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Black And White Thinking Custom And Tradition Ethics Frontal Lobes Of The Brain Psychopathology

E4 The Last Meow – Flashcards 18 terms

Elizabeth Bates

18 terms

Preview

E4 The Last Meow – Flashcards

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unequivocal

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absolute; certain; , clear; obvious; no room for doubt

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compensated

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made up for; to make up for; to repay for services

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general practitioner

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a physician who is not a specialist but treats all illnesses

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dialysis

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a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function

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ravish/ravage

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cause severe damage

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compelled

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To force or drive; exert a strong, irresistible force on

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incurable

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being such that a cure is impossible

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transplant

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an operation moving an organ from one organism (the donor) to another (the recipient)

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absurdity

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nonsense; foolishness

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mercy

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forgiveness

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terminal

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incurable

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dichotomy

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a division or contrast between two things that are or are represented as being opposed or entirely different

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suffering

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a great deal of pain and suffering exists in the world.

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donor

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a person who gives or contributes

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bewilder

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to confuse

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euthanasia

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The act of painlessly killing a suffering person or animal; mercy killing

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exotic

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(adj.) foreign; charmingly unfamiliar or strikingly unusual

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lethal injection

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drugs are administered through an IV resulting in death

STUDY

Black And White Thinking Fairness And Equality Self Serving Bias

Abnormal Psychology exam2 – Flashcards 93 terms

Henry Lowe

93 terms

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Abnormal Psychology exam2 – Flashcards

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Dichotomous thinking:

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black and white thinking.

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In rare tragic cases, a mother suffering from major depression with peripartum onset sometimes...

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kills her child

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Recent evidence indicates a higher level of ___________ in patients with bipolar disorder that was marked by a rapid cycling pattern compared to those with a non-rapid cycling pattern.

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suicide

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Suicide associated with bipolar disorder almost always occurs during

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depressive episode

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Which of the following is TRUE of depression in the elderly?

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The prevalence of depression is almost equal among elderly men and women.

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Which of the following statements about suicide is correct?

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For teenagers, suicide is the third leading cause of death after auto accidents and homicide.

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Statistics on suicide indicate that approximately one-quarter to one-half of all suicides are associated with _____________.

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alcohol use

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Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the relationship between anxiety and depression?

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Many depressed patients are or have been anxious and many anxious patients are or have been depressed.

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All of the following statements are accurate about electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) except

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psychotically depressed patients should be treated with ongoing medication, not ECT, even when response to those drugs is poor.

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The antidepressant medication lithium is also referred to as a mood stabilizer because it

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helps to prevent manic episodes

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In Aaron Beck's depressive cognitive triad, individuals think negatively about all of the following EXCEPT ______

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their past

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With regard to social support

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having social support helped speed recovery from depressive episodes

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Which of the following is perhaps the best-known and widely used SSRI medication

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Prozac

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Which of the following statements is TRUE about tricyclics?

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They can be accompanied by very unpleasant side effects.

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Mood within normal limits vs. mood outside normal limits

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How do you determine this? Intensity Duration Impairment/interference in functioning Outside cultural/social norms

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Mood Episodes are...

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building blocks for a mood disorder

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Mood Episodes : (3)

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Major Depressive Episode Manic Episode Hypomanic Episode

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Mood Disorders: (4)

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Major Depressive Disorder Persistent Depressive Disorder Bipolar I and II Disorder Cyclothymic Disorder

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Major Depressive (MD) Episode :

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5 or more of the following during the same 2 wk period. Depressed mood by report or observation Anhedonia -loss of interest or pleasure (one or both must be met) Significant weight loss/weight gain or significant changes in appetite. Sleep problems Psychomotor agitation or retardation Fatigue/loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt Problems with concentration Suicidal ideation (5 or more) Symptoms do not meet criteria for mixed episode. Cause clinically significant distress or impairment. Are not due to direct effects of substance or medical condition. R/O Grief

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Major Depressive (MD) Episode Occurs :

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5 or more of the following during the same 2 wk period.

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Manic Episode Occurs: (A)

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Period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least 1 wk (unless hospitalized). Also increased goal -directed activity.

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Manic Episode: (B)

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B. 3 or more symptoms (during A): o Inflated self esteem, grandiosity o Decreased need for sleep (e.g., after 3 hours sleep) o Pressured speech, very talkative o Racing thoughts (flight of ideas) o Distractibility o Increase in goal -directed activity or psychomotor agitation o Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that could result in troubling consequences Cause significant impairment or makes hospitalization necessary, or there are psychotic features Not due to a substance or medical condition

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Hypomanic Episode :

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("below manic episode" / less extreme) Same as manic episode, EXCEPT that the mood lasts at least 4 days. Unequivocal change in fx that is uncharacteristic of person and observable by others. Not marked by impairment or need for hospitalization. Not due to substance or medical condition.

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The structure of Mood Disorders : (Unipolar/Bipolar)

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Unipolar: Depression OR mania At one pole of a mood continuum Bipolar: Both depression AND mania Misleading terminology bc not just ONE mood continuum ▪ Person can experience mania and feelings of depression and anxiety - mixed manic episode/ dysphoric mania

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Depressive Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD):

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either Single episode or Recurrent - presence of 2 or more MD episodes Not better accounted by other diagnoses (e.g., Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder) Never a manic or hypomanic episode. Mean age onset - 30 yrs. Incidence increasing from previous decades Duration: average first episode 4 - 9 months (if untreated) Episodes can last from 2 wks to several years. Residual symptoms increase risk for future episode(s)

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Depressive Disorders: Persistent Depressive Disorder:

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Depressed mood for most of the day, on most days, for at least 2 years (1y in children/adol.) Milder than MDD, fewer symptoms, but stable course (lasts longer) Onset before 21 yrs. associated with: 1.Greater chronicity (lasts longer) 2. Poor prognosis and response to treatment 3. Stronger likelihood of disorder running in family As many as 79% of ppl with PDD have also had a MD episode at some point. More likely to attempt suicide than individuals with major depression (in a 5 yr period).

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Depressive Disorders: Double Depression

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Major Depressive Episodes with preexisting Persistent Depressive Disorder More severe, chronic course

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Bipolar I

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Alteration of major depressive episodes with FULL MANIC episodes. Avg. age of onset approx. 18 yrs. Severe mood instability as a result of symptoms. Often a high degree of job, work, or school impairment. Risky behaviors can be highly dangerous to the individual and sometimes others.

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Bipolar II

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Alteration of recurrent major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes (so, not at same time) A. presence/ hx of one or more MD episodes B. presence/hx of at least one hypomanic episode C. NEVER a manic episode D. Crit A and B not accounted by another dx E. Clinically significant distress or impairment 10 - 13% will develop into BP I Avg. age of onset between 19 and 22

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Cyclothymic Disorder

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At least 2 years (1 year in children/adolescents) of hypomanic symptoms (not full hypomanic episode) and depressive symptoms (not full MDD episode) More than half of two years, not w/o symptoms for 2 months. Not severe enough to require hospitalization or severe intervention. "Moody" to the point that it interferes with fx. At increased risk to develop bipolar disorder. Not better accounted for by substance or general medical condition. Full criteria for MDD, manic, or hypomanic episode never met.

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Bipolar Disorders History:

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Duration: Usually life - long Even with treatment 16% recover; 52% suffer from recurrent episodes; 16% chronically disabled; 8% commit suicide Medication is almost always indicated to stabilize mood!

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Course of Mood Disorders

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Salient Specifiers in DSM- V: • Rapid cycling: 4 or more episodes in one year = rapid cycling • Seasonal patterns • With Anxious Distress • With Mixed Features ; uncommon

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Prevalence of Mood Disorders

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12 Month Prevalence (in US): MDD = 7% PDD = 0.5% Bipolar I: 0.6% Bipolar II: 0.8% Cyclothymic Disorder: 0.4% - 1.0% (lifetime) Across Cultures: More somatic symptoms Subjective feelings difficult to study and compare Socioeconomic Status (SES) confounds findings and is a risk factor (have more stressors in life)

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Causes of Mood Disorders

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1. Biological Dimensions 2. Psychological Dimensions 3. Sociocultural Dimensions

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Familial and Genetic Influences: Biological Vulnerability

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• Family studies Rate is 2- 3 times higher in relatives of probands (i.e., the person known to have the dx) • Twin studies (Identical twins share the exact same genes. They're monozygotic) If one has it, identical twin 2- 3x's more likely than frat. Twin to also have mood d/o (partic bipolar) Severe mood disorders (severe MDD) have a stronger genetic contribution than less severe Heritability rates are higher for females compared to males.

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Familial and Genetic Influences: Biological Influences

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•Neurotransmitter systems (chemical messengers allowing different nerve cells or neurons to communicate w/ one another) Low levels of serotonin in its relation to other neurotransmitters (NTs) Norepinephrine and dopamine (low levels) •Permissive hypothesis - When serotonin low, other NTs are "permitted" to range more widely, become dysregulated, and contribute to mood irregularities •The endocrine system Stress hypothesis - Elevated cortisol levels ("stress" hormone)

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Psychological Dimensions: Cognitive Theory of Depression

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Negative coping styles. Depressed persons engage in cognitive/thinking errors. Tendency to interpret life events negatively. Depressive cognitive triad: 1. Think negatively about oneself 2. Think negatively about the world 3. Think negatively about the future

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Depressive cognitive triad:

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1. Think negatively about oneself 2. Think negatively about the world 3. Think negatively about the future

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Psychological Dimensions (Stress) Diathesis- stress model:

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Diathesis- stress model: Stressful, severe, traumatic life events strongly related to Onset of depression Poorer response to tx Longer time before remission Context and meaning of life events important!! Same event may mean different things to different people (e.g., divorce) Not all stressful events are independent of depression In ~1/3 of cases, stress does not precede depression Bipolar disorder: Stressful events trigger early mania and depression Can trigger relapse or prevent recovery Lack of sleep may precipitate manic episodes Disturbed circadian rhythms (e.g., jet lag)

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Psychological Dimensions: Cognitive Theory of Depression: Learned Helplessness

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Depressive attributional styles maintain symptoms Interpretation of negative events: 1. Internal attributions: Negative outcomes are "all my fault" 2. Stable attributions: situation/future will "always be this way" 3. Global attribution: "just like everything else" All three domains contribute to a sense of hopelessness Depressive attributional style for positive events External - not because of me, luck Specific - just this situation Unstable - will never happen again Maladaptive assumptions: Ideas about what one thinks they SHOULD be doing. "I should get the approval of everyone" Negative self-concept: Focus on shortcomings, exaggerate them, minimize positive qualities. See self as unlovable, ugly, weak.

