the approximate population of Southwest Asia and North Africa?

answer

800 million

question

What are the recent migration patterns found in Southwest Asia and North Africa?

answer

employment and political

question

What religions arose in Southwest Asia and North Africa?

answer

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

question

In which city of Southwest Asia and North Africa are there important religious sites for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam?

answer

Jerusalem

question

What ethnic group of Southwest Asia and North Africa is an example of a nation without a state?

answer

Kurds

question

What two countries took the early lead in colonizing North Africa?

answer

...

question

What group was displaced by the creation of Israel?

answer

Palestinians

question

What country of Southwest Asia and North Africa has the largest known oil reserves in the world?

answer

Saudi Arabia

question

What countries of Southwest Asia and North Africa have diversified economies and are not reliant on oil?

answer

Turkey and Israel

question

Which country in Southwest Asia and North Africa has taken steps to join the European Union?

answer

Turkey

question

How many countries are in Europe?

answer

question

How many countries are in the European Union?

answer

question

What factors explain the environmental diversity of Europe?

answer

The complex geology of this western extension of the Eurasian land mass has the newest, as well as the oldest, landscapes in the world. Europe's latitudinal extent from the Arctic to the Mediterranean subtropics affects climate, vegetation, and many human activities. This latitudinal control is modiﬁed by the moderating inﬂuences of the Atlantic Ocean, as well as the Baltic, Mediterranean, and Black Seas. The long history of human settlement has transformed and modi-ﬁed Europe's natural landscapes in fundamental ways over thou-sands of years.

question

In what part of Europe is the region's unquestionable focus of intensive agriculture, large cities, and major industrial activities?

answer

the European Lowland

question

What does the European Union do?

answer

The European Union was formed to help trade. The currency of the EU is the Euro. But not every country uses it.

question

What is the population of Europe?

answer

739.2 Million (?)

question

in what part of Europe is air and water pollution the worst - Eastern or Western Europe?

answer

western

question

What are the sources of Europe's environmental problems?

answer

Air and Water pollution

question

What is the most striking characteristic of Europe's demography?

answer

Lack of natural growth

question

What does the Schengen Agreement do?

answer

People can move freely within the EU countries.

question

What event has been an important cause of the surge of immigration to European countries since the beginning of the 1990s?

answer

World War II

question

What three historical eras are represented in European city landscapes?

answer

medieval, renaissance-baroque, and industrial

question

What are the characteristics of the medieval European landscape?

answer

is one of narrow, winding streets, crowded with three- or four-story masonry buildings with little set-back from the street. This is a dense landscape with few open spaces, except around churches and public buildings, where public squares or parks are clues to historical medieval open-air marketplaces.

question

90% of Europe's population speak languages from what three groups?

answer

Germanic, Romance, Slavic

question

What two great splits occurred within Christianity?

answer

into eastern and western churches

question

What was the Cold War?

answer

an ideological struggle between the US and the former Soviet Union that lasted from 1946-1991, and included Soviet occupation of several European countries

question

Which of the former Yugoslav republics have actually achieved membership in the EU?

answer

...

question

What is the currency of the European Monetary Union?

answer

euro

question

What EU countries do NOT use the common currency (euro)?

answer

united kingdom

question

What countries are within the Russian Domain?

answer

Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, and Armenia

question

Which body of water in the Russian Domain is the world's largest reserve of freshwater?

answer

Lake Baikal

question

Why is the city of Chernobyl well-known?

answer

Site of the world's worst nuclear accident

question

What is the primary source of pollution damaging Russia's Lake Baikal?

answer

Pollution from pulp and paper facilities

question

What helps us to understand the geographies of climate, vegetation, and agriculture of the Russian Domain?

answer

the northern latitudinal position of the Russian Domain

question

What is the dominant climate type in the Russian Domain?

answer

Continental

question

What country in the Russian Domain has historically provided the better agricultural areas in the region?

answer

Ukraine and in European Russia south of Moscow

question

Between what two bodies of water are the Caucasus Mountains located?

answer

Black Sea & the Caspian Sea

question

In what part of the region are the highest population densities in the Russian Domain found?

answer

the southeastern part of the region

question

What has become of the policy of Russification within former Soviet republics since the collapse of the Soviet Union?

answer

It has been reversed, greater numbers of russians are leaving these areas because of stricter citizenship language requirements and returning to russia

question

What are the characteristics of the demography of Russia today?

answer

rising death rates among middle-aged males

question

What language group dominates in the Russian Domain?

answer

Slavic

question

What was the policy of the former Soviet Union regarding religion?

answer

severely discourage and even persecuted religious practice

question

What is the largest non-Christian religion (based on the number of believers) in the Russian Domain?

answer

Islam (?)

question

What two countries were the primary rivals in the Cold War?

answer

U.S. and Soviet Union

question

What did glasnost call for?

answer

called for increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union.

question

What was one of Putin's early political moves?

answer

...

question

What is the primary destination for Russian petroleum products?

answer

Western Europe

question

autonomous areas

answer

minor political sub-units designed to recognize special status of minority groups within existing republics

question

balkanization

answer

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

question

choke point

answer

a geographical feature on land such as a valley, defile or a bridge, or at sea such as a straight which an armed force is forced to pass, therefore greatly decreasing its combat, in order to reach its objective.

question

exclave

answer

a portion of a country geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory.

question

hydropolitics

answer

The interplay of water resource issues and politics

question

Iron Curtain

answer

symbolized the ideological conflict and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The term symbolized efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the west and non-Soviet-controlled areas.

question

fjord

answer

A long narrow inlet from the sea between steep cliffs or hills, created by glacial erosion

question

irredentism

answer

The policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state.

question

kleptocracy

answer

a state where corruption is so institutionalized that politicians and bureaucrats siphon off a huge percentage of a country's wealth

question

medina

answer

is a modern city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia, and the capital of Al Madinah Province.

question

mikrorayon

answer

large, state-constructed urban housing projects built during the Soviet period in the 1970s and 1980s

question

physiological density

answer

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

question

refugee

answer

A person who has to leave his or her country to find safety.

question

swidden

answer

an area of land cleared for cultivation by slashing and burning vegetation.

question

taiga

answer

Biome in which the winters are cold but summers are mild enough to allow the ground to thaw

question

transhumance

answer

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

STUDY

Democratic Republic Of Congo North European Plain Population Geography Population Growth Rate World Geography

MapMaster Layered Thematics: Population Density and Growth: Europe (multiple-choice) Europe cont.. – Flashcards 32 terms

Chad Lipe

32 terms

Preview

MapMaster Layered Thematics: Population Density and Growth: Europe (multiple-choice) Europe cont.. – Flashcards

question

Based on the map, which area appears to have the lowest population density?

answer

northern United Kingdom

question

What is the most likely reason why the region in northern Italy is densely populated?

answer

The fertile low-lying land is good for agriculture and settlement

question

Which of these countries most likely has a growing population?

answer

Iceland

question

In which of these countries is the overall population growth rate lowest?

answer

Bulgaria

question

Which of these is the most reasonable explanation for the very low population growth rates in the countries that have rates of population change from -1.5% to -0.6%?

answer

All of these are former communist countries in which the political and economic turmoil associated with the transition to capitalism has slowed growth.

question

On the border between which two countries is the Basque language found?

answer

France and Spain

question

The languages that are spoken by the ethnic subgroups in the northern and western portion of the United Kingdom and in northwest France are most likely from the ____________ language subfamily.

answer

Celtic

question

What is the most likely explanation for this linguistic connection between the ethnic subgroups in these parts of the United Kingdom and France?

answer

The language subfamily diffused from France to the United Kingdom.

question

n which of these European regions does Protestantism appear to be dominant?

answer

north

question

Which two religions are dominant in the former Jewish Pale?

answer

Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox

question

Which of these is the most likely reason why the Jewish Pale is labeled "former"?

answer

The Jewish population in this region was nearly wiped out by the Nazis during World War II.

question

Which of these countries was not formerly a member of the Warsaw Pact and is currently a member of NATO?

answer

Denmark

question

Which of these is the most likely reason why nearly half of Germany is shown as former Warsaw Pact territory?

answer

Germany was once divided into two countries.

question

If you were traveling in a straight south-to-north line from Sardinia to Norway and purchased something in each country through which you passed, how many currencies would you need?

answer

four

question

To date, potential future European Union members include all but which of the following countries?

answer

Norway

question

Which of these is a member of both NATO and the European Union?

answer

Denmark

question

Which of these is the primary agricultural activity on the North European Plain?

answer

dairying

question

Which of these products would be the least likely to come from Sweden?

answer

grain

question

Which of these is the most likely explanation for the location and spread of acid rain?

answer

The acid rain was caused by activities from older industrial areas and was carried eastward by prevailing winds.

question

The major economic areas of the future appear to be reliant on which of these types of activity?

answer

newer industry near the Mediterranean

question

Which of these countries was the last to industrialize?

answer

Portugal

question

Which of these do you think is the most likely explanation for the net migration gains shown on the map?

answer

Because of low growth rates, there are not enough workers to work in the newer industries.

question

At Kinderdijk, one can see the hydraulic technology of:

answer

preserved windmills.

question

Between the 1973 and 2004 in Zuiderzee/Ijsselmeer, all of the following changes can be noted except:

answer

Ijsselmeer (also known as Lake Ijssel) has decreased in size by 50 to 60 percent.

question

To complete the MOSE project, the Italian government is building barriers to block the entrances to the Venetian Lagoon. How many lagoon entrances have to be blocked?

answer

question

With respect to acidification in Europe, which of the following city pairs is projected to be most susceptible to problems in the year 2020?

answer

Amsterdam, Netherlands and Krakow, Poland

question

Which of the following words or phrases is most directly related to the goals of the site associated with the Environmental foresight placemark?

answer

gene bank

question

Based on your analysis of Europe at night, which of the following countries is most likely to contain a primate city?

answer

France

question

As you study the lightscape of Europe, you can identify areas of particularly high concentrations of light as well as areas of low levels of light production. Identify the following statement that is least accurate.

answer

Albania is one of the most brightly lit countries.

question

Examine the North Sea. Explain the lights that are scattered across this body of water.

answer

These are oil and gas platforms.

question

After examining the two age-related European layers, what country outside the region is most similar in its proportions and median age of older citizens?

answer

Japan

question

In general, what European subregion is younger?

answer

eastern

STUDY

Ancient History Democratic Republic Of Congo Republic Of The Congo World Geography

World geography chapter 4 africa – Flashcards 23 terms

Lisa Currey

23 terms

Preview

World geography chapter 4 africa – Flashcards

question

Into what body of water does the nile river empty?

answer

Mediterranean Sea

question

What eight other bodies of water border africa?

answer

Mozambique channel, red sea, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, suez canal, straight of Gibralter, gulf of guinea, gulf of aden

question

What six African countries touch the equator?

answer

Somalia, kenya, uganda, democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon

question

Which countries border the Mediterranean Sea?

answer

Egypt, lybia, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco

question

What countries lie entirely south of the tropic of Capricorn?

answer

Lesotho, Swaziland

question

Name the large Island that lies off the southeastern coast of Africa?

answer

Madagascar

question

Name the landlocked countries in northern africa.

answer

South sudan, chad, Niger, mali

question

What african country is separated from Europe by the straight of the Gibraltar?

answer

Morocco

question

How many countries border Libya? What are they?

answer

6, they are Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, Sudan, chad, and niger

question

What capital cities are located on the Mediterranean coast?

answer

Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers

question

What island group lies of the coast of Morocco?

answer

Canary island

question

What river forms part of the boundary between Congo and the democratic Republic of the Congo?

answer

Congo river

question

In what country is the niger river delta found?

answer

Nigeria

question

What country is both an island and a part of the mainland?

answer

Equatorial guinea

question

What three countries border lake Victoria?

answer

Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania

question

According to the political map, what is the largest country in central Africa?

answer

Democratic Republic of congo

question

Name the country that lies between Ethiopia and the red sea.

answer

Eritrea

question

List the seven landlocked countries of tropical africa.

answer

Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, central african Republic, Burkina, faso, Ethiopia

question

What country does the south Africa encompasses?

answer

Lesotho

question

What desert lies in Botswana?

answer

Kalahari desert

question

Which seven countries in southern Africa are not bordered by Zambia?

answer

South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Madagascar, Comoros, serehellee, Botswana

question

What body of water seperates Madagascar from the mainland?

answer

Mozambique channel

question

Which countries in southern Africa are partially separated by lake nyasa?

answer

Malawi and Mozambique

STUDY

Democratic Republic Of Congo Trade And Manufacturing World Geography

Geography: Africa – Flashcards 14 terms

Jazzlyn Sampson

14 terms

Preview

Geography: Africa – Flashcards

question

Which African countries north of the equator have petroleum (oil) as a resource?

answer

Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Tunisia, Nigeria, and Cameroon; Economic Activity Map

question

Which country contains the largest total area with a tropical wet climate?

answer

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); Climate Zones Map

question

In which country does the White Nile join the Blue Nile?

answer

Sudan; Physical Features Map

question

What is the large island country that lies east of Mozambique? What is the population density?

answer

Madagascar; 2-215 people per square mile; Population Density and Political Boundaries Map

question

In which countries can a humid subtropical climate be found?

answer

South Africa, Swaziland, and Mozambique; Climate Zones Map

question

Which country south of the equator and north of the Tropic of Capricorn contains only one type of vegetation? What type of vegetation is found in this country?

answer

Tropical grassland; Zambia; Vegetation Zones Map

question

What are the most highly populated cities in Africa? In which country is each city located?

answer

Lagos and Cairo; Nigeria (L) and Egypt(C); Population Density Map

question

Besides South Africa, in which countries can trade and manufacturing be found?

answer

Senegal, Nigeria, Egypt, Tanzania, and Benei; Economic Activity Map

question

What is the least common type of vegetation found in Africa? In which three countries is this type of vegetation found?

answer

Coniferous Forest; Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia; Vegetation Zones Map

question

What river forms the border between Senegal and Mauritania?

answer

Senegal River; Physical Features Map

question

What resources are found in Ghana? What physical feature located in that country helps to explain why hydroelectric power is a resource there?

answer

Diamonds, precious metals, and hydroelectric power; Volta River; Economic Activity and Physical Features Map

question

Which country in Africa has the most cities between 1 million and 4 million people? What type of land uses found near those cities might help to explain why there are so many large cities in that country?

answer

South Africa; Trade and Manufauring; Population Density and Economic Activity Map

question

Along which physical feature is most of the population of Egypt located? How does vegetation help to explain why most people live there?

answer

Nile River; Boarded Leaf Evergreen Forest (farming and shelter); Physical Features and Population Density Map

question

Which countries north of the equator have a mostly low population density? How do physical features and climate help explain why large areas of those countries are scarcely populated?

answer

Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Mali, Niger, Chad, Mauritania and Western Sahara; Arid (C), Sahara, and no rivers that flow in that area; Population Density, Climate Zones, and Physical Features Map

