“Apes can learn American Sign Language and have shown the capacity for cultural transmission, productivity, and displacement”

The statement, ___________ describes the use of language by apes More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/anth-test-1/

From a cultural standpoint, how would one define the Super Bowl game, eating at McDonald’s, or using American Sign Language?

American culture More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/sociology-exam-2-2/

American Sign Language is considered a literal system of communication rather than symbolic.

False More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/com-chapter-5-test/

Eric was born deaf. His parents adamantly opposed the use of American Sign Language. They chose an option that used an electronic device that directly stimulates the hearing nerve in the cochlea. This device is called a/an _____

Cochlear implant. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/sped-511-flashcards/

A. American Sign Language (ASL)

Which of the following is the language of the Deaf culture in the USA and Canada? A. American Sign Language (ASL) B. English Sign Language (ESL) C. Signing Essential English (SEE I) D. Signing Exact English (SEE II) More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/edu-313-chapter-9-quiz/

Which of the following statements best describes the use of language by apes? A. Only humans are capable of learning and using language. B. Apes use American Sign Language in the wild. C. Apes cannot be taught to use American Sign Language. D. Only chimpanzees can learn American Sign Language. E. Apes can learn American Sign Language and have shown the capacity for cultural transmission, productivity, and displacement, although there is still a gap between human and other ape language capabilities.

E More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/anthropology-quiz-4/

American Sign Language test questions and answers | Get Access To American Sign Language Flashcards and exam tests

Q: American Sign Language (ASL)

A natural language that has been developed and used by people who are deaf that is based a system of manual gestures. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/chapter-7-language/

Home Page Arts And Humanities English Linguistics American Sign Language

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American Sign Language Communications Grade Point Average Interpersonal Communication Linguistics Low Context Culture Native American Culture

CHAPTER 5-7 B COMM – Flashcards 39 terms

Oscar Hall

39 terms

Preview

CHAPTER 5-7 B COMM – Flashcards

question

"I'm rather upset" is more powerful language than "I'm upset. T/F

answer

False

question

A perfectl worded "I" message delivered with total sincerit will ensure that the other person will not get defensive. T/F

answer

False

question

High-level abstractions can be useful as verbal shorhand between two people who know each other well. T/F

answer

True

question

"No" is so clear and short that it is one of the few words that is never misinterpreted in any intercultural exchange. T/F

answer

False

question

Women use more indirect and elaborate ways of talking than men do. T/F

answer

True

question

Men and women report using language for different purposed. T/F

answer

True

question

Communication researchers call the process of adapting one's speedch stle to match that of others convergence. T/F

answer

True

question

Language can shape our perceptions of the world. T/F

answer

True

question

Which of the following statements best illustrates a fact? a. "It's clear you shouldn't have said that." b. "Fact number one; you said a dumb thing." d. "I heard you tell Tim you weren't interested." e. " You should have thought about the result of saying you weren't interested before you opened you mouth."

answer

d. "I heard you tell Tim you weren't interested."

question

A friend told you there was a " good chance" that he would come to your party. when he didn't show up you were upset. The semantic problem you experienced was due to a. emotive language b. relative language c. equivocal words d. euphemisms e. semantic distracters

answer

b. relative language

question

"Frank is lazy" is an example of which semantic problems? a. equivocation b. relative language c.abstraction d.static evaluation e.none of the above

answer

d.static evaluation

question

You think Angelique's behavior is "arrogant." Your friend describes the same behavior as "self-confidence." An argrument over who is right would revolve around a. syntactic rules b. the language of responsibility c. emotive language d. sequential placement e. linguistic determinism

answer

c. emotive language

question

Nonverbal communication is not as effective at conveying thoughts or ideas as it is at conveying attiudes and feelings.T/F

answer

True

question

In social transactions, the higher status person is generally the more rigid, tense-appearing one, whereas the one with lower status is usually more relaxed. T/F

answer

False

question

Gestures can be intentional or unintentional. T/F

answer

True

question

By making another person wait, you could be sending messages about status, whether you intend to or not. T/F

answer

True

question

Those with good noverbal communication skills benefit in a number of areas, including career success and popularity. T/F

answer

True

question

Nonverbal commincation plays a less important role in identity management than verbal communication. T/F

answer

False

question

Student who were shown interior home photos accurately indentified that the homes communicated:

answer

All of the these choice are correct.

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Studies of nonverbal posture behaviors have found that:

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tension and relation of muscles can indicate status differences

question

All of the following statement are true except which are

answer

Nonverbal message of the face and eyes are easiest to read

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All of the following are characteristics of nonverbal behavior except which are:

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Nonverbal behavior is clear and unambigous

question

Edward T. Hall's Distance Zones are:

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intimate, personal, social, public

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The nonverbal term for brief flashed of emotion in the face is

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microexpressions

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An indicator of deceptions is

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All o these choices are correct may be indicators of deception

question

According to research, most listeners retain 70 percent of a message for several weeks. T/F

answer

False

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A good listener will always state her own judgment of the situation so the other person knows where she stands on the issue.T/F

answer

False

question

Since paraphrasing may not always be accurate, speaking tentiatively allows the other person to make a correction. T/F

answer

True

question

Accurate analysis of a problem may arouse defensiveness. T/F

answer

True

question

According to your test, most people usually try their best to listen but their effectiveness is limited primarily by biological factors. T/F

answer

False

question

Insulated listeners respond only to the parts of you remarks that interest them. T/F

answer

False

question

Listening fidelity refers to the degree of congruence between what a listener understands and what the message-sender was attemping to communicate. T/F

answer

True

question

Making sense of message is related to which element of listening?

answer

understanding

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When we stud semantic rules, we learn that:

answer

understanding occurs as a result of users agreeing on the same meaning for words.

question

In nonverbal communication, studies of leakage deal with:

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deception signals

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Interrupting is a form of

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stage hogging

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Giving only the appearance of being attentive is termed :

answer

pseudo-listening

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"I think that the reason you're so confused is that you're trying to make everyone else happy and forgetting your own happiness." This statement is what type of listening response ? a. supporting b.advising c.questioning d.paraphrasing e.analyzing

answer

e.analyzing

question

"Sure it's unfair. But you shouldn't let that stop you. Life is unfair, so you're crazy to let it bother you. This statement is what type of response? a. supporting b. judging c.questioning d. paraphrasing e. parroting

answer

b. judging

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American Sign Language First Class Mail Managed Care Plan

Certified Medical Administrative Assistant – Flashcards 263 terms

Elizabeth Mcdonald

263 terms

Preview

Certified Medical Administrative Assistant – Flashcards

question

Medical Assistant Duties & Responsibilities

answer

Telephone coverage, scheduling, maintenance of medical records, management of all correspondences

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Qualities of a Medical Assistant

answer

Dependability, courtesy, initiative, interpersonal skills

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Medical Profession Liability

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The physician-patient relationship is an implied contract in which the physician is expected to assess & treat the pt with the same amount of knowledge, skill, & judgement as another physician under the same circumstances.

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Rules that must be followed under physician-patient relationship

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1.Patient is expected to compensate the physician for all services provided 2. The patient is expected to adhere to any directions/guidance provided by the physician 3. If the physician terminates the contract, the pt must be provided with advance notice of these intentions as well as given enough time to seek the services of another physician.

question

Consent To Treat

answer

Once the physician-patient relationship has been entered, the physician must have consent to treat the patient. In most cases, the patient's implied consent is apparent through their action of seeking the services of the physician. In certain situations, the patient's informed consent is necessary, in a written form that states their understanding of the prescribed treatment as well as its risks.

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Good Samaritan Act

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States that a volunteer is not held liable for any civil damages that may occur as a result of their efforts to provide emergency care.

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Patient's Bill of Rights

answer

Developed to ensure the fairness and effectiveness of the healthcare system, as well as to encourage people to take an interest in the improvement of their health. -8 sections -Patient is provided with a copy on first visit, or it is visibly posted within the facility.

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HIPPA Patient Privacy Rule

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Establishes regulations for the use & disclosure of PHI and mandates that all patients be provided a copy of privacy polices when treated in a doctor's office or when admitted to any HCF (health care facility).

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Vocabulary

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1. Abandonment: The discontinuation of medical care without proper notice. 2. Arbitration: The usage of an impartial third party for the hearing and determination of a dispute. 3. Battery: The unlawful use of force or violence. 4. Negligence: The failure to provide the necessary care that is required. Statutes: Laws enacted by the legislative branch of a government.

question

Phone Etiquette: Steps to ensure proper phone etiquette

answer

1. Answer promptly & kindly 2. Properly speak into phone 3. Give caller undivided attention 4. Speak clearly & distinctly 5. Be courteous 6. Ask permission before placing on hold if necessary. 7. Never get upset at an angry caller; remain calm & composed.

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Verbal & Nonverbal Communication

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Verbal: The use of words spoken; sounds, words, speaking, & language Nonverbal: Eye contact, body language, facial expressions, symbolic expressions.

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Appointments: Considerations when selecting an appointment book

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Size in consideration of desk space available, accommodation of # of appointments made, comfort for writing, space for details necessary.

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Usage of Matrix

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Times physician is not available, hospital rounds, meetings, days off, holidays, breaks for meals.

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Types of Scheduling: Wave Scheduling

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Usually see 4 patients an hour. All are scheduled for the top of the hour, and are seen in order of their arrival.

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Modified Wave

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In 1 hour time frame; two patients are given own specific time, and two are told to arrive at the same time (e.g., 10:30)

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Double Booking

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2 or more patients scheduled with the same physician at the same time, overbooking. Not good schedule planning; causes many delays.

question

Scheduling New Patients

answer

1. Obtain and verify general information 2. Gather appropriate information regarding a patient referral (if applicable) 3. Determine patient's cc (chief complaint). 4. Make patient aware of various dates & times available to be seen. 5. Enter appropriate time for appointment. 6. Determine financial arrangements (insurance, cash, etc.). 7. Provide directions as needed. 8. Verify information and appointment time/date.

question

Scheduling Conflicts

answer

1.Late patients: Advise to arrive 30 minutes prior to appointment time. 2.Emergency Calls: Arrangements made to be seen same day if available 3.Cancelled Appointments: Remove original time, schedule new appointment. 4.Unscheduled Patients: Accommodate as best as possible, ensure patient that making appointment is the best way to ensure care. 5.Failed appointments: Notate in patient's chart and appointment book, and attempt to reschedule. 6.Delayed patient wait time: Explain reason (without giving too much detail) and provide patient with the option to reschedule if desired by the patient.

question

Types of Mail

answer

1. Express Mail: available 365 days per year, for items up to 70lbs in weight, and up to 108" in height. 2. First Class Mail: letters, postal cards, postcards, and business reply mail 3. Priority Mail: First Class mail weighing more than 13oz. 4. Certified Mail: proof of delivery 5. Bulk Mailing: mailing large volumes of information which is presorted by zipcode.

question

Health Insurance: Verification of Insurance Benefits

answer

1. Identify type of insurance or managed care plan. 2. Make copies of card; front and back. 3. Call carrier to verify services and benefits. 4. Record this information in medical record and VOB (verification of benefits) form. 5. Provide patient with form listing requirements and restrictions of plan, and have them read and sign the form. 6. Collect deductible/co-payment if applicable.

question

Types of Health Insurance

answer

1. Individual Policies: Usually ineligible to receive government paln; high premiums and limited benefits. 2. Group Policies: Provides coverage for employees under a single contract. This type of coverage is characterized by greater benefits, and low premiums. 3. Government Plans: Available to large groups of people who meet specific eligibility criteria. TRICARE, Medicare, Medicaid, and Worker's Compensation are examples.

question

Insurance Terms

answer

1. Assignment of Benefits: An arrangement by which a patient requests that their health benefit payments be made directly to the physician. 2. Benefit: The amount payable by the carrier toward the cost of services for which the patient is eligible for. 3. Deductible: The amount an individual must pay for health care expenses before insurance covers the cost. 4. Co-payment: The portion of a service fee that the patient must pay. 5. Policy: A document that describes the insurance coverage for an individual or property. 6. Premium: The amount the patient pays for an insurance contract.

question

Usual, Customary, and Reasonable (UCR) or Covered Expenses

answer

An amount customarily charged for or covered for similar services and supplies which are medically necessary, recommended by a doctor, or required for treatment.

question

Waiting Period

answer

A period of time when you are not covered by insurance for a particular reason or problem.

question

Medical Records Management: Creating a Medical Record

answer

1. Determine if new or established patient. 2. Obtain required general information. 3. Enter the information into patient history form. 4. Review the form for accuracy 5. Enter patient's name into computerized ledger 6. Assemble forms, prepare folder, and file.

question

Components of the Medical Record

answer

1. Personal and Medical History: Past illnesses, surgical operations, patient's daily health habits. 2. Patient's Family History: Health/diseases of family members and a record of causes of death. 3. Patient's Social History: Included information regarding the patient's lifestyle: e.g., tobacco use, alcohol use, drug use. 4. Patient's CC (Chief Complaint): A statement of the patient's symptoms. 5. Diagnosis: A decision made based on the information regarding the patient's history and the results of the doctor's examination.

question

SOAP approach to documenting

answer

A format for progress notes based on the letters of the word SOAP. S: Subjective Impressions: given by patient O: Objective Clinical Evidence: test results, observed A: Assessment/Diagnosis: probably diagnosis P: Plans for further studies, treatment, or management: treatment

question

SOMR record organization

answer

Source-Oriented Medical Record. Divided into sections: Laboratory, progress notes, etc. In chronological order, most recent is on top in each section.

question

POMR record organization

answer

Problem-Oriented Medical Record. Problems are numbered. Has database: Demographics, profile history, cc, past assessments and test results; Treatment plan: procedures, medications, instructions; Progress notes: continuous care notes.

question

Filing: Indexing Rules

answer

1. last name, first name, middle/initial. 2. Hyphenated portion of name is one unit. Ex: Anna Smith-Meyer = Smithmeyer, Anna. 3. Apostrophes are NOT used in filing. 4. Titles and terms of seniority are only used to distinguish from an identical name. 5. When indexing a company, articles such as "the" and "a" are not used. Ex: The Mandarin Office = Mandarin Office

question

Alphabetical Filing

answer

Folders are arranged in the same sequence of the alphabet. Ensure the filing cabinet has enough space for proper distribution of files within each letter.

question

Numerical Filing

answer

An alphabetic cross-reference is used to categorize materials with digits. Patients are assigned in a consecutive order. Records are filed backwards in groups. Ex: Terminal digit filing.

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Subject Filing

answer

Either an alphabetic or alphanumeric code is assigned to general correspondence.

question

Tickler File

answer

A collection of date labeled file folders used as a reminder for time sensitive matters or other important information. Used as a follow up method. Checked daily.

question

Medical Terminology

answer

Combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes

question

Arthr/o

answer

joint

question

Bi/o

answer

Life

question

Cardi/o

answer

heart

question

Carcin/o

answer

cancerous

question

Cephal/o

answer

head

question

Cerebr/o

answer

cerebrum

question

Cyt/o

answer

cell

question

Denti/o

answer

teeth

question

Derm/o

answer

skin

question

Electr/o

answer

electrical activity

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Enter/o

answer

intestines

question

Fet/o

answer

fetus

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Gastr/o

answer

stomach

question

Hepat/o

answer

liver

question

Iatr/o

answer

treatment, physician

question

Leuk/o

answer

white

question

Nephr/o

answer

kidney

question

Oste/o

answer

bone

question

Path/o

answer

disease

question

Ren/o

answer

kidney

question

Rhin/o

answer

nose

question

Sarc/o

answer

flesh

question

Thromb/o

answer

clotting

question

Ur/o

answer

urinary tract

question

-al

answer

pertaining to

question

-algia

answer

pain

question

-dynia

answer

pain

question

-ectomy

answer

excision, removal

question

-emia

answer

blood condition

question

-genic

answer

produced by/ pertaining to producing

question

-globin

answer

protein

question

-itis

answer

inflammation of

question

-oma

answer

tumor

question

-osis

answer

condition, usually abnormal

question

-pathy

answer

disease condition

question

-sis

answer

state of; condition

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-ectomy

answer

removal of

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-graphy

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process of recording

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-metry

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process of measurement

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-scopy

answer

a visual examination

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-stomy

answer

a new opening

question

-tomy

answer

incision

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-tripsy

answer

process of crushing

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-graph

answer

instrument for recoring

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-meter

answer

instrument to measure

question

-scope

answer

instrument to visually or aurally examine

question

-tome

answer

instrument to cut

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-tripter

answer

instrument to crush

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-trite

answer

instrument to crush

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Ante-

answer

before, in front of

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Anti-

answer

against

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Brady-

answer

slow

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Dia-

answer

through, complete

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End-, Endo-

answer

within

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Epi-

answer

above, upon

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Hyper-

answer

excessive, above

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Hypo-

answer

deficient, below

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Peri-

answer

around, surrounding

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Pre-

answer

before

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Sub-

answer

below, under

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Body Systems

answer

Systems are groups of organs working together to perform complex functions. Viscera is the term for internal organs.

question

Musculoskeletal System

answer

Functions: support, movement, protection. Organs: muscles, bones, joints, bone marrow.

question

Integumentary System

answer

Functions: protection Organs: skin, hair, nails

question

Gastrointestinal System

answer

Functions: nutrition Organs: stomach, intestines

question

Urinary System

answer

Functions: elimination of nitrogenous waste Organs: kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra

question

Reproductive System

answer

Functions: reproduction Organs: ovaries, testes

question

Blood/Lymphatic System

answer

Functions: transportation Organs: blood cells

question

Immune System

answer

Functions:protection Organs: lymph glands

question

Cardiovascular System

answer

Functions: transportation Organs: heart, vessels

question

Respiratory System

answer

Functions: delivers oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide Organs: lungs, bronchi, trachea.

question

Nervous/Behavioral System

answer

Functions: receive/process information Organs: brain, nerves, mind

question

Endocrine System

answer

Functions: effects changes through chemical messengers Organs: pancreas, thyroid

question

Body Cavities

answer

5 Cavaties: Cranial, Spinal, Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic

question

Cranial Cavity

answer

Brain; dorsal cavity; on posterior of body.

question

Spinal Cavity

answer

Spinal cord; dorsal cavity; on posterior of body.

question

Thoracic Cavity

answer

Contains two smaller cavities: pleural and mediastinum; ventral cavity; on anterior of body. Pleural: space surrounding each lung. Mediastinum: contains heart, aorta, trachea, etc.

question

Abdominal Cavity

answer

Stomach, small & large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder; ventral cavity; on anterior of body.

question

Pelvic Cavity

answer

Rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, ureters; uterus and vagina in females. Ventral cavity; on anterior of body.

question

Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities

answer

There is nothing separating these two cavities. Often referred to as the abdominopelvic cavity.

question

Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities

answer

The diaphragm separates these two cavities.

question

Planes of the Body

answer

Dividing the body into planes or flat surfaces is an additional way to describe the body. (useful in CT scans, MRI, etc.) Sagittal Plane, Midsagittal plane, Frontal plane, Transverse Plane

question

Sagittal Planes

answer

Vertical planes that separate the sides from each other.

question

Midsagittal Plane

answer

Separates the body into right and left halves.

question

Frontal Plane

answer

Divides the body into front and back portions.

question

Transverse Plane

answer

Divides the body horizontally into an upper and lower part.

question

Positional and Directional Terms

answer

1. Anterior (ventral): Front surface of the body. 2. Posterior (dorsal): Back side of the body 3. Deep: Away from the surface 4. Proximal: Near the point of attachment to the the trunk or near the beginning of a structure. 5. Distal: Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure. 6. Inferior: Below another structure 7. Superior: Above another structure 8. Medial: Middle or near medial plane of the body 9. Lateral: Pertaining to the side 10. Supine: Lying on the back 11. Prone: Lying on the abdomen.

question

Musculoskeletal System

answer

Includes bones, muscles, and joints. Bones are connected to one another by ligaments (fibrous bands on tissue). Muscles are attached to bone by tendons. Acts as a framework for the organs, protects many organs, and provides the ability to move.

question

Bones

answer

Complete organs made up of osseous, a connective tissue. Inner core is comprised of heatopoietic tissue (where red blood marrow manufactures blood cells).

question

Types of Bones

answer

Categorized as belonging to either the axial skeleton or the appendicular skeleton. Axial, appendicular, long bones, short bones, flat bones, sesamoid bones.

question

Axial Bones

answer

Skull, rib cage, and spine

question

Appendicular Bones

answer

Shoulder, collar bone, pelvic, arms, and legs.

question

Long Bones

answer

Very strong, broad at the ends, and large surfaces for muscle attachment ie: humerus and femur.

question

Short Bones

answer

Small with irregular shapes. Found in wrist and ankle.

question

Flat Bones

answer

Covering soft body parts. Shoulder blades, ribs, and pelvic bones.

question

Sesamoid Bones

answer

Small, rounded bones found near joints. Increase efficiency of muscles near a joint. ie: knee cap.

question

Axial Skeleton

answer

Skull, spine, rib cage. Skull is made up of two parts, the cranium and facial bones.

question

Cranial Bones

answer

1. Frontal Bone: forms the anterior part of skull and forehead. 2. Parietal bones: forms the sides of the cranium. 3. Occipital Bone: forms the back of the skull. Large hole @ ventral surface (foramen magnum) which allows the brain communication with the spinal cord. 4. Temporal Bone: forms the two lower sides of the cranium. 5. Ethmoid Bone: forms the roof of the nasal cavity. 6. Sphenoid Bone: anterior to the temporal bones.

question

Facial Bones

answer

1. Zygoma: cheekbone. 2. Lacrimal Bones: paired bones at the corner of the eyes that cradle tear ducts. 3. Maxilla: upper jaw bone. 4. Mandible: lower jaw bone. 5. Vomer: bone that forms the posterior/inferior part of nasal septal wall between nostrils. 6. Palatine Bones: make up part of the roof of the mouth. 7. Inferior Nasal Conchae: make up part of the interior of the nose.

question

Spinal/Vertebral Column

answer

Divided into 5 regions from neck to tailbone. 26 bones in spine called vertebrae. Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal.

question

Cervical

answer

Neck bones

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Thoracic

answer

Upper back

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Lumbar

answer

Lower back

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Sacral

answer

Sacrum

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Coccygeal

answer

Coccyx (tailbone)

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Rib Cage

answer

12 pairs of ribs. First 7 pairs join the sternum anteriorly trough cartilaginous attachments called costal cartilages.

question

True Ribs

answer

#1-7. Attach directly to the sternum in the front of the body.

question

False Ribs

answer

#8-10. Are attached to the sternum by cartilage.

question

Floating Ribs

answer

#11 & 12. Not attached at all.

question

Appendicular Skeleton: Upper Appendicular Skeleton

answer

Includes shoulder girdle which is made up of the scapula, clavicle, and upper extremities.

question

Scapula

answer

Shoulder blade; flat bone that helps support the arm.

question

Clavicle

answer

Collarbone; curved horizontal bones that attach to the upper sternum at one end. Helps stabilize the shoulder.

question

Upper Extremities

answer

1. Humerus: Upper arm bone 2. Ulna: Lower medial arm bone 3. Radius: Lateral lower arm bone (in line w/ thumb) 4. Carpals: Wrist bones. 2 rows of 4 bones in each wrist. 5. Metacarpals: Five radiating bones in the fingers; the bones the in the palm. 6. Phalanges: Finger bones. Each finger has 3 phalanges except the thumb. 3 phalanges: proximal, middle, distal phalanx. Thumb has a proximal and a distal phalanx.

question

Lower Appendicular

answer

Divided into the pelvis and the lower extremities. Pelvis, Ischium, and Pubic Bone.

question

Pelvis

answer

Superior and widest bone

question

Ischium

answer

Lower portion of the pelvic bone

question

Pubic Bone

answer

Lower anterior part of the bone.

question

Lower Extremities

answer

1. Femur: thighbone 2. Patella: knee cap 3. Tibia: Shin 4. Fibula: Smaller, lateral leg bone 5. Malleolus: ankle 6. Tarsal: hind foot bone 7. Metatarsal: midfoot bone 8. Phalanx: toe bones, 14 total (2 in large toe, 3 in each other toes)

question

Joints

answer

Parts of the body where 2 or more bones of the skeleton join. Different joints have different ROM (range of movement) ranging from no movement to full ROM.