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Psychological Treatment of Mood Disorders

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Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) Emphasizes ID and resolution of interpersonal problems and stressors. Ex: death of loved one, divorce. Learn to form important new relationships Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) ID and modification of distorted thoughts, feelings, and maladaptive behaviors

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Sociocultural Influences

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Marital relations- Marital dissatisfaction is strongly related to depression. Particularly strong in males . Disruption found to precede depression Mood in women. Females over males for MDD and PDD (70%) Bipolar disorders evenly divided. Gender imbalance likely due to sex roles & perception of uncontrollability for females. Social support- Lack of s.s. is related to onset of depression 10% of women who had close friend developed vs. 37% of who did not have supportive friend

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Goal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy:

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Event → thoughts → feel → behavior • Increase logical thinking • Understand relationship: how we think about or interpret events determines the way we respond emotionally and behaviorally • Cogns intervene in how we feel about events; Events do not directly influence how we feel. Instead, the way we think about those events does. • Thoughts, feelings and behaviors are inter-related, so altering one can help to alleviate difficulties in another

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Revising cognitions and behaviors in CBT:

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If cognitions determine feelings → revising illogical cognitions can → more appropriate emotional reactions → more adaptive behaviors. If cognitions are more extreme than warranted, unwanted feelings and maladaptive behaviors can unnecessarily occur Steps to revising cognitions: 1. ID illogical cognitions (automatic thoughts) 2. Challenge them 3. Replace them with more logical cognitions 4. Do behavioral experiments to test/confirm the more logical cognition

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Psychological Tx: Bipolar disorder

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Psychotherapy can help manage how disorder interferes w/ daily life. • Can help regulate sleep cycles and daily schedules • Increase family support and understanding of pt to help prevent relapse Medication compliance essential • Clients may sometimes skip during manic episodes • Self-monitoring log

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Psychotropic Treatment of Mood Disorders

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Antidepressants Selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Lithium (lithium carbonate) Primary choice of drug for bipolar disorder Often effectively treats manic episodes 50% respond well Potentially severe side effects, must carefully be followed by physician

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) (biological treatment)

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For severe depression w/no response to other less invasive tx's. Brief (<1s) electric shock to brain leading to convulsions lasting few min. 6-10 tx's, once every other day 50% benefit, ~60% of cases relapse stressful events are strongly related to the onset of bipolar d/o and depression.

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The physical symptoms of a major depressive disorder include

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changes in appetite or weight.

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One of the symptoms of a mood disorder is called anhedonia, which means

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an inability to engage in pleasurable activities.

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Most individuals who experience a single episode of major depressive disorder will

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probably have several episodes throughout their lives.

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When manic episodes alternate with depressive episodes, the disorder most correctly diagnosed would be

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bipolar disorder

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Bipolar II disorder consists of

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depression and hypomanic episodes

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Symptoms of severe depression are generally NOT considered a psychological disorder when they are associated with ____

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a greif reaction

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Recent research suggests that

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the same genetic factors contribute to both anxiety and depression.

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A child raised by depressed parents is likely to

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struggle with depression as well.

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Martin Seligman's theory that people become anxious and depressed because they believe that they have no control over the stress in their lives is called

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learned helplessness theory

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According to recent research on the development of depression, dysfunctional attitudes (a negative outlook) and hopelessness attributes (explaining things negatively) constitute a _____________ vulnerability to depression.

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cognitive

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A student who has been doing very well in her psychology class receives a minor critical comment on an essay that she wrote as part of an exam. The student thinks, "This is terrible. I'm probably going to fail the course." This type of cognitive error in thinking is called ____

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overgeneralization

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Eating Disorders: (3)

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Severe disruptions in eating behavior. Extreme fear and apprehension about gaining weight (Preoccupation with thinness) with AN and BN. All marked with difficulty controlling eating behaviors 1. Anorexia nervosa (AN) 2. Bulimia nervosa (BN) 3. Binge-eating disorder

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Anorexia Nervosa

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An eating disorder in which a person is obsessed by thoughts of an unattainable image of "perfect" thinness

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Anorexia Nervosa: Diagnostic Criteria:

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A. Significantly low weight due to energy intake restrictions. Severity is specified by current BMI (mild, moderate, severe, extreme) B. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain even when underweight. FASTING. C. Distorted idea of body image, denial of seriousness of current weight.

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Anorexia Nervosa (2 types)

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Anorexia: Two subtypes 1. Restricting Limit caloric intake via diet and fasting No recurrent binging/purging in the past 3 months. 2. Binge-eating/purging (Binge- eating large amnt of food within short amnt of time) Laxatives, self-induced vomiting, diuretics. Eat smaller amounts of foods and purge more frequently than those with bulimia. Binging or purging in the past 3 months.

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Anorexia Statistics

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12 Month prevalence rates • 0.4% of population among females • >90% adolescents and young adult females (typically higher SES(higher income bracket)) • About 10% males More chronic and resistant to treatment compared to bulimia. Successful weight loss hallmark of anorexia- different than bulimia because of ability to keep weight off and very low BMI. Not only dealing with physiological lack of intake but also real psychological variables at play w/ hospitalization.

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Anorexia: Medical Consequences

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• Dry skin • Damage to teeth and hair loss • Damage to vital organs (heart and brain) • Pulse rate and blood pressure drop • Nutritional deprivation causes calcium loss from bones, which can become brittle and prone to breakage • Can cause infertility (hormonal imbalance) • Lanugo-downy hair on limbs and cheeks lol • Death from starvation (15 -20%)

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Anorexia: (Comorbidity- having 2+ diagnosable disorders)

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Anxiety and mood disorders often present. Depression in 33% of current cases; 60% experience it at some point in life. *OCD most common anxiety disorder that co-occurs with anorexia. Intrusive thoughts about weight gain, body image Preoccupation with food -cooking for others, constantly talking about it, hoarding it. Behaviors often ritualistic. Excessive control of food intake. Strict and excessive exercise regimens; obligatory.

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Bulimia Nervosa

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An eating disorder characterized by binges on large quantities of food, followed compensatory behaviors to make up for binge. More common than anorexia.

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Bulimia: Diagnostic Criteria

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A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating characterized by both: Eating an amount of food in a discrete period of time (e.g. 2 hours) that is larger than most people would eat during a similar period of time and under similar circumstances. 30 times the calories for a single meal. Sense of lack of control of what is eaten during the episode. B. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain. Provides equilibrium (rid of shame, guilt, disgust), temporary relief, hunger, and restriction again. C. Binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur at least 1x a week for 3 months (on average) D. Self-evaluation unduly influenced by body shape and weight Distorted body image. E. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia

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Bulimia: Subtypes

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Severity depends on number of inappropriate compensatory behaviors per week (mild, moderate, severe, extreme)

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Medical consequences: Bulimia

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(Even when normal weight) • Intestinal problems from laxative abuse. • Electrolyte imbalance and dehydration can occur and may cause cardiac complications. • Rare instances, binge eating can cause the stomach to rupture • Heart failure due to the loss of vital minerals like potassium • Calluses in back of hand from induced vomiting (gag reflex) • Erosion of dental enamel due to stomach acid • Kidney failure, cardiac arrhythmia, seizures, permanent colon damage

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Binge-eating disorder (BED)

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Now an official diagnosis in DSM-V Engage in food binges without compensatory behaviors (^different from bulimia because!) Associated features • Many persons with B-ED are heavier or obese • Concerns about shape and weight • Often older than bulimia and anorexia pts • More psychopathology vs. non-binging obese people

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Binge Eating Disorder Criteria

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A. Recurrent episodes of Binge Eating (Binges are the same as other eating disorders) that includes a lack of control and large amount of food w/in discrete time period. B. Other symptoms (3 or More): -Eating much more rapidly than normal -Until uncomfortably full -Eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry -Eating alone due to embarresment -Feeling disgusted w/ oneself, depressed/ very guilty afterward. C. Marked distress regarding binges D. Binges occur at least 1x a week for 3 months E. BE does not occur exclusively during AN or BN and is not associated with recurrent compensatory behavior

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Causes of Bulimia and Anorexia:

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Media and cultural considerations Being thin = success, happiness....really? Cultural glorification of thinness (Western cultures) Standards of ideal body size Change constantly, as much as fashion! Media standards of the ideal

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Cultural Considerations of Bulimia and Anorexia:

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ED's more prevalent among females Compared to Caucasians, prevalence lower among African American and Asian females Equal to Hispanics More common among Native Americans Cultural factors influence rate of ED's Inc. prev. of ED's is related to changes in cultural standards of thinness. Acceptance of bigger body sizes in some cultures may contribute to lower incidence of ED's African American adolescents

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Body Image Dissatisfaction

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Males tend to rate ideal body weight as heavier Women rate current body figure as heavier than what they thought would be most attractive Discrepancy between cultural ideals and current self may lead to: depression, self-doubt, low self-esteem

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Psychological and Behavioral Considerations of Bulimia and Anorexia:

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• General psychological vulnerabilities • Learn inappropriate coping skills when faced with stress • Low sense of personal control and self-confidence • Perfectionistic attitudes • Distorted body image perception • Preoccupation with food

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Medical and drug treatments- Bulimia & Anorexia

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Bulimia- Antidepressants (Prozac) Can help reduce binging and purging behavior Are not efficacious in the long-term Anorexia- No drug has been found effective Medical intervention likely needed to restore nutrients, fluid. VERY psychologically driven

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Bulimia: Psychosocial treatments

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CBT is the treatment of choice • Normalize eating patterns: meal planning • Self-monitoring of food intake, binges, purges • Psychoeducation about the disorder and its potential consequences • Expanding food choices, adding "forbidden" foods • Cognitive restructuring -distorted thoughts of food intake, weight, shape, self • Problem solving; adaptive coping skills • Weight and shape concerns, body image dissatisfaction • Relapse prevention CBT produces better and more immediate outcomes in the short-term compared to other txs Similar long-term effects as IPT

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Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) (for ED)

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At first, discuss relationship between interpersonal events and the ED Eventually, focus shifts to (problematic) interpersonal relationships, as these can lead to negative affect that triggers binge eating. Results in long-term gains similar to CBT

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Psychological Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa

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General goals and strategies Weight restoration • First and easiest goal to achieve, but poor predictor of outcome • Medical intervention recommended when weight is <70% of expected wt Behavioral and cognitive interventions • Target food intake, body image perceptions • Dysfunctional attitudes about body shape, anxiety about weight gain, uncontrollability, self-worth Tx often involves the family Long-term prognosis for anorexia is poorer than for bulimia

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Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder

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CBT Similar to that used for bulimia Appears efficacious IPT: Interpersonal psychotherapy (focuses on interpersonal relationships and functioning) Equally as effective as CBT Self-help techniques Also appear effectious.

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An Integrative Model (ED)

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No single cause of ED's. Combo of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors influence the development of ED's. ED's share similar biological and psychological vulnerabilities as mood and anxiety disorders.

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Although the "alarm reactions" experienced in both PTSD and panic disorder are very similar and result in conditioned responses, in panic disorder the alarm is __

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false

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An individual who suffers from panic disorder might become anxious about climbing stairs, exercising, or being in hot rooms because these activities produce sensations similar to those accompanying a panic attack. In psychological terms, the exercise and hot rooms have become __

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conditioned stimuli

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anxiety is closely related to

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depression

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Anxiety is thought to be a____________ state, while fear is more______

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future-oriented; immediate

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For generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), the pharmacological treatment of choice has been the category of drugs known as _______

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benzodiazepines

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In regard to a type of thinking pattern found in some patients with OCD, which of the following would be an example of thought-action fusion?

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Believing that thinking about an abortion is the moral equivalent of having an abortion

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Individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) display a characteristic set of symptoms including all of the following EXCEPT

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decreased startle response and chronic under-arousal.

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Mrs. Pan has an anxiety disorder in which she has occasional panic attacks when shopping at the mall. This type of panic attack is referred to as _________

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cued

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People tend to have their best performance on tasks when they are _____

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a little anxious

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People with GAD tend to worry about

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mostly minor things.

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People with a psychological vulnerability to panic attacks tend to ________ normal physical sensations.