STUDY

AP Human Geography Democratic Republic Of Congo Political Geography

Ap Human Geography Unit 4 Terms – Flashcards 47 terms

Patrick Thompson

47 terms

Preview

Ap Human Geography Unit 4 Terms – Flashcards

question

State

answer

Definition: An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs. Example: USA

question

Geopolitics

answer

Definition: The study of the interplay between political relations and the territorial context in which they occur. Example:

question

Regionalism

answer

Definition: a foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas Example:

question

Frontier

answer

Definition: A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control. Example: Antarctica

question

Gerrymander

answer

Definition: Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power. Example: creation of a smaller voting district to take away votes from a particular candidate

question

Reapportionment

answer

Definition: Process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people Example: dividing the 435 seats in the House of Representatives based on the population of each state after every census

question

UNCLOS

answer

Definition: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Example:

question

Sovereignty

answer

Definition: Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states. Example: power of a king to rule his people

question

Shatterbelt

answer

Definition: a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals Example: Eastern Europe during the Cold War

question

Treaty ports

answer

Definition: Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the in these cities, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality. Example: Kelung

question

Annexation

answer

Definition: Legally adding land area to a city in the United States Example: US

question

Berlin Conference

answer

Definition: A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa Example:

question

Colonialism

answer

Definition: Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. Example: England's control over India

question

Imperialism

answer

Definition: A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Example: France's control over Haiti

question

Irredentism

answer

Definition: a policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country Example: Garibaldi and the unification of India

question

Satellite Nation

answer

Definition: Communist nations in Eastern Europe on friendly terms with the USSR and thought of as under the USSR's control Example: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany

question

Civil Divisions

answer

Definition: Governmental divisions that divide citizens Example: Civil township

question

Confederations

answer

Definition: Interest groups made up of several independent, local organizations that provide much of their funding and hold most of the power Example: Confederate States of America

question

Democratization

answer

Definition: the process of creating a government elected by the people Example: creating legitimacy for a certain social order or by removing certain aspects of social life from the political sphere and renaming them as private

question

Devolution

answer

Definition: The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government. Example: UK granted more autonomy to its member states

question

Forward Capital

answer

Definition: A capital city placed in a remote or peripheral area for economic, strategic, or symbolic reasons. Example: Brasília

question

Domino Theory

answer

Definition: A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control. Example:

question

Iron Curtain

answer

Definition: A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region Example:

question

Manifest Destiny

answer

Definition: A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. Example:

question

United Nations

answer

Definition: An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. Example:

question

Supranationalism

answer

Definition: a venture involving 3 or more national states political economic or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives Example:

question

European Union

answer

Definition: An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members. Example:

question

Gross National Product

answer

Definition: The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year. Example:

question

Basic/Non-Basic Industries

answer

Definition: Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the community/Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community Example:

question

HDI

answer

Definition: Human Development Index Example:

question

Agglomeration Economies

answer

Definition: The savings to an individual enterprise derived from locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities, such as other factories or retail stores Example: spatially concentrated growth in automobile-oriented fields may create problems of crowding and traffic congestion

question

Value Added

answer

Definition: the gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy. Example: computer retailers

question

EEZ

answer

Definition: Exclusive Economic Zone Example: US EEZ surrounding the islands of Guam and the Northern Marianas, roughly 5,600 miles from the West Coast of the USA, is home to the Mariana Trench—the deepest place in the ocean

question

Import Substitution

answer

Definition: a government policy that uses trade restrictions and subsidies to encourage domestic production of manufactured goods Example: airline company which used to purchase chicken for its meals from Arkansas despite several growers just outside Eugene

question

Market Orientation

answer

Definition: the tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs Example:

question

Raw-material orientation

answer

Definition: the tendency of an economic activity to locate near or at its source of raw material Example: Sugar milling

question

Comparative advantage

answer

Definition: The ability of a country to produce a good at a lower cost than another country can. Example: China

question

Subsistence economy

answer

Definition: an economic system of relatively simple technology in which people produce most or all of the goods to satisfy their own and their family's needs; little or no exchange occurs outside or the immediate or extended family Example: Economy that relies solely on oil

question

Global commons

answer

Definition: those parts of our environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility--the atmosphere, fresh water, forests, wildlife, and ocean fisheries Example: Antarctica

question

Trickledown effects

answer

Definition: model of product adoption in marketing that affects many consumer goods and services Example:

question

Brandt Line

answer

Definition: Line that divides the rich north and the poor south Example:

question

Neocolonialism

answer

Definition: Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture Example: a country only producing one main export like sugar

question

Regional multiplier

answer

Definition: A numerical relationship showing the number of total jobs created for each new basic job in a region Example: new jobs:overall jobs 1:3

question

Dependency theory

answer

Definition: a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones Example:

question

Heartland/Rimland

answer

Definition: Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world./Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest. Example:

question

Mackinder, Halford J

answer

Definition: developed the Heartland Theory of Geopolitics - land based power would control the world after controlling eastern Europe, the "pivot area". Example:

question

Rostow's Modernization Model

answer

Definition: linear theory of development that developed countries go through a common 5 stage patter of structural change (traditional society, transitional, take off, drive to maturity, high mass consumption) it explains the development experiences of Western countries and is general model for many others Example:

STUDY

Democratic Republic Of Congo Hemoglobin And Hematocrit Levels Medical Terminology Public Health Red And White Blood Cells

Test Questions on Micro Final – Flashcards 136 terms

Roy Johnson

136 terms

Preview

Test Questions on Micro Final – Flashcards

question

pneumonia

answer

what condition is rarely seen in a person who is NOT sufficiently immunocompromised?

question

pharyngitis

answer

what condition is NOT typically caused by an organism that may be considered normal flora?

question

rhinitis

answer

what condition occurs most commonly as a result of a primary infection but can lead to secondary infection?

question

cerebrospinal fluid

answer

which of the following should be considered sterile?
saliva, feces, urine, CSF

question

shiga toxin

answer

which toxin inhibits protein synthesis?

question

enterotoxin

answer

which toxin increases fluid and electrolyte secretion by host cell?

question

endotoxin

answer

which toxin is only produced by gram negative bacteria?

question

tetanus

answer

which disease of the CNS is associated with spastic paralysis?

question

rabies

answer

which disease would you treat by administering a vaccination? tetanus, botulism, whooping cough, or rabies?

question

botulism

answer

which disease is most commonly associated with consumption of contaminated home canned goods?

question

whooping cough

answer

which disease's symptoms are partially due to loss of ciliated cells?

question

tuberculosis

answer

which disease is caused by a bacterium that can divide after being engulfed by macrophages?

question

salivary glands

answer

which accessory organ of the GI tract produces a substance that plays a role in the initial;breakdown of food particles

question

gall bladder

answer

which accessory organ of the GI tract stores substances used to break down food particles in the small intestine and releases these substances into the small intestine when food begins leaving the stomach?

question

fluid and electrolyte production

answer

which of the following is NOT a function of normal flora in the intestines? microbial antagonism, digestion, fluid and electrolyte production, or nutrient production?

question

mantoux test, chest x-ray, and acid-fast stain

answer

what are the tests used to diagnose tuberculosis?

question

because of the dormant stage and because of the virulence of the disease

answer

why must patients with TB be given long term antibiotic therapy?

question

the level of the virus that is present in the blood and the level of T-helpers that are present in the blood

answer

what determines the severity of symptoms that an HIV patient has?

question

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

answer

what are some organs that make up the lower respiratory tract?

question

1. less able to recognize antigens 2. the tight junction vessels of the BBB prevent less from getting through 3. the ones that do get through are not as effective as they would be in other parts of the body

answer

how is the nervous system immunologically privileged?

question

community-acquired and nosocomial

answer

what are the two major types of pneumonia?

question

staph induced- you only have to ingest the toxin but for clostridium, the actual bacteria must be present, and it has to reach the stomach before releasing the toxin

answer

why does it take longer for a person to get sick from clostridium perfringens induced food poisoning that staph induced?

question

the 3 simultaneous drugs affect different pathways and cause there to be less resistance to the drugs

answer

what are the benefits of treating a person with 3 different drugs simultaneously (cocktail approach) for HIV?

question

contaminated eggs, poultry

answer

what is a common source of salmonella enterica infection?

question

hepatitis B

answer

which hepatitis virus can be prevented with a vaccine?

question

virus divides in salivary glands- causing the inflammation of the salivary glands

answer

why is parotitis common in mumps?

question

CD4

answer

what cell type is preferentially attacked by HIV?

question

petichiae

answer

what is the hallmark symptom of meningiococacal meningitis caused by neisseria meningitidis?

question

LPS

answer

what is endotoxin?

question

antibiotics and antidiarrheals

answer

what 2 medications should NOT be used to treat escherichia coli O157:H7?

question

attaches virus to host cell

answer

what is the function of hemagglutinin?

question

in the mucous

answer

where is IgA found in the respiratory or GI tracts?

question

upper respiratory tract

answer

what is the most common source of infectious agents that cause pneumonia?

question

pregnant women and patients who have AIDS

answer

give two examples of people who would be considered immunocompromised?

question

protection

answer

what is the function of the BBB?

question

through specialized transport proteins

answer

how do things move through the BBB?

question

indirect ELISA

answer

which immunologic test looks for the presence of antibody in a patient sample by seeing if the sample binds to a known antigen that is fixed to a plate?

question

precipitation reaction

answer

which type of immunologic test relies on the characteristic that the combination of a particular antibody and antigen is insoluble?

question

western blotting

answer

which type of immunologic test requires that the proteins in a patient's serum first be separated according to size on a gel?

question

sulfonamides

answer

which antibiotic does NOT inhibit protein synthesis? aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, or sulfonamides?

question

inhibition of mitosis

answer

what is not a common mechanism of action for antibiotics?

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inhibition of RNA synthesis, inhibition of folic acid synthesis, and alteration of membrane integrity

answer

what are common mechanisms of action for antibiotics?

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zoonotic

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an infection that can be transmitted from an animal to human

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endemic

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an infectious disease that maintains a steady frequency within a specific population

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antibody production

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NOT a component of the innate immune response?

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phagocytosis, complement fixation, and interferon production

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what are the components of the innate immune response?

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mucous droplets

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which is NOT a means of INDIRECT transmission of an infectious disease? blood transfusion, air, fomites, or mucous droplets?

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MHC class II

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which immune receptor is found only on antigen presenting cells?

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immunoglobulin

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which immune receptor can be released from the cell to facilitate pathogen destruction?

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platelet

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which is not a type of white blood cell? neutrophil, mast cell, platelet, lymphocyte?

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prevention of viral particles from entering host cells, prevention of transcription or translation of viral proteins, and prevention of viral particle maturation

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what are major mechanisms of action of antiviral drugs?

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destruction of extracellular viral particles

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what is NOT a major mechanism of action of antiviral drugs?

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blood

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in which body tissue or fluid would you NOT expect to find normal flora?

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prevalence

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the term that describes the statistic in epidemiology that represents the number of existing cases of a disease from a specified period of time in a given population?

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mortality

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the term describes the statistic in epidemiology that represents the number of deaths caused by a disease that occurred in a specified period of time in a given population

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incidence

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the term that describes the statistic in epidemiology that represents the number of new cases of a disease that occurred in a specified period of time in a given population

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survey the body, recognize the pathogen, and destroy it

answer

what are the three major functions of the immune system?

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penicillin and sulfanamide

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what two antibiotics are most likely to cause an allergic reaction?

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specificity and memory

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what two major characteristics of the acquired immune response set it apart from the innate immune response?

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they are inserted into the body as a false antigen so that the body will build up an immunity (ex. attenuated virus). their main function if to make memory cells by falsely creating an immune response in the host.. they cause the 1st or 2nd immune response without making the host sick

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how do vaccinations work?

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a naive one has never seen/been exposed to an antigen; a mature lymphocyte has been exposed to an antigen

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how does a naive lymphocyte differ from a mature lymphocyte?

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neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages

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what three cell types can be classified as phagocytes?

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alternative splicing

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what is the process called that allows cells to express millions of distinct immune receptors even though they only contain a few thousand genes in the entire genome?

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B cells and T cells

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what two cell types can be classified as lymphocytes?

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mutation and acquisition of new genes

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what two cellular events can drive the acquisition of drug resistance?

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in second exposure, they are produced much more rapidly and stronger. the first exposure is slow because it's never seen the antigen before and has to start from scratch in its response to it.

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how does antibody production differ between the first and second exposure to an antigen?

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toxicity, allergy, and suppression of normal flora

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what three adverse reactions may occur between a drug and a host?

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koch's postulates

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how do you determine if a particular microorganism is responsible for an observed disease?

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the process of the formation of blood cells. it produces precursor cells which will then either mature in the bone marrow if they are B cells or in the thymus if they are T cells

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what is hematopoiesis?

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inhibit cell wall synthesis leading to cell lysis

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how do penicillin antibiotics kill cells?

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agglutination, opsonization, complement fixation, and neutralization

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what are the four mechanisms through which secreted antibodies mediate immune response?

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it filters and kills the pathogens. it filters the blood.

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what purpose does the spleen serve in immune function?

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B cells, macrophages, and dendrites

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what three cell types can act as antigen presenting cells?

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kill microbes without harming host

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what is the primary goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?

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mutualism

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what is the relationship between organisms called when the relationship is necessary and beneficial for both organisms?

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synergism

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the relationship between organisms when the relationship is not necessary but is beneficial for both organisms

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cofactor

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what part of a conjugated enzyme may play a role in bringing the substrate closer to the active site of the enzyme and is usually a metal ion?

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holoenzyme

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what is another term for the completed conjugated enzyme?

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oxidoreductase

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which type of enzyme is responsible for transferring electrons between substrates?

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ligase

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which type of enzyme is responsible for forming a covalent bond between substrates?

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antisepsis

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which term refers to killing most life forms on a living surface?

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disinfection

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which term refers to killing most life forms on a nonliving surface?

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sterilization

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which term refers to killing all life forms?

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decontamination

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refers to the mechanical removal of most life forms

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ionizing radiation

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kills microbes by causing DNA strands to break

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moist heat

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which of the following would most likely be used to prepare a scalpel for use during surgery? moist heat, ionizing radiation, hydrogen peroxide, or dry heat?

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aldehydes

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which of the following can be used to sterilize? detergents, phenols, aldehydes, or alcohols?

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conjugation

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which of the following involves the transfer of DNA between compatible cells through a pilus?

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transduction

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which of the following involves the transfer of DNA between cells with the aid of a virus? transduction, transformation, transposition, or conjugation?

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concentration and time

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what two factors are most important for determining the amount of microbial death caused by a microbicidal agent?

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cytoplasm in prokaryotes and mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes

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where does the krebs cycle occur in cells?

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it binds to the P site, whereas all other ones after it bind to the A site. its' start codon is AUG.

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what is unique about the first tRNA used in translation?

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catabolic proteins

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what types of proteins are typically encoded by an inducible operon?

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spontaneous and induced

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what are the two major classes of mutations?

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it lowers the amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur so that it can happen more quickly

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how does an enzyme speed up a reaction?

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helicase

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which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA during replication?

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RNA polymerase does it

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why does transcription not require a special enzyme for unwinding the DNA?

