ANTH 101 – Flashcard

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question
Because she has been a community activist and advocate for her research subjects, and founded Organs Watch as a watchdog organization, Nancy Scheper-Hughes' research could be considered a form of ________ ethnography.
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public
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The discussion in the text of Margery Wolf's publication "A Thrice Told Tale" states that this innovative ethnographic approach includes a fictionalized account, a published article, and:
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field notes
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________ is the sense of disorientation caused by the overwhelmingly new and unfamiliar people and experiences encountered during fieldwork.
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culture shock
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The author suggests that anthropology is unique among other disciplines such as economics or history because our perspective begins with:
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people
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Franz Boas (1858-1942) is credited with developing which of the following anthropological perspectives?
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cultural relativism
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Expansion of ________ networks in the late twentieth century has allowed anthropologists to continue research even after leaving the field.
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communications
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Nancy Scheper-Hughes' research among mothers in Alto do Cruzeiro, Brazil, allowed her to identify ________ of culture.
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patterns
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An important change in the way that ethnography is written in the twenty-first century is that there is less emphasis on presenting native voices. (T or F)
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false
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The author writes that the roots of cultural anthropology and ethnographic fieldwork lie in:
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colonial encounters.
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for ethnographers to conduct long-term fieldwork?
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reinforce ethnocentric attitudes about cultural superiority
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The American Anthropological Association mandate of "Do No Harm" is founded in:
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intensified globalization.
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According to Guest, the discipline of anthropology has been criticized for sharing research on ________ with occupying governments or militaries.
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local communities
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Anthropologists make great efforts to protect informants' anonymity:
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when referring to individuals in research notes and publications.
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The trafficking of human organs discussed in the text provides a disturbing example of the impacts of:
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globalization
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It is essential that ethnographers map communities because this:
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illuminates how use of space influences social interactions
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In late nineteenth-century debates on American immigration, many scholars and government officials privileged immigrants from northern Europe over those from southern Europe, such as Italians and Greeks, because the officials felt these southern people were a separate and inferior biological race with primitive ways. This is an example of:
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ethnocentrism.
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What kind of anthropologists explore ancient rift valleys and deep caves looking for ancient landforms with fossils of human ancestors to understand human evolution?
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paleoanthropologists
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People who make comprehensive studies of languages and their component parts are:
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descriptive linguists.
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When anthropologists compare the polygyny of Mormon fundamentalists in Utah to Muslim tradition, which allows a man to have as many as four wives, they are doing what kind of analysis?
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ethnological
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What kind of researchers work to record languages that are disappearing by finding the last speakers and making recordings and dictionaries to preserve them for the future and for language revitalization?
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descriptive linguists
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People are biological creatures as well as rational human beings. In order to gain a complete understanding of any aspect of human behavior, the field of anthropology adopts what strategy?
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four-field approach
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The worldwide intensification of interactions among human beings across national borders is referred to as:
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globalism.
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Swift economic development and wealth among some groups while others are pushed into extreme poverty are due to:
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uneven development.
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When companies move their production facilities around the world to take advantage of cheaper labor and lower taxes, this is called:
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flexible accumulation.
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Ethnographic fieldwork is the primary research strategy of which field?
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cultural anthropology
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Walmart's transformation from a "Made in America" company to one with five thousand factories in China is an example of:
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flexible accumulation.
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Which of the following is defined as the process of learning culture?
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enculturation
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Which of the following is a powerful enculturation tool that teaches us how to be "successful" in consumer culture?
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advertising
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The concept of culture has been central to anthropology only since the 1870s, when ________crafted its first formal definition.
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Edward Burnett Tylor
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Ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or toward certain other people are considered:
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norms
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Which group of scholars generally contends that who we are, how we think and behave, and how we organize our societies are a product of evolution and thus are hardwired in our DNA?
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evolutionary psychologists
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Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) described two aspects of power that included material power and:
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hegemony
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Which of the following individuals was among the earliest anthropologists who sought to organize vast quantities of data about the diversity of world cultures that were being accumulated via colonial and missionary enterprises?