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No ROM

answer

Most synarthroses are immovable joints held together by fibrous tissue.

question

Limited ROM

answer

Amphiathroses are joints joined together by cartilage that is slightly moveable, such as the vertebrae of the spine, or the pubic bone.

question

Full ROM

answer

Diathroses are joints that have free movement. Ball-and-socket joints (hip) and hinge joints (knee) are common diathroses joints (synovial joints)

question

Synovial Joints

answer

Free moving joints that are surrounded by joint capsules. many have bursae (sacs of fluid) that are located between the bones of the joint and the tendons that hold the muscles in place.

question

Muscles

answer

Muscles are tissues composed of cells. Have the ability to contact and relax. Has 3 functions. 1. Allow skeleton the move 2. Responsible for movement of organs 3. Pump blood to circulatory system

question

Tendons

answer

Strong fibrous bands of connective tissue that attach muscles to bones.

question

Muscle Actions

answer

1. Extension: to increase the angle of the joint 2. Flexion: to decrease the angle of a joint 3. Abduction: movement away from the midline 4. Adduction: movement towards the midline 5. Supination: turning the palm or foot upward 6. Pronation: turning the palm or foot downward 7. Dorisflexion: raising the foot, pulling toes toward the shin 8. Plantar flexion: lowering the foot, pointing tows away from shin 9. Eversion: turning outward 10. Inversion: turning inward 11. Protraction: moving a part of the body forward 12. Retraction: moving a part of the body backward 13. Rotation: revolving a bone around its axis.

question

Fractures

answer

Broken bone; most occur as a result of trauma; some diseases like cancer or osteoporosis can also cause spontaneous fractures; classified as simple or compound.

question

Simple Fracture

answer

Does not rupture the skin

question

Compound Fracture

answer

Punctures the skin

question

Types of Fractures

answer

1. Comminuted: the bone is crushed and/or shattered. 2. Compression: the fractured area of the bone collapses on itself. 3. Colles: the break of the distal end of the radius at the epiphysis often occurs when the patient has attempted to break his/her fall. 4. Complicated: the bone is broken and pierces an internal organ. 5. Impacted: the bone is broken and the ends are driven into each other. 6. Hairline: a minor fracture appears as a thin line on an x-ray and may not extend completely through the bone. 7. Greenstick: the bone is partially bent and partially broken; common in children because the bones are still soft. 8. Pathologic: any fracture occurring spontaneously as a result of disease. 9. Salter-Harris: a fracture of the epiphyseal plate in children. 10. Sprain: traumatic injury to a joint involving the soft tissue. Includes muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Usually as a result of overuse or overstretching.

question

Integumentary System

answer

The skin and its accessory organs make up the integumentary system. The skin covers an area of 22 sq. ft. on an average adult. Complex system of specialized tissues containing glands, nerves, and blood vessels. main function is to protect the deeper tissues from excessive loss of minerals, heat, & water. Protects body from diseases by providing a barrier. Largest organ in the body.

question

Sebaceous (oil) Glands and Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

answer

Produce secretions that allow the body to be cooled or moisturized. nerve fibers help the body to adjust to the environment by sensory messages relayed to the brain & spinal cord. Also help blood vessels to dilate & sweat glands to produce sweat.

question

Epidermis, Dermis, & Subcutaneous Layer

answer

The 3 layers of the skin.

question

Epidermis

answer

Thin, cellular membrane layer that contains keratin

question

Dermis

answer

Dense, fibrous connective tissue that contains collagen

question

Subcutaneous Layer

answer

Thick, fatty tissue

question

Hair, Nails, and Glands: Hair Fibers

answer

Composed of tightly fused meshwork of cells filled with hard protein called keratin

question

Hair Follicles

answer

The hair has its roots in the dermis & together with their coverings, is hair follicles. Main function of hair is to assist in the regulation of body temp. It holds in heat by standing on end and holding a layer of air as insulation

question

Nails

answer

Cover and protect the dorsal surfaces of the distal bones of the fingers and toes

question

Nail Body

answer

The part of the nail that is visible

question

Nail Root

answer

Under the skin at the base of the nail

question

Nail Bed

answer

Vascular tissue under the nail that appears pink when blood is oxygenated and blue/purple when it is oxygen deficient.

question

Lunula

answer

The moon-like white area at the base of the nail

question

Eponychium

answer

The cuticle of the nail

question

Sebaceous Glands

answer

Located in the dermal layer of the skin over the entire body, except for the palms of the hand, and soles of the feet. Secretes and oily substance called sebum.

question

Sebum

answer

Oily substance that contains lipids that help lubricate the skin and minimize water loss

question

Sweat Glands

answer

Tiny, coiled glands found on almost all body surfaces. Most numerous in palms and soles of feet. Coiled sweat glands originate in the dermis and straighten out to extend up through the epidermis. Two types: eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.

question

Pore

answer

The tiny opening on the surface of the skin

question

Eccrine Sweat Glands

answer

Secreting glands; far more numerous and are abundant on palms, soles of feet and forehead. Each is a simple, coiled, tubular gland. Ducts connect to pores. Sweat: 99% water, NaCl, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin, metabolic wastes.

question

Apocrine Sweat Glands

answer

Located mainly in skin of axilla, groin, areolae, and bearded facial regions of adult males, open at hair follicles this sweat is secreted during emotional stress or sexual excitement called "cold sweat"

question

Integumentary Vocabulary

answer

1. Albino: deficient in melanin (pigment) 2. Collagen: Structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue 3. Melanin: Major skin pigment 4. Lipoctye: Fat Cell 5. Macule: discolored, flat lesion, freckles, tattoo marks 6. Polyp: benign growth extending from the surface of the mucous membrane. 7. Fissure: groove or crack-like sore 8. Nodule: solid, round or oval elevated lesion more than 1 cm. in diameter 9. Ulcer: Open sore on the skin or mucous membranes 10. Vesicle: small collection of clear fluid; blister 11. Wheal: smooth, slightly elevated edematous (swollen) area that is redder/paler than the surrounding skin 12. Alopecia: baldness 13. Gangrene: death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply 14. Impetigo: bacterial inflammatory skin disease characterized by lesion, pustules, and vesicles

question

Common Medical Record Abbreviations

answer

ALL: allergy BM: bowel movement bx, bi: biopsy CA: cancer CC or cc: chief complaint CNS: central nervous system CXR: chest x-ray DNR: do not resuscitate Dx: diagnosis ENT: ears, nose, throat Ex, CPX, PE: exam, examination FH: family history f/u: follow-up GI: gastrointestinal HPI: history of present illness Hx: history N/O: no complaints PERRLA: pupils equal/round/reactive to light PH: past history PT: physical therapy Px: prognosis R: respiration ROM: range of movement ROS: review of systems Rx, Tx: treatment, prescription SH: social history SOB: short of breath Sx: symptoms UA: urinalysis VS: vital signs WNL: within normal limits w/o: without

question

Telephone Message

answer

-Name of person whom the call is for -Date and time of call -Name of individual calling -Caller's phone number they wish to be reached at -Detailed reason for call, if caller wishes to leave reason -Action required (call back, Rx refill, etc.) -Initials of person taking the message

question

Size of General Business Correspondence Paper

answer

8.5" x 11"

question

Business Envelope

answer

No. 10

question

E-mail

answer

If patient-related, remains confidential, hard copy placed in patient chart.

question

Contents of Medical Record

answer

-Personal Demographics -Medical History -Progress Notes -Encounter forms/superbills -Radiology Reports -Laboratory Reports -Consultations -Med Sheet including allergies -Hospital Discharge Summaries -Consent and disclosure forms -Insurance authorizations and referrals

question

Making a Handwritten Correction in the Medical Record

answer

-Draw a line through the error -Write "error" or "corr." and initial in margin including date and time -Insert the correct immediately after the error -Never use white out, black marker, or eraser on errors -Do not hide errors, bring to the attention of provider if it could affect patient's health and well-being

question

Record Maintenance

answer

-Always verify correct medical chart has been pulled - Mend chart as necessary -File documentation in a timely manner -Make sure required forms are kept up to date -Verify patient information periodically

question

Retention of Records

answer

-Laws regarding retention vary from state to state -10 years or length of time on statute of limitations -Minors: 3 years after age of majority -Medicare/Medicaid patient: a minimum of 6 years -Deceased patient: 2 years

question

Classification of Records

answer

-Active: Currently receiving treatment -Inactive: Not seen for 6 months -Closed: Moved, terminated, or deceased

question

Types of Files

answer

-Drawer files -Shelf files -Rotary circular files -Lateral files -Compactable files -Automated files

question

Filing Supplies

answer

-Chart covers or folders -Labels: color coded, alpha and numeric -OUTguides -Special notation labels: allergies, same name, copays, primary care physician

question

Filing Procedures

answer

-Conditioning -Releasing -Indexing and Coding -Sorting -Storing and Filing

question

Conditioning Files

answer

-Mending damaged records -Removing pins, paper clips, brads, staples -Stapling related papers together

question

Releasing Files

answer

Indication that the record is ready to be filed -Signature -Initials -Date -Stamp

question

Indexing and Coding Files

answer

-Deciding where document is to be filed -Underline name or subject of how it is to be filed -Every paper in patient's chart should have a name and date

question

Sorting Files

answer

Arranging papers in a filing sequence -Alphabetical -Numeric -Days of the week -Days in the month -Months of the year

question

Storing and Filing Files

answer

-Inserted face up -Most recent date on top -Document completely in file

question

Locating Misplaced Files

answer

Missing Document Only -In the folder in front of or behind the correct folder -Between folders -Under the files -Patient with a similar name Entire medical record -Physician's desk -Billing department -Nursing station -Office manager

question

12 Rules of Indexing (some repeat from earlier study cards)

answer

1. Last names are considered first, then first name second. 2. Nothing comes before something -Smith, T. -Smith, Thomas 3. Hyphenated names are considered one unit 4. The apostrophe is disregarded 5. When a determination of order cannot be made, index in the order the name is written. -Chang Liu 6. Names with prefixes are considered part of the name -Von Hagen 7. Abbreviated names are filed as written 8. Mac and Mc are filed in alphabetical order 9. Married women are indexed by their legal name 10. Titles are not used as filing units 11. Terms of seniority, profession or academic degree are only used to distinguish same names 12. Articles (The and A) are disregarded when indexing

question

Which block is the physician's signature located in?

answer

Block #31

question

OCR (Office of Civil Rights)

answer

Federal government division that enforces the privacy standards

question

How many provisions does HIPPA contain?

answer

Two

question

Sentinel Event

answer

An unexpected occurrence involving death, or serious physical or psychological injury or the risk thereof. ie: mistaken identity of a patient

question

Subjective Information

answer

Information that is documented in the medical record that is from answers obtained by asking questions from the patient ie: patient's family history

question

How many diagnoses can the CMS-1500 form have?

answer

Four

question

Why is it usually poor policy to accept third-party checks from patients?

answer

You cannot verify the reliability of the maker

question

JCAHO (Joint Commission)

answer

The non-profit organization that assists healthcare facilities by providing accreditation

question

Audit

answer

The process done before claims submission to examine claims for accuracy and completeness

question

Medicare Part D

answer

Drug services

question

Legal owner of the patient's medical record

answer

The physician or agency where services were provided. "The Maker" of the record.

question

TRICARE

answer

Health insurance designed for military dependents and retired personel

question

PHI stands for

answer

Protected Health Information

question

Hard Copy

answer

A claim that is printed and mailed to the carrier

question

Healthcare Information is used to

answer

-Determine how many patients enter a facility with the same diagnosis -Decide what equipment is needed to meet the needs of the patient population -Help the facility plan for the needs of next week and next year

question

Medicaid

answer

The federal and state-sponsored health insurance program for the medically indigent

question

Worker's Compensation

answer

A type of insurance that protects workers from loss wages after an industrial accident that happened on the job

question

Professional Courtesy

answer

Charging reduced or no-fee for services rendered to other medical professionals

question

Assets

answer

The properties owned by a business

question

Medicare Part B

answer

Physician office visits

question

Accounting

answer

A system of recording, classifying, and summarizing financial transactions

question

Blanket-position bonding

answer

Covers all employees in a facility

question

Patient privacy complaints

answer

Patients have 180 days from the time the patient knew the act occurred to file a complaint

question

Common appointment book abbreviations

answer

CPE/CPF: complete physical exam NP/New Pat: new patient NS: no show Px: physical OV: office visit FU: follow up ReC: recheck Ref: referral Can: cancelled N&V: nausea & vomitting Pgt: pregnancy test RS: reschedule

question

Common time slots for appointments

answer

Physical: 1 hour School Physical: 30 minutes Recheck: 15 minutes Dressing Change: 10 minutes BP Check: 5 minutes Patient Teaching: 30 minutes-1 hour

question

What must a letter of withdrawal of care state?

answer

-That professional care is being discontinued. -The physician will provide copies of the patient's records to new physician -The patient should seek new care provider as soon as possible

question

How should a letter of withdrawal be mailed?

answer

Certified

question

US Supreme Court

answer

The ultimate appellate court in the United States

question

Ways to increase appointment show rates

answer

automated call reminders appointment cards conformation calls email reminders mailed reminders

question

Medical Term for a Stroke

answer

Cardiovascular Accident

question

Suspected Diagnosis

answer

a diagnosis that is questionable, probable, or likely

question

E codes

answer

codes that describe the circumstances of an accident or injury

question

Where should you begin the search for a code?

answer

Alphabetic index

question

Etiology

answer

The cause of a disorder

question

Manifestation

answer

The signs and symptoms of a disease

question

ICD-9 Codes

answer

Consist of 3 primary digits, and up to 2 additional digits.

question

Benign

answer

A non-malignant cancerous growth

question

CBMR

answer

Computer-based medical record

question

Shingling

answer

The method of filing in which one report is laid on top of older reports

question

V Codes

answer

(V01-V82) are the codes that refer to factors that influence the health status of a patient. A definite diagnosis cannot be stated, but a valid reason for seeing the provider exists. (ie: well baby check up, annual p.e.)

question

Continuity of Care

answer

Continuation of care smoothly from one provider to another, so the patient receives the most benefit and no interruption in care.

question

CC (Chief Complaint)

answer

-Nature and duration of pain, if any -When symptoms were first noticed by patient -Patient's opinion of causes of problem -Remedies patient may have applied -Patient has had same/similar condition in the past -Other treatment received for condition in the past

question

Differential Diagnosis

answer

The process of weighing the probability of one disease causing the patient's illness against the probability that other diseases are causative

question

CHEDDAR

answer

C- Chief Complaint H- History E- Examination D- Details (of problem and complaint) D- Drugs & dosages A- Assessment R- Return visit information, if applicable

question

Medicine and Law: Act

answer

The formal action of a legislative body; a decision or determination of a sovereign state; a legislative council or a court of justice

question

Allegation

answer

A statement by a party to a legal action of what the party undertakes to prove; an assertion made without proof

question

Nosocomial Infection

answer

hospital-acquired infection

question

NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics)

answer

Collects data from birth and death records, medical records, interview surveys. Health statistics agency; mission: provide statistical information that guides actions and policies to improve the health of American people

question

Clustering

answer

Patients with similar problems are booked consecutively. A block of time is set aside for particular types of cases.

question

Underuse of Medical Care

answer

When Doctors or hospitals neglect to give patients medically necessary care or to follow proven health care practices

question

Misuse of Medical Care

answer

Medical errors; when patient doesn't fully benefit from a treatment because of a preventable problem- or when the patient is harmed by a treatment

question

Overuse of Medical Care

answer

Occurs when a drug or treatment is given without medical justification

question

HITECH Act

answer

Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act

question

Purpose of HITECH Act

answer

Designed to increase safeguards that will protect the privacy of a patient's PHI from being compromised

question

OUTfolder

answer

A folder used to provide space for the temporary filing of materials

question

OUTguide

answer

A heavy guide used to replace a folder temporarily removed from the filing space

question

How does OSHA regulate and enforce safety and health in the workplace?

answer

By setting safety standards

question

Addendum

answer

An error discovered at a later date. (Corrected in the same manner as a real-time error)

STUDY

American Sign Language AP Statistics Critical Control Point Nutrition People With Disabilities Statistics

Chapter 15 – Disorders of Aging and Cognition – Flashcards 66 terms

Richard Lattimore

66 terms

Preview

Chapter 15 – Disorders of Aging and Cognition – Flashcards

question

36 million people in the United States are

answer

"old" over 65 more than 12% of population

question

Older women outnumber men

answer

3 to 2

question

As many as ___ the elder people would benefit from mental health services yet fewer than ___ actually receive them

answer

half 20%

question

gerosychology

answer

field of psychology dedicated to mental health of elderly people developed almost entirely within last 35 years only small percentage of clinicians work primarily with elderly persons

question

Two Groups of Psychological problems of elderly persons

answer

Disorders connected to aging Disorders of cognition

question

Disorders connected to aging

answer

depressive anxiety substance-related disorders

question

Disorders of cognition

answer

delirium mild neurocognitive disorders majjor neurocognitive disorders result from brain abnormalities

question

What is the most common mental health problems of older adults

answer

Depression highest in older women 20% of people experience depression in old age

question

Depression jumps to __ percent who live in nursing homes

answer

32%

question

Does depression raise chances of developing medical problems for elderly?