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hypotonic

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which solute state is ideal for cells?

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relies on organic nutrients

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what is a heterotroph?

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where one substrate binds to the active site, blocking the real substrate from binding

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what is competitive inhibition?

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oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation, and substrate-level

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what are the three major processes through which ATP is transformed?

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ammonia

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what is an example of an inorganic source of nitrogen?

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proteins

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what is an example of an organic source of nitrogen?

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facilitated, simple, active

answer

what are the three types of diffusion?

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nitrogen--> nitric acid
fatty acid--> lipids
monosaccharide--> carbohydrate
amino acid--> protein

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what kind of macromolecules do each of the macromolecular building blocks build? nitrogen base, fatty acid, monosaccharide, and amino acid

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aerotolerant anaerobe

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it is not affected in anyway by oxygen

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facultative anaerobe

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it prefers to grow in oxygen rich environments but is able to grow without oxygen also

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microaerophile

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it will grow towards the top but not at the surface. it needs O2 but can't grow at atmospheric levels

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obligate anaerobe

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cannot live and grow in the presence of oxygen

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nucleic acid, capsid, and envelope

answer

what are the three major structures of an animal virus?

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helical and isocahedral

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what are the two major shapes of viral capsids?

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cell membrane, chromosomes, and ribosomes

answer

what three structures are present in ALL living cells?

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sterols

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what is present in the cell membrane of eukaryotes to add strength and stability to the structure?

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lysogeny

answer

what is the name of the stage present in some bacteriophage life cycles in which the viral DNA is inserted in the host DNA and the virus remains inactive for a period of time?

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fragmentation and spore-formation

answer

what are the two common reproductive methods of molds?

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outer membrane

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what is present in a gram-negative cell that makes it less susceptible to killing by disinfectants?

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observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion

answer

what are the four steps of the scientific method?

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pasteur's theory that states that microorganisms cause disease

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what is the germ theory of disease?

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decomposition

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what is the breakdown of dead matter and waste into simpler compounds that may then be used by other organisms?

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counter-clockwise

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which direction should a flagellum rotate to propel a bacterial cell forward?

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peptidoglycan

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what is the primary component of bacterial cell walls?

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uncoating

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which step in viral replication occurs with animal viruses but NOT with bacteriophages?

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composition of the cell membrane

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which of the following is NOT a difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? how DNA is packaged, composition of cell wall, composition of cell membrane, or presence of organelles?

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kingdom, phylum, class, order

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what is the correct listing of taxa in order from most general to most specific?

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streptococcus

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which of the following genuses cannot form endospores? sporosacrina, clostridium, streptococcus, or bacillus?

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sphere

answer

what kind of cellular shape would you expect for members of the streptococcus genus?

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clusters

answer

what kind of cellular arrangement would you expect for members of staphylococcus genus?

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chains

answer

what kind of cellular arrangement would you expect for members of the streptococcus genus?

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carbon dioxide

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which of the following molecules freely passes through a cell membrane? carbon dioxide, carbohydrate, sodium, or protein?

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bacteria

answer

which of the following is NOT a kingdom in the Whittaker system of classification? fungi, animals, protists, or bacteria?

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protists

answer

which of the following is NOT a kingdom in the Woese-Fox system of classification? fungi, animals, protists, or bacteria?

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adenosine

answer

which of the following nitrogen bases is NOT a pyrimidine? thymine, adenosine, cytosine, or uracil?

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Robert Hooke

answer

who was the first to describe cells as living units?

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Joseph Lister

answer

who has the first to introduce aseptic techniques in the hospital setting to reduce infection?

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Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

answer

who invented the first single lens microscope?

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Louis Pasteur

answer

who performed an experiment that used long, curved-neck flasks to demonstrate that air was the source of contaminating microbes?

STUDY

4th Century Bce Art of Africa Democratic Republic Of Congo Papua New Guinea Prehistoric Art Republic Of The Congo

AP Art History 250 Required Images Flashcards 250 terms

Claire Scott

250 terms

Preview

AP Art History 250 Required Images Flashcards

question

Apollo 11 Stones Nambia. c. 25000-25300 B.C.E. Charcoal on stone The earliest history of rock painting and engraving arts in Africa. The oldest known of any kind from the African continent.

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Great Hall of Bulls Lascaux, France. Paleolithic Europe. 15000-13000 B.C.E. Rock Painting represents the earliest surviving examples of the artistic expression of early people. Shows a twisted perspective.

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Camelid sacrum in the shape of a canine Tequixquiac, central Mexico. 14000-7000 B.C.E. Bone. The shape was created by using subtractive techniques and utilizing already apparent features in the bone, like the holes for eyes. It was a first look at how people began manipulating their environment to created what they wanted.

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Running horned women Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria. 6000-4000 B.C.E. Pigment on rock. The painting shows great contrast between the dark and light mediums used. There is also great detail put into the decorations of the woman. Most interestingly, though, there is a transparency to the larger woman and the figures behind her show through.

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Beaker with ibex motifs Susan, Iran. 4200-3500 B.C.E. Painted terra cotta. One of the first ceramic pieces, made from clay and intricately designed with mineral and plant paint in painstaking detail. The vessel portrays a Ibex, a type of goat native to the area, and also canine figures along the rim. At the time, dogs were used to hunt animals like Ibexes. The painting might have been done with small brushes made from plant material or human or animal hair

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Anthropomorphic stele Arabian Peninsula. Fourth millennium B.C.E. Sandstone. Very stylized representation of a human figure, carved from stone. Has a make image and carries knives in sheaths across the chest and a knife tucked into a belt.

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Jade cong Liangzhu, China. 3300-2200 B.C.E. Carved jade. Like one of many, this was a jade piece with decorative carvings, unique shape, and symbolic purpose. The stone might have held spiritual or symbolic meanings to the early cultures of China.

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Stonehenge Wiltshire, U.K. Neolithic Europe. c. 2500-1600 B.C.E. Sandstone Stonehenge is a famous site know for its large circles of massive stones in a seemingly random location as well as the mystery surrounding how and why it was built. The stones are believed to be from local quarries and farther off mountains. There is also evidence of mud, wood, and ropes assisting in the construction of the site.

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The Ambum Stone Ambum Valley, Enga Province, Papua New Guinea. c. 1500 B.C.E. Greywacke This is a sculpture of some sort of anteater-like creature made from a very rounded stone. With intense use of subtractive sculpting, this piece achieves a freestanding neck and head while still maintaining much of the original shape of the stone. It still uses natural materials and depicts a natural animal.

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Tlatilco female figurine Central Mexico, site of Tlatico. 1200-900 B.C.E. Ceramic The piece also stands as foreshadowing of the great civilizations that develop in south and meso-america and the art that is produced.

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Terra Cotta Fragment Lapita. Solomon Islands, Reef Islands. 1000 B.C.E. Terra cotta (incised) One of the first examples of the Lapita potter's art, this fragment depicts a human face incorporated into the intricate geometric designs characteristics of the Lapita ceramic tradition.

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White Temple and its Zuggurat Uruk (modern Warka, Iraq). Sumerian. c. 35000-3000 B.C.E. Mud Brick. Rooms for different functions. Cella (highest room) for high class priests and nobles. Very geometric (4 corners of structure facing in cardinal directions) Platform stair stepped up

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Palette of King Narmer Pre-dynastic Egypt. c. 3000-2920 B.C.E Greywacke Egyptian archelogical find, dating from about the 31st century B.C, containing some of the earliest hieroglyphic inscription ever found.

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Statue of Votive figures from the Square Temple at Eshnunna Sumerian. c. 2700 B.C.E. Gypsum inland with shell and black limestone Surrogate for donor and offers constant prayer to deities. Placed in the Temple facing altar of the state gods

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Seated Scribe Saqqara, Egypt. Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynastic. c. 2620-2500 B.C.E. Painted limestone. the sculpture of the seated scribe is one of them most important examples of ancient Egyptian art because it was one of the rare examples of Egyptian naturalism, as most Egyptian art is highly idealized and very rigid.

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Standard of Ur from the royal tombs Summerian. c. 26000-24000 B.C.E. Wood inlaid with shell, lapis, lazuli, and red limestone. Found in one of the largest graves in the Royal Cemetery at Ur, lying in the corner of a chamber above a soldier who is believed to have carried it on a long pole as a standard, the royal emblem of a king.

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Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khufu) and Great Sphinx Giza, Egypt. Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty. c. 2550-2490 B.C.E. Cut limestone. The Great Sphinx is believed to be the most immense stone sculpture ever made by man. (stone, tombs, statues, animal symbolism)

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The code of Hammurabi Babylon (modern Iran). Susain. c. 1792-1750 B.C.E. Basalt. In this stone is carved with around 300 laws, the first know set of ruler enforced laws. (Stone, carved, laws, inscriptions)

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Temple of Amun-re and Hypostyle Hall Karnark, near Luxor, Egypt. New Kingdom, 18th and 19th Dynasties. Temple: c. 1550 B.C.E.; hall: c. 1250 B.C.E. Cut sandstone and mud brick. The Hypostyle Hall is also the largest and most elaborately decorated of all such buildings in Egypt and the patchwork of artistic styles and different royal names seen in these inscriptions and relief sculptures reflect the different stages at which they were carved over the centuries. As the temple of Amun-re is the largest religious complex in the world.

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Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and Three Daughters New Kingdom (Amarna), 18th Dynasty. c. 1353-1335 B.C.E. Limestone. This small stele, probably used as a home altar, gives an seldom opportunity to view a scene from the private live of the king and queen.

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King Menkaura and Queen Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty. c. 2490-2472 B.C.E. Greywacke Representational, proportional, frontal viewpoint, hierarchical structure. They were perfectly preserved and nearly life-size. This was the modern world's first glimpse of one of humankind's artistic masterworks, the statue of Menkaura and queen.

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Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut Near Luxor, Egypt. New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty. c. 1473-1458 B.C.E. Sandstone, partially carved into a rock cliff, and red granite. It sits directly against the rock which forms a natural amphitheater around it so that the temple itself seems to grow from the living rock. Most beautiful of all of the temples of Ancient Egypt.

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question

Tutankhamun's Tomb, intermost coffin. New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty. c. 1,323 B.C.E. Gold with inlay of enamel and semiprecious stones. The kings gold inner coffin, shown above, displays a quality of workmanship and an attention to detail which is unsurpassed. It is a stunning example of the Ancient goldsmith's art

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Last judgement of Hu-Nefer, from his tomb New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty. c. 1,275 B.C.E. Painted papyrus scroll In Hu-Nefer's scroll, the figures have all the formality of stance,shape, and attitude of traditional egyptian art. Abstract figures and hieroglyphs alike are aligned rigidly. Nothing here was painted in the flexible, curvilinear style suggestive of movement that was evident in the art of Amarna and Tutankhamen. The return to conservatism is unmistakable.

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Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin Neo-Assyrian. c. 720-705 B.C.E. Alabaster The Assyrian lamassu sculptures are partly in the round, but the sculptor nonetheless conceived them as high reliefs on adjacent sides of a corner. The combine the front view of the animal at rest with the side view of it in motion. Seeking to present a complete picture of the lamas from both the front and the side, the sculptor gave the monster five legs- two seen from the front, four seen from the side.

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Athenian agora Archiac through Hellenistic Greek. 600 B.C.E.-150 C.E. Plan It is the most richly adorned and quality of its sculptural decoration it is surpassed only by the Parthenon. the sculptural decoration and certain sections of the roof were made up of Parian marble.

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Anavysos Kouros Archaic Greek. c. 530 B.C.E. Marble with remnants of paint Geometric almost abstract forms predominate, and complex anatomical details, such as the chest muscles and pelvic arch, are rendered in beautiful analogous patterns. It exemplifies two important aspects of Archaic Greek art—an interest in lifelike vitality and a concern with design.

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Peplos Kore from the Acropolis Archiac Greek. c. 530 B.C.E. Marble, painted details Greeks painted their sculptures in bright colors and adorned them with metal jewelry

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Sarcophagus of the Spouses Etruscan. c. 520 B.C.E. Terra cotta The Sarcophagus of the Spouses as an object conveys a great deal of information about Etruscan culture and its customs. The convivial theme of the sarcophagus reflects the funeral customs of Etruscan society and the elite nature of the object itself provides important information about the ways in which funerary custom could reinforce the identity and standing of aristocrats among the community of the living.

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Audience Hall of Darius and Xerxes Persepolis, Iran. Persian. c. 520-465 B.C.E. Limestone It was the largest building of the complex, supported by numerous columns and lined on three sides with open porches. The palace had a grand hall in the shape of a square, each side 60m long with seventy-two columns, thirteen of which still stand on the enormous platform. Relief artwork, originally painted and sometimes gilded, covered the walls of the Apadana depicting warriors defending the palace complex.

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Temple of Minerva and sculpture of Apollo Master sculptor Vulca. c. 510-500 B.C.E. Original temple of wood, mud brick, or tufa; terra cotta sculpture The Temple of Minerva was a colorful and ornate structure, typically had stone foundations but its wood, mud-brick and terracotta superstructure suffered far more from exposure to the elements. Apollo Master sculpture was a completely Etruscan innovation to use sculpture in this way, placed at the peak of the temple roof—creating what must have been an impressive tableau against the backdrop of the sky.

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Tomb of the Triclinium Tarquinia, Italy. Etruscan. c. 480-470 B.C.E. Tufa and fresco He considers the artistic quality оf the tomb's frescoes tо be superior tо those оf mоst оther Etruscan tombs. The tomb іs named after the triclinium, the formal dining room whіch appears іn the frescoes оf the tomb.

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Niobides Krater Anonymous vase painter of Classical Greece known as the Niobid Painter. c. 460-450 B.C.E. Clay, red-figure technique By bringing in elements of wall paintings, the painter has given this vase its exceptional character. Wall painting was a major art form that developed considerably during the late fifth century BC, and is now only known to us through written accounts. Complex compositions were perfected, which involved numerous figures placed at different levels. This is the technique we find here where, for the first time on a vase, the traditional isocephalia of the figures has been abandoned.

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Doryphoros Polykleitos. Original 450-440 B.C.E. Roman copy (marble) of Greek original (bronze) Doryphoros was one of the most famous statues in the ancient world and many known Roman copies exist. The original was created in around 450 BC in bronze and was presumably even more tremendous than the known copies that have been unearthed. Doryphoros is also an early example of contrapposto position, a postion which Polykleitos constructed masterfully (Moon).

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Acropolis Athens, Greece. Iktinos and Kallikrates. c. 447-410 B.C.E. Marble The most recognizable building on the Acropolis is the Parthenon, one of the most iconic buildings in the world, it has influenced architecture in practically every western country.

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Grave stele of Hegeso Attributed to Kallimachos. c. 410 B.C.E. Marble and paint In the relief sculpture, the theme is the treatment and portrayal of women in ancient Greek society, which did not allow women an independent life.

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Winged Victory of Samothrace Hellenistic Greek. c. 190 B.C.E. Marble The theatrical stance, vigorous movement, and billowing drapery of this Hellenistic sculpture are combined with references to the Classical period-prefiguring the baroque aestheticism of the Pergamene sculptors.