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Henry Morgan
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Anthropologist Margaret Mead (1901-1979) is best known for her research regarding the seeming sexual freedom and experimentation of young women in:
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Samoa
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Which of the following individuals was a student of Boas and explored the ways in which cultural traits and entire cultures are uniquely patterned and integrated?
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Ruth Benedict
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________is both a definition and a key theoretical framework for anthropologists attempting to understand humans and their interactions.
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culture
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Which of the following processes is intensifying the exchange and diffusion of people, ideas, and goods worldwide, creating more interaction and engagement among cultures?
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globalization
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Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917) is credited with crafting the first definition of which of the following concepts utilized in anthropology?
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culture
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Anthropologists seek to counter ethnocentrism by:
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objectively, accurately, and sensitively representing the diversity of human life and culture.
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The Summer Institute of Linguistics:
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sends missionaries into the field to create written versions of indigenous languages with the goal of disseminating the Christen Bible in those languages.
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Which of the following statements is correct about the worldwide language diversity?
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Ten of the most prominent languages are spoken by half of the world's population.
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Which of the following statements about language is true?
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Language can be spoken, written, or conveyed through body movements or gestures.
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Linguistic anthropologists would label new words that have emerged during the digital age, such as mouse, modem, download, and email, as part of our generation's ________ vocabulary.
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focal
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The digital age is:
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those born after the 1980s; this generation has spent their lives using devices like smartphones and laptops.
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Some linguistic anthropologists find the work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics controversial because:
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their Christian perspective may ignore some aspects of local culture, such as song and art.
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As new speech communities have been formed through the digital activism of the Arab Spring, a new ________ that includes events, names, and ideas pertaining to social protest has also emerged.
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lexicon
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The fact that 85 percent, or 5.5 billion people, lack meaningful access to a digital communication network reflects:
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the tendency of globalization to increase the effects of uneven development.
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Based on evidence from Benjamin Whorf's research with the Hopi, a Native American group in the southwestern United States, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that:
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thought is rooted in language.
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Compared to digital ________, people born before 1970 have more trouble navigating websites, wikis, blogs, and text messages.
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natives
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To investigate the focal vocabulary of a language in a particular community, a linguistic anthropologist might:
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try to discover words that offer sophisticated ways to describe local cultural realities.
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In part because the Hopi language has verb tenses that differ from those of English, Benjamin Whorf's linguistic research suggested that the Hopi people of Arizona have:
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a worldview where past and present represent lived reality and the future is hypothetical.
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According to the text, studying the patterns and importance of sounds as spoken by a group of people helps linguistic anthropologists:
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understand the elements and rules of a particular language.
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Based on what linguistic anthropologist David Harrison found in Asia, which of the following statements best describes how language shapes the idea of time in Tuva?
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While the future is seen as behind them, the past is seen as in front.
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Deborah Tannen's research into the ways that boys and girls speak demonstrates that:
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they essentially grow up in different linguistic worlds.
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It is impossible to study a local community today without considering the effect of:
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global forces
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The belief that one's own culture or way of life is normal and natural, and viewing the different practices of other people as strange and unnatural, is called:
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ethnocentrism
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What is considered the most distinctive feature of being human?
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language
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Global forces are expanding rapidly and moving into local communities everywhere. The author notes that many people in local communities respond with:
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active resistance
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Anthropology looks at the complete diversity of human life across space and time, and this reflects the field's commitment to:
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human development
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What do historic archaeologists have access to that sets them apart from other archaeologists?
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written records
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The study of how people use language in its cultural context is known as:
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sociolinguistics
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The study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people understand each other define what aspect of anthropology?
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holism
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Which of the following industries is key in arousing our desires for goods and services?
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advertising
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Humans learn culture from people and cultural institutions that surround them:
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over their entire lives
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Franz Boas (1858-1942) rejected unilineal cultural evolution, advocating for which of the following approaches instead?
