**Foreign aid** is the military assistance, economic resources, and expenses that the States provide for other countries in need.

Three countries that received the most in foreign aid during 2014 are **Israel** (3,1 billion), **Afghanistan** (2,1 billion), and **Egypt** (1,5 billion). Egypt is located on the northeast corner of Africa. Afghanistan is located in central Asia. Israel is located in the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe but geographically belongs to Asia.

The U.S. saw these countries as the most beneficial ones to invest in and build good relations with. Also, some of the countries in the top 10 needed economic aid, while some were a strategizing political move by the States to secure the territory of their interest.

Regulatory commissions, on a state level, deal with professional education and standards. The federal regulatory commissions deal with issues on a national level of the economy.

**State regulatory agencies** are accountable for establishing professional standards, and certifying professionals and organizations.

**Federal regulatory commissions** center their activities around the trade commission, power commission, communications commission, Interstate commerce, securities commission, civil aeronautics board, and national labor relations board. There are regulatory commissions that focus only on assisting the president.

**Some criticize** regulatory commissions for slowing down disruptive innovations and being bad at adaptation to the society. Some think the regulatory commissions impose a net tax over an extended period of time because of over-regulating and excessive taxation.

The regulatory commissions play an important role in the American government by protecting the public through the control of industries and businesses. They help the system function. The way the government is structured now, the **regulatory commissions are necessary for successful operations.**

Conscription is mandatory military service while voluntary enlistment is a choice made by each service member. The draft was important in WWI, WWII, and The Vietnam War. The majority of service members who fought in WWII were drafted.

The Selective Service System is an agency with which all men must register when they turn 18. If the draft were deemed necessary, the Selection Service System would use this registration list to pull names for conscription. In February 2019 a federal judge ruled that the exclusion of women from Selective Service Registration was unconstitutional. It is unclear what changes this may cause going forward.

There is no mandatory military service for citizens of the United States. Many American do choose to serve in the military for a variety of reasons ranging from educational benefits to a deeply held sense of duty.

The Office of the Director of National Intelligence was created in order to streamline the flow of information from the numerous government agencies which compose the U.S national intelligence community. There was collective agreement of a failure to share intelligence in the lead up to the September 11th attacks on the United States. If all the agencies had shared their collective information, the attacks may have been prevented. The role of the Director of National Intelligence is to serve as both the head of their office and as chief intelligence advisor to the President.

**Bureaucracies** are large administrative organizations that are composed of the unelected officials. Bureaucracy ensures the system is functioning in accordance with the law and rules. Bureaucracies can have multiple layers and procedures in different areas.

The given quote suggests that the bureaucracies assist the government in condoning its function properly. It regulates the system and its procedures to make sure everything is intact with the law:” and in next place oblige it to control itself”. **According to Madison**, a successful bureaucracy is the one that appropriately regulates the government.

Bureaucracies have administrative powers that are used for regulation. They are not dependent on the political influence because they are a governmental body whose sole purpose is to help the system function.

Some **good sides** of bureaucracies are clearly defined positions and reports within the system. The bureaucrats have specified roles and responsibilities. This is called the **hierarchical authority**, and it brings order to the system.

Bureaucracies provide **job specialization** that ensures the efficiency of the officials, due to a clear stretch of focus and improvement in the skills and knowledge in the area of specialization.

The **formalized rules** is the basic principle of the bureaucracies. They ensure security and a straight line of work, so it does not depend on anyone’s opinion or bias.

Usually, because there are around 2000 agencies, **a lot of work is inefficient and wasted** due to the numerous hierarchy levels and many agencies. The structure of the bureaucracies limits someone’s level of true productivity. Sometimes, the complexity of unnecessary regulations brings less benefit then the given effort, which makes it an inefficient way to operate.

Economic resources used in foreign policy are called foreign aid. Foreign aid also encompasses military aid, but the majority of resources are focused on economic aid. The United States determines the allocation of economic resources by focusing on countries deemed most useful in working toward American foreign policy goals. The use of foreign aid ties countries to the United States. Creating intrinsically linked economies fosters peace and cooperation.

The purpose of the Environmental Protection Agency is to support and enforce the laws Congress enacts to protect the environment. One could argue that the EPA’s regulations negatively affect private business by enforcing standards and practices that benefit the environment, but increase costs for businesses. The EPA’s regulations may restrict private business by forcing them to operate in a manner that puts the needs of the environment ahead of the needs of business.