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Great Alter of Zeus and Athens at Pergamon Asia Minor (represents-day Turkey) Hellenistic Greek. c. 175 B.C.E. Marble The alter of Zeus with its richly decorated frieze, a masterpiece of Hellenistic art. It's a masterful display of vigorous action and emotion—triumph, fury, despair—and the effect is achieved by exaggeration of anatomical detail and features and by a shrewd use of the rendering of hair and drapery to heighten the mood.

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House of Vetti. Pompeii, Italy. Imperial Roman. c. second century B.C.E.; rebuilt c. 62-79 C.E. Cut stone and fresco The House of the Vettii offers key insights into domestic architecture and interior decoration in the last days of the city of Pompeii. The house itself is architecturally significant not only because of its size but also because of the indications it gives of important changes that were underway in the design of Roman houses during the third quarter of the first century C.E.

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Alexander Mosaic from the House of Faun, Pompeii Republican Roman. c. 100 B.C.E. Mosaic The artistic importance of this work of art comes at the subtle and unique artistic style that the artist employed in the making of the mosaic. The first major attribute of this great piece of artwork is the use of motion and intensity in the battle and the use of drama unfolding before the viewer's eyes to further the effect of glory in the mosaic.

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Seated boxer Hellenistic Greek. c. 100 B.C.E. Bronze The sculpure shows both body and visage to convey personality and emotion. It shows transformation of pain into bronze, a parallel of recent photos of our contemporary Olympic athletes after their strenuous competitions.

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Head of a Roman patrician Republican Roma. c. 75-50 B.C.E. Marble the physical traits of this portrait image are meant to convey seriousness of mind (gravitas) and the virtue (virtus) of a public career by demonstrating the way in which the subject literally wears the marks of his endeavors.

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Augustus of Prima Porta Imperial Roman. Early first century C.E. Marble This statue is not simply a portrait of the emperor, it expresses Augustus' connection to the past, his role as a military victor, his connection to the gods, and his role as the bringer of the Roman Peace.

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Colosseum (Flavin Amphitheater) Rome, Italy. Imperial Roman. 70-80 C.E. Stone and concrete The Colosseum is famous for it's human characteristics. It was built by the Romans in about the first century. It is made of tens of thousands of tons of a kind of marble called travertine.

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Forum of Trajan Rome, Italy. Apollodorus of Damascus. Forum and markets: 106-112 C.E.; column completed 113 C.E. Brick and concrete (architecture); marble (column) It is an amazing work of art for each detail of each scene to the very top of the Column is carefully carved. It is astounded by the artistic skill it displays.

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Pantheon Imperial Roman. 118-125 C.E. Concrete with stone facing One of the great buildings in western architecture, the Pantheon is remarkable both as a feat of engineering and for its manipulation of interior space, and for a time, it was also home to the largest pearl in the ancient world.

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Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus Late Imperial Roman. c. 250 C.E. Marble Change the ideas about cremation and burial. Extremely crowded surface with figures piled on top of each other. Figures lack individuality, confusion of battle is echoed by congested composition, and Roman army trounces bearded and defeat Barbarians.

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Catacomb of Priscilla Rome, Italy. Late Antique Europe. c. 200-400 C.E. Excavated tufa and fresco The wall paintings are considered the first Christian artwork.

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Santa Sabina Rome, Italy. Late Antique Europe. c. 422-432 C.E. Brick and stone, wood The emphasis in this architecture is on the spiritual effect and not the physical. Helps to understand the essential characteristics of the early Christian basilica.

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Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, from the Vienna Genesis Early Byzantine Europe. Early sixth century C.E. Illuminated manuscript

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San Vitale Ravenna, Italy. Early Byzantine Europe. c. 526-547 C.E. Brick, marble, and stone veneer; mosaic Beautiful images of the interior spaces of San Vitale, thes images capture the effect of the interior of the church.

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Hagia Sophia Consantinople (Istanbu). Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. 532-537 C.E. Brick and ceramic elements with stone and mosaic veneer. The interior of Hagia Sophia was paneled with costly colored marbles and ornamental stone inlays. Decorative marble columns were taken from ancient buildings and reused to support the interior arcades. Initially, the upper part of the building was minimally decorated in gold with a huge cross in a medallion at the summit of the dome

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Merovingian looped fibulae Early medieval Europe. Mid-sixth century C.E. Silver gilt worked in filigree, with inlays of garnets and other stones. It is normal for similar groups to have similar artistic styles, and for more diverse groups to have less in common. Fibulae is proof of the diverse and distinct cultures living within larger empires and kingdoms, a social situation that was common during the middle ages.

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Virgin and child between Saints Theodore and George Early Byzantine Europe. Six or early seventh century C.E. Encastic on wood. The composition displays a spatial ambiguity that places the scene in a world that operates differently from our world. The ambiguity allows the scene to partake of the viewer's world but also separates the scene from the normal world.

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Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Matthew, cross-carpet page; St. Luke portrait page; St Luke incipit page Early medieval (Hiberno Saxon) Europe. c. 700 C.E. Illuminated manuscript (ink, pigment, and gold) The variety and splendor of the Lindisfarne Gospels are such that even in reproduction, its images astound. Artistic expression and inspired execution make this codex a high point of early medieval art.

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Great Mosque Córdoba, Spain. Umayyad. c. 785-786 C.E. Stone masonry The Great Mosque of Cordoba is a prime example of the Muslim world's ability to brilliantly develop architectural styles based on pre-existing regional traditions. It is built with recycled ancient Roman columns from which sprout a striking combination of two-tiered, symmetrical arches, formed of stone and red brick.

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Pyxis of al-Mughira Umayyad. c. 968 C.E. Ivory The Pyxis of al-Mughira, now in the Louvre, is among the best surviving examples of the royal ivory carving tradition in Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain). It was probably fashioned in the Madinat al-Zahra workshops and its intricate and exceptional carving set it apart from many other examples; it also contains an inscription and figurative work which are important for understanding the traditions of ivory carving and Islamic art in Al-Andalus.

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Church of Sainte-Foy Conques, France. Romanesque Europe. Church: c. 1050-1130 C.E.; Reliuary of Saint Foy: ninth century C.E.; with later additions. Stone (architecture); stone and paint (tympanum); gold, silver, gemstone, and enamel over wood (reliquary) One can see some of the most fabulous golden religious objects in France, including the very famous gold and jewel-encrusted reliquary statue of St. Foy. The Church of Saint Foy at Conques provides an excellent example of Romanesque art and architecture

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Bayeux Tapestry Romanesque Europe. c. 1066-1080 C.E. Embroidery on linen The Bayeux Tapestry has been much used as a source for illustrations of daily life in early medieval Europe. It depicts a total of 1515 different objects, animals and persons . Dress, arms, ships, towers, cities, halls, churches, horse trappings, regal insignia, ploughs, harrows, tableware, possible armorial changes, banners, hunting horns, axes, adzes, barrels, carts, wagons, reliquaries, biers, spits and spades are among the many items depicted

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Chartres Cathedral Chartres, France. Gothic Europe. Orignal construction. c. 1145-1115 C.E.; reconstructed c. 1194-1220 C.E. Limestone, stained glass The Chartres Cathedral is probably the finest example of French Gothic architecture and said by some to be the most beautiful cathedral in France. The Chartres Cathedral is a milestone in the development of Western architecture because it employs all the structural elements of the new Gothic architecture: the pointed arch; the rib-and-panel vault; and, most significantly, the flying buttress.

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Dedication Page with Blanche of Castle and King Louis IX of France, Scenes from the Apocolypse from Bibles moralisées. Gothic Europe. c. 1225-1245 C.E. Illuminated manuscript This 13th century illumination, both dazzling and edifying, represents the cutting edge of lavishness in a society that embraced conspicuous consumption. As a pedagogical tool, perhaps it played no small part in helping Louis IX achieve the status of sainthood, awarded by Pope Bonifiace VIII 27 years after the king's death.

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Röttgen Pietà Late medieval Europe (Germany). c. 1300-1325 C.E. Painted wood The statue's bold emotionalism in Mary and Jesus's face. If we focus on Mary's face, there is a mix of emotions in her gaze. The artist humanizes Mary by giving her strong emotions. Mary's face looks appalled and anguished because of her son's death, and there is also a sense of shock, and awe that anyone would kill her son- the Son of God. The artist had exaggerated Mary's sorrow in attempts to make it seem she was asking the viewer.

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Arena (Scrovengni) Chapel, including Lamentation Padus, Italy. Unknown architect; Giotto di Bonde (artist). Chapel: c. 1303 C.E.; Fresco: c. 1305. Brick (architecture) and fresco Giotto painted his artwork on the walls and ceiling of the Chapel using the fresco method in which water based colors are painted onto wet plaster. Painting onto wet plaster allows the paint to be infused into the plaster creating a very durable artwork. However, since the painter must stop when the plaster dries it requires the artist to work quickly and flawlessly

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Golden Haggadah (The Plagues of Egypt, Scenes of Liberation, and Preparation for Passover) Late medieval Spain. c. 1320 C.E. Illuminated manuscript (pigment and gold leaf on vellum) The book was for use of a wealthy Jewish family. The holy text is written on vellum - a kind of fine calfskin parchment - in Hebrew script, reading from right to left. Its stunning miniatures illustrate stories from the biblical books of 'Genesis' and 'Exodus' and scenes of Jewish ritual.

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Alhambra Granada, Spain. Nasrid Dynasty. 1354-1391 C.E. Whitewashed adobe stucco, wood, tile, paint, and gilding The Alhambra's architecture shares many characteristics, but is singular in the way it complicates the relationship between interior and exterior. Its buildings feature shaded patios and covered walkways that pass from well-lit interior spaces onto shaded courtyards and sun-filled gardens all enlivened by the reflection of water and intricately carved stucco decoration.

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Annunciation Triptych Workshop of Robert Campin. 1427-1432 C.E. Oil on wood It consists of three hinged panels (triptych format): the left panel depicts the donor and his wife; the central and most important panel shows the Annunciation itself, and its two main characters, Mary and Archangel Gabriel; the right panel portrays Joseph in his workshop. The triptych is unsigned and undated, and only since the early 20th century has Robert Campin been identified as its creator, albeit with help from his assistants, one of whom may have been his greatest pupil Roger van der Weyden (1400-64).

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Pazzi Chapel Basilicia di Santa Croce. Florence, Italy. Filippo Brunelleschi (architect) c. 1429-1461 C.E. Masonry Pazzi chapel as a perfect space with harmonious proportions. He could achieve this result by including in his project-plan the knowledge gained during his stay in Rome when he focused primarily on measuring ancient buildings, for instance the Pantheon. The central dome is decorated with round sculptures and the coat of arms of Pazzi Family

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The Arnolfini Portrait Jan van Eyck. c. 1434 C.E. Oil on wood Van Eyck used oil-based paint as the medium for his artwork. This type of paint is manufactured by adding pigment to linseed or walnut oil. Oil based paint dries slowly allowing the painter more time to make revisions and to add detail, and it has a luminous quality that allows the artist. Van Eyck was not the inventor of oil-based paint, but he is recognized as being one of the first to perfect its use

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David Donatello. c. 1440-1460 C.E. Bronze Nearly everything about the statue - from the material from which it was sculpted to the subject's "clothing" - was mold-breaking in some way. Scholars and artists have studied David for centuries in an attempt to both learn more about the man behind it and to more fully discern its meaning.

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Palazzo Rucellai Florence, Italy. Leon Battista Alberti (architect). c. 1450 C.E. Stone, masonry It uses architectural features for decorative purposes rather than structural support; like the engaged columns on the Colosseum, the pilasters on the façade of the Rucellai do nothing to actually hold the building up .Also, on both of these buildings, the order of the columns changes, going from least to most decorative as they acend from the lowest to highest tier.

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Madonna and Child with Two Angels Fra Filippo Lippi. c. 1465 C.E. Tempera on wood Mary's hands are clasped in prayer, and both she and the Christ child appear lost in thought, but otherwise the figures have become so human that we almost feel as though we are looking at a portrait. The angels look especially playful, and the one in the foreground seems like he might giggle as he looks out at us.

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Birth of Venus Sandro Brotticelli. c. 1484-1486 C.E. Tempera on canvas Botticelli broke new ground with his works, including the Birth of Venus. He was the first to create large scale mythology scenes, some based on historical accounts. In the era that Birth of Venus was painted, minds were open to new ideas and religion no longer needed to be the main subject of artistic work. If such mythological pieces had been painted 100 years earlier, they would not have been accepted by the church because they were so different to traditional depictions.

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Last Supper Leonardo da Vinci. c. 1494-1498 C.E. Oil and Tempera The Last Supper is remarkable because the disciples are all displaying very human, identifiable emotions. The Last Supper had certainly been painted before. Leonardo's version, though, was the first to depict real people acting like real people.

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Adam and Eve Albrecht Dürer. 1504 C.E. Engraving Dürer became increasingly drawn to the idea that the perfect human form corresponded to a system of proportion and measurements. Dürer's placid animals signify that in this moment of perfection in the garden, the human figures are still in a state of equilibrium.

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Sistine Chapel ceiling and altar wall frescoes Vatican City, Italy. Michelangelo. Ceiling frescoes: c. 1508-1512 C.E.; altar frescoes: c. 1536-1541 C.E. Fresco The paintings depict nine stories from the Christian Bible's Book of Genesis, including the most famous image, the Creation of Adam (right). Taken together, the paintings are considered one of the world's greatest art masterpieces. Their realistic and extremely detailed depictions of some of Judaism's and Christianity's most famous moments are a wonder to all who see them.

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School of Athens Raphael. 1509-1511 C.E. Fresco Its pictorial concept, formal beauty and thematic unity were universally appreciated, by the Papal authorities and other artists, as well as patrons and art collectors. It ranks alongside Leonardo's Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, and Michelangelo's Vatican frescoes, as the embodiment of Renaissance ideals of the early cinquecento.

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Isenheim altarpiece Matthias Grünewald. c. 1512-1516 C.E. Oil on wood Emphasizing the suffering and anguish of Christ and his mother's angst. With intense colors and dramatic lighting throughout, Grunewald included a Lamentation in the predella and Saints Sebastian and Anthony on the fixed wings.

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Entombment of Christ Jacopo da Pontormo. 1525-1528 C.E. Oil on wood They inhabit a flattened space, comprising a sculptural congregation of brightly demarcated colors. The vortex of the composition droops down towards the limp body of Jesus off center in the left. Those lowering Christ appear to demand our help in sustaining both the weight of his body (and the burden of sin Christ took on) and their grief.

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Allegory of Law and Grace Lucas Cranach the Elder. c. 1530 C.E. Woodcut and letterpress The practice of imbuing narratives, images or figures with symbolic meaning to convey moral principles and philosophical idea

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Venus of Urbino Titan. c. 1538 C.E. Oil on canvas Thanks to the wise use of color and its contrasts, as well as the subtle meanings and allusions, Titian achieves the goal of representing the perfect Renaissance woman who, just like Venus, becomes the symbol of love, beauty and fertility.