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historical particularism
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The borrowing of cultural traits and patterns from other cultures is a concept in anthropology known as:
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diffusion
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Which of the following is defined as the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence-either one's own or that of a group or institution?
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power
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An anthropologist's suspension of judgment while attempting to understand a group's beliefs and practices within their own cultural context is termed:
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cultural relativism.
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Which of the following anthropologists argued that power must be viewed as an aspect of all human relationships?
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Eric Wolf
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Culture is a system of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and:
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institutions
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Commonplace norms, values, beliefs, practices, and institutions that cultivate the desire to acquire consumer goods to enhance one's lifestyle constitute a culture of:
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consumerism
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________ are commonly used as a strategy to collect quantitative data.
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surveys
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Franz Boas' attempts to document Native American cultures that were devastated by the westward expansion of settlers are called:
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salvage ethnography.
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Ethnography written for government agencies and nongovernmental organizations that addresses problems in the community is known as ________ anthropology.
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public
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________ provides protection to people who may be vulnerable if they share intimate details of their lives with ethnographers.
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anonymity
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Fieldwork is considered a ________ for students because it creates a common bond among professionals in the field.
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rite of passage
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In an age of intensifying globalization, ________ remains a critical research strategy that provides a deep insight and understanding of the myriad parts of our informants' everyday lives and cultures.
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participant observation
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Ethnographers' awareness that they should engage in critical self-examination regarding the role they play in the research process is known as:
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reflexivity
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How did early twentieth-century anthropology differ from the anthropology practiced in the nineteenth century Europe?
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Nineteenth-century anthropologists were mostly interested in present-day cultures as they existed, but twentieth-century anthropologists were interested in the processes by which cultures changed.
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Linguistic anthropologists have discovered that the languages spoken in Europe such as Latin, English, German, and Greek are derived from an earlier language they call:
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Proto-Indo-European.
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________ is the linguistic ability to refer to events or objects not present or to events that are happening in the future or past.
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displacement
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According to the textbook, the ________ government has struggled to monitor and censor highly decentralized information that publicizes worker strikes, oppressive working conditions, and local government corruption.
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chinese
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The digital age is:
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the era defined by the proliferation of high-speed communication technologies, social networking, and personal computing.
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The author suggests each of the following points to explain how men tend to dominate in mixed-gender conversations, EXCEPT:
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male communication patterns are unrelated to social stratification in the culture at large.
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Anthropologist Laura Bohannan discovered in her attempt to translate a classic text from English literature that:
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the meaning of the story became lost as the original meanings of the English words could not be easily translated.
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According to the text, studying the patterns and importance of sounds as spoken by a group of people helps linguistic anthropologists:
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understand the elements and rules of a particular language.
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Deborah Tannen's research into the ways that boys and girls speak demonstrates that:
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they essentially grow up in different linguistic worlds.
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In part because the Hopi language has verb tenses that differ from those of English, Benjamin Whorf's linguistic research suggested that the Hopi people of Arizona have:
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a worldview where past and present represent lived reality and the future is hypothetical.
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Dialect is defined as:
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a nonstandard variation of a language that is particular to a specific region.
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Linguistic anthropologists have discovered that more than 90 percent of ________ information is communicated through body movements and paralanguage.
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emotional
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Which of the following terms best describes the study of how gestures, postures, and facial expressions convey messages without words?
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kinesics
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Digital immigrants are:
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the generation that uses technology, but in a process more akin to learning a new culture or language.
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Folklorists and anthropologists interpret the phenomenon where people across the globe repeat variations of bizarre and unlikely stories as ________ that reflect informants' concerns about their own vulnerability in a globalizing society.
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urban legends
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Ways of establishing an ethnographer's ________ include discussing length of fieldwork, language skills, and the nature of his or her relationships with research subjects.
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authority
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Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) advocated that ethnographers develop which skill during their fieldwork?