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catastrophize

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Research suggests that anxiety and depression frequently

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co-occur

STUDY

Artificial Intelligence Behavioral Risk Factor Binge Eating Disorder Black And White Thinking Central Nervous System Stimulant Nutrition And Dietetics Tolerable Upper Intake Level

Study Guide Chapters 8,9,10 – Flashcards 108 terms

Rebecca Baker

108 terms

Preview

Study Guide Chapters 8,9,10 – Flashcards

question

1. (p. 167) ________ is a reduction in calorie intake below daily needs. A. Calorie restriction B. Dieting C. Purging D. Disordered eating

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A. Calorie restriction

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2. (p. 167) Eating disorders are most likely to develop during which stage of life? A. childhood B. early twenties C. adolescence D. middle age

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C. adolescence

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3.Which of the following statements about eating disorders and puberty is FALSE? (p. 167-168) A. By sixth grade, twice as many girls as boys consider themselves fat. B. Boys are likely to be dissatisfied with their upper-body image during puberty. C. Male body fat naturally increases during puberty in response to hormones. D. Female body fat naturally increases during puberty in response to hormones.

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C. Male body fat naturally increases during puberty in response to hormones.

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4. (p. 169) Which of the following statements about ethnicity and body image is FALSE? A. White males appear to engage in more extreme weight loss strategies and binge eating than do non-White males. B. Black men report more positive body image than White men. C. White, Asian, and Hispanic women report similar concerns regarding body dissatisfaction, dieting, and pressure to be thin. D. Native Americans report slightly greater body image concerns than White men.

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A. White males appear to engage in more extreme weight loss strategies and binge eating than do non-White males.

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5. (p. 177) A person who perceives himself as insufficiently muscular in appearance, regardless of actual muscle size, is said to have A. bulimia nervosa. B. excessive exercise disorder. C. binge eating disorder. D. muscle dysmorphia.

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D. muscle dysmorphia.

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6. (p. 169) Men appear to report dieting for reasons different from those of women. Which of the following is NOT true with regard to men and dieting? A. Men are shape oriented rather than weight oriented. B. Men usually diet for a specific reason, such as sports performance. C. Men focus on the upper body rather than the lower body. D. Men hope to improve their appearance to advance in the workplace.

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D. Men hope to improve their appearance to advance in the workplace.

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7. (p. 168) Grooming products are increasingly becoming more acceptable for males, as advertisers use product names that suggest ________ to attract males. A. love B. sex C. power D. money

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C. power

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8. (p. 168) Although men diet, they do so for different reasons than females do. Males tend to focus their attention on ________, whereas women focus on weight. A. muscle B. shape C. strength D. size

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B. shape

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9. (p. 170) Individuals in sports that place a higher emphasis on leanness to enhance performance or appearance have a greater risk of developing an eating disorder. Which of the following is NOT one of these higher-risk sports? A. dancing B. soccer C. horse racing D. wrestling

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B. soccer

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10. (p. 170) In sports, women who have the least risk of eating disorders are those who compete in A. elite sports that emphasize muscle strength. B. nonelite sports that do not emphasize leanness. C. elite sports that emphasize leanness. D. nonelite sports that emphasize leanness.

answer

B. nonelite sports that do not emphasize leanness.

question

11. (p. 170) Which of the following statements about the prevalence of eating disorders is FALSE? A. Eating disorders are more prevalent where food is abundant. B. The frequency of eating disorders in a society appears directly related to rates of dieting. C. Eating disorders are mainly found in Western developed countries. D. In the last 30 years, the number of diagnosed cases of eating disorders in the United States has declined.

answer

D. In the last 30 years, the number of diagnosed cases of eating disorders in the United States has declined.

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12. (p. 170) Which organization sets the standards for diagnosing eating disorders? A. Centers for Disease Control B. American Medical Association C. American Psychiatric Association D. World Health Organization

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C. American Psychiatric Association

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13. (p. 172) All of the following are standards used for diagnosing anorexia nervosa EXCEPT A. intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight. B. refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height. C. amenorrhea. D. lack of appetite.

answer

D. lack of appetite.

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14. (p. 173) Which of the following is one of the most serious long-term side effects of severe calorie restriction in women? A. osteoporosis B. memory loss C. scoliosis D. amenorrhea

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A. osteoporosis

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15. (p. 172) Inappropriate methods of keeping weight low associated with bulimia nervosa include all of the following EXCEPT A. vomiting. B. laxatives. C. excessive exercise. D. extremely low food intake.

answer

D. extremely low food intake.

question

16. (p. 172) Julia consumes huge meals throughout the day and then hits the gym for hours of exercise each night. Which type of eating disorder does Julia most likely have? A. binge eating disorder B. purging type bulimia nervosa C. nonpurging type bulimia nervosa D. muscle dysmorphia

answer

C. nonpurging type bulimia nervosa

question

17. (p. 172) Which of the following disorders has been recognized as a psychological disturbance that is associated with obesity? A. binge eating disorder B. muscle dysmorphia C. activity disorder D. bulimia

answer

A. binge eating disorder

question

18. (p. 172, 176) Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which people with binge eating disorder differ from obese people? A. People with binge eating disorder are less likely to have depression. B. People with binge eating disorder have more fluctuations in weight. C. Treatment programs for people with binge eating disorder should place more emphasis on patterns of eating and less emphasis on dieting. D. People with binge eating disorder have recurrent episodes of binging.

answer

A. People with binge eating disorder are less likely to have depression.

question

19. (p. 171) Individuals with eating disorders share many of the same thought patterns as people with which condition? A. alcoholism B. depression C. drug addiction D. schizophrenia

answer

B. depression

question

20. (p. 171) Common thought patterns associated with eating disorders include all of the following EXCEPT A. black-and-white thinking. B. feelings of emptiness. C. indifference to others' opinions. D. a self-critical attitude.

answer

C. indifference to others' opinions.

question

21. (p. 173) What condition carries the highest death rate of all psychiatric diagnoses? A. bulimia nervosa B. depression C. bipolar disorder D. anorexia nervosa

answer

D. anorexia nervosa

question

22. (p. 173) Which is a complication resulting from anorexia nervosa that is considered irreversible? A. muscle weakness B. slow or irregular heartbeats C. bone loss D. swollen legs

answer

C. bone loss

question

23. (p. 174) Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with anorexia nervosa? A. dry, cold, discolored skin B. bloated abdomen and constipation C. decreased sex drive D. high blood pressure

answer

D. high blood pressure

question

24. (p. 173) Which eating disorder is most associated with electrolyte imbalances? A. anorexia nervosa B. bulimia nervosa C. binge eating disorder D. muscle dysmorphia

answer

B. bulimia nervosa

question

25. (p. 174) Rachel purges her food after meals. She can expect all of the following health effects EXCEPT A. electrolyte imbalances leading to irregular rhythms of the heart. B. erosion of tooth enamel from stomach acid. C. activation of starvation mode, shutting down all unnecessary activity. D. inflammation of the esophagus, which appears as heartburn.

answer

B. erosion of tooth enamel from stomach acid.

question

26. (p. 174) Kim has noticed her teeth have become extremely sensitive to both hot and cold foods. She is bothered by frequent heartburn, and antacids do not seem to help. Which eating disorder does Kim most likely have? A. anorexia nervosa B. body dysmorphic disorder C. binge eating disorder D. bulimia nervosa

answer

D. bulimia nervosa

question

27. (p. 174-175) Which of the following statements regarding the treatment of eating disorders is FALSE? A. In women, the return of regular menstruation is a part of recovery. B. All of the associated medical conditions are reversible. C. A person is considered recovered when weight is restored to within 15 percent of recommended weight. D. In men, the return to a normal testosterone level is a part of recovery.

answer

B. All of the associated medical conditions are reversible.

question

28. (p. 176) A group of health care providers—including physicians, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nutritionists, and nurses—who work together to ensure that all areas of an eating disorder patient's health are addressed is called a ________ team. A. multimodality B. multidimensional C. multitypical D. multifaceted

answer

A. multimodality

question

29. (p. 176) The most important part of treating eating disorders, aside from weight gain for severely anorexic patients, is A. nutritional education. B. social involvement. C. psychotherapy. D. cultural analysis.

answer

C. psychotherapy.

question

30. (p. 169, 177) Names for the disorder in which one perceives one's muscle size to be significantly different from reality can include all of the following EXCEPT A. muscle obsessive-compulsive disorder. B. body dysmorphic disorder. C. muscle dysmorphia. D. bigorexia.

answer

A. muscle obsessive-compulsive disorder.

question

31. (p. 177) Which of the following statements about body dysmorphic disorder is FALSE? A. It is characterized by a preoccupation with a defect in appearance. B. The preoccupation can be about a wholly imagined defect or an exaggerated concern about a slight defect. C. The preoccupation causes significant distress. D. A person who suffers from this disorder will seek out relationships or social situations in order to stop thinking about his or her appearance.

answer

D. A person who suffers from this disorder will seek out relationships or social situations in order to stop thinking about his or her appearance.

question

32. (p. 179) Scott uses exercise to gain a sense of control and accomplishment. He continues to exercise even though he has extreme tendinitis in his knees. Scott most likely has what disorder? A. activity disorder B. muscle dysmorphia C. muscle obsessive disorder D. body dysmorphic disorder

answer

A. activity disorder

question

33. (p. 179) Which of the following statements about activity disorder is FALSE? A. Activity disorder is more common among women than men. B. The signs and symptoms of activity disorder often resemble those of anorexia and bulimia. C. In activity disorder, exercise is used to gain a sense of control, to maintain self-esteem, and to soothe emotions. D. People with perfectionist tendencies may be more susceptible to activity disorder.

answer

A. Activity disorder is more common among women than men.

question

34. (p. 178) The female athlete triad is composed of three conditions, in the following order: A. disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis. B. osteoporosis, disordered eating, amenorrhea. C. energy imbalance, osteoporosis, amenorrhea. D. overexertion, osteoporosis, disordered eating.

answer

A. disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis.

question

35. (p. 178) Which of the following is NOT a first sign of the female athlete triad? A. exercise-related stress fracture B. decrease in performance C. avoiding social situations D. muscle injury

answer

C. avoiding social situations

question

36. (p. 184) Which of the following statements regarding alcohol use in the United States is true? A. About 40 percent of adults who drink are considered heavy drinkers. B. About 90 percent of adults drink alcohol. C. About 35 percent of adults call themselves abstainers. D. About 50 percent of college students drink alcoholic beverages.

answer

C. About 35 percent of adults call themselves abstainers.

question

37. (p. 184) One drink is defined by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism as ________ ounce(s) of alcohol. A. 1.0 B. 0.5 C. 1.5 D. 2.0

answer

B. 0.5

question

38. (p. 185-186) Binge drinking on college campuses is most strongly influenced by A. the social environment. B. economic conditions. C. education levels. D. heredity.

answer

A. the social environment.

question

39. (p. 184-185) Which of the following statements is true about ethnic differences in alcohol use? A. Whites are more likely to abstain from alcohol use than African Americans. B. Hispanic men and Hispanic women have similar alcohol consumption rates. C. Alcohol consumption is higher among Asian Americans than among White Americans. D. Socioeconomic and environmental factors influence ethnic differences in alcohol use.