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Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza Viceroyalty of New Spain. c. 1541-1542 C.E. Ink and color on paper The artist emphasizes the military power of the Aztecs by showing two soldiers in hierarchic scale: they physically tower over the two men they defeat. The Codex contains a wealth of information about the Aztecs and their empire

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Il Gesù, including Triumph of the Name of Jesus ceiling fresco Rome, Italy. Giacomo da Vignola, plan (architect); Giamcomo della Porta, facade (architect); Giovanni Battista Gaulli, ceiling fresco (artist). Church: 16th century C.E.; facade: 1568-1584 C.E.; fresco and stucco figures: 1679-1679 C.E. Brick, marble, fresco, and stucco The interior accentuates the two great functions of a Jesuit church: its large central nave with the laterally placed pulpit serves as a great auditorium for preaching, and the highly visible and prominent altar serves as a theatrical stage for the celebration of the Real Presence in the Eucharist. the fresco blends seamlessly into the architecture of the ceiling. It almost looks like there really is an opening in the ceiling.

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Hunters in the Snow Pieters Bruegel the Elder. 1565 C.E. Oil on woods This Bruegel oil painting - which is, incidentally the world's most popular classical Christmas card design - evokes the harsh conditions and temperatures of winter. The composition is ideal as the first in a frieze of pictures covering the full year, and the painting is filled with detail.

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Mosque of Selim II Edrine, Turkey. Sinan (architect), 1568-1575 C.E. Brick and stone It is one of the most important buildings in the history of world architecture both for its design and its monumentality. It is considered to be the masterwork of the great Ottoman architect Sinan.

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Calling of Saint Matthew Caravaggio. c. 1597-1601 C.E. Oil on canvas Caravaggio depicts the very moment when Matthew first realizes he is being called. This was Caravaggio's first important job and the completed work would win him the highest of praise as well as the harshest of criticism for its shockingly innovative style.

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Henri IV Recieves the portrait of Marie de' Medici, from the Marie de' Medici Cycle Peter Paul Rubens. 1621-1625 C.E. Oil on canvas The cycle idealizes and allegorizes Marie's life in light of the peace and prosperity she brought to the kingdom, not through military victories but through wisdom, devotion to her husband and her adopted country, and strategic marriage alliances—her own as well as the ones she brokered for her children. This, at least, is the message she wished to convey and she worked closely with her advisors and Rubens to ensure her story was told as she saw fit.

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Self-Portrait with Saskia Rembrandt van Rijn. 1636 C.E. Etching Rembrandt stand out among his contemporaries is that he often created multiple states of a single image. This etching, for example, exists in three states. By reworking his plates he was able to experiment with ways to improve and extend the expressive power of his images.

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San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Rome, Italy. Francesco Borromini (architect) 1638-1646 C.E. Stone and stucco He was much criticized as an architect who ignored the rules of the Ancients in favour of whimsy. However it is his clear knowledge of those rules, and the facility and ingenuity with which he manipulated them, which has ensured his reputation as one of the great geniuses in the history of architecture.

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Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Cornaro Chapel, Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria Rome, Italy. Gian Lorenzo Bernini. c. 1647-1652 C.E. Marble (sculpture); stucco and gilt bronze (chapel) Bernini used the erotic character of the experience as a springboard to a new and higher type of spiritual awakening. It is one of the most important examples of the Counter-Reformation style of Baroque sculpture, designed to convey spiritual aspects of the Catholic faith.

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Angel with Arquebus, Asiel Timor Dei Master of Calamarca (La Paz School). c. 17th century C.E. Oil on canvas As the Angels was one of the topics most characteristic of the painting from the Viceregal in America, this kind of art and characters are found in different villages of Peru, Argentina and even in other departments of Bolivia. Calamarca is one of the most complete collections, including Angels holding arquebuses, swords, holding keys or spikes of wheat or a bundle of fire in his hand.

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Las Meninas Diego Velázquez. c. 1656 C.E. Oil on canvas The painting represents a scene from daily life in the palace of Felipe IV. The points of light illuminate the characters and establish an order in the composition. The light that illuminates the room from the right hand side of the painting focuses the viewer´s look on the main group, and the open door at the back, with the person positioned against the light, is the vanishing point.

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Women Holding a Balance Johnnes Vermer. c. 1664 C.E. Oil on canvas the small, delicate balance is the central feature and focus of the picture, which is all about the weighing of transitory material concerns against spiritual ones. It is a more explicitly allegorical work than usual, but some elements remain obscure. The work exemplifies Vermeer's style of Dutch Realist genre painting with its blend of painterly technique, moral narrative and, above all, intimacy

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The Palace of Versailles Versailles, France. Loius Le Vau and Jules Hardouin-Mansart (architects). Begun 1669 C.E. Masonry, stone, wood, iron, and gold leaf (architecture); marble and bronze (sculpture); gardens The gigantic scale of Versailles exemplifies the architectural theme of 'creation by division' - a series of simple repetitions rhythmically marked off by the repetition of the large windows - which expresses the fundamental values of Baroque art and in which the focal point of the interior, as well as of the entire building, is the king's bed. Among its celebrated architectural designs is the Hall of Mirrors, which is one of the most famous rooms in the world. The palace and its decoration stimulated a mini-renaissance of interior design, as well as decorative art, during the 17th and 18th centuries.

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Screen with the Siege of Belgrade and hunting scene Circle of the González Family. c. 1697-1701 C.E. Tempera and resin on wood, shell inlay Throughout both sides, the artists embedded thin layers of mother-of-pearl, but not in any pattern, nor within the images' contour lines. Their purpose was to reflect light from the candles that would have shone in the screen's surroundings

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The Virgin of Guadalupe Miguel González. c. 1698 C.E. Based on original Virgin of Gaudalupe. Basilica of Guadalupe, Mexico City. 16th century C.E. Oil on canvas on wood, inlaid with mother-of-pearl Our Lady of Guadalupe holds a special place in the religious life of Mexico and is one of the most popular religious devotions. Her image has played an important role as a national symbol of Mexico.

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Fruit and Insects Rachel Ruysch. 1711 C.E. Oil on wood This luscious sample of life on Earth represents at least two passions of its time: categorization and still-life, which emphasize the pleasure of the senses and their qualities

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Spaniard and Indian Produce a Mestizo Attributed to Juan Rodríguez Juárez. c. 1715 C.E. Oil on canvas The painting displays a Spanish father and Indigenous mother with their son, and it belongs to a larger series of works that seek to document the inter-ethnic mixing occurring in New Spain among Europeans, indigenous peoples, Africans, and the existing mixed-race population. This genre of painting, known as caste paintings, attempts to capture reality, yet they are largely fictions.

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The Tête à Tête, from Marriage à la Mode William Hogarth. c. 1743 C.E. Oil on canvas First Western artist who worked in series, that is, a group of paintings with a common thread, a common theme. Now many contemporary artists work in series to explore different styles and approaches to their art, but this was not usual in the 18th century.

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Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Miguel Cabrera. c. 1750 C.E. Oil on canvas. Considered the first feminist of the Americas, sor Juana lived as a nun of the Jeronymite order (named for St. Jerome) in seventeenth-century Mexico. Renown of Sister Juana as one of the most important early poets of the Americas. The inscription identifies the image as a faithful copy after a portrait that she herself made and painted with her own hand.

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A Philosopher Giving a Lecture on the Orrery Joseph Wright of Derby. c. 1763-1765 C.E. Oil on canvas That responsibility falls on the paintings strong internal light source, the lamp that takes the role of the sun. Wright inserted strong light sources in otherwise dark compositions to create dramatic effect. Most of these earlier works were Christian subjects, and the light sources were often simple candles. Wright flips the script with his scientific subject matter. The gas lamp which acts as the sun pulls double duty in the painting. It illuminates the scene, allowing the viewer to clearly see the figures within, and it symbolizes the active enlightenment in which those figures are participating.

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The Swing Jean-Honoré Fragonard. 1767 C.E. Oil on canvas The Swing, rich with symbolism, not only manages to capture a moment of complete spontaneity and joie de vivre, but also alludes to the illicit affair that may have already been going on, or is about to begin.

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Monticello Virginia, U.S. Thomas Jefferson (architect). 1768-1809 C.E. Brick, glass, stone, and wood By helping to introduce classical architecture to the United States, Jefferson intended to reinforce the ideals behind the classical past: democracy, education, rationality, civic responsibility. Jefferson reinforced the symbolic nature of architecture.

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The Oath of the Horatii Jacques-Louis David. 1784 C.E. Oil on canvas Designed to rally republicans (those who believed in the ideals of a republic, and not a monarchy, for France) by telling them that their cause will require the dedication and sacrifice of the Horatii.

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George Washington Jean-Antoine Hudson. 1788-1792 C.E. Marble The statue, with all of its elements, skillfully combines ancient and modern styles to illustrate both military and civilian virtues. When Houdon completed the statue, he inscribed the base simply with "George Washington" and his own name and a date.

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Self-Portrait Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun. 1790 C.E. Oil on canvas The painting expresses an alert intelligence, vibrancy, and freedom from care. This, dispite the fact that Vigée-LeBrun had been forced to flee France in disguise and under cover of darkness during the early stages of the Revolution

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Y no hai remedio, fromo Los Desastres de la Guerra, plate 15 Francisco de Goya. 1810-1823 C.E. (publised 1863) Etching, drypoint, burin, and burnishing The artist was sent to the general's hometown of Saragossa to record the glories of its citizens in the face of French atrocities. The sketches that Goya began in 1808 and continued to create throughout and after the Spanish War of Independence and other emphatic caprices. Focused on the widespread suffering experienced in wartime and the brutality inflicted by both sides during periods of armed conflict.

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La Grande Odalisque Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. 1814 C.E. Oil on canvas Ingres' sensual fascination with the Orient was no secret. He displayed his attraction for this foreign eroticism in many of his works but his most famous paintings on this theme are La Grande Odalisque.

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Liberty Leading the people Eugène Delacroix. 1830 C.E. Oil on canvas Delacroix wanted to paint July 28: Liberty Leading the People to take his own special action in the revolution and his color technique combined his intense brushstrokes to create an unforgettable canvas.

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The Oxbow Thomas Cole. 1836 C.E. Oil on canvas The artist juxtaposes untamed wilderness and pastoral settlement to emphasize the possibilities of the national landscape, pointing to the future prospect of the American nation. Cole's unmistakable construction and composition of the scene, charged with moral significance, is reinforced by his depiction of himself in the middle distance, perched on a foreland painting the Oxbow.

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Still Life in Studio Louis-Jacques Mandé Daguerre. 1837 C.E. Daguerreotype. 1837 C.E. Daguerreotype He developed the daguerreotype process, produced pictures remarkable for the perfection of their details and for the richness and harmony of their general effect.

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Slave Ship Joseph Mallord William Turner. 1840 C.E. Oil on canvas Slave Ship is a perfect example of a romantic landscape painting. His style is expressed more through dramatic emotion, sometimes taking advantage of the imagination. Instead of carefully observing and portraying nature, William Turner took a landscape of a stormy sea and turned it into a scene with roaring and tumultuous waves that seem to destroy everything in its path. Turner's aims were to take unique aspects of nature and find a way to appeal strongly to people's emotions.

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Palace of Westminster London, England. Charles Barry and Augustus W. N. Pugin (architects). 1840-1870 C.E. Limestone masonry and glass Its stunning Gothic architecture to the 19th-century architect Sir Charles Barry. The Palace contains a fascinating mixture of both ancient and modern buildings, and houses an iconic collection of furnishings, archives and works of art.

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The Stone Breakers Gustave Courbet. 1849 C.E. (destroyed in 1945). Oil canvas He attempts to be even-handed, attending to faces and rock equally. In these ways, The Stonebreakers seems to lack the basics of art (things like a composition that selects and organizes, aerial perspective and finish) and as a result, it feels more "real."

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Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of Art Honoré Daumier. 1862 C.E. Lithograph Nadar, one of the most prominent photographers in Paris at the time, was known for capturing the first aerial photographs from the basket of a hot air balloon.

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Olympia Édouard Manet. 1863 C.E. Oil on canvas Olympia and the controversy surrounding what is perhaps the most famous nude of the nineteenth-century. Olympia had more to do with the realism of the subject matter than the fact that the model was nude.

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The Saint-Lazare Station Claude Monet. 1877 C.E. Oil on canvas The effects of color and light rather than a concern for describing machines in detail. Certain zones, true pieces of pure painting, achieve an almost abstract vision. An ideal setting for someone who sought the changing effects of light, movement, clouds of steam and a radically modern motif.

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The Horse in Motion Eadweard Muybridge. 1878 C.E. Albumen print Muybridge spent the rest of his career improving his technique, making a huge variety of motion studies, lecturing, and publishing. As a result of his motion studies, he is regarded as one of the fathers of the motion picture. Muybridge's motion studies showed the way to a new art form.

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The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel José María Velasco. 1882 C.E. Oil on canvas The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel represents an important period in the development of Mexico's national identity and an important chapter in the history of Mexican art. Velasco's landscapes became symbols of the nation as they represented Mexico in several World Fairs.

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The Burghers of Calais Auguste Rodin. 1884-1895 C.E. Bronze He accomplished this by not only positioning each figure in a different stance with the men's heads facing separate directions, but he lowered them down to street level so a viewer could easily walk around the sculpture and see each man and each facial expression and feel as if they were a part of the group, personally experiencing the tragic event.

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The Starry Night Vincent van Gogh. 1889. Oil on canvas It is this rich mixture of invention, remembrance, and observation combined with Van Gogh's use of simplified forms, thick impasto, and boldly contrasting colors that has made the work so compelling to subsequent generations of viewers as well as to other artists. Inspiring and encouraging others is precisely what Van Gogh sought to achieve with his night scenes. The painting became a foundational image for Expressionism as well as perhaps the most famous painting in Van Gogh's oeuvre.

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The Coiffure Mary Cassatt. 1890-1891 C.E, Drypoint and aquatint The straight lines of the mirror and wall and the chair's vertical stripes contrast with the graceful curves of the woman's body. The rose and peach color scheme enhances her sinuous beauty by highlighting her delicate skin tone. Cassatt also emphasizes the nape of the woman's neck, perhaps in reference to a traditional Japanese sign of beauty.

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The Scream Edvard Munch. 1893 C.E. Tempera and pastels on cardboard Edvard Munch portrayed pure, raw emotion in this artwork was a radical shift from the art tradition of his own time, and he is therefore credited with beginning the expressionist movement that spread through Germany and on to other parts of the world. Most of Edvard Munch's work relates to themes of sickness, isolation, fear and death.

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Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? Paul Gauguin. 1897-1898 C.E. Oil on canvas A huge, brilliantly colored but enigmatic work painted on rough, heavy sackcloth. It contains numerous human, animal, and symbolic figures arranged across an island landscape. The sea and Tahiti's volcanic mountains are visible in the background. It is Paul Gauguin's largest painting, and he understood it to be his finest work.

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Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building Chicago, Illinios, U.S. Louis Sullivan (architect). 1899-1903 C.E. Iron, steel, glass, and terra cotta With its elaborate decorative program and attention paid to the functional requirements of retail architecture, Sullivan's design was a remarkably successful display for the department store's products, even if it diverged from the wholly vertical effect of his earlier skyscrapers.