answer

Yes

question

Elderly are more likely to commit suicide than young people

answer

True 16 per 100,000

question

Anxiety Disorders men vs. women

answer

11% of elderly women 6% of elderly men

question

Medications vs. elderly

answer

must be used cautiously/body breaks down drugs differently when older

question

Substance Abuse vs. Elderly

answer

4-7% more men drinks as a result of aging death of a spouse/living alone/unwanted retirement

question

misuse of prescription drugs

answer

leading substance problem in elderly elderly buy 30% of all prescription drugs 40% over the counter have to take so many/confusing medication or skipping doses is high

question

Most elderly take at least ___ prescription drugs and ___ over the counter drugs

answer

5 2

question

Misuse of medications in nursing homes

answer

anti-psychotic drugs being given to 30% of total nursing home population in US individuals do not display psychotic functioning given to quiet and manage patients

question

Schizophrenia and Delusional disorder are disorders of

answer

Cognition within the elderly

question

Schizophrenia young vs. old

answer

less common in older persons than younger ones symptoms of schizophrenia lessen later in life

question

Schizophrenia of Elderly men vs. women

answer

women outnumber men by at least 2 to 1

question

Delusional Disorder

answer

develop beliefs that are false but not bizarre 3 of every 10,000 increase in elderly population

question

Leading cognitive disorders in elderly are

answer

delirium and neurocognitive

question

Delirium

answer

major disturbance in attention and orientation to environment great difficulty concentrating and thinking in an organized way leads to illusions, misinterpretations, hallucinations

question

Delirium develops over

answer

a period of time usually hours or days

question

Percent of Elderly with Delirium

answer

1% over 55 14% over 85 1 in 10 shows symptoms of delirium entering hospital 10% develop delirium during their stay

question

Delirium vs. nursing homes

answer

60% older than 75 have this compared to 35% living independently with assistance of home health services

question

Causes of Delirium

answer

fever certain diseases infections poor nutrition head injuries strokes stress intoxication by certain substances

question

Neurocognitive disorder

answer

experience significant decline in at least one (more than one) area of cognitivie functioning such as memory and learning motor skills/planning/decision making etc. also undergo personality changes

question

Major neurocognitive disorder

answer

decline is substantial interferes significantly with ability to be independent

question

Mild neurocognitive disorder

answer

decline is modest and does not interfere with independent functioning

question

Alzheimer's disease

answer

most common type of neurocognitive disorder 2/3 of all cases 5 million ppl in US *to triple by 2050* vast majority occurs after 65 (late onset) can appear middle age (early onset)

question

Onset of death with Alzheimer's

answer

8 to 10 years

question

Death and Alzheimer's

answer

accounts for 75,000 deaths a year 7th leading cause of death in country *THIRD LEADING CAUSE AMONG THE ELDERLY*

question

Alzehimer's diagnosis in brain

answer

excessive senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

question

senile plaques

answer

sphere shaped deposits of a small molecule - beta-amyloid protein form in spaces between cells in hippocampus, cerebral cortex, nearby blood vessels occurs normally/higher for those with Alzheimer's

question

Neurofibrillary tangles

answer

twisted protein fibers found within cells of hippocampus and certain other brain areas occur in all people as age extraordinary number produced with disease

question

Genetic causes of Alzheimer's

answer

proteins fundamental components of all living cells abnormal activity by proteins/frenzied manner result in death of many neurons

question

Tau

answer

another protein key to excessive formation of tangles

question

Abnormalities in genes with two proteins Genetic Factors

answer

beta-amyloid precursor and presenilin protein families transmit mutations of one or both genes lead to abnormal functioning of proteins

question

Late-Onset of Disease is result of

answer

genetic/environmental/lifestyle factors

question

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)

answer

normally responsible for production of a protein that helps carry various fats into bloodstream

question

30% inherit ApoE-4 which is

answer

form of protein that is particularly vulnerable to development of Alzheimer's promotes excessive formation of proteins/spur formation of plaque/numerous tangles/death of neurons

question

Brain and Alzheimer

answer

prefrontal lobes temporal lobes diencephalon involve damage to or improper functioning of one or more brain structures

question

Biochemical and Alzheimer

answer

acetycholine glutamate RNA calcium -responsible for production of memory linked proteins abnormal activity leads to disease

question

Zinc

answer

high levels found in those with disease observed to trigger clumping of beta-amyloid similar to disease

question

Environmental toxins

answer

lead elderly exposed to high levels in 60s,70s damaged or destroyed neurons

question

Autoimmune theory

answer

mistaken attack by immune system against itself helps lead to disease

question

Viral Theory

answer

Resembles Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (caused by slow-acting virus) propose similar virus may cause Alzheimer's *no such virus has been detected in brains of Alzheimer's victims*

question

Most cases of Alzheimer's can be diagnosed with absolute certainty

answer

only after death when autopsy is performed

question

PET Scan hippocampus

answer

new study developed cognitive impairments displayed lower hippocampus activity on their initial PET scans than participants who stayed healthy

question

PET Scan accuracy

answer

mild 71% major 83%

question

Vascular Neurocognitive disorder

answer

follows cerebrovascular accident or stroke blood flow to specific areas in brain was cut off; damaging the areas still have functioning in parts of brain where blood flow was not cut off

question

Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder

answer

Pick's Disease rare disorder affects frontal and temporal lobes similar to Alzheimer's *two can be distinguished at autopsy*

question

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

answer

spasms of the body caused by slow acting virus - live in body for years before disease develops once launched/disease is rapid

question

Huntington's disease

answer

inherited progressive disease memory problems worsen over time personality changes mood difficulties movement problems too 50% of gaining it if parents had it

question

Parkinson's disease

answer

slowly progressive neurological disorder tremors rigidity unsteadiness can result in neurocognitive due to Parkinson's in older people whose cases are advanced

question

Neurocognitive disorders can be caused by

answer

HIV infections traumatic brain injury substance abuse various medical conditions/ meningitis/advanced syphilis

question

Drug Treatment for Alzheimers

answer

tacrine (Cognex) donepezil (Aricept) rivastigmine (Exelon) galantamine (Reminyl) memantine (Namenda) improve slightly in short term memory/reasoning/language or take vitamin E helps slow down cognitive decline in mild stage of Alzheimers *administered after a person has the disease*

question

Estrogen

answer

women who took hormone after menopause cut their risk of developing Alzheimer's in half

question

Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

answer

ibuprofen and naprosyn may help reduce risk of disease *mixed*

question

Cognitive Approach Alzheimer

answer

temporary success mental exercises stimulation programs help prevent or delay onset of disease

question

Behavioral Approach Alzheimer

answer

physical exercise improve specific symptoms focus on changing everyday behaviors that are stressful /wandering/loss of bladder/ etc.

question

___ percent of people with Alzheimer's are taken care of by their relatives

answer

90%

question

Most common reason for institutionalization of Alzheimer's victims

answer

caregivers can no longer cope with difficulties of keeping them at home

question

long term care

answer

services offered outside the family supervised apartment senior housing complex nursing home

question

___ percent of elderly population actually live in nursing homes but as many as ___ percent eventually wind up being placed in such facilities

answer

5% 30%

STUDY

American Sign Language Children With Disabilities The Brain

Parenting Skills Module 8 Study Guide – Flashcards 8 terms

Carmen Dawson

8 terms

Preview

Parenting Skills Module 8 Study Guide – Flashcards

question

Voice output communication aids or electronic devices that help individuals communicate verbally.

answer

speech generating devices

question

Tools and devices to help individuals produce or comprehend written or spoken language.

answer

augmentive communication

question

Any device used by individuals with a disability (including physical disabilities as well as learning disorders) for the purpose of assistance, adaptation, or rehabilitation.

answer

assistive technology

question

Devices that allow someone with a disability to manipulate their environment, such as turning devices on or off or creating movement in objects.

answer

adaptive switches

question

"prime time" for auditory and visual development.

answer

4-5 years

question

Process that occurs at age 10 when the brain gets rid of some of the less effective connections.

answer

pruning

question

Used by dyslexic children to help them communicate.

answer

alternative learning strategies

question

Can be used by children with autism to help them communicate.

answer

visual representation systems

STUDY

American Sign Language The Exceptional Learner

EDU 300 – CHAPTER 12 Learners with Blindness or Low Vision – Flashcards 50 terms

Andrew Hubbs

50 terms

Preview

EDU 300 – CHAPTER 12 Learners with Blindness or Low Vision – Flashcards

question

As a disability of children, blindness is a. one of the most prevalent disabilities. b. about average in prevalence compared to other sensory disabilities. c. the least prevalent disability. d. increasing rapidly in prevalence.

answer

the least prevalent disability.

question

The legal definition of blindness involves assessment of a. color perception and visual acuity. b. field of vision and depth perception. c. visual acuity and field of vision. d. depth perception and color perception.

answer

visual acuity and field of vision

question

Even though he has visual acuity of 20/20, Jeff is considered legally blind. This is possible if he has severely restricted a. angular vision. b. peripheral vision. c. partial vision. d. low vision.

answer

peripheral vision

question

A common criticism of legal definitions of blindness is that visual acuity a. is difficult to measure objectively. b. doesn't predict how well people use their remaining sight. c. is defined in different ways by different professionals. d. doesn't provide information about the cause of blindness.

answer

doesn't predict how well people use their remaining sight

question

The educational definition of blindness and low vision stresses a. the method of reading instruction. b. using visual acuity as a predictor of how people will function. c. the method of vision assessment. d. using whatever remaining sight a person has.

answer

the method of reading instruction

question

For educational purposes, individuals who are blind a. are able to use a magnifying device. b. can still read print if it is large enough. c. have absolutely no sight. d. must use braille or aural methods.

answer

must use braille or aural methods

question

Many students who are legally blind would not be considered blind from an educational perspective because they a. have a coexisting condition. b. are able to use vision for learning. c. are able to read Braille. d. are able to use hearing for learning.

answer

are able to use vision for learning

question

Best practice for children with low vision is a. not to let them use too much braille because they will become dependent on it. b. not to let them use to much braille because it will take time away from learning to use what eyesight they do have. c. to teach them braille if their sight might become worse over time. d. to teach them braille but only if they or their parents insist on it.

answer

to teach them brailee if their sight might become worse over time

question

What percentage of school-aged children does the federal government classify as visually impaired? a. 0.4% b. 0.04% c. 4.0% d. 0.004%

answer

0.04%

question

Blindness occurs most often in a. adulthood. b. adolescence. c. early childhood. d. preadolescence.

answer

adulthood

question

The transparent gelatinous substance inside of the eye is known as the a. aqueous humor. b. cornea. c. vitreous humor. d. retina.

answer

vitreous humor

question

The structure in the eye that refines and changes the focus of the light rays is the a. lens. b. pupil. c. vitreous humor. d. retina.

answer

lens

question

The watery substance found between the cornea and lens of the eye is the a. aqueous humor. b. vitreous humor. c. cornea. d. iris.

answer

aqueous humor

question

The colored portion of the eye that contracts or expands depending on the amount of light striking it is the a. pupil. b. lens. c. iris. d. cornea.

answer

iris

question

Each of the following is a limitation of the Snellen Chart EXCEPT a. It measures visual acuity for distant but not near objects. b. It does not accurately indicate visual efficiency. c. It depends on a person's ability to recognize letters. d. It does not accurately indicate how a person uses vision in natural settings.

answer

it depends on a person's ability to recognize letters

question

.Janice is described as being able to detect some objects in the environment when they are fully lit. This is an example of a skill a teacher might note when performing a a. functional vision assessment. b. visual acuity assessment. c. learning styles assessment. d. visual disinterest assessment.

answer

functional vision assessment

question

In children, the leading cause of blindness is a. cortical visual impairment. b. retinitis pigmentosa. c. injuries, athletic and otherwise. d. brain tumors.

answer

cortical visual impairment

question

.Clara has good vision for assignments written on the blackboard, but she has difficulty with the print in her textbook. She may have a refraction problem known as a. myopia/nearsightedness. b. hyperopia/farsightedness. c. astigmatism. d. glaucoma.

answer

hyperopia/farsightedness

question

Cognitive mapping a. was discovered by accident during the German military's testing of night vision goggles in World War II. b. demonstrates that perception can be trained to override cognition. c. was first studied in sighted humans and rats. d. has been largely debunked by randomly controlled clinical trials.

answer

was first studied in humans and rats

question

.All the following are true about retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) EXCEPT a. It involves abnormal growth of blood vessels in the eye. b. It can lead to a detached retina. c. It can be prevented if the newborn is provided high amounts of oxygen. d. It can result from premature birth.

answer

it can be prevented if the newborn is provided high amounts of oxygen

question

A condition that involves an underdevelopment of part of the eye and is often associated with other neurological conditions, such as cerebral palsy, is a. retinopathy of prematurity. b. optic nerve hypoplasia. c. fetal alcohol syndrome. d. cortical visual impairment.

answer

optic nerve hypoplasia

question

An important difference between individuals with and without sight is that a. those without sight become highly adept at learning things incidentally. b. those without sight need to take much more initiative to learn what they can from their environment c. those with sight are more internally motivated. d. those with sight are more susceptible to optical illusions.

answer

those without sight need to take much more initiative to learn what they can from their environment

question

A hereditary disease that usually causes the field of vision to narrow and also affects night vision is a. diabetic retinopathy. b. nystagmus. c. cortical visual impairment. d. retinitis pigmentosa.

answer

retinitis pigmentosa

question

"Skipping slides" refers to a. the process of putting together sensory memories to make a cognitive map. b. the loss of memory of visual images that often occurs with cortical visual impairment. c. flashes of light that often occurs with cortical visual impairment. d. momentary lapses in visual perception that often occurs with optic nerve hypoplasia.

answer

the process of putting together sensory memories to make a cognitive map.

question

Echolocation a. can be accomplished by clicking one's tongue. b. is one of the few skills obtainable by people who are blind but not those who are sighted. c. demonstrates that blindness results in an inherent, automatic ability to use the sense of hearing better than the sighted can. d. demonstrates that humans are able to hear much higher frequencies with practice.

answer

can be accomplished by clicking one's tongue.

question

In comparison to sighted children, children who are blind a. experience articulation problems, which they quickly outgrow. b. differ with regard to all major aspects of language. c. are not impaired in language functioning. d. have restricted language development probably due to their lack of visual experiences.

answer

are not impaired in language functioning.

question

Most professionals now agree that the intelligence of people with blindness a. is slighly higher than that of people with sight. b. is markedly lower than that of people with sight. c. is slightly lower than that of people with sight. d. can't be compared directly to that of people with sight.

answer

can't be compared directly to that of people with sight.

question

Which of the following statements about the conceptual abilities of children with visual impairment is true? a. The performance of infants with visual problems is the same as that of their peers with sight on conceptual tasks. b. Adults should directly encourage infants and toddlers with vision problems to explore their environment as they are less likely than their sighted peers to do so on their own. c. Touch is just as efficient as sight for arriving at conceptualizations of objects. d. Infants with vision problems pick up information incidentally in the same way as their peers with sight.

answer

Adults should directly encourage infants and toddlers with vision problems to explore their environment as they are less likely than their sighted peers to do so on their own.

question

A good way to teach a person who is blind to pour a liquid is to start a. by having them estimate how much liquid has poured into a cup based on auditory perception. b. with a substance that is less likely to spill, like rice. c. with a carbonated beverage so they can better hear the liquid being poured. d. by making sure they don't accidentally put their fingers over the container's lip.

answer

with a substance that is less likely to spill, like rice.

question

Orientation and mobility skills a. develop naturally in people who are blind—surprisingly little instruction is needed to learn them as long as one is highly motivated. b. are largely dependent on motivation and proper O & M. instruction. c. are highly correlated with level of visual acuity, the greater the loss of acuity, the better one's O & M skills. d. are highly correlated with level of visual acuity, the greater the loss of acuity, worse are one's O & M skills.

answer

are largely dependent on motivation and proper O & M. instruction.

question

People who are blind a. develop better acuity in their other senses. b. are superior to sighted people in musical ability. c. have lowered thresholds for sensation in touch and hearing. d. learn to make better use of the sensations they experience.

answer

learn to make better use of the sensations they experience.

question

The lower achievement scores of students who are blind or who have low vision is most likely due to a. their visual problem itself. b. their listening skills. c. emphasis on using braille forms of achievement tests. d. lack of exposure to braille or low expectations.

answer

lack of exposure to braille or low expectations.

question

Social adjustment problems for children with visual impairment are most likely the result of a. inherent personality problems. b. society's reaction to people who are blind. c. stereotypic behaviors. d. blindisms which cannot be controlled.

answer

society's reaction to people who are blind.

question

People with sight can facilitate communication with people who are blind by a. using "telephone skills" when conversing in person. b. telling the person who is blind when they are smiling. c. avoiding use of visual cues such as smiling. d. eliminating reference to sight or color.

answer

using "telephone skills" when conversing in person

question

Repetitive movements such as rocking, rubbing the eyes, and grimacing displayed by some people who are blind are known as a. blindisms. b. redundant behavior. c. stereotypic behavior. d. perseverations.

answer

stereotypic behavior.

question

The basic unit of braille is a a. single dot. b. word. c. quadrangular cell of dots. d. circular array of dots.

answer

quadrangular cell of dots.

question

Approximately what percentage of the population of people with blindness currently uses braille as a primary reading method? a. 12% b. 34% c. 62% d. 84%

answer

12%

question

The National Federation of the Blind has had braille bills passed to a. ensure that teachers of students with visual impairment are proficient in braille. b. require braille instruction for all students with visual impairment. c. increase the availability of devices like the Kurzweil Personal Reader. d. provide funding for students to attend special schools to learn braille.

answer

ensure that teachers of students with visual impairment are proficient in braille.

question

The major disadvantage of large-print books is that they A) don't have pictures in them. B) take up a great deal of storage space. C) encourage students to be dependent on them. D) take much longer to read.

answer

take up a great deal of storage space.

question

Use of compressed speech enables students with blindness to a. listen to recorded texts at a faster rate. b. tape record reports rather than type them. c. develop better listening skills. d. participate more fully in class discussions.

answer

listen to recorded texts at a faster rate.

question

Which mobility aid is most often recommended by professionals? a. the long cane b. a guide dog c. tactile maps d. human guides

answer

the long cane

question

A disadvantage of using guide dogs is that they a. walk very slowly. b. cause heartbreak when they die. c. require extensive training for the dog and the owner. d. might have fleas.

answer

require extensive training for the dog and the owner.

question

Research on braille leads to all the following recommendations EXCEPT a. daily braille instruction for a period of 1.5 to 2 hours during the early elementary grades. b. Pre-braille instruction (e.g., exposure to names in braille, i. tactile labels, writing experiences) for preschool and kindergartenii. age students. c. Braille slate and stylus instruction several days a week for moderate to short time periods beginning in third or fourth grade d. discouraging keyboard instruction until the student has reached a 5th grade proficiency level in reading braille.

answer

discouraging keyboard instruction until the student has reached a 5th grade proficiency level in reading braille.

question

Guide dogs must learn each of the following except a. keep on a direct route, ignoring distractions. b. see when a traffic light has changed color. c. stop at all curbs until told to go. d. lie quietly when the handler is sitting down.

answer

see when a traffic light has changed color.

question

When guiding a person who is blind, you should A) take his or her arm and encourage him/her to walk slightly ahead of you. B) let the person take your arm and walk slightly behind you. C) walk at a much slower pace than normal. D) allow the person to go through a door ahead of you.

answer

let the person take your arm and walk slightly behind you.

question

These devices can serve the same function as the Perkins Brailler or slate and stylus, but they offer additional speech-synthesizer and word-processing capabilities. a. Descriptive Video Teleprompters b. VersaBraille c. Portable braille notetakers d. Kurzweil Personal Readers

answer

Portable braille notetakers

question

Historically, residential institutions were the preferred means of service delivery because they a. offered a number of specialized services in one place. b. provided more opportunities for social development. c. maximized the academic achievement of students with visual impairment. d. reduced the burden on families of caring for a child with blindness.

answer

offered a number of specialized services in one place.

question

Professionals who work in early intervention programs for infants who are blind often recommend that initial efforts focus on a. feeding skills. b. mobility skills. c. parents' feelings. d. social development.

answer

mobility skills.

question

Impediments to independent living and feeling comfortable in society for people who are blind or who have low vision include all of the following EXCEPT a. paternalistic attitudes. b. The sighted often take for granted daily living skills because they seem so easy to do. c. The sighted often view those who are blind as helpless. d. cognitive deficits.

answer

cognitive deficits.

question

Each of the following is an accommodation that can be made on the job for those who are blind or who have low vision EXCEPT a. better lighting. b. prompt snow removal. c. d.

answer

ANSWER IS D, BUT D IS MISSING

STUDY

American Sign Language Linguistics One Word Utterances Otitis Media With Effusion Phonology

Articulation chapter 1-6 – Flashcards 58 terms

Marie Florence

58 terms

Preview

Articulation chapter 1-6 – Flashcards

question

Phonology

answer

synonym for speech sounds; aspect of language form; is rule governed

question

Phoneme

answer

is the smallest unit of sound in a language; they do not have a meaning in and of themselves, but they can change the meaning of a word when modified. Example: /s/ in sing

question

Allophone

answer

a phonetic variant of phoneme in a particular language. Example: /ph, f, p/ are all allophones of the phoneme /p/; keep vs. coop /k/

question

Allophonic Variation

answer

The study of the production and perception of speech sounds

question

Complimentary distribution

answer

allophones do not occur in the same phonetic environment; occurrence is complementary or non-overlapping

question

Free variation

answer

allophones can occur in the same context

question

Phonetics

answer

The study of the production and perception of speech sounds

question

Articulation

answer

the study of the production and perception of speech sounds

question

Phonological

answer

denotes speech sound errors that are rule based

question

Delay/deviant

answer

terms used to describe the nature of the sound errors produced by children. Delay refers to speech sound errors that are often noted as "normal" errors found in young children as they learn to properly use sounds (lisps). Deviant refers to errors not typically observed in young children's development (lateralization of sibilants)

question

How are vowels classified?

answer

Tongue Height: How high or low the tongue is when you pronounce certain vowels. It can be High, Medium, or Low. Tongue Position: The position of the tongue inside your mouth. It can be Front, Middle, or Back. Lip Rounding: Position of the lips when we make the vowel sounds. Length: Duration of the vowel; sometimes known as tense or lax Stress/Unstressed

question

How are consonants classified?