answer

D. Socioeconomic and environmental factors influence ethnic differences in alcohol use.

question

40. (p. 185) Alcoholism is recognized as the number one health problem for which population? A. Asian Americans B. African Americans C. Native Americans D. Hispanic Americans

answer

C. Native Americans

question

41. (p. 185) Which population group tends to drink very little or abstain from alcohol because of a biological reaction to alcohol? A. Asian Americans B. African Americans C. Native Americans D. Hispanic Americans

answer

A. Asian Americans

question

42. (p. 188) Your friend was arrested for drunken driving; police said they had smelled alcohol on his breath. How is this possible? A. Our breath retains strong non-alcoholic odors from drinks, especially beer. B. Traces of alcoholic drinks remain in the tissues lining the mouth. C. About 25 percent of alcohol is metabolized in the mouth. D. The body excretes some alcohol directly into exhaled air.

answer

D. The body excretes some alcohol directly into exhaled air.

question

43. (p. 187-188) All of the following factors speed the absorption of alcohol, EXCEPT A. alcohol concentration in the drink. B. carbonation. C. anger. D. nicotine.

answer

D. nicotine.

question

44. (p. 188) Which of the following statements about the metabolizing of alcohol is true? A. Most alcohol is metabolized in the stomach. B. Everyone has the same level of alcohol dehydrogenase in their bodies. C. About 30 percent of alcohol is excreted in the breath, urine, and skin pores. D. Alcohol that is not immediately metabolized circulates throughout the body.

answer

D. Alcohol that is not immediately metabolized circulates throughout the body.

question

45. (p. 187-188) All of the following slow down the absorption of alcohol into the bloodstream, EXCEPT A. food. B. water. C. stress. D. smoking.

answer

C. stress.

question

46. (p. 187) Alcohol is removed from the liver at a rate of about ________ per hour. A. one-quarter ounce B. one-half ounce C. three-quarters of an ounce D. one ounce

answer

B. one-half ounce

question

47. (p. 191) You drank far too much last night, and as a result this morning you feel like you have a bad case of the flu. The best way to cope with your hangover is to A. eat a large meal. B. drink small quantities of alcohol. C. take a painkiller and rest until you feel better. D. engage in an activity that increases your heart rate.

answer

C. take a painkiller and rest until you feel better.

question

48. (p. 190) Death can result from alcohol intoxication beginning at a blood alcohol concentration of about ________. A. 0.50 B. 0.45 C. 0.35 D. 0.20

answer

C. 0.35

question

49. (p. 190) Travis passed out on the floor after a drinking contest, and now you can't wake him. The best thing you can do for him is A. call 911. B. carry him to a bed. C. roll him onto his side. D. cover him with a warm blanket.

answer

A. call 911.

question

50. (p. 191-192) Alcohol abuse can lead directly to all of the following, EXCEPT A. stroke. B. lung cancer. C. heart disease. D. brain damage.

answer

B. lung cancer.

question

51. (p. 191) Which of the following is true of alcohol-induced cirrhosis? A. Its effects can be reversed by about 30 days' abstinence from drinking. B. It can occur without symptoms in some people. C. It begins at the moment a person takes his or her first drink. D. It usually takes about 10 years of steady, heavy drinking for cirrhosis to develop.

answer

D. It usually takes about 10 years of steady, heavy drinking for cirrhosis to develop.

question

52. (p. 192) The human brain completes its development during which stage of life? A. infancy B. childhood C. adolescence D. early twenties

answer

D. early twenties

question

53. (p. 193) Alcohol use is a factor in about ________ of suicides in the United States. A. one-eighth B. one-third C. two-thirds D. three-quarters

answer

B. one-third

question

54. (p. 193) Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the health benefits of moderate alcohol consumption? A. One to two drinks a day can elevate HDL. B. The type of alcoholic beverage is more important than the pattern of drinking. C. Although women may reduce their risk of coronary heart disease, they may increase their risk of breast cancer. D. It poses less heart disease risk than abstaining.

answer

B. The type of alcoholic beverage is more important than the pattern of drinking.

question

55. (p. 196) One practice that has substantially increased compliance with drunk driving laws is A. tax increases. B. server liability laws. C. sobriety checkpoints. D. raising the legal drinking age.

answer

C. sobriety checkpoints.

question

56. (p. 198) Which of the following is the best way to break a pattern of excessive alcohol use? A. Keep a drinking diary. B. Set goals for change. C. Ask a friend to hide your alcohol. D. Reduce the amount of alcohol in your drinks.

answer

B. Set goals for change.

question

57. (p. 198) The smoking rate for adults in the United States has leveled off at approximately ________ percent. A. 8 B. 13 C. 19 D. 41

answer

C. 19

question

58. (p. 198) Which of the following segments of the U.S. population has the highest rate of smoking? A. African Americans B. Alaska Natives C. Asian Americans D. Hispanics

answer

B. Alaska Natives

question

59. (p. 198-199) Which of the following statements about tobacco is true? A. College students are less likely to smoke than the general population. B. Tobacco smoke contains dozens of cancer-causing substances. C. The higher one's educational achievements, the more likely one is to smoke. D. Cigarettes account for about 50 percent of the tobacco sold in the United States.

answer

B. Tobacco smoke contains dozens of cancer-causing substances.

question

60. (p. 199) Of the carcinogenic substances in tobacco smoke, which is most damaging to the lungs? A. nicotine B. tar C. nitrous oxide D. carbon monoxide

answer

B. tar

question

61. (p. 199) Which of the following substances in tobacco smoke is most closely associated with oxygen deprivation to the heart? A. hydrogen cyanide B. carbon monoxide C. nicotine D. tar

answer

C. nicotine

question

62. (p. 199) Which of the following statements is true about nicotine? A. Several minutes are required for smokers to feel its effects. B. In the brain, it stimulates the release of adrenaline and endorphins. C. It is actually one of the less addictive substances in tobacco. D. The body does not build up a tolerance for nicotine.

answer

B. In the brain, it stimulates the release of adrenaline and endorphins.

question

63. (p. 200) Which of the following is true of cigar smoking? A. Most cigar smokers inhale the smoke. B. Cigars present a rather low cancer risk. C. Cigars contain more nicotine than cigarettes. D. Cigar smoke is less harmful than cigarette smoke.

answer

C. Cigars contain more nicotine than cigarettes.

question

64. (p. 203) What is the typical number of pounds gained when a person stops smoking? A. fewer than 5 pounds B. 7 to 10 pounds C. 15 to 20 pounds D. 20 to 25 pounds

answer

B. 7 to 10 pounds

question

65. (p. 199, 202) Key reinforcers of nicotine addiction to cigarettes include all of the following EXCEPT A. nicotine's ability to alleviate withdrawal symptoms. B. a reduction in feelings of anxiety and depression. C. increased dopamine levels in the brain. D. relief from cold and flu symptoms.

answer

D. relief from cold and flu symptoms.

question

66. (p. 202) Withdrawal symptoms that occur when you try to quit smoking can typically include all of the following EXCEPT A. depressed mood. B. difficulty concentrating. C. anxiety. D. lack of appetite.

answer

D. lack of appetite.

question

67. (p. 204) Which of the following statements about the short-term effects of smoking on the body is true? A. Nicotine stimulates the production of urine. B. The effects of nicotine peak in about two minutes. C. Nicotine reaches the brain in about 60 seconds. D. Nicotine causes constriction of blood vessels.

answer

D. Nicotine causes constriction of blood vessels.

question

68. (p. 204) Smoking is estimated to play a role in ________ percent of all cancer deaths. A. 30 B. 40 C. 50 D. 60

answer

A. 30

question

69. (p. 204) Approximately ________ percent of lung cancer deaths are caused by smoking. A. 32 B. 49 C. 66 D. 87

answer

D. 87

question

70. (p. 205) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes all of the following conditions EXCEPT A. laryngitis. B. emphysema. C. asthma. D. chronic bronchitis.

answer

A. laryngitis.

question

71. (p. 206) Which of the following statements is true about smoking cessation? A. Mucous production is among the last things to change following smoking cessation. B. Quitting after age 70 has little effect on health or longevity. C. Blood circulation decreases in most people after they quit smoking. D. The risk of smoking-related heart attack can fall by half within a year.

answer

D. The risk of smoking-related heart attack can fall by half within a year.

question

72. (p. 207) Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products commonly come in all the following forms EXCEPT A. gum. B. patches. C. inhalers. D. injections.

answer

D. injections.

question

73. (p. 207) The average number of attempts required for successful smoking cessation is A. two. B. seven. C. eleven. D. sixteen.

answer

B. seven.

question

74. (p. 210) The tobacco industry's 1998 Master Settlement Agreement with the states resulted in A. a ban on all tobacco advertising. B. reductions in tar and nicotine in all tobacco products. C. advertising restrictions and payments to the states for tobacco education. D. prison sentences for tobacco executives and damage payments to the states.

answer

C. advertising restrictions and payments to the states for tobacco education.

question

75. (p. 215) What is the most commonly used illicit drug among persons aged 12 and older? A. cocaine B. alcohol C. heroin D. marijuana

answer

D. marijuana

question

76. (p. 215) The highest rates of illicit drug use occur among adults aged ________. A. 16 to 17 B. 18 to 20 C. 21 to 25 D. 26 to 29

answer

B. 18 to 20

question

77. (p. 215) Which of the following is NOT a reason people take drugs? A. to improve nutrition B. to relieve pain C. to fit in D. to cope with stress

answer

A. to improve nutrition

question

78. (p. 216) Which region of the U.S. tends to see the highest rates of illicit drug use, based on results from a 2012 survey? A. Northeast B. South C. Midwest D. West

answer

D. West

question

79. (p. 215) Which of the following statements is true regarding nonmedical drug use in the United States by individuals aged 12 or older? A. More than 47 percent have used an illicit drug in their lifetime. B. About 70 percent have tried illicit drugs other than marijuana. C. About 3 percent are current users of illicit drugs. D. Less than 5 million people have used prescription-type drugs illicitly.

answer

A. More than 47 percent have used an illicit drug in their lifetime.

question

80. (p. 217) Which of the following identifies a drug or drugs? A. aspirin B. nicotine, aspirin, and caffeine C. nicotine D. caffeine

answer

B. nicotine, aspirin, and caffeine

question

81. (p. 217) Which of the following is a term used to refer to a substance that causes changes in brain chemistry and alters consciousness, perception, mood, and thought? A. substance B. psychoactive drug C. drug of abuse D. pharmaceutical drug

answer

B. psychoactive drug

question

82. (p. 219) Compared to other routes of administration, ________ is the most complicated way for a drug to enter the bloodstream. A. transdermal absorption B. intravenous injection C. oral consumption D. inhalation

answer

C. oral consumption

question

83. (p. 220-221) Which of the following statements about the effects of drugs on the brain is FALSE? A. Eventually, a drug addict is not able to experience pleasure from anything—not even the drug being abused. B. Addictive drugs activate the pleasure and reward circuit. C. The parts of the brain involved in rational thought are not affected. D. Drugs that bind to endorphin receptors reduce pain.

answer

C. The parts of the brain involved in rational thought are not affected.

question

84. (p. 218) Paco has come to depend on heroin to be able to function normally. A few weeks ago, he attempted to cut himself off, but he experienced severe diarrhea. Paco's case illustrates which of the following concepts? A. drug overdose B. withdrawal symptom C. drug tolerance D. psychological dependence

answer

B. withdrawal symptom

question

85. (p. 219) Most drugs are taken A. by injection. B. orally. C. through the nose. D. by applying a patch to the skin.