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Mont Sainte-Victorie Paul Cézanne. 1902-1904 C.E. Oil on canvas Displays less precise brushstrokes allowing the shape of the mountain to emerge from the canvas like an apparition. It's the painter's intention to show nature as it is, without omitting to convey an emotion.

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Les Demoiselles d'Avignon Pablo Picasso. 1907 C.E. Oil on canvas Marks a radical break from traditional composition and perspective in painting. These strategies would be significant in Picasso's subsequent development of Cubism, charted in this gallery with a selection of the increasingly fragmented compositions he created in this period.

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The Steerage Alfred Stieglitz. 1907 C.E. Photogravure The Steerage is considered Stieglitz's signature work, and was proclaimed by the artist and illustrated in histories of the medium as his first "modernist" photograph.

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The Kiss Gustav Klimt. 1907-1908 C.E. Oil and gold leaf on canvas This one employs intense ornament on the embracing couple's gilded clothing, so thoroughly intertwined that the two bodies seem to be one

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The Kiss Constantin Brancusi. 1907-1908 C.E. Limestone Marked a major departure from the emotive realism of Rodin's famous handling of the same subject. This 1916 version is the most geometric of Brancusi's series, reflecting the influence of Cubism in its sharply defined corners. Its composition, texture, and material highlight Brancusi's fascination with both the forms and spirituality of African, Assyrian, and Egyptian art. That attraction also led Brancusi to craft The Kiss using direct carving, a technique that had become popular in France at the time due to an interest in "primitive" methods. These sculptures signify his shift toward simplified forms, as well as his interest in contrasting textures - both key aspects of his later work.

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The Portuguese Georges Braque. 1911 C.E. Oil on canvas In this canvas, everything was fractured. The guitar player and the dock was just so many pieces of broken form, almost broken glass. By breaking these objects into smaller elements, Braque was able to overcome the unified singularity of an object and instead transform it into an object of vision.

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Goldfish Henri Mattisse. 1912 C.E. Oil on canvas This painting is an illustration of some of the major themes in Matisse's painting: his use of complimentary colors, his quest for an idyllic paradise, his appeal for contemplative relaxation for the viewer and his complex construction of pictorial space.

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Improvisation 28 Vassily Kandinsky. 1912 C.E. Oil on canvas His style had become more abstract and nearly schematic in its spontaneity. This painting's sweeping curves and forms, which dissolve significantly but remain vaguely recognizable, seem to reveal cataclysmic events on the left and symbols of hope and the paradise of spiritual salvation on the right.

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Self-Portrait as a Soldier Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. 1915 C.E. Oil on canvas Documents the artist's fear that the war would destroy his creative powers and in a broader sense symbolizes the reactions of the artists of his generation who suffered the kind of physical and mental damage Kirchner envisaged in this painting.

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Memorial Sheet for Karl Liebknecht Käthe Kollwitz. 1919-1920 C.E. Woodcut Created in 1920 in response to the assassination of Communist leader Karl Liebknecht during an uprising of 1919. This work is unique among her prints, and though it memorializes the man, it does so without advocating for his ideology.

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Villa Savoye Poissy-sur-Seine, France. Le Corbusier (architect). 1929 C.E. Steel and reinforced concrete This was a radically new view of the domestic sphere, one that is evident in his design for the Villa Savoye. The architect has created a space that is dynamic. This design concept was based on the notion of the car as the ultimate machine and the idea that the approach up to and through the house carried ceremonial significance.

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Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow Piet Mondrain. 1930 C.E. Oil on canvas Represents a mature stage of Mondrian's abstraction. It seems to be a flat work, but there are differences in the texture of different elements. While the black stripes are the flattest of the paintings, in the areas with color are clear the brushstrokes, all in the same direction. The white spaces are, on the contrary, painted in layers, using brushstrokes that are put in different directions. And all of these produce a depth that, to the naked eye, cannot be appreciated.

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Illustration from The Results of the First Five-Year Plan Varvara Stepanova. 1932 C.E. Photomontage. There is a sharp contrast between the black and white photographs and the red elements, such as the electric tower, the number 5, and the triangle in the foreground. Our eyes are attracted to these oppositions and by the contrast between the indistinct masses and the individual portrait of Lenin, as an implicit reference to the Soviet political system.

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Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure). Meret Oppenheim. 1936 C.E. Fur-covered cup, saucer, spoon In doing so, she said she wanted to transform items typically associated with feminine decorum into sensuous tableware. It also provoked the viewer into imagining what it would be like to drink out of a fur-lined cup.

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Fallingwater Pennsylvannia, U.S. Frank Lloyd Wright (architect) 1936-1939 C.E. Reinforced concrete, sandstone, steel, and glass It's a house that doesn't even appear to stand on solid ground, but instead stretches out over a 30' waterfall. It captured everyone's imagination when it was on the cover of Time magazine in 1938.

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The Two Fridas Frida Kahlo. 1939 C.E. Oil on canvas She typically painted self-portraits using vibrant colours in a style that was influenced by cultures of Mexico as well as influences from European Surrealism. Her self-portraits were often an expression of her life and her pain.

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The Migration of the Negro, Panel no. 49 Jacob Lawrence. 1940-1941 C.E. Casein tempera on hardboard Broad in scope and dramatic in exposition, this depiction of African-Americans moving North to find jobs, better housing, and freedom from oppression was a subject he associated with his parents, who had themselves migrated from South Carolina to Virginia, and finally, to New York.

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The Jungle Wifredo Lam. 1943 C.E. Gouache on paper mounted on canvas The work, "intended to communicate a psychic state," Lam said, depicts a group of figures with crescent-shaped faces that recall African or Pacific Islander masks, against a background of vertical, striated poles suggesting Cuban sugarcane fields. Together these elements obliquely address the history of slavery in colonial Cuba.

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Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Alameda Park Diego Rivera. 1947-1948 C.E. Fresco The artist reminds the viewer that the struggles and glory of four centuries of Mexican history are due to the participation of Mexicans from all strata of society.

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Fountain Marcel Duchamp. 1950 C.E. (original 1917). Readymade glazed sanitary china with black paint It was unexpectedly a rather beautiful object in its own right and a blindingly brilliant logical move, check-mating all conventional ideas about art. But it was also a highly successful practical joke.

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Woman, I William de Kooning. 1950-1952 C.E. Oil on canvas Woman, I reflects the age-old cultural ambivalence between reverence for and fear of the power of the feminine.

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Seagram Building New York City, U.S. Ludwig Miles van er Rohe and Philip Johnson (architects). 1954-1958 C.E. Steel frame with glass curtain wall and bronze This building epitomizes the importation of modernist ideals from Europe to the United States. In its monumental simplicity, expressed structural frame and rational use of repeated building elements, the building embodies Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's oft-repeated aphorisms that "structure is spiritual" and "less is more." He believed that the more a building was pared to its essential structural and functional elements, and the less superfluous imagery is used, the more a building expresses its structure and form.

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Marilyn Diptych Andy Warhol. 1962 C.E. Oil, acrylic, and silkscreen enamel on canvas Marilyn Diptych he has produced effects of blurring and fading strongly suggestive of the star's demise. The contrast of this panel, printed in black, with the brilliant colors of the other, also implies a contrast between life and death. The repetition of the image has the effect both of reinforcing its impact and of negating it, creating the effect of an all-over abstract pattern.

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Narcissus Garden Yayoi Kusama. Original Installation and performance 1966. Mirror balls Her work as emerging from her mental illness: she says has had hallucinations since she was a child. She also says that her ability to produce artistic works is a therapy for her. has often revisited mirrored forms in her work, exploring notions of infinity, illusion, and repetition in discrete sculptures and room-size installations.

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The Bay Helen Frankenthaler. 1963 C.E. Acrylic on canvas He colors on the canvas don't have to represent something in particular, but can have a more ambiguous, emblematic quality for the viewer. The basic act of responding to color, the way one would respond to a sunset, or to light from a stained-glass window, simplicity and pure emotion through clarity of color and form.

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Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks Claes Oldenburg. 1969-1974 C.E. Cor-Ten steel, steel, aluminum, and cast resin; painted with polyurethane enamel Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks claimed a visible space for the anti-war movement while also poking fun at the solemnity of the plaza. The sculpture served as a stage and backdrop for several subsequent student protests.

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Spiral Jetty Great Salt Lake, Utah. U.S. Robert Smithson. 1970 C.E. Earthwork: mud, precipitated salt crystals, rocks, and water coil The wind alters the intensity of the water's changing colors, as does the quality of the light and the density of the overhead cloud-cover. As you start to walk the spiral, you enter a kaleidoscope of moaning wind, relentless light, and mercurial water colors.

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House in New Castle County Delaware, U.S. Robert Venturi, John Rauch, and Denise Scott Brown (architects). 1978-1983 C.E. Wood frame and stucco While the Vanna Venturi house is widely considered to be the first postmodern building, Robert Venturi insists he wasn't trying to create a new movement. With his Vanna Venturi house widely considered to be the first postmodern building design Robert Venturi showed us that sometimes, rules are meant to be broken.

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Chavín de Huántar Northern highlands, Peru. Chavín.900-200 B.C.E. Stone (architectural complex); granite (Lanzón and sculpture); hammered gold alloy (jewelry) Over the course of 700 years, the site drew many worshipers to its temple who helped in spreading the artistic style of Chavín throughout highland and coastal Peru by transporting ceramics, textiles, and other portable objects back to their homes.

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Mesa Verde cliff dwelling Montezuma County, Colorado Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi) 450-1300 C.E. Sandstone The cliff dwellings remain, though, as compelling examples of how the Ancestral Puebloans literally carved their existence into the rocky landscape of today's southwestern United States.

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Yaxchilán Chiapas, Mexico. Maya. 725 C.E. Limestone (architectural complex) Yaxchilán is located on the south bank of the Usumacinta River, in Chiapas, Mexico. It was a significant Maya center during the Classic period (250-900 C.E.) and a number of its buildings stand to this day. Many of the exteriors had elaborate decorations, but it is the carved stone lintels above their doorways which have made this site famous. These lintels, commissioned by the rulers of the city, provide a lengthy dynastic record in both text and image.

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Great Serpent Mound Adams County, southern Ohio. Mississippian (Eastern Woodlands). c. 1070 C.E. Earthwork/effigy mound

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Templo Mayor (Main Temple) Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico). Mexica (Aztec). 1375-1520 C.E. Stone (temple); volcanic stone (The Coyolxauhqui Stone); jadeite (Olmec-style mask); basalt (Calendar Stone) The most spectacular expansion of the Templo Mayor took place in the year "1 Rabbit" (1454 A.D.) under the ruler Motecuhzoma I when impressive art works and architectural elements were added.

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Ruler's feather headdress (probably of Motecuhzoma II) Mexica (Aztec). 1428-1520 C.E. Feathers (quetzal and cotinga) and gold He headdress was probably part of the collection of artefacts given by Motecuhzoma to Cortés who passed on the gifts to Charles V. The headdress is made from 450 green quetzal, blue cotinga and pink flamingo feathers and is further embellished with gold beads and jade disks.

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City of Cusco, including O0rikancha (Inka main temple), Santo Domingo (Spanish colonial convent), and Walls at Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman) Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1440 C.E.; convent added 1550-1650 C.E. Andesite Cuzco, which had a population of up to 150,000 at its peak, was laid out in the form of a puma and was dominated by fine buildings and palaces, the richest of all being the sacred gold-covered and emerald-studded Coricancha complex which included a temple to the Inca sun god Inti.

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Maize cobs Inka. c. 1440-1533 C.E. Sheet metal/repoussé, metal alloys While many ancient Andean art traditions favored abstract and geometric forms, Inka visual expression often incorporated more naturalistic forms in small-scale metal objects. This silver alloy corncob sculpture is one example of this type of object.

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City of Machu Picchu Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1450-1540 C.E. Granite (architectural complex) The site contains housing for elites, retainers, and maintenance staff, religious shrines, fountains, and terraces, as well as carved rock outcrops, a signature element of Inka art.

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All-T'oqapu tunic Inka. 1450-1540 C.E. Camelid fiber and cotton The All-T'oqapu Tunic is an example of the height of Andean textile fabrication and its centrality to Inka expressions of power.

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Bandolier bag Lenape (Delaware tribe, Eastern Woodlands). c. 1850 C.E. Beadwork on leather This is an object that invites close looking to fully appreciate the process by which colorful beads animate the bag, making a dazzling object and showcasing remarkable technical skill.

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Transformation mask Kwakwaka'wakw, Northwest coast of Canada. Late 19th century C.E. Wood, paint, and string The masks, whether opened or closed, are bilaterally symmetrical. Typical of the formline style is the use of an undulating, calligraphic line. The ovoid shape, along with s- and u-forms, are common features of the formline style.

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Painted elk hide Attributed to Cotsiogo (Cadzi Cody), Eastern Shoshone, Wind River Resservation, Wyoming. c. 1890-1900 C.E. Painted elk hide Cotsiogo began depicting subject matter that "affirmed native identity" and appealed to tourists. The imagery placed on the hide was likely done with a combination of free-hand painting and stenciling.

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Black-on-black ceramic vessel Maria Martinez and Julian Martinez, Tewa, Puebloan, San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico. c. mid-20th century C.E. Blackware ceramic They discovered that smothering the fire with powdered manure removed the oxygen while retaining the heat and resulted in a pot that was blackened. This resulted in a pot that was less hard and not entirely watertight, which worked for the new market that prized decorative use over utilitarian value. The areas that were burnished had a shiny black surface and the areas painted with guaco were matte designs based on natural phenomenon, such as rain clouds, bird feathers, rows of planted corn, and the flow of rivers.

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Conical tower and circular wall of Great Zimbabwe Southeastern Zimbabwe, Shona peoples. c. 1000-1400 C.E. Coursed granite blocks In some places, the walls are several meters thick, and many of the massive walls, stone monoliths and conical towers are decorated with designs or motifs. Patterns are worked into the walls, such as herringbone and dentelle designs, vertical grooves, and an elaborate chevron design decorates the largest building called the Great Enclosure

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Great Mosque of Djenné Mali. Founded c. 1200 C.E.; rebuilt 1906-1907. Adobe. As one of the wonders of Africa, and one of the most unique religious buildings in the world, the Great Mosque of Djenné, in present-day Mali, is also the greatest achievement of Sudano-Sahelian architecture. It is also the largest mud-built structure in the world. We experience its monumentality from afar as it dwarfs the city of Djenné.

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Wall plaque, from Oba's palace Edo peoples, Benin (Nigeria). 16th century C.E. Cast brass It was the first of three exceptional masterpieces from the Kingdom of Benin acquired under Goldwater's guidance that dramatically transformed the collection.