The Cabinet has its roots in Article II Section 2 of the Constitution which states that the President may, “require the Opinion, in writing , of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments , upon any Subject relating to the duties of their respective Offices.” The Cabinet traditionally includes the 15 Secretaries of the Executive Agencies like the Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Defense to name a few. The President selects these secretaries and then the Senate must confirm the President’s selection. Often the President will choose other members of their administration like the EPA Administrator or the United States Trade Representative to be a part of the cabinet. When a mayor fills public offices, they are looking for breadth of experience, job performance, and other potential benefits. However they are selecting from a small geographic area. When President fills Cabinet positions they are looking to represent the entire country and far wider area of responsibility.

The **characteristics of staff agencies** are research and advisory, as they have no authority to give orders. Staff agencies have nothing to do with the performance of the duties for the services. They advise and research to provide pointers for the line agency to implement and execute. They assist the chief executive in planning and making sure he is informed, as well as other executives. They have the role of foreseeing possible problems and planning for future ventures. So, the staffing agency advises, informs, and supervises. Some examples are; the White House Office and National Security Council.

**Line agencies** are tasked with executing and implementing different programs and public policies made by the legislation. An organization or political body exists out of a certain reason; the line agency performs tasks for the cause of their existence. For example, the line agency is the Department of Justice. To conclude, line agencies directly work in the implementation of the governmental policies.

**Both, line and staff agencies** together form and assist the federal administrative organizations in functioning, just in different ways. The staff agency advises while the line agency executes. They work together to ultimately meet the same goal, that is, a successfully ran government. Both of the agencies are governmental agencies.

The purpose of **Occupational Safety and Health Administration** is to **ensure safe circumstances of work** to the workers. It enforces the rights of workers passed by Congress. The OSHA sets and reinforces standards through inspection, education, preparation, and assistance of the workers.

There are **four main areas of OSHA** where they set the standards: Maritime, Agriculture, Construction, and General Industry.

Besides all the important things the OSHA condones, some **controversies** surround it. Most of them regard OSHA**undermining the workers**. Some of the standards are outdated as most of them are based on the criteria from the 1960s consensus. They are decades old. This poses a threat because it can put employees into dangerous circumstances they required to be in so they get the job done. This can lead and cause serious health problems or death.

The **OSHA** might cause **counter productiveness of workers** by wrongfully completed inspections that sometimes accuse the workers of things that are not even violations, or nonexisting and unnecessary violations.

There are reported cases of the workers dying on duty partly or entirely caused by the mistake from the OSHA.

**Scientific discoveries** can influence society through the knowledge and proven observation that can be beneficial or detrimental. The findings can affect the way we think, change the direction of our actions, and change our environment. In accordance with the outcomes of the observations, the society makes necessary shifts to accommodate.

Most recent studies discovered that the wildfire might lead to less rain in the western side of the States. Another study proves that forests play a significant role in depositing toxic mercury across the planet. Also, scientists have discovered a bacterium at Yellowstone National Park that allows them a **quicker and easier study of DNA**. This scientific study improves DNA technology that helps officers identifying suspect’s crime involvement.

A recent study from States, Europe, and China shows that in just 50 years, 3.5 billion people could be living in an unbearably hot areas. Scientists linked the increase of global temperatures to climate changes caused by humans. According to the study, due to the population growth and pollution of carbon, one-third of the world’s population might be in great danger.

Another recent study from the National Science Foundation that can potentially have a vast impact involves a sea coral that might repair injured tissues. This discovery can change the way society fights against diseases.

Many products consumers regularly use today are the result of government-assisted research. The National Science Foundation is a government agency which funds many research and development projects around the country. Their stated mission is, “”to promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; to secure the national defense…”  (NSF.gov) Their funding and assistance have been involved in the creation of MRI technology, bar code scanners, touchscreen technology, 3-D printing, and nanogrids which use sunlight to break down oil and assist in the clean up of oil spills.

Many of these products also have their origins in NASA research. Ultrasound machines were originally designed to be used on astronauts in space. NASA’s technology is used by meteorologists to track the weather on 3-D maps.

The **purpose of National Aeronautics and Space Administration** is the scientific discoveries that regard air and space. NASA consistently improves technologies that benefit the nation, and there are ones that benefit the globe. A fundamental reason behind NASA is to serve as a pioneer in the discoveries of space for everyone’s benefit.

To create a blog, poster or other product to include it in your project of NASA, head to their official website where you can find a lot of useful and legitimate information. As well as the reasons behind their purpose.

**Ambassadors are the key in the American diplomacy** as they represent the government and meet with foreign leaders.

Their job is to monitor international circumstance, encourage trade, and oversee foreign aid projects. Supporting foreign visits from the other representatives, negotiating agreements and treaties all make their role important to the foreign politics of the nation. They have a key role in resolving international affairs. Ambassador who successfully carries out all the duties written in this paragraph is set to serve United States in the best interest for the foreign policy.