answer

Consonants are classified by manner (stop, fricative, affricative, nasal, lateral, rhotic, and glide) and place (bilabial, labiodentals, lingua-dental, lingua-alveolar, lingua-palatal, lingua-velar, glottal)

question

Distinctive Features

answer

consonantal, vocalic, sonorant, interrupted, strident, high, low, back, anterior, coronal, rounded, distributed, lateral, nasal, and voiced—the classifications Vocal Tract: consonants are made with a complete or partially constricted vocal tract

question

Sensory information in speech production

answer

generates multisensory information—(tactile—touch and pressure; supply information to the nervous system on the nature of contact (including localization, pressure, and onset time) and direction of movement, proprioceptive—position sense, kinesthetic—movement sense, auditory—supplies information on the acoustic consequences of articulation)

question

Behavioral

answer

focuses on describing overt and observable behaviors Example: Skinner with Operant Conditioning controlling acts by changing the consequences that occur immediately following the act (positive and negative reinforcement)

question

Criticism

answer

speech/language acquisition is too complex a process to be explained by environment/reinforcement alone ALSO, there is no capacity for parental/environmental reinforcement of all speech behaviors, leading to mastery of such a complex skill as speech and language Behavioral principles continue to be utilized in speech intervention

question

Linguistic Models

answer

Noam Chomsky

question

Generative Phonology

answer

Suggests that a combination of underlying phonological representations and surface articulation form the structure of sounds • Phonological representations are dependent on information from other linguistic levels (semantics, syntax) • Generative phonological rules could help explain substitutions, omissions, distortions, etc. • However, generative phonology has not been seen as broadly applicable to SLP

question

Natural Phonology

answer

Basis of phonological process approach • Natural processes are --Universal across languages and --Used frequently by young children • Children have the same underlying representations as adults, however their surface forms (productions) are constrained temporarily by anatomy/development • Widely accepted by SLPs

question

Nonlinear Phonology

answer

refers to a collection of theories that focus on the hierarchical nature of the relationships between phonological units. • Hierarchical model; speech production is not just a line of phonemes, but is rather made up of any elements on many levels -Prosodic tier (word/foot/syllable/onset-rime/skeletal/segmental) -Segmental tier (segments/speech sounds/features) • Benefits: (1) the concept of links between the segmental and suprasegmental tiers and prosodic variables that highlight the interaction between speech sounds and other speech-language domains and (2) the view that development is progressive or addictive, which is in contrast to the negative progression suggested by a phonological process

question

Optimality Theory

answer

Originally developed to describe adult languages; basic units are constraints - Markedness constraints = limitations on what can be produced - Faithfulness constraints = sounds and features that must be preserved • In development, output matches adult target by promoting faithfulness constraints and demoting markedness constraints

question

Sonority Hypothesis

answer

Refers to the quality of relative loudness within a speech sound -Sonority is dependent on voicing and openness of the vocal tract -Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP) states that phonemes with low sonority are found at syllable margins, while high sonority sounds are in the center of syllables

question

Psycholinguistic Models

answer

• Linguistic models provide descriptions of phonological systems, while psycholinguistic models provide explanations for child phonology. • Describes the distinction between underlying representations of words and their production—used to map interactions between auditory input, underlying cognitive-linguistic processes, and speech production output • What happens between the input (which is the speech signal the child hears) and output (is the speech signal (usually words) actually produced/spoken by the child)? The possible events that occur between input and output are the focus of psycholinguistic models AKA "black box approach" whereby input and output are examined to construct a mechanism. Input→black box→output • Internal representations (the basic unaltered pronunciation before any processes have had a chance to operate)/mental lexicon 'mental dictionary'

question

Speech perception

answer

refers to the ability to perceive and process speech sounds from an acoustic waveform. • Requires isolation and segmentation of individual units • Formation of a representation to deal with irregularities (perceptual constancy)

question

Native language

answer

• Some adaptation to native language occurs in utero/immediately following birth • Within days, infants can discriminate between distinct language families • By 4 mos, they can distinguish their language even from very similar languages • 6 month old infants prefer listening to words that correspond to prosody of native language • 9 month old infants prefer words that correspond to phonetic/phonotactic rules of native language

question

Cross-language

answer

• Infants < 6-8 months demonstrate categorical perception for phonetic contrasts not in their own language • Pattern of change from 6-12 months: ability to discriminate non-native contrasts decreases

question

Reflexive sounds

answer

- Fussing, crying, vegetative sounds - Quasi-resonant nuclei

question

infant production

answer

• 4-8 weeks: differentiated vocalizations • 8 weeks: - Comfort sounds/cooing - Vocalize in presence of others • 12 weeks: frequency of crying decreases • 16 weeks: sustained laughter • 4-6 months: babbling emerges - Fully resonant nuclei (FRN) - Bilabial production

question

Phonological Process

answer

• Systematic production errors • Occur across languages; frequency depends on structure of the native language • Whole word processes - Unstressed syllable deletion - Final consonant deletion - Reduplication - Assimilation • Segment change processes - Velar fronting - Stopping - Gliding • Systematic simplifications of a sound class • Common in normal development. Researchers have attempted to identify the age at which the pattern is typically suppressed. • Major decline in use of phonological processes between 3-4 years of age

question

Dialectal Differences

answer

• Dialect= "mutual intelligible forms of a language associated with a particular region, social class, or ethnic group" (p. 348, 6th Ed.) • Dialects spoken in US include: - General American English (GAE) - Southern White Standard - Appalachian English - Caribbean English - African American English (AAE) - Eastern American English - Spanish-influenced English

question

Phonological/Speech Sound Disorders Statistics

answer

• 7.5% of 3-11 year old children have developmental phonological disorders. • 50-75% of children with DPD also have expressive language involvement • 10-40% show language comprehension deficits Casual Factors: impairments that impact upon structure/function of the speech and hearing mechanism

question

Hearing Loss:

answer

• Must have intact auditory system sensitive to speech range (500-4000 Hz). • Child must receive incoming messages and monitor own speech • Aspects of hearing loss known to affect speech perception and production: - Hearing sensitivity - Speech recognition ability - Configuration of the hearing loss - Age of onset/detection of hearing loss • Vowel errors: - Vowel substitutions - Diphthong/vowel errors - Neutralization

question

Otitis Media

answer

• Mild fluctuating hearing loss can affect speech/language development • "otitis media with effusion" • Error patterns: - Errors in nasals - Initial consonant errors - Deletion of stridency feature • With "aggressive medical treatment", most children with catch up without intervention, but up to 25% will not.

question

Structural Variations:

answer

• Lips - Minor deviations do not impact articulation - Cleft lip—most develop compensatory postures • Teeth - "Malocclusion does not preclude normal articulation" • Open bite, short/narrow maxillary arch • Tongue - Ankyloglossia (tongue tie) • Frenectomies ommon - Macroglossia/microglossia - Glossectomy (partial/total) - The tongue is a very adaptable organ! • Hard palate - Defects/removals can be repaired with dental appliance - Intelligibility 94% • Soft palate - Velopharyngeal incompetence • Hypernasality • Reduced intraoral breath pressure • Nasal emission

question

Impaired Oral Sensory Function

answer

• Subjects with misarticulations may have poorer oral sensory abilities • Oral anesthetization studies • One study found that children with poor articulation skills performed less accurately on tongue placement tasks; but improved with training.

question

Motor Abilities

answer

• General/gross motor skills generally intact in children with phonological disorders • Weak or slow oral motor development can contribute to speech sound disorders

question

Tongue Thrust:

answer

frontal or lateral tongue thrust/strong contact of tongue with teeth, inadequate lip closure, incorrect tongue posture at rest • Low muscle tone, jaw instability, poor sensory awareness • Associated with anterior production of alveolar and palatal sounds.

question

Neuromotor Disorders

answer

• Typically associated with stroke, brain injury in adults; CP in children. • Impairment to one or more neuromuscular functions: - Muscle strength - Speed of movement - Range of excursion - Accuracy of movement - Coordination of movement - Motor steadiness - Muscle tone

question

Discuss the relationship among the following concepts: morpheme, phoneme, and allophone. For example, explain why a morpheme is relevant to identifying phonemes and why phonemes are relevant to identifying allophones.

answer

Morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning, phoneme is the smallest unit of sound, and allophones are variations of phonemes. Phonemes do not have meaning but when combined, can form morphemes. Different combinations of phonemes can result in the usage of allophones via assimilation.

question

This chapter summarized two ways of describing vowel articulation: traditional phonetic description and distinctive features. Discuss the similarities and differences between these two approaches.

answer

Vowels are speech sounds produced with the vocal tract. They are voiced and can be high, mid, low, front, central, or back. Distinctive features of vowels include, but are not subject to: vocalic, oral, sonorant, voiced, rounded, tense.

question

Using Table 2.2n as a guide, classify all of the consonants in the phrase Good morning, take a ticket, and get in line according to place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing. Note that in all of the words containing two or more consonants, the consonants share a phonetic feature. What is this feature for each word?

answer

/g/ - voiced velar stop /d/ - voiced alveolar stop /m/ voiced bilabial nasal /r/ - voiced palatal liquid /n/ - voiced alveolar nasal /ŋ/ - voiced velar nasal /g/ & /d/ in 'good' are both voiced stops /m/, /n/, & /ŋ/ are nasals

question

What is coarticulation and why does it occur?

answer

Is the influence of sounds on one another. Anticipatory coarticulation occurs when one sound is influenced by sound coming after. Eg. "key" & "koo." Rententive coarticulation is when the production of a sound is influenced by a proceeding sound. Eg. Nasalasation of / æ/ in man.

question

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the three major research methods employed to examine speech acquisition.

answer

An advantage of behaviorist theory is results through operant conditioning. A disadvantage of the behaviorist theory is that language acquisition is too complex to explain by the environment or just positive reinforcement. An advantage of linguistic models is that the phonological process of language acquisition is observable. A disadvantage of linguistic model is that the attention and underdevelopment of articulators of children before 3 is limited. An advantage of psycholinguistic theory is that attempts to account for planning and speech. A disadvantage would be that cognitive abilities vary from person to person.

question

Delineate the stages of infant vocal production from birth to age 1.

answer

Marginal, babbling, jargon

question

How do perception and production interact in infants?

answer

Infants can detect differences in speech sounds and cannot discriminate native sounds until 10-12 months.

question

Describe the characteristics and accomplishments of the transition stage of speech acquisition.

answer

Speech acquisition starts with jargon, then one word utterances, and then telegraphic stage ( two word utterances)

question

Review the large-scale normative data for English and identify early, mid, and late developing sounds.

answer

A) Consonants a. Early 8 [m, b, j, n, w, d, p, h] b. Middle 8 [t, ŋ, k, g, f, v, tʃ, dʒ] c. Late 8 [ʃ, θ, ð, s, z, , l, r, ʒ] B) Vowels a. Vowels are influenced by accent or dialect spoken by child b. Two aspects of vowels include: paradigmatic—refers to learning to produce vowels in isolation and syntagmatic—refers to the ability to produce sequence of vowels within syllables and words in conjunction with other phonological variables such as stress

question

8.) How would a child at age 2 years and 5 years with typical speech say cheese, hat, spoon, caterpillar, running, and three? To answer this question consider: a. What phonemes are in the words? When are they normally mastered? b. Which word position are they in? c. What syllable shapes are represented? Would a child of this age typical produce these syllable shapes? d. What phonological patterns normally operate at this age? e. What are normal mismatches for a child of this age?

answer

For age 2 they would have issues with cheese [s] →dentalized spoon [sp] →/p,b/ hat (no errors) caterpillar [l]→/w/ [r]→/w/ running [r]→/w/ [ŋ]→/n/ three [r]→/w/ For Age 5 there would no errors in regards to these words. **Refer to table 3.10 in text for chart**

question

What is the importance of the acquisition of phonological awareness in school-age children?

answer

A) The ability to manipulate sounds within the language; and is essential for the development of reading and spelling. Those skills also affect their perception of salient auditory cues. B) PA skills a. Rhyme knowledge (judgment, detection, production) b. Blending & segmentation (syllables, phonemes) c. Manipulation (syllables, clusters, phonemes)

question

How are children similar and different in speech acquisition?

answer

• Age • Gender (girls acquire speech more quickly) • Socioeconomic status • Language development • Individual variability (between individuals, within individuals)

question

What is meant by an "organically based" speech sound disorder? Cite some examples.

answer

Organically based means being born with it, this includes those children whose difficulty with speech sounds can be readily linked to an obvious etiology or cause. Some examples include: Lips, Tongue, Hard Palate, Soft Palate, Genetic Disorders, Hearing Loss, and Neuromotor Disorders (Dysarthria and Apraxia)

question

Briefly outline the three ways investigators have tried to identify subgroups of speech sound disorders of unknown origin.

answer

Classification by etiology Classification by psycholinguistic deficit Classification by symptomology

question

Cite specific examples wherein knowledge of etiology is highly important, if not essential, to developing an effective and efficient intervention program.

answer

• Early Intervention→Better treatment • ability to know how to classify the different speech disorders • How to properly asses and treat the children.

question

What is comorbidity, and why is it important?

answer

• Multiple symptoms arise from same underlying disorder, important clinically for child with Down syndrome. (from slide) • Morbidity arises from medicine is another term for illness; there might be co-factors and illnesses along with a speech disorder (from text)

question

What are some possible ways to account or comorbid conditions in the same individual?

answer

SSD and Language Disorders: • Many studies exist, consensus is that approximately 60% of preschool children with SSD also have some type of language disorder • More likely expressive • Prevalence of LD in preschoolers is around 7% of the population • Thus, having a SSD increases the likelihood of having a language disorder SSD and Stuttering: • Could be due to genetic etiology • Both more common in males • Both motor based problems • 20-40% of children who stutter may also have articulation problems SSD and Voice Disorders: • Links: reduced intelligibility may lead to strain on laryngeal mechanism, voice problems may lead to reduced intelligibility, practice, feedback • OR, common underlying problem, i.e., hearing loss, clefts • 47-57% of children with SSD may also have voice problems. SSD and Emotional/Psychiatric Disorders: • E.g., ADD/ADHD, anxiety disorder • SSD may lead to frustration, anxiety about communicating, OR limited communicative opportunities may lead to limited practice/feedback • Shriberg et al include a category for "psychosocial involvement"

question

How common is it for an individual who stutters to also have a speech sound disorder?

answer

• 20-40% of children who stutter may also have articulation disorders ; 1% of children with SSD also exhibit stuttering

question

What is the relationship of speech sound perception and speech sound errors?

answer

SSP is often referred to as speech discrimination. A relationship between speech sound perception and production in some children with speech sound disorders appears to exist, although the precise nature of the relationship is not determined.

question

How is each of the following factors related to clinical phonology and speech production?

answer

Otitis media b. Tongue thrusting c. Missing teeth d. Cognitive impairment e. Lower socioeconomic status k. Family history of phonological difficulties I. Removal of part of the tongue

STUDY

American Sign Language High School Student One Word Utterances Severe Hearing Loss Special Education Services Speech And Language

SPED 3460_Quiz 8 – Flashcards 50 terms

Elizabeth Hill

50 terms

Preview

SPED 3460_Quiz 8 – Flashcards

question

A child with a communication disorder is eligible for special education services when the disorder

answer

has an adverse effect on learning

question

A loss of the ability to process and use language is known as

answer

aphasia

question

A person who engages in intra-individual communication

answer

talks to himself/herself

question

According to B. F. Skinner, the simplest function of language is

answer

echoing

question

All of the following are true regarding therapy for phonological errors except

answer

sounds are taught in isolation

question

Cherell is a 9th grader, who is experiencing some difficulties at school. She has been sent to the principal's office for slapping a classmate. She tearfully tells the principal that she is tired of being teased by other students who claim that she sounds like a man when she talks. The term used to describe the quality of Cherell's voice is

answer

disphonia

question

Darius is a first grade student. His teacher, Mrs. Bluestone, has referred him for a speech evaluation because he says "wike" for "like" and has difficulty with consonant blends like the str in street. What common mistake has Darius' teacher made?

answer

She is confusing typical development with articulation errors

question

Didactic teaching approaches to improve communication skills are problematic because

answer

children have difficulty generalizing the skills to everyday contexts

question

How can a teacher help a child who stutters?

answer

Pay attention to what the child is saying

question

How many bound morphemes are in the word unpleasantly?

answer

question

How many phonemes are contained in the word chips?

answer

question

In the Lidcombe Program, children who stutter

answer

are praised for fluent speech

question

Jake is a high school student. After school conversations with friends include the use of slang words and may include telling of a "dirty joke." When Jake arrives at his grandparents' house he uses standard English and says "ma'am" and "sir" when addressing them. This ability to adjust language represents skill in

answer

pragmatics

question

Kyle will celebrate his third birthday next month. His parents report that he has a vocabulary of approximately 30 words and speaks mainly in one word utterances. According to current research, which of the following terms most accurately describes Kyle?

answer

Late talker

question

Most students with speech and language impairments receive services

answer

in general education classes

question

Mrs. Crosby has been asked to evaluate Hector for a possible communication disorder. Hector's family came from Miami but they speak very little English. Mrs. Crosby has assessed Hector in both English and Spanish. What else can she do to be sure that she has adequately measured his true communicative competence?

answer

Listen when Hector speaks to family members in Spanish

question

Mrs. Gonzales is evaluating Maria for a possible communication disorder. She asks Maria a series of open ended questions to evaluate her expressive speech. This type of assessment is known as a/an

answer

language sample

question

Mrs. Robinson is a Speech and Language Pathologist. She asks one of her students to look into a mirror and say the word "working." This technique is helpful with

answer

production

question

Nicole tells her older brother that Mom need some "pleach" from the store before she can wash his socks. Nicole's speech error is known as a/an

answer

substitution

question

Research on stuttering indicates that

answer

stuttering is a lifelong communication disorder

question

Speech and language impairments constitute a secondary disability for approximately

answer

50% of students who receive special education services for another primary disability

question

Tammy's teacher tells her that she will be in hot water if she doesn't stop talking. Tammy says "I will be good! Please don't burn me! This confusion probably reflects a problem with

answer

semantics

question

Tests for communication disorders that have been translated into other languages for English Language Learners

answer

may actually be more unreliable than assessments administered in English

question

The most prevalent method of service delivery to students who receive speech/language services is

answer

pull-out

question

The primary language for most cultures is

answer

graphemic

question

The smallest elements of language that carry meaning are called

answer

morphemes

question

The three components of augmentative and alternative communication are

answer

representational set, means of selection, means of transmission

question

Vocal rehabilitation for voice disorders includes all of the following except

answer

throat clearing

question

Which dimension of language is concerned with the meaning of words and combinations of words?

answer

Semantics

question

Which function of communication allows children to gain a sense of themselves and an awareness of others?

answer

Expressing

question

Which of the following are true regarding languages?

answer

The symbols and rules that govern languages are arbitrary

question

Which of the following children shows signs of a receptive language disorder?

answer

Chelsea, who can't follow a sequence of commands such as "Get your coat" and "Line up"

question

Which of the following is an example of an environmental influence on language?

answer

Opportunities to play with peers

question

Which of the following is an example of BICS?

answer

Having a conversation about recess

question

Which of the following is not a process involved in the production of speech?

answer

Intonation

question

Which of the following need not be considered when deciding what items to include in a child's augmentative vocabulary?

answer

The words a student can pronounce

question

Which of the following statements about dialects is most accurate?

answer

Dialects are linguistically correct within the rules that govern them.

question

Which of the following statements about speech-sound errors are true?

answer

They result from problems recognizing or processing the sounds of language.

question

Which of the following students is most likely to have a language disorder?

answer

6 year old Parker, who has an extensive vocabulary but cannot answer questions

question

Which of the following students is most likely to have problems with reading?

answer

Abe, a child with a phonological disorder

question

A child who has a language delay may not have a language disorder.

answer

True

question

Articulation errors are easy to diagnose and treat.

answer

False

question

Articulation errors are mainly caused by faulty mechanical operation of the speech apparatus.

answer

False

question

Children usually develop mature language without instruction or intervention.

answer

True

question

Children who use dialects need speech and language services.

answer

False

question

Languages grow and develop as communities and cultures change.

answer

True

question

Regardless of the language spoken, the incidence of stuttering is similar in all Western countries.

answer

True

question

Rules governing language are logical and systematic.

answer

False

question

Speech sounds are produced by four separate but related processes

answer

True

question

Spoken or written words are necessary for communication to occur.

answer

False

STUDY

American Sign Language Cultures Around The World High Self Esteem Low Income Families Single Parent Families Three Years Old United States

FLVS Final Exam (Parenting Skills) – Flashcards 60 terms

Sarah Taylor

60 terms

Preview

FLVS Final Exam (Parenting Skills) – Flashcards

question

Parents should start a constructive criticism conversation with what?

answer

A positive note

question

How should parents communicate with children?

answer

Get down to the child's level to talk.

question

What is an example of negative communication?

answer

"Stop doing that."

question

What may be an effect of divorce on a young child?

answer

Temper tantrums, separation anxiety, Difficulty sleeping (all of the above)

question

What can parents do to improve their communication with their children?

answer

Turn off the television, radio, phone, or other distractions.

question

What is true about the media's effects on families and children?

answer

The media can have both positive and negative effects.

question

What is the live birth rate for teens in the U.S. as of 2005?

answer

42 out of 1,000 girls

question

What word should you avoid when correcting a child?

answer

But

question

About how many children in the United States live in low-income families?

answer

42%

question

Which of the following is a cause of poverty for families?

answer

Unemployment, low wages, illness (all of the above)

question

Effective communication is natural and requires little practice or training.

answer

FALSE

question

Parents should wait before criticizing out of anger or frustration.

answer

TRUE

question

The teenage pregnancy rate in the United States has been falling over the past decade.

answer

TRUE

question

Parents should take care to keep their verbal communication positive, but they don't need to worry about their nonverbal language.

answer

FALSE

question

Parents should avoid sharing their own mistakes with children.

answer

FALSE

question

Stereotypes have very little effect on families.

answer

FALSE

question

Parents can play an important part in helping children adjust to a new culture or a new area.

answer

TRUE

question

Fictive kin are individuals included in the family group due to feelings of affection.

answer

TRUE

question

Immigrant families can often embrace new cultural traditions and practices while keeping some of the traditions and practices from their original culture.

answer

TRUE

question

The rise of single-parent homes is partially due to a rise in the divorce rate.

answer

TRUE

question

Polygamy is which of the following?

answer

The practice of having two or more wives.

question

A family can be defined by those who are tied together by which of the following?

answer

Blood, affection, co-residence (all of the above)

question

A nuclear family is which of the following?

answer

Two parents and their children.

question

What factor(s) might influence family composition?

answer

Religious beliefs, poverty, war (all of the above)

question

Which of the following is a benefit of extended families?

