Software Engineering Example Essay Example

and changing social patterns, covering a wide range of topics. Some newer areas in sociology include research on the sociology of family, which investigates aspects such as marriage, divorce, child rearing, and domestic abuse.

The text examines the study of families in various cultures and time periods by sociologists, who also analyze the influence of norms and deviance on individuals and institutions. These sociologists, also referred to as criminologists, explore the evolution of cultural norms over time, their enforcement mechanisms, and the repercussions for violating these norms. Additionally, they investigate variations in deviant behavior and social norms across different societies, communities, and historical eras to comprehend the reasons behind these disparities and their impact on individuals and groups. Sociologists also delve into demography, which pertains to population composition.

Demographers investigate various basic concepts including birth rate, fertility rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, and migration in order to comprehend the variations in demographics across different societies, groups, and communities. The analysis of social inequality involves examining the uneven allocation of power, privilege, and prestige within a society. Sociologists who study social inequality explore disparities and inequalities based on social class, race, and gender. Researchers focusing on health and illness within sociology concentrate on exploring the societal impacts of illnesses, diseases, disabilities, as well as aging processes along with society's attitudes towards them.

The sociology of work, also known as the field of work and industry, explores multiple aspects such as technological change, globalization, labor markets, work organization, managerial practices, and employment relations. Unlike medical sociology that concentrates on medical institutions like hospitals, clinics, physician offices and the interactions among physicians. Researchers in the sociology

of work focus on workforce trends and their impact on changing patterns of inequality in modern societies. They also investigate how these trends affect individuals and families.

The sociology of race and ethnicity examines the interconnections between races and ethnicities in terms of social, political, and economic factors at different levels of society. It delves into topics like racism, residential segregation, and various social processes experienced by racial and ethnic groups. Military sociology takes a different approach by viewing the military as not only an organization but also as a social group. This field investigates issues related to coerced collective action, survival in vocations and combat situations, relationships between civilians and the military, as well as interactions with other groups or government agencies. Education is yet another area that falls under the study of sociology.

The sociology of education examines how educational institutions affect social structures and experiences. It studies the influence of teacher attitudes, peer influence, school climate, and resources on learning and other outcomes.
In contrast, the sociology of religion investigates the practice, history, development, and roles of religion in society. Sociologists in this field analyze religious trends over time and the impact of various religions on social interactions both within and outside religious contexts. They also examine dynamics within religious institutions.

The Sociology of the Internet investigates online communities, such as newsgroups and social networking sites, along with virtual worlds. Sociologists aim to understand how the Internet affects societies worldwide, including the transformation of real-world communities. The study of sociology allows us to comprehend the behaviors displayed by those around us and to learn about cultural ideas and ideals.

Furthermore, it helps establish connections between personal problems and broader social structures and cultural values, encompassing historical development and current societal changes. Auguste Comte played a vital role in promoting sociology as its original proponent who developed the concept and defined it as a positive science.

Positivism is the pursuit of "unchanging laws of the natural and social world. Comte identified three main methods for discovering these unchanging laws: observation, experimentation, and comparison. He is also renowned for his Law of the Three Stages, which categorizes three stages of societal development: theological, metaphysical, and positivist. Comte also discussed the distinction between social statistics (now known as social structure) and social dynamics (now referred to as social change). Comte's ideas have played a significant role in shaping structural functionalism. His primary objective was to integrate theory and practice. Herbert Spencer traced the evolution of human life and organisms from their simplest forms to human beings.

Karl Marx compared the relationship between the mind and body to how society controls its members through rules. His theories, known as Marxism, argue that societies progress by going through a dialectic of class struggle. The current socio-economic system, capitalism, was heavily criticized by Marx. He suggested that under socialism, the working class would govern in a "dictatorship of the proletariat" or a "workers' state". According to Marx, socialism would eventually lead to pure communism; a society without classes or government. He actively promoted the implementation of socialism and communism by advocating for organized revolutionary action to overthrow capitalism and bring about socio-economic change.

Max Weber showed how social institutions are interconnected, specifically pointing out that a shift

in the religious institution during the 16th century resulted in changes within the economic institution. Before Weber's research, it was widely believed that religion and economics operated independently of each other.