answer

B. orally

question

86. (p. 219) Which of the following routes of drug administration would be the fastest way for a drug to reach the brain? A. intravenous injection B. oral C. through the nose D. by applying a patch to the skin

answer

A. intravenous

question

87. (p. 218) One indicator of physiological dependence is the development of A. acne. B. stomach pain. C. tolerance. D. sleep apnea.

answer

C. tolerance

question

88. (p. 2226) Probably the most popular psychoactive drug is A. nicotine. B. caffeine. C. marijuana. D. alcohol.

answer

B. caffeine

question

89. (p. 222) Which of the following is a central nervous system stimulant? A. LSD B. OxyContin C. caffeine D. barbiturates

answer

C. caffeine

question

90. (p. 227) Which of the following is a central nervous system depressant? A. Xanax B. heroin C. amphetamines D. Ritalin

answer

A. Xanax

question

91. (p. 221) Which drugs have effects similar to the response evoked during the fight-or-flight reaction? A. stimulants B. depressants C. opiates D. inhalants

answer

A. stimulants

question

92. (p. 221) Amphetamines fall under which category of drugs? A. stimulants B. depressants C. opiates D. hallucinogens

answer

A. stimulants

question

93. (p. 221) Which of the following statements is true about cocaine? A. Cocaine hydrochloride powder produces a higher rate of dependence than crack cocaine. B. Cocaine is a powerful central nervous system opiate. C. Cocaine may cause users to become overweight. D. Injecting or smoking cocaine produces a quicker, stronger high than snorting it.

answer

D. injecting or smoking cocaine produces a quicker strong high than snorting it.

question

94. (p. 226) Which drug provides individuals with a heightened sense of empathy and closeness to those around them? A. morphine B. methamphetamine C. MDMA (Ecstasy) D. LSD

answer

C. MDMA (Ecstasy)

question

95. (p. 227) Common date rape drugs include which of the following? A. MDMA B. Valium C. Rohypnol D. opium

answer

C. Rohypnol

question

96. (p. 225, 227) Which of the following associations is NOT correct? A. amphetamines—narcolepsy B. methamphetamine—ADHD C. opioids—pain D. benzodiazepines—anxiety

answer

B. methamphetamine—ADHD

question

97. (p. 230) Which type of drug can be obtained from common household products and causes widespread and long-lasting brain damage in chronic users? A. depressants B. inhalants C. barbiturates D. amphetamines

answer

B. inhalants

question

98. (p. 228) Which of the following drugs was used during the Civil War and became known as "the soldier's disease"? A. heroin B. cocaine C. morphine D. marijuana

answer

C. morphine

question

99. (p. 227) Which of the following statements is true regarding opioids? A. Opium originated in Europe. B. Opium has a long history of medical use for the treatment of diarrhea and dehydration. C. The opioid heroin is a less potent drug developed from morphine. D. Opioids are nonaddictive.

answer

B. Opium has a long history of medical use for the treatment of diarrhea and dehydration.

question

100. (p. 227) Pain reduction is most associated with which type of drug? A. benzodiazepines B. amphetamines C. opioids D. hallucinogens

answer

C. opioids

question

101. (p. 225-229) Which type of drug has never played a role in health care? A. opiates B. inhalants C. stimulants D. depressants

answer

B. inhalants

question

102. (p. 229-230) Phencyclidine, commonly known as PCP, is which type of drug? A. stimulant B. inhalant C. hallucinogen D. opiate

answer

C. inhalant

question

103. (p. 228-229) Which of the following is a hallucinogen? A. OxyContin B. LSD C. Viagra D. Valium

answer

B. LSD

question

104. (p. 224) Which of the following is a possible long-term effect of marijuana? A. heart failure B. hepatitis C. chronic bronchitis D. flashbacks

answer

C. Chronic bronchitis

question

105. (p. 231) Most of the $193 billion annually drained from the U.S. economy by drug use is spent on A. research. B. health care and justice system costs. C. border control. D. treatment programs.

answer

B. health care and justice system costs.

question

106. (p. 232) Which of the following is a demand reduction strategy in the war on drugs? A. preventing distribution B. spraying heroin fields C. interdiction D. treatment programs

answer

D. treatment programs

question

107. (p. 234) Which of the following is NOT considered a harm reduction strategy? A. needle exchange program B. incarceration C. controlled availability D. medicalization

answer

B. incarceration

question

108. (p. 234) The most effective approaches to drug abuse prevention on college campuses include all of the following strategies EXCEPT A. engaging parents. B. engaging the media. C. providing alternative activities. D. intervening with at-risk-students.

answer

B. engaging the media.

STUDY

Black And White Thinking Counseling Psychology Necessary But Not Sufficient Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Rational Emotive Therapy

Theories (Lecture 8 – Ch 10) Cognitive-Behavior Therapy – Flashcards 31 terms

Sarah Adrian

31 terms

Preview

Theories (Lecture 8 – Ch 10) Cognitive-Behavior Therapy – Flashcards

question

Albert Ellis

answer

-developed rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) -grandfather of cognitive behavior therapy

question

view of human nature

answer

-both optimistic and pessimistic; fairly undeterministic -Ellis sees people as having the capacity for and tendency toward both rational and irrational thinking -Beck sees people as ultimately capable of realistic thinking and positive, healthy functioning, but as encumbered by distorted thinking that originates outside the self (but is internalized)

question

rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) - Albert Ellis

answer

-Stresses thinking, judging, deciding, analyzing, and doing -Assumes that cognitions, emotions, and behaviors interact and have a reciprocal cause-and-effect relationship -Is highly didactic, very directive, and concerned as much with thinking as with feeling -Teaches that our emotions stem mainly from our beliefs, evaluations, interpretations, and reactions to life situations

question

REBT: An Educational Process - Clients Learn... (Ellis)

answer

-To identify the interplay of their thoughts, feelings and behaviors -To identify and dispute irrational beliefs that are maintained by self-indoctrination -To replace ineffective ways of thinking with effective and rational cognitions -To stop absolutistic thinking, blaming, and repeating false beliefs

question

The ABC Framework (Central to REBT Theory) (Ellis)

answer

A - activating event B - belief C - consequence D - disputing intervention E - effective philosophy F - new feeling

question

3 basic musts (irrational beliefs) we internalize the inevitably lead to self-defeat (Ellis)

answer

1) I absolutely MUST perform well (or outstandingly well) and win the approval (or complete love) of significant others at all times in all ways. If I fail at anything, that is awful and I am a bad, incompetent, unworthy person, who will probably always fail. 2) Other people absolutely MUST treat me kindly and fairly at all times. Otherwise, that is awful and they are rotten, unworthy people who will always treat me badly and do not deserve a good life and should be punished. 3) The conditions in which I live absolutely MUST be safe, hassle-free, comfortable, and enjoyable, and if they are not that is awful and horrible and I cannot tolerate it.

question

REBT Techniques (Ellis)

answer

-Disputing irrational beliefs -Cognitive restructuring -Changing one's language -Modeling, explaining, and encouraging radical acceptance -Rational emotive imagery (REI) -Using humor -Shame-attacking exercises -Standard behavior therapy procedures (see book/notes for definitions of these if needed)

question

Aaron Beck

answer

founder of cognitive therapy (CT)

question

Cognitive Therapy (CT) - Aaron Beck

answer

-Insight-focused therapy with an emphasis on changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs Theoretical Assumptions: -People's internal communication is accessible to introspection -Clients' beliefs have highly personal meanings -These meanings can be discovered by the client rather than being taught or interpreted by the therapist -Hundreds of outcome trials have established efficacy for a wide range of problems -Cognitive techniques focus on identifying and examining a client's beliefs and the origins of these beliefs, and modifying them if the client cannot support these beliefs

question

Theory and Goals of CT (Beck)

answer

Basic theory: To understand the nature of an emotional episode or disturbance it is essential to focus on the cognitive content of an individual's reaction to the upsetting event or stream of thoughts Goals: To change the way clients think by using their automatic thoughts to reach the core schemata and begin to introduce the idea of schema restructuring

question

CT Targets (Beck)

answer

Automatic Thoughts - responses to the environment that stem from unrealistic schemas Cognitive schemas - templates for making sense of the world Core beliefs - underlying beliefs that form the basis for schema

question

CT Techniques (Beck)

answer

-Assessment & thought monitoring -Gathering evidence -What if's -Playing lawyer -Taking perspective -Socratic dialogue -Homework

question

negative cognitive triad (Beck)

answer

pattern that triggers or results from depression: negative views of the self, the world, and the future

question

generic cognitive model (Beck)

answer

describes principles that pertain to all CT applications from depression and anxiety treatments to therapies for a wide variety of other problems including psychosis and substance abuse

question

generic cognitive model principles (Beck)

answer

1) psychological distress can be thought of as an exaggeration of normal adaptive human functioning 2) faulty information processing is a prime cause of exaggerations in adaptive emotional and behavioral reactions 3) our beliefs play a major role in determining what type of psychological distress we will experience 4) central to cognitive therapy is the empirically supported observation that "changes in beliefs lead to changes in behaviors and emotions" 5) if beliefs are not modified, clinical conditions are likely to reoccur

question

Cognitive Distortions (Beck)

answer

-All-or-nothing thinking / dichotomous thinking (splitting, black-and-white thinking, polarization) -Overgeneralization -Mental filtering (AKA framing) -Jumping to conclusions / selective abstraction -Mind reading -Fortune telling -Magnification and minimization -Catastrophizing / arbitrary inferences -Emotional reasoning -Personalization -Labeling & Mislabeling (see book/notes for definitions of these if needed)

question

Cognitive (Behavioral) Therapy

answer

Behavioral techniques used by cognitive therapists -include activity scheduling, behavioral experiments, skills training, role playing, behavioral rehearsal, and exposure therapy -Behaviors usually follow cognitions reasonably. When they don't, the mismatch is examined. When they do, but the cognition is distorted, the cognition is examined and an appropriate new behavior is determined -Occasionally, behaviors are targeted first, usually to develop evidence against distorted or illogical thinking

question

REBT & CT similarities

answer

-Faulty, negative, distorted thinking leads to ineffective behavior and distressing emotions -There is some utility, but not ultimate utility, in understanding the origins of faulty thinking -The therapist acts as an educator

question

REBT & CT differences

answer

REBT: -"irrational beliefs" -A->B->C model Activating event Belief Consequence (emotional or behavioral) -Therapist acts as a coach, as well r/ship may not be emphasized (but is still necessary) CT: -"cognitive distortions" -Automatic thoughts Cognitive Schema Core Beliefs -Therapist acts as a collaborator, as well r/ship is emphasized

question

collaborative empiricism

answer

cognitive therapist collaborates with clients in testing validity of their cognitions

question

thought records

answer

help clients identify negative automatic thoughts and test them - generate alternative explanations OR create an action plan to solve problems rather than ruminating

question

Christine Padesky & Kathleen Mooney

answer

Strength's-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (SB-CBT)

question

Donald Meichenbaum

answer

-one of the founders of CBT & CBM

question

Cognitive Behavior Modification (CBM) - (Meichenbaum)

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Focus: Client's self-verbalizations or self-statements Premise: As a prerequisite to behavior change, clients must notice how they think, feel, and behave, and what impact they have on others Basic assumption: Distressing emotions are typically the result of maladaptive thoughts

question

How Behavior Changes in CBM (Meichenbaum)

answer

1) Self-observation (building awareness) 2) Starting a new internal dialogue 3) Learning new skills

question

Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) - (Meichenbaum)