answer

Shared expenses

question

What is true of extended families?

answer

Extended families may include grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and others.

question

Which of the following is a factor in the increase of single-parent families in North America?

answer

An increasing divorce rate

question

What was an effect of the Black Plague on families?

answer

Individuals were able to marry at a younger age.

question

What is a preconceived notion about a group?

answer

Prejudice

question

What is true about an egalitarian family?

answer

Power is distributed equally among the adult members of the family.

question

The Boys and Girls Clubs of America often serve at-risk youth in their programs.

answer

TRUE

question

The idea of personal growth began in the 1970s.

answer

FALSE

question

Youth organizations typically focus on individuals between the ages of 15 and 24, although some may include younger individuals as well.

answer

TRUE

question

Striving to reach goals is an important part of personal growth.

answer

TRUE

question

Studies have indicated that teens who volunteer tend to do better in school than teens who do not volunteer.

answer

TRUE

question

Scouting organizations began where?

answer

The British Empire

question

Which of the following might be an activity that a scouting organization would include?

answer

Backpacking

question

Which of the following organizations is a part of the scouting movement?

answer

Girl Guides

question

How can positive parenting encourage personal development?

answer

It can create self-responsibility

question

Which youth organization is focused on teaching youths about business related topics?

answer

Junior Achievement

question

The best volunteer activities for a teen are which of the following?

answer

Those that are age-appropriate, those that include activities or topics that the teen is interested in, those that the teen enjoys (All of the above)

question

What might be an appropriate volunteer activity for young children?

answer

Creating snack backpacks for homeless children

question

SADD was originally founded around what topic?

answer

Drunk driving

question

About how many individuals were members of scouting organizations in 2011 worldwide?

answer

41 million

question

Which of the following is a possible benefit of participating in youth organizations?

answer

Higher grades, more self-confidence, helping the community (all of the above)

question

When we are born, we have about how many brain cells?

answer

Billions

question

We develop connections between brain cells through what?

answer

Our senses

question

The "prime time" for auditory and visual development is around what age?

answer

4 to 5 years

question

The scientist Stephen Hawking is well-known for using what assistive technology?

answer

Speech-generating devices

question

When does technology become assistive technology?

answer

When someone with a disability or limitation uses it to help him or her do something

question

What is true about technology and parenting?

answer

It can help parents and children stay in touch, It can help parents watch over their children, It can help parents keep track of their children's grades (all of the above)

question

Genie's story indicates what about brain development?

answer

There are critical periods for a child's brain development

question

By the time a child is around three years old, about how many brain connections will be present on average?

answer

One trillion

question

At about what age does the brain begin "pruning"?

answer

question

Assistive technology is used by whom?

answer

Individuals with disabilities or other limitations

question

Playing music or singing to a child is one way to help encourage brain development.

answer

TRUE

question

Speech-generating devices help individuals communicate verbally.

answer

TRUE

question

Closed circuit televisions or webcams can help parents make sure that children are safe.

answer

TRUE

question

Infants are born with some connections between brain cells.

answer

TRUE

question

Assistive technology can help children remain in regular classrooms or communicate with parents and friends.

answer

TRUE

STUDY

American Sign Language Hearing The Exceptional Learner

EDU 300 – CHAPTER 11 Learners Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing – Flashcards 50 terms

Trina Garrison

50 terms

Preview

EDU 300 – CHAPTER 11 Learners Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing – Flashcards

question

From the physiological perspective, the distinction between "deaf" and "hard of hearing" is based on A) decibel levels detected. B) frequency of sounds detected. C) location of hearing loss. D) language ability.

answer

decibel levels detected.

question

From an educational point of view, how is "deafness" best defined? A) a condition present since birth B) an inability to understand speech even with a hearing aid C) a hearing loss of more than 90 dB in at least one ear D) a condition of old age

answer

an inability to understand speech even with a hearing aid

question

The term "hard of hearing" is used to describe people with hearing impairment who A) were not born deaf but became deaf later in life. B) find it "hard" (in their own subjective judgment) to hear as well as the rest of the population. C) have a conductive hearing loss. D) have enough residual hearing to process sound with a hearing aid.

answer

have enough residual hearing to process sound with a hearing aid.

question

Simon has a hearing loss that occurred when he was seven years old. His loss is best described as A) conductive. B) sensorineural. C) congenital. D) postlingual.

answer

postlingual

question

According to the U.S. Department of Education, what percentage of students are identified as deaf or hard of hearing? A) 14% B) 0.14% C) 1.4% D) 0.014%

answer

0.14%

question

People who say that deafness should not be considered a disability argue that A) there is a difference between prelingual and postlingual deafness. B) they should be considered a cultural minority with a language of their own. C) there are advantages to being deaf, so it is not a disability. D) although deafness is a handicap, it is not a disability.

answer

they should be considered a cultural minority with a language of their own.

question

The ossicles function to create A) increased sense of balance. B) electrical impulse being sent to the brain. C) transfer of energy from the middle to the inner ear. D) a vacuum that stimulates hair cells.

answer

transfer of energy from the middle to the inner ear.

question

The most important organ for hearing is the A) cerumen. B) tympanic membrane. C) vestibular mechanism. D) cochlea.

answer

cochlea

question

Ideally, screening tests for babies should follow a A) 2-4-6 year rule B) 1-3-6 month rule C) 2-4-6 week rule D) 2-4-6 month rule

answer

1-3-6 month rule

question

Pure-tone audiometry establishes A) detection and understanding of speech. B) threshold for hearing at various frequencies. C) kinds of hearing tests to be used. D) presence of the Moro reflex.

answer

threshold for hearing at various frequencies.

question

Most speech sounds have frequencies (pitch) that A) have a very narrow range: 50-500 Hz. B) have a range that is affected by altitude and humidity: 100-900 Hz. C) have a range higher than long-haired dogs: 250-1,000 Hz. D) have a wide range: 500-2,000 Hz.

answer

have a wide range: 500-2,000 Hz.

question

The "speech reception threshold" is best defined as the A) dB level at which one can understand speech. B) intensity and frequency of spoken English. C) Hz level at which the average person can detect sound. D) level at which the human ear can discriminate between similar sounds.

answer

dB level at which one can understand speech.

question

When testing the hearing of a two-year-old child, an audiologist should avoid use of which type of audiometry? A) brain-stem-evoked response B) speech C) tympanometry D) conditioned play

answer

speech

question

All of the following identify the location of hearing loss EXCEPT A) conductive. B) mixed. C) sensorineural. D) adventitious.

answer

adventitious

question

A condition in which the external auditory canal does not form is A) atresia B) otitis C) anoxia D) atrium

answer

atresia

question

Swimmers' ear A) is a myth, the external canal is impervious to infections. B) is medically known as external otitis, an infection of the skin of the external auditory canal. C) is caused by allergies to algae in the water. D) is caused by a perforation of the eardrum.

answer

is medically known as external otitis, an infection of the skin of the external auditory canal.

question

The most severe hearing impairments are associated with which part of the ear? A) middle ear B) eardrum C) inner ear D) outer ear

answer

inner ear

question

All of the following are problems associated with inner ear hearing loss EXCEPT A) sound distortion. B) balance problems. C) ringing noises. D) draining fluid.

answer

draining fluid

question

The most frequent viral cause of deafness in newborns is A) otitis media. B) maternal rubella. C) congenital herpes. D) congenital cytomegalovirus.

answer

congenital cytomegalovirus.

question

Joanne is a nine-year-old girl with a hearing loss. She can hear loud voices if they are within a foot of her ear and can hear environmental sounds, though she usually can't identify them. What degree of hearing loss does Joanne appear to have? A) mild B) marked C) severe D) anywhere between mild and severe

answer

severe

question

Signs in American Sign Language consist of each of the following EXCEPT A) handshape. B) location. C) intensity. D) movement.

answer

intensity

question

Each of the following is true about sign language EXCEPT A) It is a primitive, visual representation of oral language similar to mime. B) It has grammatical structure at the sentence level and the word level. C) There is no universal sign language. D) Twins who are born deaf develop a signing system, but it is rudimentary and less sophisticated than ASL.

answer

It is a primitive, visual representation of oral language similar to mime.

question

Each of the following is true about children who are deaf EXCEPT A) They reach the same language development milestones in sign as children without hearing loss do in spoken language, but at a slower rate. B) They reach the same language development milestones in sign at the same time as children without hearing loss do in spoken language. C) They are at a distinct disadvantage regarding acquisition of spoken language. D) They are at a distinct disadvantage regarding acquisition of English language comprehension.

answer

They reach the same language development milestones in sign as children without hearing loss do in spoken language, but at a slower rate.

question

When performance tests, rather than verbal tests, are used, A) the IQ scores of both those who are hearing and those who are deaf are lower. B) the IQ scores of those who are deaf are lower than those who are hearing. C) the IQ scores of those who are deaf are higher than those who are hearing. D) there is no difference in IQ scores between those who are deaf and those who are hearing.

answer

there is no difference in IQ scores between those who are deaf and those who are hearing.

question

With respect to phonology skills in students who are deaf A) because they are virtually non-existent, they are largely irrelevant to their learning to read. B) they should be ignored in reading instruction because they interfere with the visual skills needed to learn sign. C) they are similar to phonology skills of students with reading disabilities. D) they are most easily acquired if they are integrated into a differentiated curriculum model of instruction.

answer

they are similar to phonology skills of students with reading disabilities.

question

Among students who are deaf, those who achieve the highest levels of literacy tend to have A) hearing parents who teach them how to speak. B) parents who are deaf who teach them ASL. C) brothers and sisters who are hearing. D) parents who communicate with them using both ASL and speech.

answer

parents who are deaf who teach them ASL.

question

The two factors that seem to have a positive effect on social adjustment are A) more inclusion with hearing peers and having parents who hear B) more inclusion with hearing peers and having parents who are deaf C) less inclusion with hearing peers and having parents who hear D) less inclusion with hearing peers and having parents who are deaf

answer

less inclusion with hearing peers and having parents who are deaf

question

All of the following factors identify the Deaf community as a true culture EXCEPT A) voluntary organizational networks such as National Theater of the Deaf. B) historical awareness documenting people and events significant to deafness. C) predominant pattern of intermarriage with people outside of the Deaf community. D) well-established behavioral guidelines with regard to such things as eye contact and physical touching.

answer

predominant pattern of intermarriage with people outside of the Deaf community.

question

A deaf baseball player for whom a petition has been circulated for him to be inducted into the Major League Baseball Hall of Fame is: A) Yogi Berra. B) Johnny Lipon. C) "Dummy" Hoy. D) Al Kaline.

answer

"Dummy" Hoy

question

A particularly controversial point of view held by many members of the Deaf culture is that A) children should not receive cochlear implants to improve their hearing. B) parents should not permit children who are deaf to learn English. C) all students who are deaf should attend residential schools until the age of 16. D) all citizens should be required to learn American Sign Language.

answer

children should not receive cochlear implants to improve their hearing

question

The genetic engineering debate regarding Deaf activism refers to members of the Deaf community who want to A) eliminate embryos that have the Connexin-26 gene because in can cause deafness B) physically alter a gene to cause a baby to be hearing C) eradicate deafness in vitro D) deliberately increase their chances of having a deaf child

answer

deliberately increase their chances of having a deaf child

question

The auditory-verbal approach encourages children with hearing impairment to A) depend on their peers for sound cues. B) use their residual hearing. C) learn sign language as quickly as possible. D) focus on visual cues.

answer

use their residual hearing.

question

Teaching people with hearing impairments to use visual information (such as facial expressions) to understand what is being said to them is A) speechreading. B) lipreading. C) face reading. D) gestural reading.

answer

speechreading.

question

The total communication approach uses A) Braille and manual communication. B) sign language and a typewriter. C) a telephone and a computer. D) oral and manual communication.

answer

oral and manual communication.

question

Each of the following statements about signing English systems is true EXCEPT A) They are the type of manualism most often used in total communication. B) They follow the same word order as spoken English. C) They include fingerspelling. D) They result in more fluency than ASL.

answer

They result in more fluency than ASL.

question

A principle underlying the bicultural-bilingual approach is A) teaching the history of the Deaf culture instead of that of the dominant culture. B) providing a foundation in spoken English to serve as a basis for ASL. C) stressing that ASL is the primary language, and English is secondary. D) encouraging hearing people to learn ASL as a second language.

answer

stressing that ASL is the primary language, and English is secondary.

question

FM systems are used in conjunction with hearing aids to A) amplify sound. B) increase reverberation. C) provide individualized instruction. D) broadcast the schedule of daily events.

answer

amplify sound.

question

Virtually all new television programs are captioned for use by people with hearing impairment. Federal law requires that TVs over 13 inches must A) contain a chip that produces captions. B) come with a decoder. C) come with a VCR. D) come with a teletypewriter.

answer

contain a chip that produces captions.

question

A TT is a device for A) decoding closed captions on TV. B) accessing teletext service. C) printing sign language texts. D) communicating via telephone.

answer

communicating via telephone.

question

Currently, approximately what percentage of students with hearing impairments attends their local schools? A) 86% B) 8% C) 10% D) 18%

answer

86%

question

In recent years, many parents and professionals have questioned the trend toward inclusion of children with hearing impairment because A) it creates too much work for the general education teacher. B) they do not get along with the other students. C) it reduces their opportunity to participate in the signing community. D) they do not have the cognitive or academic skills to succeed in the mainstream.

answer

it reduces their opportunity to participate in the signing community.

question

Many in the Deaf community believe that residential schools for children who are deaf are necessary to A) perpetuate the Deaf culture and use of ASL. B) ensure that students learn age-appropriate social skills. C) provide jobs for those who are deaf as workers in the schools. D) overcome the negative effects of many home situations.

answer

perpetuate the Deaf culture and use of ASL.

question

Which statement about the assessment of progress of students who have hearing impairments is true? A) Curriculum-based measurement is not an appropriate method for measuring reading fluency for these students. B) Most standardized assessments are biased towards the majority culture. C) Research does not support the development of phonics-based reading skills for these students. D) Several standardized measures of reading ability are available for these students.

answer

Most standardized assessments are biased towards the majority culture.

question

The focus of early intervention for children with hearing impairments is on A) social skills. B) language development. C) play. D) self-esteem.

answer

language development

question

Children with deafness who have parents who are also deaf A) develop language more slowly than do infants with deafness who have hearing parents. B) tend to be overly dependent on their parents when they reach school age. C) develop ASL at a rate similar to the rate at which hearing infants develop English. D) have difficulty relating to hearing children when placed in mainstream preschool settings.

answer

develop ASL at a rate similar to the rate at which hearing infants develop English.

question

Frank, who is deaf, is the six-month-old son of hearing parents. To interact effectively with Frank, his parents should A) emphasize lip movements. B) encourage verbal babbling. C) attend to eye gaze. D) avoid use of speech.

answer

attend to eye gaze.

question

Until the mid-1960s the only institution specifically for post-secondary education of students with hearing impairments was A) Rochester. B) Gallaudet. C) Stanford. D) Georgetown.

answer

Gallaudet

question

Sign language interpreters A) use ASL. B) use transliteration. C) use a hybrid of ASL and transliteration, Signed American Sign Language (SASL). D) can use either ASL or transliteration.

answer

can use either ASL or transliteration.

question

What percentage of deaf children have hearing parents? A) 10% B) 5% C) 50% D) 90%

answer

90%

question

Students who are deaf who do not go on to post-secondary training may face increased obstacles to employment in the future because A) increasingly fewer employers are willing to employ workers who sign. B) the manual trades that they typically prepare for are disappearing. C) antidiscrimination laws do not cover students with inadequate training. D) there will be increased competition for the same jobs by individuals with other disabilities.

answer

the manual trades that they typically prepare for are disappearing.

STUDY

American Sign Language English Language Learners Language And Culture Per Capita Income Teaching-Early Childhood Education

Multicultural Education Test 3 Chapter 7 – Flashcards 35 terms

Patrick Turner

35 terms

Preview

Multicultural Education Test 3 Chapter 7 – Flashcards

question

The English spoken by a particular group of individuals in a community that is typically the professional educated middle class with the highest degree of influence and prestige is

answer

Standard English

question

A creole of English with words and phrases from Hawaiian, Chinese, Japanese, etc. is

answer

Pidgin English

question

A system of vocal sounds and/or nonverbal systems by which group members communicate with one another is

answer

Language

question

Variations of a language usually determined by region or social class is

answer

Dialect

question

A dialect of the same language that is not considered standard is

answer

Nonstandard dialect

question

A vernacular or dialect of the majority of Black Americans is

answer

Ebonics

question

The informal or conversational speech in a community is

answer

Colloquialism

question

The number of identified languages spoken in the United States is

answer

381

question

The secretive vocabulary of a co-culture group is

answer

Argot

question

Groups of people who exist and function apart from the dominant culture are

answer

Co-Cultures

question

The ability to speak two languages is

answer

Bilingualism

question

The ability to speak only one language is

answer

Monolingualism

question

The process that occurs when a second language replaces the first is

answer

Subtractive bilingualism

question

The process that occurs when two languages are of equal value and neither dominates the other is

answer

Additive bilingualism

question

The way an individual pronounces words is

answer

Accent

question

the dialect that is spoken more than any other in the United States is

answer

Southern dialect

question

The ability to speak in two or more dialects is

answer

Bi dialectalism

question

The language considered proper in a community is

answer

Informal standard

question

The acceptable written language that is typically found in grammar books is

answer

Formal standard

question

A natural language that has been developed and used by persons who are deaf is

answer

American Sign Language

question

A system that translates the English oral or written word into a sign is

answer

Signed English

question

The process of communication that occurs without words is

answer

Nonverbal communication

question

Students who have limited or no English skills and who are in the process of learning English are

answer

English Language Learners

question

The school district with the largest ELL enrollment is

answer

Los Angeles Unified

question

The percentage of ELL students that are failing to make progress toward English Language proficiency is

answer

25%

question

The graduation rate for ELL students is

answer

64%

question

Basica, everyday conversational skills, which English Language Learners can develop in approximately two years is

answer

Basic interpersonal communication skills

question

The higher levels of proficiency required in highly structured academic situations is

answer

Cognitive academic language proficiency

question

A position supported by U.S. English, a citizen's action group, which is seeking to have English declared as the official language of the U.S. is

answer

Official English

question

An instructional process in which English language acquisition is structured so that nearly all instruction is in English is

answer

Sheltered English Immersion

question

As of 2010 English as the official language has been adopted in the form of statues and state constitutional amendments in

answer

31 states

question

By the year 2050, the percentage of U.S. residents that will be immigrants is

answer

20%

question

The use of two languages as the method of instruction, which accepts and develops native language in the instructional process is

answer

Bilingual education

question

The legislation that stipulates that special language programs are necessary if schools are to provide and equal educational opportunity for all students is

answer

Lau v. Nichols

question

Programs that emphasize bilingual education as a means of moving from the culture and language most commonly used for communication in the home to the mainstream of U.S. language and culture are

answer

Transition programs

STUDY

American Sign Language External Auditory Canal Genetic Engineering The Exceptional Learner

Ch. 11 (exam 3) – Flashcards 25 terms

Elizabeth Hill

25 terms

Preview

Ch. 11 (exam 3) – Flashcards

question

Decibel levels detected

answer

From the physiological perspective, the distinction between "deaf" and "hard of hearing" is based on

question

an inability to understand speech even with a hearing aid

answer

From an educational point of view, how is "deafness" best defined?

question

have enough residual hearing to process sound with a hearing aid.

answer

The term "hard of hearing" is used to describe people with hearing impairment who

question

Postlingual

answer

Simon has a hearing loss that occurred when he was seven years old. His loss is best described as

question

threshold for hearing at various frequencies.

answer

Pure-tone audiometry establishes

question

have a wide range: 500-2,000 Hz.

answer

Most speech sounds have frequencies (pitch) that

question

decibel level at which one can understand speech.

answer

The "speech reception threshold" is best defined as the

question

Adventitious

answer

All of the following identify the location of hearing loss EXCEPT

question

congenital cytomegalovirus

answer

The most frequent viral cause of non genetic deafness in newborns is

question

Intensity

answer

Grammatical structure of American Sign Language consist of each of the following EXCEPT

question

It is a primitive, visual representation of oral language similar to mime.

answer

Each of the following is true about sign language EXCEPT

question

They reach the same language development milestones in sign as children without hearing loss do in spoken language, but at a slower rate.

answer

Each of the following is true about children who are deaf EXCEPT

question

there is no difference in IQ scores between those who are deaf and those who are hearing.

answer

When performance tests, rather than verbal tests, are used,

question

they are similar to phonology skills of students with reading disabilities.

answer

With respect to phonology skills in students who are deaf

question

parents who are deaf who teach them ASL

answer

Among students who are deaf, those who achieve the highest levels of literacy tend to have

question

predominant pattern of marrying individuals with people outside of the Deaf community.

answer

All of the following factors identify the Deaf community as a true culture EXCEPT

question

children should not receive cochlear implants to improve their hearing.

answer

A particularly controversial point of view held by many members of the Deaf culture is that

question

use their residual hearing.

answer

The auditory-verbal approach encourages children with hearing impairment to

question

oral and manual communication

answer

The total communication approach uses

question

stressing that ASL is the primary language, and English is secondary.

answer

A principle underlying the bicultural-bilingual approach is

question

amplify sound

answer

FM systems are used in conjunction with hearing aids to

question

accessing teletext service

answer

A TT, also referred to as TTYs, is a device for

question

86%

answer

Currently, approximately what percentage of students with hearing impairments attends classes in their local schools?

question

Most standardized assessments are biased towards the majority culture.

answer

Which statement about the assessment of progress of students who have hearing impairments is true?

