Nursing Research: Quantitative – Flashcards

question
What is the first phase in quantitative research?
answer
Conceptualize the problem
question
What is the second phase in quantitative research?
answer
Design the study
question
What is the third phase in quantitative research?
answer
Implement the design
question
What is the fourth phase in quantitative research?
answer
Analyze/interpret the data
question
What is the fifth phase in quantitative research?
answer
Use the results
question
What phase do you formulate the problem?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What phase do you review the literature?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What phase do you develop a framework?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What phase do you formulate the variable?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What phase do you select a research design?
answer
Phase 2: Design the study
question
What phase do you identify populate/sample?
answer
Phase 2: Design the study
question
What phase do you select instruments for data collection?
answer
Phase 2: Design the study
question
What phase do you address ethical considerations?
answer
Phase 3: Implement the design
question
What phase do you recruit participants?
answer
Phase 3: Implement the design
question
What phase do you collect data?
answer
Phase 3: Implement the design
question
What phase do you describe the sample?
answer
Phase 4: Analyze/interpret the data
question
What phase do you present the findings?
answer
Phase 4: Analyze/interpret the data
question
What phase do you interpret the findings?
answer
Phase 4: Analyze/interpret the data
question
What phase do you disseminate findings?
answer
Phase 5: Use the results
question
What phase do you use findings in nursing practice?
answer
Phase 5: Use the results
question
What phase do you state the problem statement?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What phase do you state the purpose?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What phase do you state definitions?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What phase do you state the dependent and independent variables?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What phase do you state the research question?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What phase do you state the hypothesis?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What are the three types of research questions?
answer
Descriptive Associational Difference
question
What type of research question is this: What percent of patients on a cardiac floor have had an MI?
answer
Descriptive
question
What type of research question is this: What is the average math achievement of the nation's fourth graders?
answer
Descriptive
question
What type of research question is this: What is the career satisfaction of DV computer industry professional employees?
answer
Descriptive
question
What type of research question is this: Is there a relationship between work satisfaction and workload in new nurses?
answer
Associational
question
What type of research question is this: How does math achievement of the nation's fourth grade Hispanic youth compare with that of the nation's fourth grade African-American youth?
answer
Associational
question
What type of research question is this: Is there a difference in stress levels at the beginning and the end of an informational session on breast-feeding?
answer
Difference
question
What type of research question is this: Do women that receive an educational session report less anxiety about breast feeding than women that do not receive education?
answer
Difference
question
A hypothesis is always what type of research question?
answer
Difference
question
What are the two types of hypothesis?
answer
Null Directional or Alternative
question
What is a Type 1 error?
answer
False Positive
question
What is a Type 2 error?
answer
False Negative
question
What are the types of non-experimental studies?
answer
Descriptive Correlational Cohort Case Control
question
What is a type of experimental study?
answer
Quasi-Experimental
question
What are the two types of samples?
answer
Probability Non-Probability
question
Which type of sample has limited generalizability?
answer
Non-Probability
question
What are the types of probability sampling?
answer
Simple Random Sampling (SRS) Stratified Random Sampling Cluster Sampling or Multistage Systematic Sampling
question
What type of probability sampling obtains a list of the population and uses a random number table or computer generated table to choose the sample?
answer
Simple Random Sampling
question
Which probability sampling is obtains a list of the population and uses a random number table or computer generated table to choose the sample within groups?
answer
Stratified Random Sampling
question
Which probability sampling randomly selects units and then randomly selects patients?
answer
Cluster Sampling or Multistage
question
Which probability sampling selects every K participant from a random list?
answer
Systematic Sampling
question
What are the types of non-probability sampling?
answer
Convenience Quota Purposive Systematic
question
What type of sampling is choosing the first 50 people admitted to a hospital emergency center with a laceration?
answer
Convenience
question
What type of sampling is choosing the first 25 male or 25 female participants?
answer
Quota
question
What type of sampling is choosing experts on the topic they want to research?
answer
Purposive
question
What type of sampling is selecting from an alphabetized list?
answer
Non-Probability Systematic
question
What can instruments measure objectively?
answer
BP, ABGs, HgA1C, & other laboratory tests
question
What can instruments measure subjectively?
answer
Self-Report, opinions, scales, questionnaires
question
What do all instruments have?
answer
Reliability Validity
question
What is reliability?
answer
If the instrument is dependable
question
What are the three major types of reliability?
answer
Internal Consistency Stability Equivalence
question
What is internal consistency?
answer
Do all the items on a scale measure the same thing?
question
What is a desired value to tell if an instrument is reliable?
answer
Over 0.8 is good
question
If an instrument has an internal consistency of 0.7 or less what does it mean?
answer
It probably can't be trusted
question
What is stability?
answer
Does the instrument get the same results over time?
question
What is a desired value of stability?
answer
Over 0.7
question
What is equivalence?