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local language
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In his study of everyday "Body Rituals among the Nacirema," Horace Miner:
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makes the familiar seem very strange
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William Rathje's garbage study to analyze the behavior of residents of Tucson, Arizona, is an example of what field of anthropology?
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historic archaeology
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Nepali building roads in India, Filipino maids in Saudi Arabia, and Turkish street repairmen in Germany are examples of which global dynamic?
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increasing migration
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Anthropologists take a comprehensive approach to understanding human beings, and this is accomplished through:
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four-field approach
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What do prehistoric archaeologists use to reconstruct human behavior?
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material remains
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In order to engage in cultural relativism as a research strategy, anthropologists must:
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attempt to understand a group's beliefs and practices within their own cultural context.
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Culture is more than a set of ideas or patterns of behavior shared by a group of people because it also includes which of the following general mechanisms created by people to promote and maintain their core values?
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powerful institutions
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________ influences what people consider unthinkable or undoable thoughts, which leads to the establishment of "natural truths" among a group of people.
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the hegemony of ideas
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According to Max Weber (1864-1920), thrift, modesty, moderation, frugality, and self-denial constitute which of the following?
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protestant ethic
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The export of television shows worldwide and the knowledge of other cultures that is subsequently disseminated to even remote areas of the world are an example of which of the following concepts?
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cosmopolitanism
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Which of the following statements about mental maps of reality is false?
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Mental maps of reality consist of ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or toward certain other people.
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According to Keith Basso, the Apache tradition of "being shot by an arrow" during a conversation refers to:
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the telling of stories, usually by elders, with themes intended to make a point.
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The ________ of any language refers to names, ideas, and events that offer a catalogue of what is spoken, and can be compiled into a dictionary.
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lexicon
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One of the consequences of the "Ebonics" controversy around Black English in Oakland, California, was:
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resistance to recognizing the challenges Black English speakers have in education settings.
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Anthropologists refer to sounds that make a critical difference in meaning within a language as:
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phonemes
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During the planning stages of a fieldwork project, it is typical to:
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conduct a literature review
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________ anthropology is based on secondhand accounts of missionaries and merchants.
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armchair
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Community members who guide, advise, and teach the ethnographer during fieldwork are called:
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key informants
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What was Nancy Scheper-Hughes' initial role in Alto do Cruzeiro?
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peace corp volunteer
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In order to understand how any group of people lives in our global world today, it is necessary to explore not only the customs, beliefs, and other aspects of their local culture but also:
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global influences
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South Korea has developed amazingly, with huge corporations making vast amounts of money and giving everyone there a high standard of living, while the vast majority of people in the Central American nation of Guatemala are plagued by extreme poverty, violence, and poor living conditions. This is an example of:
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uneven development
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Anthropology developed during an intense period of globalism in which century?
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19th
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Anthropologists who explore all aspects of human culture-from war and violence to love, sexuality, and child rearing-and look at the meanings that people from all over the world place on them are known as:
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cultural anthropologists
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The dramatic transformations of economics, politics, and culture are characteristic of what dynamic of contemporary globalism?
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rapid change
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Cultural anthropologists analyze and compare data on different cultures using the method known as:
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ethnology
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The advent of computers and deregulation of banking in the 1970s caused which of the following financial tools to burst on the scene in the United States, transforming the financial environment?
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credit cards
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Clifford Geertz (1926-2006), who urged anthropologists to explore culture primarily as a symbolic system, is a key figure in which of the following anthropological approaches?
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interpretivist
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The process of diminishing the diversity of the world's cultures as a result of foreign influences inundating local practices, products, and ways of thinking is considered:
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homogenization
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A global outlook that is emerging in response to increasing globalization and that involves linking cultural practices, norms, and values across great distances to even the most remote areas of the world is termed:
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cosmopolitanism
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Which of the following is defined as the anthropological approach that views society as consisting of various parts that fit together with each part having its unique function within the larger structure?
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structural functionalism
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