question

the manual trades that they typically prepare for are disappearing

answer

Students who are deaf who do not go on to postsecondary training may face increased obstacles to employment in the future because

STUDY

American Sign Language Autism Spectrum Disorders Special Education Teacher

SPED Final Test Answers – Flashcards 70 terms

Ann Ricker

70 terms

Preview

SPED Final Test Answers – Flashcards

question

What is not considered an emotional disorder?

answer

Down syndrome

question

Students with an emotional and behavioral disorder frequently encounter

answer

isolation

question

Dimensions of behavior assessed when interpreting the occurrence of a behavioral disorder

answer

frequency, age appropriateness, duration

question

Having periods of life characterized by conflict, crisis, depression and stress are common for

answer

children, adolescents, and adults

question

The acceptance of a majority of behaviors

answer

vary across cultures

question

What is NOT a characteristic listed in the fed. definition of an emotional disturbance

answer

Involvement in the juvenile justice system

question

By identifying the_______ a problem behavior, a preventative approach to intervention can be implemented

answer

antecedent to

question

Students with an emotional and behavioral disorders are __________ in the United States

answer

under-identified

question

Students with an emotional or behavioral disorder typically exhibit problems across __________ dimensions

answer

two or more

question

________ disorders are less likely to be identified but the student's teachers and families

answer

Internalizing

question

What percentage of individuals with autism spectrum disorders is considered to be "autistic savants"

answer

question

Which pervasive developmental disorder occurs only in females

answer

Rett's disorder

question

What treatment is validated by research

answer

Picture exchange communication system

question

What does autistic mean

answer

to escape from reality

question

What researcher used applied behavior analysis to treat children with autism

answer

Ivar Lovaas

question

The parroting of the speech of others is referred to as

answer

echolalia

question

Research on intervention for young children with autism indicates substantial support for the use of

answer

behavioral treatment

question

What is not a characteristic of the TEACCH intervention model

answer

visually structured activities

question

A characteristic of assessment for students with autism

answer

a focus on measures of cognitive functioning

question

An emphasis on developing ___________ and appropriate social skills is characteristic of most approaches to autism

answer

functional communication abilities

question

The component of language that deals with rules of putting words together to form phrases and sentences is called

answer

syntax

question

I hur my han when I wan into the fence

answer

substitution and omission

question

By kindergarten most children have a vocabulary of how many words

answer

2000

question

A child who can tell their first name, hold up finders to indicate age, answer where questions and use short sentences is a typically developing

answer

2 year old

question

Ariel approaches another group of children who are talking about the baseball game. She stands very close to the children, gets close to their faces and says "I have two cats at my house." The children acknowledge her, back away a bit, and continue the conversation about the ballgame. Ariel interrupts again, moves closer to the children and says, "My Siamese cat and my Persian cat belong to me, not my brother." In what component of language does Ariel most likely have a deficit?

answer

Pragmatics

question

If a child's screening assessment determines that there is a possibility of a communication disability, the next step in the assessment process is to

answer

make a referral

question

Most students with speech an language impairments are served in

answer

general education classrooms

question

Students with expressive language problems may have difficulty

answer

producing age appropriate vocabulary

question

___________ is the exchange of ideas, information, thoughts, and feelings

answer

communication

question

Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics are components of

answer

language

question

Universal hearing screening for newborns is important because hearing loss

answer

is the most common congenital disorder in newborns

question

American sign language

answer

has a unique syntax system

question

The academic area most negatively affected by a hearing impairment is

answer

reading

question

Under ______________, colleges and universities are required to provide qualified sign language interpreters and other auxiliary aids needed to ensure effective communication opportunities for the deaf and hard of hearing student population

answer

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973

question

All of the following are disorders associated with hearing loss in children

answer

aphasia

question

Many times, the audiologist, social worker, speech-language pathologist, and special education teacher assist the __________ in gathering the information needed to make the initial educational placement and communication training decisions.

answer

family

question

What is currently viewed as the optimal age for cochlear implants

answer

10-15 months

question

An individuals language and speech skills are developed and refined by

answer

observation, imitation, and listening but NOT pictures

question

Combines a number of sensory modalities with manual and oral communication

answer

total communication

question

Some causes of hearing loss include

answer

environmental or trauma, infections, genetic or hereditary

question

An appropriate learning medium for students with visual impairments is determined by

answer

the student's type or degree of impairment

question

Socially appropriate behaviors must be taught to persons with visual impairments because

answer

they may not be able to observe those behaviors in others

question

Where are most students with visual impairment likely to be served

answer

among typically developing peers

question

An early sign of a visual impairment may be

answer

an infant's failure to turn his head towards adults when they are talking

question

Braille symbols consist of _____ possible dots arranged in two columns

answer

question

A difference between individuals labeled as being functionally blind and blind is

answer

the use of low vision to gain information from the environment

question

Most critical to the quality of literacy experiences for students impairments is

answer

access to technology

question

Typical characteristics of individuals with visual impairments

answer

unusual head or eye movements, poor grades, frequent headaches NOT cognitive disability

question

Age appropriate cognitive skills that need to be integrated and taught to young children with visual impairments

answer

Fine motor sills, gross motor skills, receptive language, NOT musical skills

question

Visual acuity test most often used is called

answer

snellen chart

question

Disabilities that occur infrequently in the population

answer

low-incidence disabilities

question

In order for a student with physical or health disabilities to qualify for special education services their disability must

answer

interfere with their educational performance

question

Under federal definition a student would be identified as having multiple disabilities

answer

when a student has two or more disabilities whose combined effects cannot be accommodated in a program for one of the disabilities

question

STORCH serves as a memory aid for what

answer

Prenatal infections that if acquired by the mother may adversely affect the fetus

question

A 16-year-old student with traumatic brain injury is asked to count 20 pennies and tell the number of pennies on the table. After numerous attempts she is unable to accurately count the pennies. This same student is asked to recall multiplication facts and is able to do so with no errors. Which of the following is the most accurate statement about this student?

answer

She has splinter skills

question

Mrs. Jung has Marquis, a student with traumatic brain injury, in her classroom. Marquis is demonstrating impulsive responding in the class. What is the most appropriate strategy for Mrs. Jung to use with Marquis to help decrease his impulsivity?

answer

Tell Marquis to sit and think before he answers

question

Examples of functional effects of a disability

answer

Sensory loss, fatigue and lack of endurance, processing issues NOT motivation

question

A child diagnosed with a serious heart, circulatory and lung condition, severely impacting his education, would fall under which category, for special education considerations?

answer

Other health impairment

question

Most students with multiple disabilities are educated in a

answer

separate classroom

question

reasons why these categories, of exceptionality, are so diverse

answer

because of the wide range of diseases and disorders

question

Many states have adopted the six categories outlined in the first national report on gifted education except for

answer

psychoromoter

question

The term used to describe a curriculum that enables gifted students to work at more complex levels that would not be appealing to all students is

answer

defferential education

question

A secondary school with a particular focus such as science, math or performing arts can be identified as a

answer

magnet high school

question

Cluster grouping and pull-out homogeneous clusters, are what type of strategy for addressing the needs of advanced learners

answer

grouping

question

What is not considered best practice in screening for students who are gifted and talented

answer

Schools should choose one method of assessment and adhere to that method for each child

question

One part of the assessment process for gifted and talented children that is different from other exceptionalities is

answer

the referral arises because of the students' strengths rather than weaknesses

question

Differentiated programming involves

answer

providing instruction that allows the gifted student to advance as far as possible, providing instruction that allows a slow learner to achieve mastery of the curriculum, having high expectations for all students

question

Understanding intelligence as the g factor, or general intelligence, is based on the belief that intelligence is

answer

a unitary trait

question

With a variety of theories on multiple intelligences, why might the field be reluctant to let go of the traditional IQ testing

answer

Scores from an IQ test offer standardized information on a student's strengths and weaknesses

question

One problem with the proficiency standards established by the No Child Left Behind Act, with regards to gifted and talented children, is

answer

the established proficiency levels can be limiting to gifted and talented students

STUDY

American Sign Language Communications Interpersonal Communication Linguistics Make Eye Contact Problems And Solutions

SPH 106 Final – Flashcards 79 terms

Daniel Jimmerson

79 terms

Preview

SPH 106 Final – Flashcards

question

communication

answer

__________ is the process by which individuals use symbols and behaviors to exchange information. a. encoding b. decoding c. communication d. perception

question

functional

answer

A/An __________ perspective of communication examines how communication helps (or doesn't help) to accomplish our goals in personal, group, organizational, or public situations. a. interdependent b. interdisciplinary c. interpersonal d. functional

question

what we do affects others, and what they do affects us.

answer

The best definition of interdependence from the list below is a. what we do affects others, and what they do affects us. b. a person's self-esteem is dependent on whether another person needs him or her. c. being able to communicate effectively to meet one's needs. d. a reluctance to communicate with others.

question

to exchange information

answer

All of the following have been identified as the primary reasons why we communicate except for which one? a. to express affiliation b. to exchange information c. to achieve goals d. to influence others

question

affiliation

answer

While on a first date, you notice your date leaning in toward you, meeting your gaze, smiling when you make eye contact, and laughing at your jokes—you infer from your date's behavior that he or she likes you. This scenario best represents the use of communication to express a. control b. affiliation c. goal achievement d. influence over another person

question

control

answer

The ability of one person, group, or organization to influence others, and the manner in which their relationships are conducted is called a. control b. affiliation c. interdependence d. goal achievement

question

symbol

answer

The word "dog" is a __________, an arbitrary construction that refers to the canine companion that sleeps at the foot of your bed. a. code b. channel c. symbol d. behavior

question

encoding

answer

After looking in your book bag and realizing you forgot to grab a pen, you lean over to one of your classmates and you say, "Do you have a pen I can borrow for class today?" You have just engaged in what mental process as you constructed your message? a. encoding b. decoding c. coding d. symbolizing

question

decoding

answer

The process of receiving a message by interpreting and assigning meaning to it is referred to as a. encoding b. decoding c. translating d. inquiring

question

culture

answer

The shared beliefs, values, and practices of a group of people is their a. communication relationship b. culture c. norms d. co-culture

question

perception

answer

"A cognitive process through which we interpret our experiences and form our own unique understandings" is best associated with which of the following terms? a. perception b. selecting information c. mindfulness d. communication

question

the means by which you gather, organize, and evaluate the information you receive.

answer

Communication processing can be defined as a. the encoding and decoding of messages between two or more communicators. b. the use of technology such as cell phones or Internet chat programs to process and transmit information. c. the means by which you gather, organize, and evaluate the information you receive. d. putting chunks of information together to form patterns and create meaning at a more complex level.

question

schema

answer

People sometimes feel uncertain in new situations where they do not know what to expect. This uncertainty develops because the person does not have a/an __________ to guide his or her perception of the new event. a. stereotype b. schema c. attribution d. context

question

mindlessness

answer

Reduced cognitive activity, inaccurate recall, and uncritical evaluation are all signs that a state of __________ is challenging one's perception. a. selective attention b. undue influence c. narrow perspective d. mindlessness

question

selective perception

answer

Edgar, who is a communication major, finds himself frustrated by the number of times his professors say "umm," mispronounce words, and use awkward gestures—so much so that he often misses the point of their lectures. Edgar's perceptions are best attributed to which of the following? a. interaction appearance theory b. selective perception c. mindlessness d. fundamental attribution theory

question

undue influence

answer

Brianna is planning a vacation, and even though she really wants to go someplace quiet and relaxing, she has settled on a trip to Miami because her older sister told her she should go someplace with a great night life. Which of the following seems to be challenging Brianna's perception? a. interaction appearance b. narrow perspective c. undue influence d. selective perception

question

interaction appearance theory

answer

Which theory helps explain how people change their attributions of someone's physical appearance as they communicate with them more? a. interaction appearance theory b. fundamental attribution theory c. communication processing theory d. cultural myopia theory

question

fundamental attribution error.

answer

When Joe shows up late to meet his friends for dinner, he explains that he is late because he was held up in traffic. His friend Maggie reminds him, though, that they all drove in the same traffic, but that everyone else left early to accommodate the rush hour. The differences in their perception is best associated with a. mindlessness b. interaction appearance theory. c. mindfulness d. fundamental attribution error.

question

Verify your perceptions, be thoughtful when you seek explanations, and look beyond first impressions.

answer

What three recommendations have been made for improving perception? a. Verify your perceptions, be thoughtful when you seek explanations, and look beyond first impressions. b. Narrow your perspective, verify your perceptions, and be careful of stereotyping. c. Remove barriers to your perception, be mindful of others' feelings, and consider your first impressions. d. Stick to the facts, ask questions, and adjust your perspective when needed.

question

cultural myopia

answer

Failing to consider other cultural perspectives because of a belief that one's own culture is appropriate and relevant in all situations and to all people is associated with which term? a. stereotyping b. prejudice c. cultural myopia d. undue influence

question

Language

answer

__________ is a system of symbols, governed by grammatical rules that we use to think about and communicate experiences and feelings. a. Denotative code d. Connotative code c. Language d. body language

question

denotative meaning.

answer

The consistently accepted definition of a word is referred to as its a. denotative meaning. b. connotative meaning. c. encoded meaning. d. cognitive language.

question

connotative meaning

answer

When Joe's roommate asks if Joe would bring his cat home after the winter holidays, Joe remembers how his aunt's house smelled like a soiled litter box and that there was cat hair all over the furniture. Joe feels a great sense of reluctance. His response is related to what kind of meaning for cat? a. denotative meaning b. connotative meaning c. encoded meaning d. cognitive language

question

phonological rules

answer

Grammatical rules that dictate how words should be pronounced are referred to as. a. syntactical rules. b. phonetic rules. c. phonological rules. d. articulation rules.

question

control

answer

Andy compliments his mother's new hairstyle just before he asks her if she can loan him some money for the weekend, hoping that this will put her in a good mood and improve his chances of getting the loan. His compliment is serving which functional communication competency? a. feeling b. ritualizing c. informing d. control

question

equivocation

answer

Using abstract words that have unclear or misleading definitions to get out of an uncomfortable situation is referred to as a. euphemizing b. equivocation c. evasion d. imagining

question

euphemism

answer

Jane says her cousin is "big boned" instead of saying she's overweight, obese, or fat, because she understands those other terms might have insulting connotations. What type of language abstraction is Jane using? a. jargon b. euphemism c. equivocation d. evasion

question

slang

answer

When Ashleigh confides in her friend that she thinks her boyfriend might be cheating, her friend says, "Girl, he is a dog!" What language form did Ashleigh's friend use? a. jargon b. slang c. euphemism d. equivocation

question

jargon

answer

Technical language that is specific to members of a particular profession, interest group, or hobby is referred to as a. euphemism b. slang c. jargon d. abstraction

question

semantics

answer

The relationship between symbols, objects, people, and concepts and the meaning that words have for people, either because of their definitions or their placement in a sentence, defines which of the following terms? a. pragmatics b. labeling c. semantics d. abstraction

question

nonverbal communication

answer

"The process of intentionally or unintentionally signaling meaning through behavior other than words" defines which of the following terms? a. verbal communication b. nonverbal communication c. body language d. encoding

question

You wave an old friend over to sit with you at lunch in the cafeteria.

answer

Which of the following is an example of a nonverbal behavior? a. You write a note asking your roommate to pick up your mail while you're out of town. b. You use American Sign Language to fingerspell your name when you meet a new deaf colleague at work. c. You wave an old friend over to sit with you at lunch in the cafeteria. d. You type a quick e-mail asking your professor if she has any feedback on the outline for your upcoming speech.

question

channel discrepancy

answer

__________ occurs when one set of a person's behaviors say one thing and another set of his or her behaviors says something different. a. feedback b. channel discrepancy c. distortion d. deception

question

substituting

answer

Which of the following does not represent the way nonverbal behaviors can clarify the meaning of a verbal message by reinforcing it? a. repeating b. complementing c. substituting d. accenting

question

repeating

answer

Your friend asks you how you're doing, and you say, "OK," while holding up your hand in the gesture Americans understand to be the OK sign. What reinforcing behavior are you using to clarify your message? a. repeating b. complementing c. accenting d. substituting

question

substituting

answer

Your friend asks you how you're doing, and you say, "OK," while holding up your hand in the gesture Americans understand to be the OK sign. What reinforcing behavior are you using to clarify your message? a. accenting b. substituting c. contradicting d. repeating

question

regulating

answer

Nonverbal behaviors that coordinate verbal interaction by helping us to navigate the back-and-forth of communication in a constructive, appropriate manner are serving which function? a. accenting b. repeating c. regulating d. substituting

question

kinesics

answer

What is commonly referred to as "body language" is actually the observation of __________, or the way our body movements and gestures send messages. a. kinesics b. proxemics c. oculesics d. chronemics

question

emblem

answer

During a church service, you silently hold one finger up to your mouth to communicate nonverbally to your little brother that he must be quiet. What category of body movement are you using to communicate your message? a. illustrator b. adaptor c. emblem d. affect display

question

adaptor

answer

While delivering your presentation, you begin to twist the ring on your right hand and your right leg begins to shake. What category of body movement is illustrated in this example? a. illustrator b. adaptor c. emblem d. regular

question

persuasive

answer

Speeches that are intended to influence the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of an audience are called a. informative b. persuasive c. special-occasion d. impromptu

question

special-occasion

answer

When a politician is asked to speak at the opening of a new library, he or she would be delivering which type of speech? a. informative b. persuasive c. special-occasion d. topical

question

demographics

answer

"The systematic study of the quantifiable characteristics of a large group" defines which of the following terms? a. audience analysis b. demographics c. statistical analysis d. surveying

question

brainstorming

answer

The process of amassing information, thinking creatively, and considering problems and solutions related to your topic is most closely associated with which of the following terms? a. clustering b. brainstorming c. audience analysis d. cognitive restructuring

question

clustering

answer

As Jill begins to prepare for her informative speech, she tries to come up with topic ideas by first writing down the name of the town where she was born, Chicago, and then writing down other words she associates with it. Eventually, she has a complex web of ideas spilled across the page that includes tourist attractions, sports teams, famous people who live or work there, and the great fire that nearly destroyed the city. What process has she used to come up with these potential topics? a. brainstorming b. clustering c. topic narrowing d. cognitive structuring

question

To have my audience know how to set up an aquarium and care for neon tetras

answer

Which of the following is a specific purpose statement? a. To inform about neon tetras b. To inform c. To have my audience know how to set up an aquarium and care for neon tetras d. Neon tetras are inexpensive and are easy to care for, making them an ideal pet for college students.

question

thesis

answer

A statement that conveys the central idea or core assumption about your topic is a __________ statement. a. general purpose b. specific purpose c. thesis d. topic

question

Organ donors are able to turn tragedy into a blessing by saving lives through their generous and selfless actions.

answer

Which of the following statements would be classified as a thesis statement? a. to persuade b. To convince my audience that organ donation is important in hopes that they will consider signing up to become an organ donor and eventually save someone's life c. Organ donation pros and cons d. Organ donors are able to turn tragedy into a blessing by saving lives through their generous and selfless actions.

question

expert testimony

answer

In her speech on the process of producing television news, Julia references an opinion statement made by a professor from Arizona State University who teaches a course in broadcast journalism. What type of research information is she using to support her speech? a. statistics b. lay testimony c. expert testimony d. an anecdote

question

statistics

answer

Numerical expressions used to show trends, size, or relationships are called a. testimony b. comparisons c. contrasts d. statistics

question

main points

answer

__________ are the central claims that support a speaker's specific purpose and thesis statement. a. key words b. main points c. subpoints d. facts

question

chronological

answer

The organizational pattern that presents the main points of a speech forward in a systematic, time-related fashion is named the __________ pattern. a. chronological b. topical c. spatial d. cause-effect

question

chronological pattern

answer

Brad is organizing his speech on the process of rebuilding a transmission. What organizational pattern would best suit his needs for this speech? a. tropical pattern b. spatial pattern c. chronological pattern d. cause-effect pattern

question

tropical pattern

answer

What organizational pattern do the following main points represent? I. Small breed dogs, like Chihuahuas, make an excellent pet for people who do not have a lot of physical space. II. Larger breed dogs, like Labrador Retrievers, make an excellent pet for people who have plenty of outdoor space. III. Other dogs, like Greyhounds, offer compassionate people an opportunity to rescue a pet that needs stability and TLC. a. topical pattern b. spatial pattern c. chronological pattern d. cause-effect pattern

question

spatial

answer

Which organizational pattern organizes the main points according to their physical proximity to or position in relation to one another? a. tropical b. spatial c. chronological d. proximal

question

alternative

answer

Which of the following is not one of the steps in the motivated sequence pattern? a. attention b. need c. alternatives d. satisfaction

question

presenting a story

answer

Speeches that use the narrative pattern focus on a. explaining a decision. b. describing a process. c. presenting a story. d. solving a problem.