answer
Do two different forms of an instrument have a similar score? (ex. different versions of a test)
question
What is inter-rater reliability?
answer
Do separate observers get the same score? (ex. two instructors watching a simulation)
question
What is a desired equivalence value?
answer
Over 0.8
question
What is validity?
answer
Does an instrument measure what is says it measures?
question
What are three types of validity?
answer
Content Criterion Construct
question
What is content validity?
answer
Asks is the tool adequately reflects the concept under study Opinion of experts*
question
What is criterion validity?
answer
Use of an external comparison that is known to measure the concept Ex. using body calipers to measure % fat and correlating it with hydrostatic measure that includes submersion Often used when the existing measure is expensive or inconvenient
question
What is construct validity?
answer
Does the instrument measure all components of the concept? Often evaluated with factor analysis
question
What is the highest type of validity?
answer
Construct
question
What type of validity uses the opinions of experts?
answer
Content
question
What type of validity is used when an existing measure is expensive or inconvenient?
answer
Criterion
question
What type of validity uses factor analysis?
answer
Construct
question
What is Dr. Mary Woo known for?
answer
The brain's role in heart failure She focuses on developing interventions that minimize or reverse the brain damage in heart failure, to improve health outcomes for heart failure patients. (ex. interventions to increase cerebral blood flow). Her investigations suggest that heart failure patients have signifiant brain damage in areas that dramatically impact cognition, emotion, and breathing, particularly in sleep.
question
What is Dr. Elaine Larson known for?
answer
Hand washing from a microbial and a behavioral perspective to reduce the incidence of hospital acquired infections.
question
What were the clinical implications of Dr. Larson's research?
answer
Stop using enforcement strategies that create frustration, irritation and a we/they mentality Recognize that a long-term meaningful approach is more effective than a crisis intervention Use a feedback model that provides feedback that is timely, non-punitive, individualized, and customizable.
question
What are three things a true experiment has?
answer
Random Assignment Manipulation Control
question
Random assignment has to...
answer
Be blinding Have allocation concealment
question
What is manipulation?
answer
One group gets the intervention (experimental group) One group does not (control)
question
What does control mean in an experiment?
answer
To recognize and control for confounding variables
question
What is the process of randomization?
answer
Assess for eligibility Obtain consent Randomly assign to group by using a random number table or other process Always tract the flow of patients
question
What is allocation concealment?
answer
The investigator does not know what group the next patient will be in.
question
What does allocation concealment look like?
answer
Using opaque envelopes Central randomization not by study staff or another method to insure concealment
question
What are the three types of blinding?
answer
Single Blind Double Blind Triple Blind
question
What is a single blind study?
answer
Participants don't know their group
question
What is a double blind study?
answer
Neither the participant nor the investigator know their group
question
What is a triple blind study?
answer
Neither the participant, investigator nor evaluator know their group
question
What are the types of control groups?
answer
Placebo Standard Care Wait-List Control Attention Control
question
When do we usually see placebo control groups?
answer
Drug Trials
question
What is a standard care control group?
answer
Need to be able to define this and be sure it is different from the intervention
question
What is a wait-list control?
answer
Everyone will eventually get the intervention
question
What is attention control?
answer
Used to minimize the effect of doing better because someone is paying attention
question
How is a quasi-experimental study different than an experimental?
answer
No random assignment Comparison rather than control (May be a historical group or a group that is similar)
question
What are the types of non-experimental designs?
answer
Descriptive Studies Correlational Studies Cross-Sectional & Longitudinal Studies
question
What is a descriptive study?
answer
Characteristics of a group or a condition during a particular time period Incidence (new cases) Prevalence (old & new cases)
question
What is a correlational study?
answer
The cause (IV) is not manipulated Looking for relationships Can't infer causality
question
What is the difference between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study?
answer
One point in time vs. follow-up over time
question
How does retrospective work?
answer
Begins with the dependent variable (the effect) and examines if it is related to one or more of the independent variables (the cause) Often used in epidemiology to examine relationships Doesn't establish causality but with a large sample and other data it is a good design
question
What is a problem/source of bias with retrospective?
answer
You find what you are looking for Ex. Case-control study compares people with the outcome (case) to those without the outcome (controls) Early tobacco studies
question
What major government agency typically uses retrospective?
answer
CDC or local health department for food borne illnesses Someone is sick (case) Other people are not sick (controls)
question
How does prospective work?
answer
Start with the independent variable (the cause) and go forward to see if it is related to the outcome (dependent variable/the effect).
question
T/F: All longitudinal studies are prospective.
answer
True All longitudinal studies are prosepective
question
What are other examples of prospective studies?
answer
Cohort Studies National Nurse Health Study
question
What is the Nurses Health Study?
answer
The largest, longest running investigations of women's health.
question
What is the Nurses's Health Study 1 about?