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-a three-phase coping skills program, also CBT-based, used for stress management 1) The conceptual-educational phase 2) Skills acquisition and skills consolidation phase 3) Application and follow-through phase 4) Relapse prevention

question

relapse prevention

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consists of procedures for dealing with the inevitable setbacks clients are likely to experience as they apply what they are learning to daily life

question

Strengths from a Diversity Perspective

answer

-CBT uses the individual's belief system, or worldview, as part of the method of self-exploration -Clients from diverse backgrounds tend to appreciate the emphasis on cognition and action, as well as the stress on relationship issues -CBT and multicultural therapy share common assumptions that make integration possible

question

Limitations from a Diversity Perspective

answer

-A potential limitation of REBT is its negative view of dependency, yet many cultures view interdependence as necessary to good mental health -The "rapid-fire active approach," used by some practitioners of REBT may alienate those who value being reflective -Therapists who rely on jargon (using terms such as "irrational" or "maladaptive") may come across as disrespectful and insensitive to clients who have felt marginalized in society -The emphasis of CBT on assertiveness, independence, verbal ability, rationality, cognition, and behavioral change may limit its use in certain cultures that hold different values -An inexperienced therapist may overemphasize cognitive restructuring to the neglect of environmental interventions

question

Contributions of CBT

answer

-Both Ellis's REBT and Beck's CT represent the most systematic applications of CBT -Both follow a defined plan of action; they are relatively brief and structured treatments that are in keeping with the spirit of cost effectiveness and evidence-based practice -Meichenbaum's work in self-instruction and stress inoculation training has been applied successfully to a variety of client populations and specific problems -A major contribution made by Ellis, the Becks, and Meichenbaum is the demystification of the therapy process

question

Limitations of CBT

answer

-Extensive training is required to practice CBT -Therapist may misuse power by imposing their ideas of what constitutes "rational" thinking on a client -The strong confrontational style of Ellis's REBT may overwhelm some clients -Some clinicians think CBT interventions overlook the value of exploring a client's past experiences

STUDY

Alcohol And Drug Use Black And White Thinking Lower The Risk Problems And Solutions Psychology Teenagers And Young Adults Theorists Therapy

Psych- Suicide – Flashcards 66 terms

Kelly Fisher

66 terms

Preview

Psych- Suicide – Flashcards

question

Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the world It has been estimated that

answer

1 million people who die by it each year, with more than 36,000 suicides per year in the U.S. alone

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How many people make unsuccessful attempts at suicide

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Many more (600,000 in the U.S.)

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What are unsuccessful attempts at suicide called

answer

parasuicides

question

It is difficult to obtain accurate figures on suicide rates, and many investigators believe that estimates are often _____ Why is it difficult to obtain suicide rates?

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low Many "accidents" may be intentional deaths Since suicide is frowned upon in our society, relatives and friends often refuse to acknowledge that loved ones have taken their own lives

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Suicide is not officially classified as a mental disorder in the DSM-5 although framers have proposed that a category called

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suicidal behavior disorder be studied for future inclusion People would qualify for a diagnosis if they have tried to kill themselves within the last two years

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Shneidman defines suicide as

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an intentioned death - a self-inflicted death in which one makes an intentional, direct, and conscious effort to end one's life

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He characterizes four kinds of suicide seekers... Shneidman's characterizations:

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Death seekers - clearly intend to end their lives Death initiators - intend to end their lives because they believe that the process of death is already underway Death ignorers - do not believe that their self-inflicted death will mean the end of their existence Death darers - have ambivalent feelings about death and show this in the act itself

question

When individuals play indirect, hidden, partial, or unconscious roles in their own deaths, Shneidman classifies them in a category called

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"subintentional death"

question

In recent years, another behavioral pattern, self-injury or self-mutilation, has been added to this list The DSM-5 framers proposed that a category called

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non-suicidal self injury be studied for possible inclusion People would quality for this diagnosis if they intentionally injure themselves on five or more occasions over a one-year period - without the conscious intent of killing themselves

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Why is suicide difficult to study? Suicide researchers face a major obstacle:

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their subjects are no longer alive

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Researchers use two different strategies to try to overcome this obstacle (studying suicide when their subjects are no longer alive) with partial success:

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Retrospective analysis - a kind of psychological autopsy Studying people who survive their suicide attempts

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Researchers have gathered statistics regarding the social contexts in which suicides take place Suicide rates vary from country to country, with

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religious devoutness (not simply affiliation) helping to explain some of the difference

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Suicide patterns and statistics- The suicide rates of men and women also differ:

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Women have a higher attempt rate (3x men) Men have a higher completion rate (4x women) Why? Different methods have differing lethality Men tend to use more violent methods (shooting, stabbing, or hanging) than women (drug overdose)

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Guns are used in nearly

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two-thirds of male suicides in the U.S., compared to 40% of female suicides

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Suicide is also related to social environment and marital status

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One study found that half of the subjects who had committed suicide were found to have no close friends Divorced people have a higher suicide rate than married or cohabiting individuals

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In the U.S., suicide also seems to vary according to race

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The suicide rate of white Americans is almost twice as high as that of African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans A major exception to this pattern is the very high suicide rate of American Indians, which overall is 1.5 times the national average

question

rate of suicide for American Indians

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is 1.5 times the national average

question

Suicidal acts may be connected to recent events or current conditions in a person's life Although such factors may not be the basic motivation for the suicide, they can

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precipitate it

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Common triggers for suicide include

answer

stressful events, mood and thought changes, alcohol and other drug use, mental disorders, and modeling

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Stressful Events/Situations Researchers have counted more stressful events in the lives of suicide attempters than in the lives nonattempters One stressor that has been consistently linked to suicide is

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combat stress

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Both immediate and long-term stresses can be risk factors for suicide Immediate stresses can include

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the loss of a loved one, the loss of a job, or natural disaster

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Long-term stressors can include:

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Social isolation - individuals without social support are particularly vulnerable Serious illness - especially those which cause great pain or severe disability Abusive environments - from which there is little or no hope of escape Occupational stress - Psychiatrists and psychologists, physicians, nurses, dentists, lawyers, police officers, farmers, and unskilled laborers have particularly high suicide rates

question

Mood & Thought Changes Many suicide attempts are preceded by changes in mood These changes may not be enough to warrant a diagnosis of a mental disorder The most common change is a

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rise in sadness Increases in feelings of anxiety, tension, frustration, anger, or shame are also common

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Shneidman calls this "psychache," a feeling of

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psychological pain that seems intolerable to the person

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Suicide attempts may also be preceded by shifts in patterns of thinking Individuals may become

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preoccupied, lose perspective, and see suicide as the only effective solution to their difficulties They often develop a sense of hopelessness - a pessimistic belief that their present circumstances, problems, or mood will not change. It will not get back better.

question

Some clinicians believe that a feeling of ___________ is the single most likely indicator of suicidal intent

answer

hopelessness

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People who attempt suicide fall victim to dichotomous thinking:

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viewing problems and solutions in rigid either/or terms The "four-letter word" in suicide is "only," as in "suicide was the only thing I could do"

question

Alcohol and Drug Use: Studies indicate that as many as _____% of the people who attempt suicide drink alcohol just before the act

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70%

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Autopsies reveal that about ________ of these people are legally intoxicated when they commit suicide

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one-fourth

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Research shows the use of other kinds of drugs may have similar ties to suicide, particularly in what age group

answer

teens and young adults

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Mental Disorders: Attempting suicide does not necessarily indicate the presence of a psychological disorder Nevertheless, the majority of all suicide attempters do display such a disorder Those with what disorders are at greatest risk?

answer

severe depression, chronic alcoholism, and/or schizophrenia

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Modeling: Contagion of Suicide It is not unusual for people, particularly teenagers, to try to commit suicide after

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observing or reading about someone who has done so One suicidal act appears to serve as a model for another Suicides by family members and friends, celebrities, other highly publicized suicides, and ones by co-workers are particularly common triggers

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Suicides with bizarre or unusual aspects often receive intense coverage by the news media, possibly

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lead to similar suicides Even media programs clearly intended to educate and help viewers may have the paradoxical effect of spurring imitators

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Some clinicians argue that more responsible reporting and postvention programs about suicide could

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reduce this effect

question

Underlying Causes of Suicide: Most people faced with difficult situations never try to kill themselves In an effort to explain suicide-proneness, theorists have proposed more fundamental explanations for self-destructive actions Leading theories come from what perspectives

answer

psychodynamic, sociocultural, and biological perspectives These hypotheses have received limited research support and fail to address the full range of suicidal acts

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Psychodynamic View on suicide

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Theorists believe that suicide results from depression and from anger at others that is redirected toward oneself Additionally, Freud proposed that humans have a basic death instinct ("Thanatos") that operates in opposition to the life instinct While most people learn to direct their death instinct toward others, suicidal people direct it toward themselves

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Freud: basic death instinct is called

answer

Thanatos

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Durkheim argued that the probability of suicide is determined by how attached a person is to such social groups as the family, religious institutions, and community The more thoroughly a person belongs, the lower the risk of suicide Based on this premise, he developed several categories of suicide, including

answer

egoistic, altruistic, and anomic suicide...

question

Egoistic suicides are

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committed by people over whom society has little or no control: people not concerned with social norms or what others think of them, isolated, alienated, nonreligious

question

Altruistic suicides are

answer

committed by people who are so well integrated into their society that they intentionally sacrifice their lives for its well-being of others, cultures that encourage people to sacrifice themselves for others and to preserve their own honor have higher suicide rates (e.g. Far Eastern cultures : may also help explain higher rates in Japan)

question

Anomic suicides are

answer

those committed by people whose social environment fails to provide stable structures that support and give meaning to life: people who feel let down by society. E.g. when economic times are hard. A major change in an individual's immediate surroundings can also lead to this type of suicide.

question

Despite the influence of Durkheim's theory, it cannot by itself explain

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why some people who experience particular societal pressures commit suicide while the majority do not

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Biological Explanations of suicide: Family pedigree and twin studies

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support the position that biological factors contribute to suicidal behavior For example, there are higher rates of suicide among the parents and close relatives of those who commit suicide than among nonsuicidal people As always with this type of research, however, nonbiological factors must also be considered

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Biological Explanations of suicide: In the past three decades, laboratory research has offered

answer

more direct support for a biological model of suicide

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Biological Explanations of suicide: Serotonin Levels

answer

Serotonin levels have been found to be low in people who commit suicide There is a known link between low serotonin and depression There is evidence, though, of low serotonin activity among suicidal subjects with no history of depression One possibility is that low serotonin activity may contribute to aggressive and impulsive behaviors

question

The likelihood of committing suicide increases with age, although people of all ages may try to kill themselves Although the general findings about suicide hold true across age groups, three age groups have been the focus of much study because of the unique issues that face them. What are the 3 age groups?

answer

children, adolescents, and the elderly

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Children: Suicide is infrequent among children Rates have been

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increasing over the past several decades More than 6% of all deaths among children between the ages of 10 and 14 are caused by suicide Boys outnumber girls by as much as 5:1

question

Suicide attempts by the very young generally are preceded by such behavioral patterns as

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running away, accident-proneness, temper tantrums, self-criticism, social withdrawal, dark fantasies, and marked personality changes

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Despite common misperceptions, many child suicides appear to be based on

answer

a clear understanding of death and on a clear wish to die

question

Suicidal actions become much more common after the age of 14 than at any earlier age About _______ teens commit suicide in the U.S. each year As many as ___%make suicide attempts and ________ may think about suicide each year

answer

1500 10% 1 in 6

question

About half of teen suicides have been tied to

answer

clinical depression, low self-esteem, and feelings of hopelessness Anger, impulsiveness, poor problem-solving skills, substance use, and stress also play a role

question

Some theorists believe that the period of adolescence itself produces

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a stressful climate in which suicidal actions are more likely

question

Far more teens attempt suicide than succeed Ratio may be as high as

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200:1 Several explanations, most pointing to societal factors, have been proposed for the high rate of attempts among teenagers

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Teen suicide rates vary by ethnicity in the U.S.