question

transition

answer

"Words and phrases that connect different thoughts, points, and details in a way that allows them to flow naturally from one to the next" is most closely associated with which of the following terms? a. signposts b. preview c. subpoints d. transitions

question

signposts

answer

"First," "Additionally," and "Moving on" are all examples of what your textbook authors call a. signposts b. internal previews c. signifiers d. attention grabbers

question

allusion

answer

__________ involves making a vague or indirect reference to people, historical events, or concepts to give deeper meaning to the message. a. smile b. metaphor c. allusion d. alliteration

question

Public speaking anxiety

answer

__________ refers to the nervousness we experience when we know we have to communicate publicly to an audience. a. Communication apprehension b. Stage fright c. Public speaking anxiety d. Speech panic response

question

communication apprehension

answer

What do we call the general fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons? a. communication apprehension b. stage fright c. public speaking anxiety d. speech panic response

question

performance visualization

answer

While preparing for his speech, David took time each afternoon to imagine himself walking confidently to the front of the room, smiling at his audience, and then speaking calmly and confidently. Which technique is David using to build his confidence and reduce his anxiety? a. meditation b. systematic desensitization c. fear alleviation d. performance visualization

question

oratory

answer

Memorized delivery is also known as __________, which is an ancient public speaking tradition that is fairly uncommon today due to time constraints and the risks involved. a. oratory b. allegory c. improvisation d. Manuscripting

question

impromptu

answer

When Jonah is suddenly and unexpectedly called out by his ecology professor to explain how the warming of ocean currents due to global warming could trigger another ice age, he is required to use __________ delivery. a. manuscripted b. memorized c. impromptu d. extemporaneous

question

extemporaneous

answer

A speaker who plans the content, organization, and delivery of the speech in advance, but does not write the speech out word-for-word, uses what speech delivery method? a. manuscripted b. memorized c. impromptu d. extemporaneous

question

pitch

answer

The term that refers to how high or low a person's voice is on the sound range is a. monotone speech b. pitch c. speaking volume d. speaking rate

question

articulation

answer

__________ refers to the clarity or forcefulness with which sounds are produced, regardless of whether the sounds are produced correctly. a. Articulation b. Pronunciation c. Projection d. Alliteration

question

pronunciation

answer

During his speech about a new breakthrough in the treatment of cancer, Joe has a hard time figuring out how to say the scientific words correctly. Joe is having trouble with which of the following? a. articulation b. pronunciation c. projection d. alliteration

question

mumbling

answer

Omitting certain sounds in a word is a characteristic of a. articulation b. mumbling c. accent d. monotone

question

objective

answer

Which of the following adjectives describes an informational speaker? a. subjective b. objective c. opinionated d. biased

question

process

answer

Andrew's informative speech will help his audience understand how to upgrade and replace the hard drive in their computers. What type of topic has he chosen? a. concept b. process c. issue d. event

question

demonstration

answer

The goal of a/an __________ presentation is to answer the "how" questions. a. descriptive b. demonstration c. definitive d. explanatory

question

To show and explain to my audience how to fill out the paperwork to become a naturalized citizen of the United States so that they will be aware of how complicated the process is.

answer

Which of the following specific purpose statements represents a demonstration speech? a. To explain to my audience how the process of becoming a U.S. citizen has changed over time so that they have greater awareness of the current immigration debate in our country. b. To help my audience understand the reasons why immigrants choose to leave their country and move to the United States. c. To show and explain to my audience how to fill out the paperwork to become a naturalized citizen of the United States so that they will be aware of how complicated the process is. d. To show my audience the impact anti-immigrant bias has had on public policy in the United States, including drug laws, zoning laws, and even education policies.

question

operational definition.

answer

A definition that defines something by explaining what it is or what it does is a/an a. definition by etymology. b. definition by example. c. definition by negation. d. operational definition.

question

definition by etymology

answer

"Today, the term dry run is often used to refer to a rehearsal of some sort. This meaning originated in the field of firefighting, where dry represented a practice drill where the hoses were turned off, and run simply meant a response to a fire alarm, whether real or for a drill." What type of definition is represented in this statement? a. operational definition b. definition by example c. definition by synonym d. definition by etymology

question

explanatory speech

answer

A speech that delves deeper into more complexity by providing reasons or causes and demonstrating relationships is a/an a. explanatory speech. b. definition speech. c. demonstration speech. d. description speech.

question

elucidating explanation

answer

What type of explanation presents the details that illuminate a concept's meaning and use? a. elucidating explanation b. quasi-scientific explanation c. transformative explanation d. demonstrative explanation

question

quasi-scientific explanation

answer

"The isokinetic resistance mechanism used in most rehabilitative exercise equipment works on centripetal force, similar to the way the Gravitron carnival ride does—the faster the motor or the patient moves, the faster the resistance mechanism spins, and the more resistance is created." What method of explanation is employed in this example? a. elucidating explanation b. quasi-scientific explanation c. transformative explanation d. demonstrative explanation

STUDY

American Sign Language Around The World Pragmatics Speech Language Pathologist

Ch 1-5 quizzes – Flashcards 50 terms

Brenda Gannon

50 terms

Preview

Ch 1-5 quizzes – Flashcards

question

Language is: a. a shared code b. a system for representing concepts c. rule governed d. generative e. all of the above

answer

e. all of the above

question

Intonation, stress, and speaking rate are examples of: a. metalinguistic cues b. prosodic features c. nonlinguistic cues d. none of the above

answer

b. prosodic features

question

The aspect of language concerned with word order and sentence organization is: a. syntax b. morphology c. phonology d. semantics e. pragmatics

answer

a. syntax

question

A phoneme is: a. the smallest linguistic unit of sound b. a family of very similar sounds c. different enough from other phonemes to change meaning d. all of the above

answer

a. the smallest linguistic unit of sound

question

The following are bound morphemes: a. -ly b. -ing c. "is" d. both a and b

answer

d. both a and b

question

The smallest unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning is a : a. syllable b. morpheme c. phoneme d. grapheme

answer

b. morpheme

question

The rules of language governing how language is used for social purposes is best defined as: a. politeness b. protocol c. pragmatics d. semantics

answer

c. pragmatics

question

If you ask a child to point to the dog in the picture, the child would be demonstrating ________ communication

answer

Receptve communication

question

_______ is being conscious of distinct speech sounds in language and beginning to deliberately manipulate language.

answer

Phonological awareness

question

_____ refers to the specific ways to using language differently in different settings.

answer

question

_____ is the study of language in the brain.

answer

Neurolinguistics

question

Neurons are sheathed in a coating called ______

answer

Myelin

question

A child drops his toy off his high chair tray and looks over the edge, trying to find the toy. He is demonstrating what skill?

answer

Object permanence

question

You are playing with a 9 month old in your lap. A you look at a simple picture book, you tap the dog on the page and make barking sounds. You are attempting to establish ________ with the child.

answer

Joint attention

question

You and ransom are talking about vehicles you see in a book. You begin to give him other vocabulary words to associated with vehicles, such as "car", "transportation", "trucks", and "automobiles". You are using _____ with him.

answer

scaffolding

question

Which theorist stressed the importance of social interaction in children's language development? a. noam chomsky b. lev vygotsky c. b.f. skinner d. jean piaget

answer

b. lev vygotsky

question

During the maturation and growth of the brain, each of the hemispheres develop certain cognitive functions. What is this called? a. lateralization b. mylenization c. interaction

answer

a. lateralization

question

A loss of language is referred to as what? a. dysphagia b. aphasia c. broca's dysfunction

answer

b. aphasia dysphagia (problem swallowing)

question

When a child says "doogie outside" and you say "yes, the doggies is going outside", this is an example of _______ a. recasting b. expatiation c. verbal mapping

answer

a. recasting -> if adult turns phrase into grammatically correct it is recasting verbal mapping-> describes award to a child.

question

This perspective considers learning to occur based on the stimuli, responses, and reinforcements that occur in the environment. a. nativist b. interactionist c. behaviorist

answer

c. behaviorist

question

_______ is the process in which speakers alternate between languages when they have more than one language in common a. inflection mixing b. code alternation c. lexical switching d. code switching

answer

d. code switching

question

People who acquire two or more languages throughout the course of their lives are known as: a. english language learners b. dual language learners c. multiple modal learners d. bilingualists

answer

d. bilingualists

question

The term that describes children who acquire a second languages after 3: a. simultaneous bilingualism b. successive bilingualism c. sequential bilingualism

answer

b. successive bilingualism

question

Which term describes the english language learning that focuses only on teaching english? a. english as a second language b. bilingual learning c. immersion program d. submersion program

answer

a. english as a second language (ESL)

question

The language developed in response to the interaction of two groups of people who did not initially share a language. a. creole b. pidgin c. dialect

answer

b. pidgin

question

_______ studies the "relationship between linguistic behavior and social situations, roles, and functions".

answer

sociolinguistics

question

__________ english is spoken in educational settings

answer

academic english

question

Second language learners typically have a ________ during which they appear to be working on acquiring receptive language knowledge.

answer

silent period

question

_________ refers ot conscious rule learning in formal instructional settings with an emphasis on the form of language.

answer

language learning

question

________ contended that anyone who did not use standard english did not have a valid language.

answer

verbal- deficit perspective

question

A _______ is a meaningful linguistic unit that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.

answer

morpheme

question

In early phonological development, ________ of speech sound differences greatly precedes _________

answer

perception (receptive comes first) production (expressive)

question

When a child first forms a link between a referent and a name, this process is known as ______

answer

verbal mapping

question

Two examples of reflexive vocalizations are _______ and _______

answer

crying and burping

question

______ experiences occur when children interact with concepts through pictures or a description of an object without being able to see it.

answer

vicarious harder for a child because the child isn't experiencing it themselves.

question

Some of the effects of otitis media are____ a. tympanic membrane won't vibrate properly b. difficulty distinguishing phonological characteristics c. child's speech is difficult to understand d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Which word is LEAST likely to be part of child's first 50 words? a. me b. doll c. water d. kitty

answer

a. me

question

Babbling ______ a. continue throughout life b. does not occur in children who are deaf c. ceases after first words appear d. none of the above

answer

c. ceases after first words appear

question

Key interaction patterns that enhance language development are ____ a. eye contact b. shared references c. communication loop d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Which is an example of a contingent response? a. the mother wants her child to come so she says "come to mommy" b. the child shows his mom a ball and the mother says "i see your ball". are you giving iy yo me? c. the child is frightened by a loud noise and the mother says we have to go now

answer

b. the child shows his mom a ball and the mother says I see your ball. are you giving it to me?

question

Teachers should help expand an infant's vocabulary by calling a dog a dog sometimes and a puppy at other times. a. true b. false

answer

b. false

question

Since language is so critical for infants, caregivers should engage in almost constant verbal labeling and "conversation" with infants when they are awake and alert. a. true b. false

answer

b. false

question

Even though music provides infants with a sense of rhythm and the words in the songs can increase vocabulary, it should only be played for short periods (10- 15 minutes) a. true b. false

answer

a. true

question

Child directed speech uses all of the following except: a. saying a lot to give toddlers as much detail as possible b. using prosody and intonation c. repeating specific words and phrases d. speaking slowly and distinctly e. establishing joint reference

answer

a. saying a lot to give toddlers as much detail as possible

question

One caution in teaching children gestures and sign language is that it may delay oral language development since nonverbal communication is being taught and encouraged. a. true b. false

answer

b. false if they are able to talk they will choose to. easier if child doesn't have motor issues could cause behavioral issues

question

_____ occurs when a toddler's teacher uses language to simplify a complex event.

answer

mediation

question

With young children's art work, its the ____ and not the ______ that is important.

answer

process product

question

Texts that rhyme also enhance toddlers ______ because rhyming words emphasize the component sounds of words.

answer

phonemic awareness

question

______ refers to story- related objects.

answer

realia

question

_______ knowledge is encouraged in routines.

answer

pragmatic

STUDY

American Sign Language Child Directed Speech Language And Thought Language Learning Specific Language Impairment

PSY4930 Language Development Quiz Answers – Flashcards 127 terms

Richard Molina

127 terms

Preview

PSY4930 Language Development Quiz Answers – Flashcards

question

Dr. Marchman studies how children learn grammatical rules for forming the past-tense in English by creating computational models that use a domain general learning mechanism to learn to produce regular and irregular past-tense words like walk-ed and ran. Which of the following approaches to language research is Dr. Marchman using?

answer

the connectionist approach

question

A chronological view of child language development demonstrates that children learn language in the following stages:

answer

None of these answers are true. (Other three answer choices: All at once. Syllable sounds, grammar and communicative competence. Phonology, vocabulary, grammar.)

question

Studies of children "without language," such as Psammeifhus's study, Goldin-Meadow's studies of homesigning children, and the "Wild Boy" from Aveyron, provide:

answer

evidence about the roles of input and the child's biological capacities in acquiring language

question

The biological approach to researching child language acquisition:

answer

examines how language and language development are related to biological processes.

question

Roy's study of his son's language learning where he recorded video and audio in all rooms of his house is an example of what kind of design and method:

answer

Longitudinal design, observational method

question

Dr. Montague argues children seem to learn language despite not being taught about the rules of language. This "poverty of the stimulus" argument leads him to suggest that children must be "hard-wired" to learn language with specialized brain regions that encode the rules of language. What theoretical approach(es) does Montague's arguments support?

answer

Universal Grammar approach

question

The "word segmentation problem" refers to which of the following hard problems in language learning:

answer

It is difficult to determine the boundaries between words from the speech signal

question

Julie is a linguistically-gifted 4-year-old who likes to engage in word-play. She recombines the sounds of the word "C-A-T" to form another word, "A-C-T. " Which design feature of language is she demonstrating?

answer

Duality of patterning

question

Dr. Rowland wants to compare the kinds of grammatical structures children hear in different languages by analyzing a large dataset of language samples that include child-directed speech.

answer

The Child Language Data Exchange system (CHILDES)

question

The language is composed of the following components:

answer

Phonology, lexical development, syntax and morphology, and communicative competence

question

The study of continuity and discontinuity in language development:

answer

asks if children's early grammars are qualitatively different from the grammars of adults.

question

Standardized measures of language development:

answer

All of these answers are true. (Other three answer choices: Get norm-referenced measures for placement in school programs. Are used to evaluate the relationship of language to IQ. Examine the relative language delay of children with language disorders.)

question

The view that language learning is shaped by the communicative function that it serves describes which of the following views of language learning:

answer

The functionalist approach

question

Which of the following is an example of semanticity in language:

answer

You discover a new kind of jellyfish that is extremely venomous and name it after your ex, everyone afterwards then uses that new name to refer to this creature.

question

Aphasia is ____________________.

answer

an impairment of language due to brain injury

question

The development of Nicaraguan Sign Language (NSL):

answer

has demonstrated the importance of young children for adding complexity to a developing language.

question

Attempts to teach primates human language have found:

answer

that they have been unable to learn the grammar of a human language.

question

The FOXP2 Gene:

answer

Is involved in the formation of the basal ganglia, important for motor control

question

The equipotentiality hypothesis holds that:

answer

the right and left hemisphere have equal capacity for language at birth

question

The invariance hypothesis refers to the view that:

answer

the left hemisphere is specialized for processing language from birth.

question

A Creole is a language that

answer

is learned by children born into a community in which a pidgin language is used as a common means of communication. The children add to the language and develop syntax complexities.

question

Telling a story about events that happened a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away demonstrates which design feature of language?

answer

Displacement

question

Which of the following options is a consequence of developmental changes in brain plasticity:

answer

Children recover their language abilities more completely from brain injury than adults do

question

The critical period hypothesis states that:

answer

there is a critical age range during which children are able to develop language.

question

Which language design feature is missing from the honeybee waggle dance?

answer

Productivity

question

Joint attention is:

answer

a social-communicative act in which a person jointly attends to both an object and another person

question

Which of the following statements would be the most consistent with the current understanding of infant TV, DVD and video viewing

answer

None of these statements are true (Other four answer choices: Young children can learn how to read from videos. Early media viewing is associated with a universally positive benefit on language skills Baby Einstein Videos are associated with positive learning outcomes for young children Early media viewing is universally harmful and should be avoided at all costs)

question

Hermine is a 10-month-old who has started to point to objects that are just out of reach. What kind of gesture is Hermine producing?

answer

Deictic gestures

question

Which of the following are NOT true about Infant Directed Speech (IDS)?

answer

IDS is consistently used in all cultures across the world.

question

Which of the following provides evidence that, at least in part, children's language development depends on their general cognitive skills?

answer

the fact that children who have difficulty on tasks of executive function also show poorer language skills

question

Parents who are highly responsive to their child's early vocalizations have (compared to parents who are less responsive)

answer

Babies who cry less often and show more advanced language development.

question

Dr. Werker wants to investigate whether or not an infant understood the difference between two speech sound that does not exist in her language. What would be a useful method to test this idea?

answer

the conditioned head-turn procedure.

question

Which of the following are true about Infant Directed Speech (IDS)?

answer

all of the above are true statements about IDS. (Other three answer choices: Infants prefer to listen to IDS over Adult Directed Speech. IDS carries consistent emotional messages across different languages. IDS contains more prototypical vowels than Adult Directed Speech.)

question

Categorical Perception of phonemes refers to the fact that:

answer

we hear sounds as belonging to a single phoneme category, even though the acoustic differences between sounds are along a continuous dimension.

question

Which of the following constitutes evidence that infants can hear and learn about sounds in-utero?

answer

the fact infants prefer to listen to specific passages of poetry they were read in-utero.

question

Which of the following are potential explanations discussed in the lecture and textbook for why joint attentional skills and language are related (you can select more than one)

answer

Joint attention and language skills develop at the same time, but are not necessarily related to each other Joint attentional skills help children recognize correspondences between non-verbal behaviors (like gaze) and new words Joint attention and language skills develop at the same time, but are not necessarily related to each other

question

Dr. Kuhl finds that children do not seem to be able to learn speech-sound distinctions from video, but can learn these distinctions from a live speaker. Which of these concepts does this finding illustrate?

answer

Social gating

question

Compared to children raised in high Socioeconomic households, children from low Socioeconomic backgrounds:

answer

hear substantially less language input and have substantially smaller vocabularies at age 3 years.

question

What do biological and usage based theories of phonology focus on?

answer

Biologically based theories focus on the role of anatomical and physiological factors in development while usage based theories focus on the role of environmental input.

question

Which of the following statements about phonemes and English spelling is true?

answer

in a many-to-many correspondence: each sound may correspond to many different letters and each letter may correspond to many different sounds.

question

The tuning of speech perception in the first year of life refers to

answer

Children lose the ability to discriminate speech sounds that do not occur in their own language

question

The phonological development of individual children

answer

depends on the particular language children are learning and also on the particular strategies that each child prefers to use.

question

Which of the following is NOT a factor in describing how consonantal sounds are produced:

answer

Whether or not you tense your mouth

question

Which of the place of articulation is not used to produce the phonemes in English

answer

Uvular

question

Isabella is a very vocal 10-month-old. She seems to use the sound "ga" to refer to many different things, such as a car, a bottle, a teddy bear, and a dog. "Ga" is an example of what kind of utterance:

answer

Protoword

question

The development of infants' speech sounds follows the following trajectory

answer

vegetative sounds, canonical babbling, non-reduplicated babbling, words

question

Which of the following is a FALSE statement about children's early word recognition?

answer

Children show no evidence for recognizing words before they can produce words.

question

Phonological awareness is

answer

the ability to think about and reflect on the sounds of one's language.

question

Boris is a native speaker of Croatian and English. One day, he overhears someone talk about a type of wine, "Grk." Immediately, he knows that this wine is NOT an English word, but could potentially be a Croatian word. What kind of knowledge is Boris using to make this judgment?

answer

Phonotactic knowledge

question

The content of infants' babbling is

answer

influenced by the language the infant hears.

question

Which of the following constitute evidence that children's phonological development is influenced by environmental factors?

answer

all of the above are evidence for the importance of environmental factors on phonological development.

question

The development of phonology depends on:

answer

both biological and environmental factors.

question

The sounds that create differences in meaning are called:

answer

Phonemes

question

Phonological processes are

answer

systematic sound changes that children make when producing sounds in their early words

question

A teacher asks a child to retrieve a "stapler" from her desk. Although the child did not understand what a stapler is, she was able to retrieve the correct item on the desk because she knew the names of all the other items. This is an example of:

answer

the mutual exclusivity phenomenon

question

A child is presented with a picture of an unfamiliar animal and told it is called "a hyrax". That child can use the Taxonomic assumption to draw which of the following inferences?

answer

the word "hyrax" can be extended to refer to all animals that look like animal in the picture.

question

Children's on-line processing and recognition of words:

answer

is positively correlated with a child's language experience: children who hear more words also faster processors

question

Which of the following words categories make up the largest portion of children's first 50 words?

answer

General nominals

question

A child is presented with a picture of an unfamiliar object and told that "This is a pagoda. Do you see the fancy finial?" The child determines that the entire item is called a "pagoda" and that the ball on the top is called a "finial". What word learning processes did this child make?

answer

the Whole Object assumption and the Mutual Exclusivity assumption

question

Children typically say their first words around:

answer

10-15 months

question

The mental lexicon includes:

answer

All of the above are true. (Other three answer choices: Information about how words are used grammatically. Information about word meanings. Information about how words sound.)

question

One of the first words of a young child was "go." For almost a month, the child said this word only when her mother was buckling her in her car seat. This is an example of:

answer

context-bound word use.

question

Syntactic Bootstrapping is a word learning process that:

answer

allows children to draw inferences about a word's meaning from the sentential context in which it is used.

question

The vocabulary Word Spurt:

answer

is idiosyncratic: some children show them and some do not.

question

Which of the following is TRUE about nouns and verbs in children's early word learning?

answer

In English, verbs make up a much larger proportion of a child's early vocabulary than nouns do

question

One of the first words of a young child was "ball" For almost a month, the child used this word to refer to a baseball, an orange, a balloon, and the sun . This is an example of:

answer

Overextension.

question

Language productivity (or generativity) refers to the fact that:

answer

human knowledge of language can produce an infinite number of different sentences.

question

Across languages:

answer

children generally learn morphemes which are highly frequent and perceptually salient first.

question

The development of children's use of questions shows that:

answer

children understand both interpretations of a complex wh-question ("When did the boy say he hurt himself?") while still in preschool.

question

Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) is calculated by:

answer

Averaging the total number of morphemes a child produces per utterance

question

Constructivist and Nativist accounts of language development DISAGREE about which of the following:

answer

whether or not a child is born with language-oriented biases that help them use input from adults to learn their native language.