The ambassador’s role demands a highly skilled and capable individual who is **appointed by the president** with the consent of the Senate.

Since particular ambassadorships are a much desired political positions, the president’s are known to appoint the ambassadors as a reward for their support, usually throughout the elections. Generally, the ambassadors are filled with career diplomats in their foreign service.

In his writings, **George Washington advised against long-term ties** with the other nations, as they might put States in a position of dependence or expectation with the other nations, which is not desirable. In his claims, Washington supports friendly neutrality with other nations. Washington notes the States should be the main political priority. The key was to place reason rather than emotion in a way that cultivates peace and fairness with other nations.

In his claims, **Washington supports friendly neutrality with other nations**. Washington notes the States should be a main political priority. The key was to place the reason rather than emotions and cultivate peace and fairness with the other nations.

Also, Washington noted how important it is to **leave partisan politics out of foreign matters**, arguing it is beneficial to maintaining neutrality. It was a great point as the States was a developing nation with prosperity as a goal. Conflicts and affairs do not bring prosperity nor further the nation’s interest. Issues of that nature should be handled only if necessary.

Involvement in the global commerce was welcomed, so was the isolationist form of foreign politics. Foreign politics of the United States were based on neutrality and self-interest throughout the 1800s.

The **Middle East** is a area known for its vast **oil reserves**. Back in the 1920s, the States made their first appearance in the Middle East because of the oil resources. However, today most of the U.S. oil is imported from **Canada** due to good diplomatic relations, especially because of complicated circumstances and relations in the Middle East.

The **wars in the Middle East** are mostly over the vast oil resources and geographical, political position. Most of the countries in the Middle East have diplomatic relations with the U.S. As a matter a fact, Saudi Arabia is one of the strategic allies of the States. On the other hand, Iran has not had any formal relations since 1980.

A good alternative for the U.S. to achieve independence from seeking resources overseas would be to **create its own natural energy sources**, like solar and wind.

The **Office of the United Trade Representatives** coordinates and directs the U.S’s investment, commodity, and global trade. It provides advisement on the executive politics of foreign trade.

Most of their work regards advising the president on his trading decisions.** As a primary goal**, the agency sets to develop and promote the foreign trade policies which are of great significance to the States.

The **Trade Representative**, who is the head of OUTR, is the leading advisor to the president, negotiator, and speaker on trade politics.

NATO enlargement is the process of introducing new members. **NATO was formed in 1949** with twelve members, and proceeded with the enlargement. Greece, Turkey, and West Germany joined in the following ten years. After the end of the Cold War, the expansion continued eastward, eventually including most of the countries in Central and Eastern Europe in the 21st century. The latest member of NATO is North Macedonia, which joined in 2020.

It is in **State’s interest** to have good diplomatic relations with **NATO**, **promoting peace within Europe and worldwide**. It is a strategizing political move by the States to further solidify its connections (every future member of NATO) and create reliable allies. Having most of Europe’s countries as an ally is vital.

**NATO was created to provide safety from the Soviet Union** by uniting the collective forces that joined. So, its primary purpose was defending the ally countries. It was the first military peace-oriented alliance that the States has entered.

NATO and States continue to work closely on global issues occurring across the world. The duo condoned political actions against the **prevention of genocides in Kosovo and Libya**. Furthermore, NATO’s contributions are critical to the fight against COVID-19 in Europe and North America.

Main **responsibilities of the domestic policies** cover a wide range of matters. These include **education, social welfare, natural resources, personal rights, law execution, business**, et cetera.

**Domestic policies** aim to help the society by implementing laws that promote general welfare and solve domestic issues. Domestic issues mostly regard health care, immigration, and race. The government aims to solve all domestic problems by creating policies and having the executive branch enforcing the laws. A great look for the American government and domestic issues was that Obama was the elected president, promoting a racially friendly setting.

The government provides citizens with a voting system to express a public opinion about the most controversial domestic issues, such as how the Supreme Court interpretations of the Constitution, health care law, or abortion.

The Executive Office of the President (EOP) has grown tremendously since its creation in 1939 under President Franklin Roosevelt. The EOP’s purpose is to serve the President. The White House Chief of Staff is the director of EOP functions. Agencies contained within the EOP include the National Security Council, Council of Economic Advisers, Office of Management and Budget, and the Office of the United States Trade Representative. The growth of the EOP increased presidential power because it furthered the President’s ability to control the Executive Branch.