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Sika dwa kofi (Golden Stool) Ashanti peoples (south central Ghana). c. 1700 C.E. Gold over wood and cast-gold attachments The Golden Stool has been such a part of their culture for so long, with so much mythology around it, that we can't be sure exactly when it was made. The color to represent royalty changes between times and cultures. Many of the brighter colors simply weren't available throughout Africa until Europe began to colonize

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Ndop (portrait figure) of King Mishe miShyaang maMbul Kuba peoples (Democratic Republic of the Congo). c. 1760-1780 C.E. Wood The ndop of Mishe miShyaang maMbul is part of a larger genre of figurative wood sculpture in Kuba art. These sculptures were commissioned by Kuba leaders or nyim to preserve their accomplishments for posterity. Because transmission of knowledge in this part of Africa is through oral narrative, names and histories of the past are often lost. The ndop sculptures serve as important markers of cultural ideals. They also reveal a chronological lineage through their visual signifiers.

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Power figure (Nkisi n'kondi) Kongo people's (Democratic Republic of Congo). c. late 19th century C.E. Wood and metal Nkisi nkondi figures are highly recognizable through an accumulation pegs, blades, nails or other sharp objects inserted into its surface.

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Female (Pwo) mask Chokwe peoples (Democratic Republic of the Congo). Late 19th to early 20th century C.E. Wood, fiber, pigment, and metal Chokwe masks are often performed at the celebrations that mark the completion of initiation into adulthood. That occasion also marks the dissolution of the bonds of intimacy between mothers and their sons. The pride and sorrow that event represents for Chokwe women is alluded to by the tear motif.

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Portrait mask (Mblo) Baule peoples ( Côte d'Ivoire). Early 20th century C.E. Wood and pigment The mask is exceptional for its nuanced individuality, highly refined details, powerful presence, and considerable age. It is especially appealing for its unusual depth that affords strong three-quarter views. The broad forehead and downcast eyes are classic features associated with intellect and respect in Baule aesthetics. The departure from a rigidly symmetrical representation suggests an individual physiognomy. The expression is one of intense introspection. Its serenity is subtly animated by two opposing formal elements: the flourishes of the coiffure and beard at the summit and base.

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Bundu mask Sande Society, Mende peoples (West African forests of Sierra Leone and (Liberia). 19th to 20th century C.E. Wood, cloth, and fiber The masks are worn by women who have a certain standing within the society, to receive the younger women at the end of their three month's reclusion in the forest. The different elements that compose the masks of this type, the half-closed and lengthened eyes, the delicate contours of the lips, the slim nose, the serenity of the forehead, the complexity of the headdress and the presence of neck and nape refer not only to aesthetic values, but also to philosophical and religious concepts.

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Ikenga (shrine figure) Igbo peoples (Nigeria).c. 19th to 20th century C.E. Wood The shrine reflects the great value the Igbo place on individual achievement. Personal shrines are created in the form of figures known as ikenga to honor the power and skills of a person's right hand, as the right hand holds the hoe, the sword, and the tools of craftsmanship. The basic form of an ikenga is a human figure with horns symbolizing power, sometimes reduced to only a head with horns on a base.

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Lukasa (memory board) Mbudye Society, Luba peoples (Democratic Rpublic of the Congo). c. 19th to 20th century C.E. Wood, beads, and metal More detailed information is conveyed on the front and back of the board. On the lukasa's "inside" surface (the front), human faces represent chiefs, historical figures, and mbudye members. The rectangular, circular, and ovoid elements denote organizing features within the chief's compound and the association's meeting house and grounds. Its "outside" surface displays incised chevrons and diamonds representing the markings on a turtle's carapace.

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Aka elephant mask Bamileke (Cameroon, western grassfields region). c. 19th to 20th century C.E. Wood, woven raffia, cloth, and beads The elite Kuosi masking society controls the right to own and wear elephant masks, since both elephants and beadwork are symbols of political power in the kingdoms of the Cameroon grasslands. Masked performances have a variety of purposes. Both of the masks displayed here were performed to support political authority, but in different contexts. The mask may have exerted the will of village elders by imposing economic prohibitions or organizing hunting parties to provide for and protect the village.

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Reliquary figure (byeri) Fang peoples (southern Cameroon). c. 19th to 20th century C.E. Wood The Fang figure, a masterpiece by a known artist or workshop, has primarily been reduced to a series of basic shapes—cylinders and circles.

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Veranda post of enthroned king and senior wife (Opo Ogoga) Olowe of Ise (Yoruba peoples). c. 1910-1914 C.E. Wood and pigment It is considered among the artist's masterpieces for the way it embodies his unique style, including the interrelationship of figures, their exaggerated proportions, and the open space between them

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Petra, Jordan: Treasury and Great Temple Nabateen Ptolemaic and Roman. c. 400 B.C.E - 100 C.E. Cut rock These elaborate carvings are merely a prelude to one's arrival into the heart of Petra, where the Treasury, or Khazneh, a monumental tomb, awaits to impress even the most jaded visitors. The natural, rich hues of Arabian light hit the remarkable façade, giving the Treasury its famed rose-red color.

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Buddha Bamiyan, Afghanistan. Gandharan. c. 400-800 C.E. (destroyed in 2001). Cut rock with plaster and polychrome paint The cultural landscape and archaeological remains of the Bamiyan Valley represent the artistic and religious developments which from the 1st to the 13th centuries characterized ancient Bakhtria, integrating various cultural influences into the Gandhara school of Buddhist art.

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The Kaaba Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Islamic. Pre-Islamic monument; rededicated by Muhammad in 631-632 C.E.; multiple renovations. Granite masonry, covered with silk curtain and calligraphy in gold and silver-wrapped thread Cubed building known as the Kaba may not rival skyscrapers in height or mansions in width, but its impact on history and human beings is unmatched. The Kaba is the building towards which Muslims face five times a day, everyday, in prayer. This has been the case since the time of Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) over 1400 years ago.

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Jowo Rinpoche, enshrined in the Jokhang Temple Lhasa, Tibet. Yarlung Dynasty. Believed to have been brought to Tibet in 641 C.E. Gilt metals with sempirecious stones, pearls, and paint; various offerings The Jowo Rinpoche statue, Tibet's most revered religious icon, was made in India by Vishakarma during Buddha Shakyamuni's lifetime. At the time of the Buddha, there were only two statues of this type. The other one is still at Bodhgaya.

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Dome of the Rock Jerusalem. Islamic, Umayyad. 691-629 C.E., with multiple renovations. Stone masonry and wooden roof decorated with glazed ceramic tile, mosaics, and gilt aluminum and bronze dome The Dome of the Rock is a building of extraordinary beauty, solidity, elegance, and singularity of shape... Both outside and inside, the decoration is so magnificent and the workmanship so surpassing as to defy description. The greater part is covered with gold so that the eyes of one who gazes on its beauties are dazzled by its brilliance, now glowing like a mass of light, now flashing like lightning.

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Great Mosque (Masjid-e Jameh) Isfahan, Iran. Islamic, Persian: Seljuk, Il-Khanid, Timurid and Safavid Dynasties. c. 700 C.E.; additions and restorations in the 14th, 18th, and 20th centuries C.E. Stone, brick, wood, plaster, and glazed ceramic tile The Great Mosque of Isfahan in Iran is unique in this regard and thus enjoys a special place in the history of Islamic architecture. Its present configuration is the sum of building and decorating activities carried out from the 8th through the 20th centuries. It is an architectural documentary, visually embodying the political exigencies and aesthetic tastes of the great Islamic empires of Persia.

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Folio from a Qur'an Arab, North Africa, or Near East. Abbasid. c. eighth to ninth century C.E. ink, color, and gold on parchment The Qur'an is the sacred text of Islam, consisting of the divine revelation to the Prophet Muhammad in Arabic. Over the course of the first century and a half of Islam, the form of the manuscript was adapted to suit the dignity and splendor of this divine revelation. However, the word Qur'an, which means "recitation," suggests that manuscripts were of secondary importance to oral tradition. In fact, the 114 chapters of the Qur'an were compiled into a textual format, organized from longest to shortest, only after the death of Muhammad, although scholars still debate exactly when this might have occurred.

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Basin (Baptistère de Saint Louis) Muhammad ibn al-Zain. c. 1320-1340 C.E. Brass inlaid with gold and silver The Mamluks, the majority of whom were ethnic Turks, were a group of warrior slaves who took control of several Muslim states and established a dynasty that ruled Egypt and Syria from 1250 until the Ottoman conquest in 1517. The political and military dominance of the Mamluks was accompanied by a flourishing artistic culture renowned across the medieval world for its glass, textiles, and metalwork.

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Bahram Gur Fights the Karg, folio from the Great Il-Khanid Shahnama Islamic; Persian, Il'Khanid. c. 1330-1340 C.E. Ink and opaque watercolor, gold, and silver on paper This folio is from a celebrated copy of the text known as the Great Ilkhanid Shahnama, one of the most complex masterpieces of Persian art. Because of its lavish production, it is assumed to have been commissioned by a high-ranking member of the Ilkhanid court and produced at the court scriptorium. The fifty-seven surviving illustrations reflect the intense interest in historical chronicles and the experimental approach to painting of the Ilkhanid period (1256-1335). The eclectic paintings reveal the cosmopolitanism of the Ilkhanid court in Tabriz, which teemed with merchants, missionaries, and diplomats from as far away as Europe and China. Here the Iranian king Bahram Gur wears a robe made of European fabric to slay a fearsome horned wolf in a setting marked by the conventions of Chinese landscape painting.

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The Court of Gayumars, folio from Shah Tahmasp's Shahnama Sultan Muhammad. c. 1522-1525 C.E. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper His painting combines an ingenious composition with a broad palette dominated by cool colors, each element minutely and precisely rendered in a technique that defies comprehension. Though the painting is large and even spills out into the gold-flecked margins, Sultan Muhammad populates the scene with countless figures, animals, and details of landscape, but in such a way that does not compromise legibility. The level of detail is so intense that the viewer is scarcely able to absorb everything, no matter how closely he looks

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The Ardabil Carpet Maqsud of Kashan. 1539-1540 C.E. Silk and wool The Ardabil Carpet is exceptional; it is one of the world's oldest Islamic carpets, as well as one of the largest, most beautiful and historically important. It is not only stunning in its own right, but it is bound up with the history of one of the great political dynasties of Iran.

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Great Stupa at Sanchi Madhya Pradesh, India. Buddhist; Maurya, late Sunga Dynasty. c. 300 B.C.E. - 100 B.C.E. Stone masonry, sandstone on dome It was probably begun by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in the mid-3rd century bce and later enlarged. Solid throughout, it is enclosed by a massive stone railing pierced by four gateways, which are adorned with elaborate carvings (known as Sanchi sculpture) depicting the life of the Buddha.

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Terra cotta warriors from mausoleum of the first Qin emperor of China Qin Dynasty. c. 221-209 B.C.E. Painted terra cotta One of the most extraordinary features of the terracotta warriors is that each appears to have distinct features—an incredible feat of craftsmanship and production. Despite the custom construction of these figures, studies of their proportions reveal that their frames were created using an assembly production system that paved the way for advances in mass production and commerce.

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Funeral banner of Lady Dai (Xin Zhui) Han Dynasty, China. c. 180 B.C.E. Painted silk In the mourning scene, we can also appreciate the importance of Lady Dai's banner for understanding how artists began to represent depth and space in early Chinese painting. They made efforts to indicate depth through the use of the overlapping bodies of the mourners. They also made objects in the foreground larger, and objects in the background smaller, to create the illusion of space in the mourning hall.

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Longmen caves Luoyang, China. Tang Dynasty. 493-1127 C.E. Limestone the aesthetic elements and features of the Chinese cave temples' art, including the layout, material, function, traditional technique and location, and the intrinsic link between the layout and the various elements have been preserved and passed on. Great efforts have been made to maintain the historical appearance of the caves and preserve and pass on the original Buddhist culture and its spiritual and aesthetic functions, while always adhering to the principle of "Retaining the historic condition".

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Gold and jade crown Three Kingdoms Period, Silla Kingdom, Korea. Fifth to sixth century C.E. Metalwork The general structure and imagery of this set echo the regalia used by rulers of the many nomadic confederations that roamed the Eurasian steppes for millennia, and, to a lesser extent, pieces found in China. However, Silla tombs such as Hwangnam Daechong have yielded larger quantities and more spectacular gold adornments.

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Todai-ji Nara, Japan. Various artist, including sculptors Unkei and Keikei, as well as the Kei School. 743 C.E.; rebuilt c. 1700. Bronze and wood (sculpture); wood with ceramic-tile roofing (architecture) Todaiji represented the culmination of imperial Buddhist architecture. Todaiji is famous for housing Japan's largest Buddha statue. It housed the largest wooden building the world has yet seen. Even the 2/3 scale reconstruction, finished in the 17th century, it remains the largest wooden building on earth today.

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Borobudur Temple Central Java, Indonesia. Sailendra Dynasty. c. 750-842 C.E. Volcanic-stone masonry The temple sits in cosmic proximity to the nearby volcano Mt. Merapi. During certain times of the year the path of the rising sun in the East seems to emerge out of the mountain to strike the temple's peak in radiant synergy. Light illuminates the stone in a way that is intended to be more than beautiful. The brilliance of the site can be found in how the Borobudur mandala blends the metaphysical and physical, the symbolic and the material, the cosmological and the earthly within the structure of its physical setting and the framework of spiritual paradox.

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Angkor, the temple of Angkor Wat, and the city of Angkor Thom, Cambodia Hindu, Angkor Dynasty. c. 800-1400 C.E. Stone masonry, sandstone Angkor is one of the most important archaeological sites in South-East Asia. There were many changes in architecture and artistic style at Angkor, and there was a religious movement from the Hindu cult of the god Shiva to that of Vishnu and then to a Mahayana Buddhist cult devoted to the bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara.

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Lakshmana Temple Khajuraho, India. Hindu, Chandella Dynasty. c. 930-950 C.E. Sandstone Though the temple is one of the oldest in the Khajuraho fields, it is also one of the most exquistely decorated, covered almost completely with images of over 600 gods in the Hindu Pantheon. The main shrine of the temple, which faces east, is flanked by four freestanding subsidiary shrines at the corners of the temple platform.

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Travelers among Mountains and Streams Fan Kuan. c. 1000 C.E. Ink and colors on silk Fan Kuan's masterpiece is an outstanding example of Chinese landscape painting. Long before Western artists considered landscape anything more than a setting for figures, Chinese painters had elevated landscape as a subject in its own right. Bounded by mountain ranges and bisected by two great rivers—the Yellow and the Yangzi—China's natural landscape has played an important role in the shaping of the Chinese mind and character. From very early times, the Chinese viewed mountains as sacred and imagined them as the abode of immortals. The term for landscape painting in Chinese is translated as "mountain water painting."

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Shiva as Lord of Dance (Nataraja) Hindu; India (Tamil Nadu), Chola Dynasty. c. 11th century C.E. Cast bronze It combines in a single image Shiva's roles as creator, preserver, and destroyer of the universe and conveys the Indian conception of the never-ending cycle of time. Although it appeared in sculpture as early as the fifth century, its present, world-famous form evolved under the rule of the Cholas.