question

The meanings expressed by children's 2-word utterances:

answer

include several kinds of basic relations among actors, objects and actions.

question

The sentence, "I saw three boys and three girls on the playground":

answer

Has 12 morphemes, 10 tokens, and 9 types

question

Which of the following is true about Open and Closed class words in language?

answer

open class words are content words and closed class words are function words.

question

Children's past tense overregularizations (e.g. saying "goed" instead of "went") demonstrate that:

answer

children have learned the regular rule for the past tense.

question

The plural morpheme "-s" (as in "There are two goblins") is:

answer

a bound morpheme, because it adds meaning to the noun but it cannot stand alone in the sentence.

question

Type Token Ratio (TTR) is a measure of:

answer

The lexical diversity in a language sample

question

What kinds of sentences make up the highest proportion of 2-year-old's sentences?

answer

Imperative and Declarative statements

question

Which of the following are missing in telegraphic speech?

answer

Function words and bound morphemes

question

Benjamin Lee Whorf is associated with what strong hypothesis about the relationship of language and thought?

answer

Whorf hypothesized that the language we speak determines the way we think, including determining the categories of our thought.

question

The term language socialization refers to the way in which:

answer

children become socially competent language users in their cultures.

question

Children acquiring Mandarin learn verb earlier than children acquiring English because:

answer

the structure of Mandarin grammar means that children are more likely to hear verbs in a prominent position, namely the end of the sentence.

question

Evidence for the position that language and thought are independent of each other comes from:

answer

research with infants. Even before they have any language, infant are capable of a variety of kinds of abstract thought.

question

The Sesame Street character, Kami, is an asymptomatic HIV-positive 5 year old girl in South Africa. Sesame Street workshop hopes to encourage children to talk about HIV and AIDS and to dispel myths about this disease. This example highlights:

answer

How language can influence children to adopt the attitudes and behaviors of their culture

question

Theory theory:

answer

Proposes a bidirectional relationship between language and thought, each influence each other equally

question

Adult English and Korean speakers often describe spatial situations differently. For example, speakers of English describing a ring on a finger focus on support (e.g., they use the word on) while speakers of Korean describing the same thing focus on the tightness of the fit of the ring (e.g. they use the word kkita, meaning 'tight fit'). Research with young children acquiring these two languages has found that:

answer

children learning English are able to correctly use English spatial terms at approximately the same age that children learning Korean are able to correctly use Korean spatial terms.

question

Japanese mothers are more likely to use an indirect comment to instruct a child (e.g., Drinking juice is healthy) while American mothers are more likely to use a direct command (e.g. Drink your juice!). This difference in phrasing reflects:

answer

a difference in social values between the two cultures.

question

Some researchers have argued that our autobiographical memories depend on language because:

answer

most people cannot remember anything about their childhood from before they had enough language skills to tell a basic story.

question

Recent research on bilingualism and cognitive functioning indicates that children who are bilingual have

answer

cognitive advantages in metalinguistic awareness and executive function control.

question

A child speaks a low prestige heritage language at home and receives schooling in a second, high prestige language. The child has many friends in school and desires to become an integrated member of the larger community. Which of the following is TRUE about this child?

answer

the child is at risk of losing her first language in a process of attrition

question

Which of the following factors influence how well a person acquires a second language in childhood?

answer

all of these are factors which influence how well a person acquires a second language in childhood

question

Sequential bilingualism is when:

answer

a child begins to learn a second language after having already started to learn a first one.

question

Research on bilingual education programs in the U.S. has shown that:

answer

supportive dual language programs in which children are instructed in both their home language and also English lead to higher academic performance.

question

In order for a child to become bilingual, which of the following must be true about her environment?

answer

none of the above statements describe environmental requirements for becoming bilingual

question

Rana came to the United States with her family when she was seven years old, and had never before spoken English, but was speaking at a developmentally-appropriate level in Arabic. She was enrolled at a public school which had a bilingual education program to support English Language Learners. After several years, her grandparents came to visit, but, because she no longer regularly practiced her first language, she could no longer converse in Arabic. Which of the following best describes Rana's language learning situation:

answer

Rana learned English via immersion, and experienced subtractive bilingualism.

question

Studies examining the rate of language development in bilingual children have found that:

answer

bilingual children's language development is tied to the amount of experience they have in each language

question

In the United States, Bilingualism is:

answer

Not uncommon. About a quarter of all children grow up speaking more than one language.

question

Code switching is:

answer

a systematic shifting between languages that is sensitive to grammatical structure and also social situations.

question

Resistance to bilingual education programs in the U.S.:

answer

is based on misconceptions about how people learn language as well as reactions to poorly implemented programs

question

Which of the following is NOT a factor in children's ability to become bilingual?

answer

all of the above are factors that influence a child's ability to become bilingual

question

A critical task for simultaneous bilinguals is:

answer

differentiating between their languages.

question

Over the first year of life, bilingual children :

answer

maintain their ability to hear phonemic contrasts in both of their languages while losing their ability hear phonemic contrasts beyond those languages.

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of a nonliteral use of language?

answer

yes/no questions

question

Studies that compare children's language abilities at the beginning of a school year and at the end of a school year have found that:

answer

children's language abilities improve, and improve more than they do over an equally long period of time when the children are not in school.

question

When children first enter school:

answer

their oral language skills are largely in place.

question

Leah read a challenging book today that included several new words that she had never encountered before. She was able to learn most of these new words by using the contextual cues alone and did not use a dictionary to look up any of the word meanings. Which of the following word learning processes did Leah use?

answer

Quick, incidental learning

question

The ability to use word formation processes such as noun compounding in new and creative situations:

answer

develops over the school years and is subject to individual differences so that so that even some adults are better at it than others.

question

Phonological awareness in pre-school aged children is important because it predicts:

answer

children's reading ability through 4th grade.

question

The Miami dialect:

answer

Has unique phonological, lexical and syntactic features that blend elements of English and Spanish

question

Studies of conversational style in school age and teenage children have found that these children are:

answer

able to maintain topics and be responsive to their conversational partner.

question

Aimee is a college student who is active in many leadership roles in her campus and is well-respected and liked by her peers. When she speaks among other students, she often ends her utterances with a low vocal register that includes some "creaky" or "rattling" sounds. This is an example of what phenomenon:

answer

Vocal fry

question

Studies of children's accents indicate that:

answer

peer influences can cause children to change or acquire new accents.

question

Which of the following teachers would be most likely to improve the language abilities of the children in her class?

answer

a teacher who used a range of sentence types, including complex ones, and also used more advanced vocabulary items.

question

Juan has just learned a new word today "interstate", and was able to understand this word meaning because he understands the simpler word "state" and that the prefix "inter-" means "between". What kind of word is this an example of?

answer

Derived word

question

Sign languages, such as American Sign Language (ASL) are:

answer

natural languages, containing all the grammatical complexities found in spoken languages.

question

Which of the following statements regarding cochlear implants are true:

answer

Even with extensive therapy and support, some children who receive cochlear implants do not acquire strong spoken language skills.

question

Research on children using American Sign Language (ASL) as their first language indicates that:

answer

deaf children make the same errors and learn language elements in the same sequence as hearing children.

question

Children who are described as having specific language impairment (SLI) have:

answer

limited language development in a variety of areas.

question

Studies of phonological development in children who are blind find:

answer

they are somewhat delayed in producing sounds that have highly distinctive visible components such as /b/, /m/, and /f/.

question

An area of relative strength in the language development of children with Down Syndrome is:

answer

pragmatic development.

question

Studies of how children in special populations learn language:

answer

All of these answers are true.

question

The prevalence of specific language impairment (SLI) is:

answer

More frequent than autism, and similar to dyslexia

question

Children with Williams syndrome:

answer

Have strong social/pragmatic communication skill and weak visuo-spatial skills

question

Deaf babies:

answer

babble manually as well as orally, to some extent.

question

Research on language development for deaf students who are in oral programs (that is, programs that teach deaf children a spoken language) has found that:

answer

only a small percentage of deaf children in these programs achieve intelligibility in their spoken language or any reasonable understanding of it.

question

For individuals with autism, the area of language development that is most affected is:

answer

communicative competence.

question

Among children who are deaf, the most successful readers are:

answer

children who have been exposed to a sign language from birth.

STUDY

American Sign Language Communications Grade Point Average Interpersonal Communication Languages Low Context Cultures Men And Women Talking Too Much

SPCH 1318 – Chapt. 5 – Flashcards 22 terms

Sonia Kelly

22 terms

Preview

SPCH 1318 – Chapt. 5 – Flashcards

question

All human languages are symbolic in nature.

answer

True

question

If you take an "easy" class your friend recommended and find it "hard," you have had semantic problems due to

answer

relative words.

question

A speaker's willingness to take responsibility for his/her thoughts or feelings can be indicated by the use of

answer

"I" language.

question

"I'm rather upset" is more powerful language than "I'm upset."

answer

False

question

Low-context cultures use language to maintain social harmony.

answer

False

question

Convergent speech patterns

answer

demonstrate affiliation with one another.

question

Equivocal words are words that can be interpreted in more than one way.

answer

True

question

Speech can build and demonstrate solidarity with others.

answer

True

question

A perfectly worded "I" statement delivered with total sincerity will ensure that the other person will not get defensive.

answer

False

question

Problems can arise when we label our opinions as facts.

answer

True

question

Misunderstandings that revolve around equivocal and relative language can all be clarified by

answer

replacing abstract terms with concrete ones.

question

"Frank is lazy" is an example of which semantic problem?

answer

static evaluation.

question

Highly abstract language can lead to which of the following problems?

answer

All of these choices are correct

question

Asking questions may be a linguistic way to avoid making a declaration.

answer

True

question

Much of the awkwardness that comes with first using "I" language is due to its unfamiliarity.

answer

True

question

"We" language

answer

All of these choices are correct

question

"No" is so clear and short that it is one of the few words that is never misinterpreted.

answer

False

question

Men discuss with other men the same conversation topics that women discuss with other women.

answer

False

question

In cultures that stress formality in language,

answer

language use defines social position.

question

Low abstract language can lead to blanket judgments and stereotyping.

answer

False

question

In a low-context language culture, you will notice

answer

self-expression valued.

question

A behavioral description should include

answer

All of these choices are correct.

STUDY

American Sign Language Chemistry And Physics Gender And Sexuality Houses Theatre University

EB tour pt. 3 – Flashcards 62 terms

Richard Molina

62 terms

Preview

EB tour pt. 3 – Flashcards

question

Jones Hall

answer

1900, home to freshman admissions welcome center, CLA language center

question

freshman admissions welcome center

answer

where families can meet with admissions staff to answer questions, located in Jones Hall

question

CLA language center

answer

It supports the teaching and learning of languages with technology

question

Jones Hall Interesting facts

answer

-used to be the physics building -then turned to college of architecture

question

Dinkytown

answer

-contains shops, hair salons, restaurants, and off-campus housing/apartments -Bob Dylan got his start playing the street corners here -Has many famous restaurants including Al's Breakfast (feat. on DD&D) -one of many student neighborhoods

question

Theories behind Dinkytowns name

answer

1.)after small railroad cars that were stored on the tracks nearby called "dinkies" 2.)named after the U theatre which was called "the dinky" because it only had 1 row 3.)from inscription on the building where Gray's campus Drug. It says Grodnick, which is norwegian for "little town"

question

Dinkytown fun facts

answer

-first ever target express opened here on 2014 -Bob Dylan went to the U for a year, and lived above Loring Pasta Bar

question

Fraternities and Sororities

answer

-provide housing options for members -the largest student organization on campus, involving about 10% of the student body -offers involvement with Intrafraternal Council, Panhellenic Council, academic, multicultural, and professional

question

transportation

answer

free buses U-PASS Light rail green line

question

buses

answer

campus connector university ave circulator 4th st. circulator stadium-superblock circulator st.paul circulator

question

light rail green line

answer

opened 2014, students eligible to ride through campus for free, connects to blue line providing transportation to MOA and the airport

question

U-Pass

answer

unlimited metro rides for $100 a semester/summer

question

Nicholson Hall

answer

1890, home to cultural studies and comparative literature studies, studies and cinema and media culture, and classical and near eastern studies Home to a university writing center

question

university writing center

answer

free resource for students to have papers, essays, and lab reports reviewed and edited by undergraduate and graduate students and teaching assistants, located in Nicholson

question

Nicholson Hall fun fact

answer

originally the chemistry and physics lab building as well as mens student union

question

Eddy Hall

answer

1886, oldest remaining building on campus, on the national register of historic places

question

Eddy Hall fun fact

answer

-university radio station once broadcast from the building -originally it held mechanical arts department

question

Scott Hall

answer

1922, home to 4 departments: American Indian studies, Chicano Studies, Asian American Studies, and American Studies departments, U of M only school in the state to have a Chicano and Latino studies

question

American Indian studies

answer

located in Scott Hall, oldest in the nation

question

Scott Hall fun fact

answer

Chicano and Latino Studies has a unique project focused on oral history. The aim of the oral history project is to create and preserve oral histories of Chicanas/os and Latinas/os in Minnesota. Students involved in the project have the opportunity to interview community members and capture their stories and traditions

question

Elliot Hall

answer

1972, Psychology typically ranks in the top ten programs nationally each year, Psychology is the most popular area of study on campus (after Undecided)

question

Elliot Hall fun fact

answer

houses the minnesota chapter for twin and family research, that performs many twin studies

question

Wulling Hall

answer

1892, houses the department of organizational leadership, policy & development, CEHD has highly ranked educational programs

question

Wulling Hall fun fact

answer

the building is on the national register of historic places

question

Fraser Hall

answer

1929, Primarily used for classrooms and administrative offices, former law school building

question

Johnston Hall

answer

1951, CLA advising, student services, the Dean of CLA, and administration offices, graduate school offices also located here

question

CLA

answer

college of liberal arts, biggest college at the U of M with 60+ majors

question

Grad School

answer

U of M offers outstanding graduate and professional education across a range of disciplines, as an undergrad you can work with them early to find out your post-grad options

question

Appleby Hall

answer

1942, many student services offered here including MCAE, MLK, PES, Circle of Indigenous Nations, Student Counseling Services, Gender and Sexuality Center for Queer and Trans Life, Aurora Center, Women's Center, Leadership Minor

question

MCAE

answer

Multicultural Center for Academic Excellence, promotes student success through annual events, extensive support and involvement/leadership opportunities

question

MLK

answer

Martin Luther King Jr. program, provides advising services to all students, and primarily students of color in a multicultural environment

question

PES

answer

President's Emerging Scholars, a 4 year program that promotes timely graduation through scholarships, programming, advising, and mentoring

question

Circle of Indigenous Nations

answer

focuses on recruiting, retaining, and graduating American Indian/First Nations/Alaskan Native students

question

Student Counseling services

answer

provides individual and group counseling, workshops, and consultation to students impacted by mental health concerns, learning/academic skill challenges, and career uncertainty

question

Gener and Sexuality Center for Queer and Trans Life

answer

dedicated to transforming campus climate for students, faculty, staff, alumni, and community members through education, advocacy, outreach, and support

question

Aurora Center for Advocacy and Education

answer

Provides a safe confidential space for victims/ survivors/ concerned people of sexual assault, relationship violence, and stalking

question

Women's Center

answer

advances gender equity across identities through education and advocacy

question

Leadership Minor

answer

4 course, 17 credit minor students can complete as part of their studies

question

Walter Library

answer

1923, 2nd largest of the 12 on Campus, and the main one on EB, the Science and Engineering library, home of the CSE Deans office, three rooms designated for groups to study in on a fist come/first serve basis; also has general study environments throughout the building, SMART learning commons, wise owl cafe

question

SMART learning commons-Walter

answer

on the second floor provides extra homework help, and free peer tutoring

question

Walter Library fun facts

answer

-system is among the top-20 in the nation -when redesigning the building they wanted to keep the old ceiling but needed to keep up with fire code. They decided to make the golden flowers into sprinklers -225 owls can be spotted here plus the "owl-head" light fixtures which could add hundreds more to the count

question

Walter Library Computer Lab

answer

houses the digital media center, has both Mac and PC, has the most up to date software, printing, open til midnight sun-thurs and til 6 fri&sat, 24/7 during finals

question

printing

answer

use your U-card to pay, about 10 cents/page (vs 5 cents/page in a res hall) certain programs given free printing in certain computer labs (like MCAE)

question

Smith Hall

answer

1914, home to chemistry department available to students in CSE and CLA, chem fulfills the physical science lib ed, the chem department has a long history of excellence in the sciences, including Nobel prize winners

question

Kolthoff Hall

answer

Primarily Chem labs, inside the front lobby there is a large interactive periodic table of the elements including samples of (almost) all of the known elements

question

Kolthoff Hall fun fact

answer

this building was originally designed without pillars (the current pillars aren't even connected to the building

question

Bruininks Hall

answer

2010, houses, one stop student services, veteran services, career services, center for academic planning and exploration, and CLA career offices

question

onestop

answer

located in bruininks hall, students can seeks help regarding financial aid, course registration, u of m transcripts and more here

question

CLA Career offices

answer

located in bruininks hall, offers opportunities such as mock interviews for students up to a year

question

Bruininks fun facts

answer

-greenest building on campus, utilizes natural sunlight by using ceramic window dots, producing natural convection, -earned LEED gold certification and reduces carbon emissions by 555 tons each year -the poles outside, can play the minnesota rouser if played in the right order

question

active learning classrooms

answer

bruininks has 12, which provide tech driven collaborative interaction among students and faculty, serve as a model for other universities who are pursuing the same cutting-edge technology, foundations of biology and psychology often placed here, feature special tables, more in keller hall and the bio sci center in stp, designed by leaders from fortune 500 companies in the area, that wanted students to be good at group work collaboration and using technology

question

active learning classroom tables

answer

each has 3 mics, outlets and cords that make it capable to hook up and project your computer onto the television that is assigned to them

question

active learning classroom fun fact

answer

u of m one of the first schools to feature these and is now a leader and example for other universities with the most in the nation

question

additional classroom notes

answer

-over 80% of classes are under 50 students -we have a mix of styles ranging from interactive style classes, lectures halls, small classrooms, and labs, -each professor or instructor holds weekly office hours -can also be used as study or meeting spaces

question

office hours

answer

held weekly by to help each student with assignments, papers, and discussion topics. this is a great way to get to know your professors and teaching assistants

question

washington ave bridge

answer

-upper level for pedestrians, has a covered walkway and bike lanes -U of M clubs paint panels -in the distance is downtown minneapolis, being so close to downtown provides a lot of opportunities for internships and jobs, and features shopping restaurants, theaters and concert halls

question

"paint the bridge"

answer

u of m clubs and organizations can participate in this event where they paint a panel of the bridge to advertise their organization

question

washington bridge fun facts

answer

-we have the most fortune 500 companies per capita, 18 in the TC incl. general mills, 3m and target. That means our students have access to a unique and bustling economy fueled by diverse industries -we're the only school with the mississippi river running through our campus

question

what's on west bank?

answer

law school, carlson school of management, theatre, art, dance, music, and most social sciences. Also the job center, located in the WB office building

question

weisman art museum

answer

1993, 2011, free admissions for students and general public, students can rent art for $15 per semester, hosts concerts and study nights for students. students also get 10% the gift shop. U has one of the largest and most dynamic public art programs

question

weisman fun fact

answer

question

how do you wrap up a tour

answer

-"what questions do you all have?" -Thank everyone -help direct parents, guests, and students to their next destination

STUDY

American Sign Language Anthropology Direct Eye Contact Linguistic Anthropology

Cultural Anthropology Chapter 4 23 terms

Kenneth McQuaid

23 terms

Preview

Cultural Anthropology Chapter 4

question

Describe how anthropologists study language.

answer

question

Discuss the relationship between language and culture.

answer

question

Distinguish between human and nonhuman systems of communication.

answer

question

Describe how nonverbal communication supplements verbal communication.

answer

question

Descriptive linguistics

answer

The part of anthropological linguistics that focuses on the mechanics of language

question

Phonology

answer

The general study of the sounds used in human speech

question

Phoneme

answer

The smallest unit of sound in speech that will indicate a difference in meaning

question

Morpheme

answer

The smallest combination of sounds in human speech that carry a meaning.

question

Syntax

answer

The manner in which minimum units of meaning (morphemes) are combined.

question

Historical linguistics

answer

The study of the history of languages including their development and relationship to other languages.

question

Ethnolinguistics

answer

A field of study in linguistics that analyzes the relationship between a language and culture

question

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

answer

A hypothesis about the relationship between language and culture that states that language constructs perceptions

question

Recursion

answer

A feature of language that allows for the generation of variations in sentences by using embedded or added clauses and phrases

question

Sociolinguistics

answer

A subfield of linguistics that analyzes the relationship between language and culture with a focus on how people speak in social context

question

Displacement

answer

The ability of humans to communicate symbolically about distant time and place

question

Lexigrams

answer

Geometric figure symbols used to teach apes symbolic communication

question

Silent language

answer

All of a culture's nonverbal symbolic systems of communication, including kinesics and proxemics

question

Kinesics

answer

The use of the body to communicate-- gestures, posture, and facial expressions.

question

Proxemics

answer

The study of the use of space in communication

question

Cultural time

answer

Example: 5 min in american time is like 15 min in Arab time

question

Ritualized Phrases

answer

Some words or phrases may have meanings other than the formal, generally recognized ones. Ex. "See you later" doesn't always mean I will physically see you later

question

Silence

answer

A form of nonverbal communication. Ex. In America, most of the time high-ranking individuals talk more and low-status individuals are more silent.

question

Material culture

answer

Artifacts and features that are also part of silent language. Ex. can Identify an Ag student by their jeans, belt buckle and hat.

STUDY

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