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Young white Americans are more suicide-prone than African Americans or Hispanic Americans at this age Suicide rates are growing closer The highest suicide displayed by American Indians

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In Western society the elderly are

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more likely to commit suicide than people in any other age group

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There are many contributory factors to elderly suicide:

answer

Illness Loss of close friends and relatives Loss of control over one's life Loss of social status

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Elderly persons are typically more determined than younger persons in their decision to die, so their success rate is

answer

much higher

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The suicide rate among the elderly is lower in some minority groups in the U.S., especially

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American Indians and African Americans

question

Treatment of suicidal persons falls into two categories:

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Treatment after suicide has been attempted Suicide prevention

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Treatment after Attempt:

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After a suicide attempt, most victims need medical care Psychotherapy or drug therapy may begin once a person is medically stable Unfortunately, even after trying to kill themselves, many suicidal people fail to receive systematic follow-up care, hospitalized but lack of follow up

question

Treatment after attempt: Therapy goals:

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Keep the patient alive Reduce psychological pain Help them achieve a nonsuicidal state of mind and a sense of hope Guide them to develop better ways of handling stress Various therapies have been employed Research indicates that cognitive-behavioral therapy may be particularly helpful

question

Suicide Prevention:

answer

During the past 50 years, emphasis worldwide has shifted from suicide treatment to suicide prevention There are hundreds of suicide prevention programs in the U.S. There are also hundreds of suicide hot lines (24-hour-a-day telephone services) Hot lines are predominantly staffed by paraprofessionals - people trained in counseling but without formal degrees

question

Both suicide prevention programs and suicide hot lines provide crisis intervention The general approach includes:

answer

Establishing a positive relationship Understanding and clarifying the problem Assessing suicide potential Assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources Formulating a plan Although crisis intervention may be sufficient treatment for some suicidal people, longer-term therapy is needed for most

question

Suicide Prevention: Another way to prevent suicide may be to

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limit the public's access to common means of suicide Examples: gun control, safer medications, better bridge barriers, and car emissions control

question

It is difficult to measure the effectiveness of suicide prevention programs because of

answer

anonymity

question

Prevention programs do seem to reduce the number of suicides among those high-risk people who do call Many theorists have argued for more effective public education about suicide, as education is the

answer

ultimate form of suicide prevention

STUDY

Applied Philosophy Black And White Thinking Correlation And Causation Linguistics Post Hoc Fallacy Public Speaking

Communications Exam #1 (Quiz 13) – Flashcards 45 terms

Jill Lopez

45 terms

Preview

Communications Exam #1 (Quiz 13) – Flashcards

question

Drawing a conclusion based on too few unrepresentative samples is called a hasty generalization. 1) True 2) False

answer

1) True

question

Basing a claim on popular opinion is called: 1) sufficiency 2) relevance 3) ad populum fallacy 4) ad hominem fallacy

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3) ad populum fallacy

question

"He looked like a deer with head lice" is an example of 1) antithesis 2) metaphor 3) mixed metaphor 4) synecdoche

answer

3) mixed metaphor

question

"He had a face like a doormat, trampled and dirty" is an example of 1) a metaphor. 2) alliteration. 3) a simile. 4) none of the above

answer

3) a simile.

question

Surveys using a self-selected sample 1) are unrepresentative 2) is sufficient to generalize 3) attracts partisan respondents 4) can be improved by increasing the number of respondents 5) both a and c

answer

5) both a and c

question

The words a speaker chooses to express his/her thoughts and the ways he/she uses language to bring his/her thoughts to life for an audience is the speaker's 1) outline 2) goal 3) style 4) manuscript

answer

3) style

question

Requirements for a competent introduction include which of the following? 1) Make a specific topic statement 2) Gain attention 3) Establish the significance of your topic for the audience. 4) Preview your main points before giving the purpose statement 5) both b and c

answer

5) both b and c

question

Antithesis is the repetition of the same sound, usually a consonant sound, starting several words in a sentence. 1) True 2) False

answer

2) False

question

"Imagine that you have just entered the on-ramp of a busy freeway" is the beginning of a hypothetical example to illustrate a point. 1) True 2) False

answer

1) True

question

From a historical viewpoint, feminine and masculine speaking styles compare in which of the following ways? 1) They are identical. 2) Feminine style is more personal and ornamental. 3) Masculine style is more factual, analytical, and organized. 4) both b and c

answer

4) both b and c

question

Ways to gain and maintain attention during your speech include which of the following? 1) Make a novel appeal 2) Use any kind of humor that makes you laugh 3) Startle an audience in any way that you can 4) Appeal to the vital concerns of your audience 5) both a and d

answer

5) both a and d

question

"A staggering total of 22,304 readers of Sports Today magazine filled out a survey and sent it to the magazine that included the question, "Should Pete Rose be voted into the baseball Hall of Fame?' A resounding 69% said No! Based on these results, Rose should never be inducted into the Hall of Fame." This example includes which of the following fallacies? 1) Ad populum 2) Ad hominem 3) Self-selected sample 4) Both a & c

answer

4) Both a & c

question

Suggestions for using statistics appropriately in your speech include all of the following EXCEPT 1) statistics should be accurate 2) the speaker should use an accurate statistic accurately 3) make a technical statistic meaningful by comparing it to a statistic more familiar to the audience 4) never use a statistic alone, always stack statistics for maximum impact

answer

4) never use a statistic alone, always stack statistics for maximum impact

question

Credibility of a statistic used to support a claim in a speech is enhanced by 1) citing a credible source for the statistic 2) citing a source for the statistic that is objective (no special interest in an outcome) 3) citing a source for the statistic that has a history of accuracy 4) all of the above

answer

4) all of the above

question

Oral and written style are virtually the same, so writing your speech word for word and reading it to your audience is an effective way to present a speech. 1) True 2) False

answer

2) False

question

Unpleasant, intense examples used to arouse audience interest are always inappropriate and should be avoided. 1) True 2) False

answer

2) False

question

"I am now going to take this razor sharp knife and throw it over your heads, hitting the bull's-eye on the target next to Mary" is an example of 1) an effective attention strategy for a speech introduction 2) startling an audience but using poor judgment 3) using a vital appeal to gain attention 4) gaining attention that probably detracts from, rather than enhances, the speech

answer

2) startling an audience but using poor judgment

question

The conclusion to your speech should be approximately ______ of your total speech. 1) 20% 2) 15% 3) 12% 4) 5%

answer

4) 5%

question

When the outrageous, shocking, graphic, and gruesome event galvanizes our attention and distorts our perception of the facts, this is called the vividness effect. 1) True 2) False

answer

1) True

question

Testimony cited on the Internet is usually reliable and credible evidence. 1) True 2) False

answer

2) False

question

James is asked to give a 5-minute eulogy at his friend's funeral. He gives a 25-minute eulogy, notes with admiration that his friend had the ability to consume enormous quantities of alcohol at one sitting, and comments that his deceased friend's wife is a terrific spouse because she "didn't nag like most wives about his drinking." This eulogy is probably inappropriate for which of the following reasons? 1) It is too long. 2) It likely offends many women in the audience. 3) Bragging about consumption of alcohol at a funeral is probably inappropriate for the occasion. 4) all of the above

answer

4) all of the above

question

An ad hominem fallacy is: 1) a personal attack on the messenger to avoid the message 2) a diversionary tactic 3) occurs whenever there is a personal attack 4) all of the above 5) both a and b

answer

5) both a and b

question

There are virtually no differences between oral and written style. That is, a speech is essentially an essay read aloud to an audience. 1) True 2) False

answer

2) False

question

In evaluating the quality of evidence, validity means the same as accuracy. 1) True 2) False

answer

1) True

question

A claim based on belief or opinion of the majority is: 1) ad hominem 2) ab surdem 3) ad nausium 4) ad populum

answer

question

Which of the following is/are guideline(s) for using a humorous appeal to gain the audience's attention: 1) Use humor relevant to the speech topic 2) Use humor appropriate to the context 3) Use self-deprecating humor 4) all of the above 5) both a and b

answer

4) all of the above

question

"Tomorrow we begin our quest; tomorrow we embark on a new adventure; tomorrow we grab for the golden ring" is an example of 1) antithesis 2) simile 3) parallelism 4) alliteration

answer

3) parallelism

question

Samuel Johnson wrote: "Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful." This quotation from Johnson is an example of: 1) metaphor 2) simile 3) mixed metaphor 4) antithesis

answer

4) antithesis

question

A complete citation of the source of your information 1) can add credibility to your argument if the sources is perceived as qualified by the audience. 2) includes at a minimum the name of the source and the specific publication in which the evidence is found. 3) includes at a minimum the name of the source and the specific title or expertise of the source 4) includes at a minimum the name of the source, the title or expertise of the source, and the specific publication and date in which the evidence is found 5) both a and d

answer

5) both a and d

question

In terms of speech style, sexist language should be eliminated because it 1) is too vivid 2) is imprecise 3) can turn off your audience 4) both b and c

answer

4) both b and c

question

The credibility of evidence used to support claims is determined by its 1) reliability 2) validity 3) warrants 4) all of the above 5) both a and b

answer

5) both a and b

question

The preview of a speech should 1) explain each of the main points of the speech in some detail 2) provide definitions of all significant terms that may be unclear to listeners 3) establish the significance of the purpose statement for listeners 4) state the main points of the speech clearly and concisely

answer

4) state the main points of the speech clearly and concisely

question

In The Bonfire of the Vanities, Tom Wolfe wrote: "All at once he was alone in this noisy hive with no place to roost." This quote is an example of: 1) metaphor 2) alliteration 3) parallelism 4) mixed metaphor

answer

4) mixed metaphor

question

answer

4) antithesis

question

Implied comparison of two seemingly dissimilar things is a/an 1) antithesis 2) metaphor 3) simile 4) all of the above 5) both b and c

answer

5) both b and c

question

antithesis:

answer

a contrast or opposition between two things

question

During the 2008 presidential election, when candidate John McCain stated: "Homeowners are the innocent bystanders in a drive-by shooting by Wall Street and Washington," he was using a/an: 1) metaphor 2) alliteration 3) parallelism 4) mixed metaphor

answer

1) metaphor

question

A claim based on belief or opinion of the majority is: 1) ad hominem 2) ab surdem 3) ad nausium 4) ad populum

answer

4) ad populum

question

4) ad hominem:

answer

personal attack on the speaker to avoid the message

question

Testimony cited on the Internet is usually reliable and credible evidence. 1) True 2) False

answer

2) False

question

An ad hominem fallacy is: 1) a personal attack on the messenger to avoid the message 2) a diversionary tactic 3) occurs whenever there is a personal attack 4) all of the above 5) both a and b

answer

5) both a and b

question

You are asked to accept a claim by a speaker because a huge majority of the 1,000 individuals randomly chosen in a national survey supported the speaker's claim. The speaker has committed a fallacy called: 1) self-selected sample 2) testimonials 3) correlation as causation 4) ad populum

answer

4) ad populum

question

The ad hominem fallacy and the ad populum fallacy fail the test of: 1) credibility 2) relevance 3) sufficiency 4) reliability

answer

2) relevance

question

Using rhetorical questions as an attention-getting device in the introduction to your speech 1) is never advisable 2) violates the requirement that purpose statements be declarative sentences 3) is effective if they are meaningful questions 4) can be used as a commonplace device to open a speech

answer

3) is effective if they are meaningful questions

question

Proving that there is a correlation between two events is the same thing as proving that one of the events causes the other. 1) True 2) False

answer

2) False

STUDY

Black And White Thinking English/Language Arts 2 (10Th Grade) English/Language Arts 3 (11Th Grade) Husband And Wife Things Fall Apart