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Night Attack on the Sanjō Palace Kamakura Period, Japan. c. 1250-1300 C.E. Handstroll (ink and color on paper) The scene appearing here, entitled "A Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace" is the property of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and provides a rare and valuable depiction of Japanese armor as it was worn during the early Kamakura era (1185-1333). By contrast, most surviving picture scrolls showing warriors date from the fourteenth century and show later styles of armor.

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The David Vases Yuan Dynasty, China. 1351 C.E. White porcelain with cobalt-blue underglaze These vases are among the most important examples of blue-and-white porcelain in existence, and are probably the best-known porcelain vases in the world. They were made for the altar of a Daoist temple and their importance lies in the dated inscriptions on one side of their necks, above the bands of dragons. The long dedication is the earliest known on Chinese blue-and-white wares. These vases were owned by Sir Percival David (1892-1964), who built the most important private collection of Chinese ceramics in the world.

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Portrait of Sin Sukju (1417-1475) Imperial Bureau of Painting. c. 15th century C.E. Hanging scroll (ink and color on silk) The importance of this painting is represented in its location sat the Imperial Bureau of Painting. Silk was one of Asia's main trade goods during the time; the popularity of this soft material was evident in the formation of the Silk Road. The high demand and value of this material indicates thus a high value of this artwork.

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Forbidden City Beijing, China. Ming Dynasty. 15th century C.E. and later. Stone masonry, marble, brick, wood, and ceramic tile It stands for the culmination of the development of classical Chinese and East Asian architecture and influences the development of Chinese architecture. The largest surviving wooden structure in China is surrounded by 7.9 meters (26 feet) high walls and 3,800 meters (2.4 miles) long moat.

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Ryoan-ji Kyoto, Japan. Muromachi Period, Japan. 1480 C.E.; current design most likely dates to the 18th century. Rock garden Kyoto's most famous Zen garden is Ryoan-ji. Its raked gravel and 15 carefully placed stones make it the world's most recognisable garden image. I love Ryoan-ji, which, despite the hoards of visitors adding their own snaps to the image load of the garden, still manages to instil a mood of mystery and quiet reflection. It was made by an unnamed monk in the 15th century and was the template for a dry stone Zen garden for four centuries - until Mirei Shigemori brought the Zen garden into the 20th century and introduced it to modernism.

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Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh Bichitr. c. 1620 C.E. Watercolor gold, and ink on paper Jahangir's artists begin to create allegorical portraits with symbolic references. This painting, for example, asserts that Jahangir favors the spiritual over the worldly. He hands a book, the most respected of objects in both Islam and the Mughal court, to a Sufi shaykh (a religious scholar). Below (and therefore implicitly less important than) the shaykh stand an Ottoman sultan and King James I of England. Bichitr's self-portrait in the lower left corner conveys the respect that Jahangir accorded to painters.

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Taj Mahal Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. Masons, marble workers, mosaicists, and decorators working under the supervision of Ustad Ahmad Lahori, architect of the emperor. 1632-1653 C.E. Stone masonry and marble with inlay of precious and semiprecious stones; gardens The Taj Mahal is an excellent example of the golden age of Muslim architecture. The design of the complex incorporates Iranian features such as octagonal shape, Indian features such as the bulbous dome and Asian features such as cylindrical minarets. Muslim decorative arts include calligraphy, geometry and flower forms. Most important was the ideal of symmetry as a major element in the design of the Taj Mahal.

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White and Red Plum Blossoms Ogata Korin. c. 1710-1716 C.E. Ink, watercolor, and gold leaf on paper This painting is one of his most famous works. The composition is rather startling. The white plum tree's trunk is mostly outside of the screen, and one major branch comes back into the screen horizontally. All of these elements are combined to yield a stunning decorative effect which makes this pair of screens one of the greatest masterpieces in the history of Japanese art.

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Under the Wave of Kanagawa (Kanagawa oki nami ura), as known as the Great Wave, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji Katsushika Hokusai. 1830-1833 C.E. Polychrome woodblock print; ink and color on paper The Great Wave has became one of the most famous works of art in the world—and debatably the most iconic work of Japanese art. Initially, thousands of copies of this print were quickly produced and sold cheaply. Despite the fact that it was created at a time when Japanese trade was heavily restricted, Hokusai's print displays the influence of Dutch art, and proved to be inspirational for many artists working in Europe later in the nineteenth century.

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Chairman Mao en Route to Anyuan Artist unknown; based on oil painting by Lui Chunhua. c. 1969 C.E. Color lithograph Chunhua Liu used the ideals of the Cultural Revolution and Socialist Realism to create his masterpiece. This poster is a lithographic reproduction of a painting in the style of Socialist Realism. the ideas conveyed in artworks were meant to permeate other cultures and to spread their philosophies

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Nan Madol Pohnpei, Micronesia. Saudeleur Dynasty. c. 700-1600 C.E. Basalt boulders and prismatic columns The megalithic architecture that characterizes the site consists of long, naturally prismatic log-like basalt stones which were often built up over foundations of large basalt boulders to form high-walled rectangular enclosures. This type of architecture occurs only sporadically on the main island which suggests that the people who used these structures were of very high status.

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Moai on platform (ahu) Rapa Nui (Easter Island). c. 1100-1600 C.E. Volcanic tuff figures on basalt base Rapa Nui, also known as Easter Island (a name given to it by Europeans), is located in the southeast Pacific and is famous for its approximately 1,000 carvings of moai, human-faced statues.

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'Ahu 'ula (feather cape) Hawaiian. Late 18th century C.E. Feathers and fiber Cloaks and helmets were beautiful in colour and design, intricately crafted, and of unusual materials. To add to their appeal, stories could be told of their effectiveness as armour in battle helmets strong enough to ward off blows to the head, cloaks that acted like flak jackets against sling stones and other weapons.

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Staff god Rarotonga, Cook Islands, central Polynesia. Late 18th to early 19th century C.E. Wood, tapa, fiber, and feathers A standing semihuman figure having claws, a feline face with crossed fangs, and a staff in each hand. Above his head, occupying two-thirds of the stone, is a towering, pillarlike structure

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Female deity Nukuoro, Micronesia. c. 18th to 19th century C.E. wood Carving, these figurines were of smaller statrue and most likey required experice to achieve lines on the Deity.

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Buk (mask) Torres Strait. Mid-to late 19th century C.E. Turtle shell, wood, fiber, feathers, ad shell Turtle-shell masks in the western Torres Strait reportedly were used during funerary ceremonies and increase rites (rituals designed to ensure bountiful harvests and an abundance of fish and game).

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Hiapo (tapa) Niue. c. 1850-1900 C.E. Tapa or bark cloth, freehand painting Tapa traditions were regionally unique and historically widespread throughout the Polynesian Islands. Eastern Polynesia did not experience a continuous tradition of tapa production, however, the art form is still produced today, particularly in the Hawaiian and the Marquesas Islands.

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Tamati Waka Nene Gottfried Lindauer. 1890 C.E. Oil on canvas Smooth brushstrokes, painted to show kind nature of the chief, compassionate, similar portrait style to the Mona Lisa, painted with tribal face paint to reinforce culture

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Navigation chart Marshall Islands, Micronesia. 19th to early 20th century C.E. Wood and fiber Slopped lines that indicate wave swell show technological advancement in society, intricate weaving

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Malagan display and mask New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea. c. 20th century C.E. Wood, pigment, fiber, and shell To serve as visual part of ceremony in which the dead are celebrated and assisted in their transition to the spiritual realm, the ceremonies length can be from months to years so sturdy materials for elaborate structures can withstand long time frame.

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Presentation of Fijian mats and tapa cloths to Queen Elizabeth II Fiji, Polynesia. 1953 C.E. Multimedia performance (costume; cosmetics, including scent; chant; movement; and pandanus fiber/hibiscus fiber mats), photographic documentation To show respect and gratitude towards Queen Elizabeth II for visiting Tonga and for commemorating the war memorial. Also I believe this served as a way of the two countries signaling their alliance and partnership.

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The Gates New York City, U.S. Christo and Jeanne-Claude. 1979-2005 C.E. Mixed-media installation he Gates remains a complex testament to two controversial topics in contemporary art: how to create meaningful public art and how art responds to and impacts our relationship with the built environment.

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Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Washington, D.C., U.S. Maya Lin. 1982 C.E. Granite. The strength of the granite contrasts with softness of the grass and brings a balance to both nature and architecture.

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Horn Players Jean-Michel Basquiat. 1983 C.E. Acrylic and oil paintstick on three canvas panels Honed his signature painting style of obsessive scribbling, elusive symbols and diagrams, and mask-and-skull imagery by the time he was 20.

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Summer Trees Song Su-nam. 1983 C.E. Ink on paper He wanted to show appreciation for the ancient Asian brush techniques and to redisplay/re-envoke the Asian landscape. This painting blends traditional subtle brush techniques with modern day style

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Androgyne III Magdalena Abakanowicz. 1985 C.E. Burlap, resin, wood, nails, and string The creases, ridges, and veins of the hardened-fiber surface assume organic characteristics, reminiscent of the earth's rough surface or the cellular composition of human skin. The artist felt that it was these characteristics and manifestations that make fiber the base unit of the universe.

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A Book from the sky Xu Bing. Beijing, China. 1987-1991 C.E. Mixed-media installation The book's characters were carved into individual pieces of movable type made from pear wood, in a style slightly squatter than that of Song typefaces.

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Pink Panther Jeff Koons. 1988 C.E. Glazed porcelain This piece is a part of his Banality series. It is a reflection of pop culture, juxtaposing the namesake popular children's' cartoon character with Jayne Mansfield, a sex symbol. Four essentially identical Pink Panther sculptures exist. They are an example of kitsch, meant to appeal to the masses. This piece later grew to be considered high art due to its popularity.

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Untitled (#228), from the History Portraits series Cindy Sherman. Rome, Italy. 1990 C.E. Photograph She draws attention to the staged and often mannered nature of historical portrait paintings, while also playfully mocking the discipline of art history.

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Dancing at the Louvre, from the series The French Collectiom, Part I; #1 Faith Ringgold. France, Europe. 1991 C.E. Acrylic on canvas, tie-dyed, pieced fabric border To break boundaries and combine a multitude of artistic techniques. Combines Modern art, African-American culture, and personal experiences

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Trade (Gifts for Trading Land with White People) Jaune Quick-to-See Smith. Virginia. 1992 C.E. Oil and mixed media on canvas. Illustrates historical and contemporary inequities between Native Americans and the United States government.

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Earth's Creation Emily Kame Kngwarreye. Utopia Australia. 1994 C.E. Synthetic polymer paint on canvas. Dump dot technique - using the brush to pound the paint onto the canvas and create layers of colour and movement.

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Rebellious Silence, from the Women of Allah series Shirin Neshat (artist); photo by Cynthia Preston. 1994 C.E. Ink on photograph. Photograph, Farsi decorates the artists face, black and white, image shows a veiled woman with the barrel of a gun pointing straight up dividing her face. Her gaze looks directly at the viewer with unwavering confidence.

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En la Barberia no se Llora (No Crying Allowed in the Barbershop) Pepon Osorio. 1994 C.E. Mixedmedia installation. Challenges definitions of masculinity, it also brings up in a more subtle way—the relationship between machismo and homophobia, violence, and infidelity, and the ways in which popular culture, religion, and politics help craft these identities and issues.

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Pisupo Lua Afe (Corned Beef 2000) Michel Tuffery. New Zealand. 1994 C.E. Mixed media The meaning of this work is to raise questions about the effects colonial economies have had on Pacific peoples and whether foreign intervention actually encourages independence or fosters dependency. The way in which it is presented is very different and shocking.

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Electronic Superhighway Nam June Paik. 1995 C.E. Mixed-media installation (49-channel closedcircuit video installation, neon, steel, and electronic components). It is an enormous physical object that occupies a middle ground between the virtual reality of the media and the sprawling country beyond our doors.

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The Crossing Bill Viola. 1996 C.E. Video/sound installation To evoke the viewer's senses and create a feeling of spirituality. His work focuses and sensory perception and tries to take viewers on a trip to the spiritual realm. The videos are able to accomplish this through slow motion, contrasts in scale, shifts in focus, mirrored reflections, etc.

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Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Spain. Frank Gehry (architect). 1997 C.E. Titanium, glass, and limestone. A museum to challenge assumptions about art museum collecting and programming with its inventive design. To showcase great fine art exhibitions and further the redevelopment of the city Bilbao.

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Pure Land Mariko Mori. Tokyo, Japan. 1998. C.E. Color photograph on glass To create a meditative environment that provides the audience with a sense of tranquility and transcendence. Allow the viewer to transport to Nirvana, as well as to represent a personal journey

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Lying with the Wolf Kiki Smith. New York. 2001 C.E. Ink and pencil on paper Featuring an act of bonding between human and animal, reverence for the natural world. ther domestic piece of fabric. The depiction of a woman and dangerous animal so easily coexisting is a powerful visual message, one that reminds us of Biblical characters, figures from Greek myth, and even eastern deities.

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Darkytown Rebellion Kara Walker. 2001 C.E. Cut paper and projection on wall. Black silhouettes against colorful background, sharp lines, distinct and defined shapes. The actual subject of the work is meant to reflect the antebellum South during the time of slavery. Many southern African-American stereotypes are still present today and Walker hoped to make viewers realize how subconsciously they had these premeditated ideas about the figures and the assumptions about race they automatically made because of popular culture.

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The Swing (after Fragonard) Yinka Shonibare. Sheffield. 2001 C.E. Mixed-media installation Meant to be seen straight on but due to 3 dimensions viewers can walk around the installation and view from different points, like the original subjects in the painting. The work depicts a summary of the scene in the original painting but leaves out some elements of the painting.

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Old Man's Cloth El Anatsui. Southern Nigeria. 2003 C.E. Aluminum and copper wire A statement piece to remember his regions history and culture through using elements related to the most influential and culture-shaping events. This piece specifically is meant to serve as a reminder of the uneasy history of trade between Europe and Africa.

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Stadia II Julie Mehretu. New York. 2004 C.E. Ink and acrylic on canvas Stadia II is meant to portray a large stadium, A sports arena. Country flags, confetti, and the eruption of the crowd are prevalent.

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Preying Mantra Wangechi Mutu. 2006 C.E. Mixed media on Mylar The function of this piece is to invite viewers to explore the stereotypes about the female African body as explicitly sexual, dangerous, and aesthetically deformed in relation to those of Western lands.

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Shibboleth Doris Salcedo. Turbine Hall, London. 2007-2008 C.E. Installation she uses this giant crack on the floor of ceremonial hall as a symbol of racism, discrimination, and colonialism that separated one being from each other. Through this art piece she addresses that the modernity is a result of colonial exploitation of the "stronger" from the "weaker".

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MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts Rome, Italy. Zaha Hadid (architect). 2009 C.E. Glass, steel, and cement. The building is repetitive in that the architecture is supposed to mimic movement to depict the progressiveness of the future of architecture and building.

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Kui Hua Zi (Sunflower Seeds) Ai Weiwei. 2010-2011 C.E. Sculpted and painted porcelain. The material used, the way it was produced and the narrative/personal content make this work a powerful commentary on the human condition.

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