Things Fall Apart Research Paper 23 terms

Viola Marenco

23 terms

Preview

Things Fall Apart Research Paper

question

What role did women play in Ibo culture? (in religion and in everyday life)

answer

Topic Question

question

Achebe, Chinua. "Things Fall Apart" New York: Anchor Books, 1994

answer

Achebe, "Things Fall Apart" Women were treated disrespectfully by men their men. For example: "Okonkwo ruled his household with a heavy hand. His wives, especially the youngest, lived in perpetual fear of his fiery temper..." pg. 13

question

My notes

answer

Woman's place in Igbo society, though vulnerable, is not unappreciated.

question

My notes

answer

Igbo woman, in at least a limited capacity, are respected and protected. There is an interest in justice and fairness.

question

Achebe, Chinua. "Things Fall Apart" New York: Anchor Books, 1994

answer

Achebe, "Things Fall Apart" "The elders, or ndichie, met to hear a report of Okonkwo's mission. At the end they decided, as everybody knew they would, that the girl should go to Ogbuefi Udo to replace his murdered wife. As for the boy, he belonged to the clan as a whole, and there was no hurry to decide his fate." This quote implies that women are essentially all the same and therefore interchangeable. pg. 12

question

Achebe, Chinua. "Things Fall Apart" New York: Anchor Books, 1994

answer

Achebe, "Things Fall Apart" "That was how Okonkwo first came to know that agbala was not only another name for a woman, it could also mean a man who had taken to title." This quote shows us that to Okonkwo, women were weak, which is why when his father was called agbala (which means woman) in the past, he was ashamed and resented his father for it. pg.13

question

Achebe, Chinua. "Things Fall Apart" New York: Anchor Books, 1994

answer

Achebe, "Things Fall Apart" Okonkwo treats his wife like a servant, demanding that she does whatever he commands her with no questions asked. Women, as demonstrated by Okonkwo's eldest wife here, are taught to be silent and obedient. In fact, women count for so little in Igbo society that they are often not even addressed by their given names, but referred to by their relationship with men. Throughout the entire novel, the narrator rarely calls Okonkwo's first wife by her name, she is almost always identified in relation to her husband or son, Nwoye. For example, "He belongs to the clan," he told her [Okonkwo's eldest wife]. "So look after him." "Is he staying long with us?" she asked. "Do what you are told, woman," Okonkwo thundered, and stammered. "When did you become one of the ndichie of Umuofia?" And so Nwoye's mother took Ikemefuna to her hut and asked no more questions. pg. 14

question

Achebe, Chinua. "Things Fall Apart" New York: Anchor Books, 1994

answer

Achebe, "Things Fall Apart" "His mother and sisters worked hard enough, but they grew women's crops, like coco-yams, beans and cassava. Yam, the king of crops, was a man's crop." Even crops in this society are gendered. pg. 22-23

question

Achebe, Chinua. "Things Fall Apart" New York: Anchor Books, 1994

answer

Achebe, "Things Fall Apart" "Without looking at the man Okonkwo had said. "This meeting is for men." The man who had contradicted him had no titles. That was why he had called him a woman. Okonkwo knew how to kill a man's spirit." Being called a woman is clearly an insult that has the ability to "kill a man's spirit." Therefore, we can infer that women aren't highly valued in Umuofia. pg. 26

question

"The Role of Women in Things Fall Apart" http://www.postcolonialweb.org/. June. 1994. African Postcolonial Literature in English http://www.postcolonialweb.org/nigeria/women.html

answer

The importance of woman's role appears when Okonkwo is exiled to his motherland. His uncle, Uchendu, noticing Okonkwo's distress, eloquently explains how Okonkwo should view his exile: "A man belongs to his fatherland when things are good and life is sweet. But when there is sorrow and bitterness he finds refuge in his motherland." A man has both joy and sorrow in his life and when the bad times come his "mother" is always there to comfort him. Thus comes the saying "Mother is Supreme".

question

Achebe, Chinua. "Things Fall Apart" New York: Anchor Books, 1994

answer

Achebe, "Things Fall Apart" "Without further argument, Okonkwo gave her a sound beating and left her and her only daughter weeping. Neither of the other wives dared to interfere beyond an occasional and tentative, "It is enough, Okonkwo," pleaded from a reasonable distance." Okonkwo is plain old irrationally angry and takes it out on his wife, beating her for something that isn't her fault. Part of what makes Okonkwo so mad is probably that his second wife, Ekwefi, stands up to him and tells him that it wasn't her fault. Okonkwo couldn't handle a woman contradicting him, nor did he respect her enough to even let her explain, so instead he just beat her "without further argument." pg. 38

question

Achebe, Chinua. "Things Fall Apart" New York: Anchor Books, 1994

answer

Achebe, "Things Fall Apart" "Okonkwo cleared his throat and moved his feet to the beat of the drums. It filled him with fire as it had always done from his youth. He trembled with the desire to conquer and subdue. It was like the desire for woman." Okonkwo compares his desire to wrestle as a desire for women. However this also gives us an idea of how he views women: as objects to "conquer" and "subdue." Clearly, Okonkwo doesn't see women as his equals. pg.42

question

Achebe, Chinua. "Things Fall Apart" New York: Anchor Books, 1994

answer

Achebe, "Things Fall Apart" "And after a pause she said: "Can I bring your chair for you?" "No, that is a boy's job." Okonkwo was specially fond of Ezinma." Okonkwo very strictly abides to the norms of male and female action ascribed by Igbo culture. He does not allow Ezinma to do something as simple as carrying a chair to the festival for him because he considers it a boy's task. pg. 44

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My notes

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Achebe, "Things Fall Apart" Chielo is an example of a powerful woman - the lone priestess of major god - who leads a dual life. In the market, she is an ordinary woman and a good friend, but when the god takes possession of her, she changes drastically and becomes a figure to be reckoned with. It is only when a woman has supernatural power behind her that she is respected by men.

question

"The Role of Women in Things Fall Apart" http://www.postcolonialweb.org/. June. 1994. African Postcolonial Literature in English http://www.postcolonialweb.org/nigeria/women.html

answer

Achebe shows that the Ibo nonetheless assign important roles to women. For instance, women painted the houses of the egwugwu (84). Furthermore, the first wife of a man in the Ibo society is paid some respect. This deference is illustrated by the palm wine ceremony at Nwakibie's obi . Anasi, Nwakibie's first wife, had not yet arrived and "the others [other wives] could not drink before her" (22).

question

Achebe, Chinua. "Things Fall Apart" New York: Anchor Books, 1994

answer

Achebe, "Things Fall Apart" "When did you become a shivering old woman," Okonkwo asked himself, "you, who are known in all the nine villages for your valor in war? How can a man who has killed five men in battle fall to pieces because he has added a boy to their number? Okonkwo, you have become a woman indeed." Okonkwo's guilt over killing his adopted son haunts him. Okonkwo thinks that feeling compassion and guilt for the boy is a sign of weakness and femininity - two characteristics that he hates. He sees valor and compassion as incompatible, one being a masculine value, and the other being feminine. pg. 65

question

Achebe, Chinua. "Things Fall Apart" New York: Anchor Books, 1994

answer

"It was always said that Ndulue and Ozoemena had one mind," said Obierika. "I remember when I was a young boy there was a song about them. He could not do anything without telling her." "I did not know that," said Okonkwo. "I thought he was a strong man in his youth." Okonkwo considers any sign of affection and dependence between husband and wife as a reflection of the husband's weakness and womanliness. He thinks that strong loving relationships must be avoided to reach his ultimate goal of complete manliness. pg. 68

question

Achebe, Chinua. "Things Fall Apart" New York: Anchor Books, 1994

answer

Achebe, "Things Fall Apart" "It was clear from the way the crowd stood or sat that the ceremony was for men. There were many women, but they looked on from the fringe like outsiders. He titled men and elders sat on their stools waiting for the trials to begin." Women are largely excluded from participating in the traditional "judicial" hearings, as can be seen by their position in the audience - on the outskirts. Only men may speak and judge at these trials, even when a woman is the one with a complaint to pose. pg. 87

question

"The Role of Women in Things Fall Apart" Postcolonialweb.org. June. 1994. African Postcolonial Literature in English <http://www.postcolonialweb.org/nigeria/women.html>

answer

"...They allowed wife beating. The novel describes two instances when Okonkwo beats his second wife, once when she did not come home to make his meal. He beat her severely and was punished but only because he beat her during the Week of Peace. He beat her again when she referred to him as one of those "guns that never shot." When a severe case of wife beating comes before the egwugwu, hefound in favor of the wife., but at the end of the trial a man wondered "why such a trifle should come before the egwugwu."

question

"The Role of Women in Things Fall Apart" Primewritings.com. Prime Writings. 2006. <http://primewritings.com/essays/Literary-Analysis/The-Role-of-Women-in-Things-Fall-Apart.php>

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His works mainly projected the subordination of the feminine figures. They were only sexual figures considered to be voiceless and invisible in the mainstream. "It was clear from the way that the crowd stood or sat that the ceremony was for men. There were many women, but they looked on from the fringe like outsiders." (page 85) Achebe presents women as beings who are supposed to look after the children and pick yams. He represents women as creatures who could be treated just like any other animal and be beaten just as cruelly. The three of Okonkwo's wives are the best examples of such subordinated women.

question

"The Role of Women in Things Fall Apart" Primewritings.com. Prime Writings. 2006. <http://primewritings.com/essays/Literary-Analysis/The-Role-of-Women-in-Things-Fall-Apart.php>

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In the Igbo society, men were everything and women on the other hand, were considered as nothing. Okonkwo marries more than one woman because of his yearning for power. It is believed that more wives give more power.

question

"The Role of Women in Things Fall Apart" Primewritings.com. Prime Writings. 2006. <http://primewritings.com/essays/Literary-Analysis/The-Role-of-Women-in-Things-Fall-Apart.php>

answer

Okonkwo's disrespectful comment to his wife, "Do what you are told woman" (page 18), gives us the idea of how the men in the society behaved to their female counterparts. Being the head of the clan, he gave no respect to his wives. Considering this aspect, it is clearly understood how inhumanly other members of the clan would have behaved to women.

question

"The Role of Women in Things Fall Apart" Primewritings.com. Prime Writings. 2006. <http://primewritings.com/essays/Literary-Analysis/The-Role-of-Women-in-Things-Fall-Apart.php>`

answer

he only female character who gets a positive image in the novel is Okonkwo's daughter Ezinma, who had some manly qualities. Okonkwo loves her just because of this reason and he hates his son Nwoye, who was neither manly enough nor powerful.

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