answer
Long-term risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular disease on women
question
What is the Nurses's Health Study 2 about?
answer
Nurses' Health Study 2 began in 1989 to study diet, and lifestyle risk factors in women who were younger than the NHS1 participants
question
What is the Nurses's Health Study 3 about?
answer
Begun in 2010, entirely web-based. More diverse population examining health issues related to lifestyle, fertility/pregnancy, environment, and nursing exposures. Endorsed by ANA, NLN, and other nursing organizations
question
What is the eligibility requirements to be part of the Nurse's Health Study?
answer
Nurses or student nurses 20-46 years old in the US and Canada Nurses' Health Study is recruiting 100,000 nurses and student nurses.
question
What is Barbara Medoff-Cooper known for?
answer
Infant development, feeding behaviors in high-risk infants, and infant temperament Development of strategies and technologies to improve outcomes for infants. Co-invented Neonur, a patented feeding device to assess feeding behaviors during infancy Partnered with a small technology company to develop a home monitoring program Current Funding: Transitional telehealth home care: REACH
question
What is Barbara Given known for?
answer
Long career of funded research related to symptom management in cancer Family caregivers of cancer patient Electronic reminder system for cancer patients on oral agents Living with cancer after treatment
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Unlock answers
question
What is the first phase in quantitative research?
answer
Conceptualize the problem
question
What is the second phase in quantitative research?
answer
Design the study
question
What is the third phase in quantitative research?
answer
Implement the design
question
What is the fourth phase in quantitative research?
answer
Analyze/interpret the data
question
What is the fifth phase in quantitative research?
answer
Use the results
question
What phase do you formulate the problem?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What phase do you review the literature?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What phase do you develop a framework?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What phase do you formulate the variable?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What phase do you select a research design?
answer
Phase 2: Design the study
question
What phase do you identify populate/sample?
answer
Phase 2: Design the study
question
What phase do you select instruments for data collection?
answer
Phase 2: Design the study
question
What phase do you address ethical considerations?
answer
Phase 3: Implement the design
question
What phase do you recruit participants?
answer
Phase 3: Implement the design
question
What phase do you collect data?
answer
Phase 3: Implement the design
question
What phase do you describe the sample?
answer
Phase 4: Analyze/interpret the data
question
What phase do you present the findings?
answer
Phase 4: Analyze/interpret the data
question
What phase do you interpret the findings?
answer
Phase 4: Analyze/interpret the data
question
What phase do you disseminate findings?
answer
Phase 5: Use the results
question
What phase do you use findings in nursing practice?
answer
Phase 5: Use the results
question
What phase do you state the problem statement?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What phase do you state the purpose?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What phase do you state definitions?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What phase do you state the dependent and independent variables?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What phase do you state the research question?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What phase do you state the hypothesis?
answer
Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
question
What are the three types of research questions?
answer
Descriptive Associational Difference
question
What type of research question is this: What percent of patients on a cardiac floor have had an MI?
answer
Descriptive
question
What type of research question is this: What is the average math achievement of the nation's fourth graders?
answer
Descriptive
question
What type of research question is this: What is the career satisfaction of DV computer industry professional employees?
answer
Descriptive
question
What type of research question is this: Is there a relationship between work satisfaction and workload in new nurses?
answer
Associational
question
What type of research question is this: How does math achievement of the nation's fourth grade Hispanic youth compare with that of the nation's fourth grade African-American youth?
answer
Associational
question
What type of research question is this: Is there a difference in stress levels at the beginning and the end of an informational session on breast-feeding?
answer
Difference
question
What type of research question is this: Do women that receive an educational session report less anxiety about breast feeding than women that do not receive education?
answer
Difference
question
A hypothesis is always what type of research question?
answer
Difference
question
What are the two types of hypothesis?
answer
Null Directional or Alternative
question
What is a Type 1 error?
answer
False Positive
question
What is a Type 2 error?
answer
False Negative
question
What are the types of non-experimental studies?
answer
Descriptive Correlational Cohort Case Control
question
What is a type of experimental study?
answer
Quasi-Experimental
question
What are the two types of samples?
answer
Probability Non-Probability
question
Which type of sample has limited generalizability?
answer
Non-Probability
question
What are the types of probability sampling?
answer
Simple Random Sampling (SRS) Stratified Random Sampling Cluster Sampling or Multistage Systematic Sampling
question
What type of probability sampling obtains a list of the population and uses a random number table or computer generated table to choose the sample?
answer
Simple Random Sampling
question
Which probability sampling is obtains a list of the population and uses a random number table or computer generated table to choose the sample within groups?
answer
Stratified Random Sampling
question
Which probability sampling randomly selects units and then randomly selects patients?
answer
Cluster Sampling or Multistage
question
Which probability sampling selects every K participant from a random list?
answer
Systematic Sampling
question
What are the types of non-probability sampling?
answer
Convenience Quota Purposive Systematic
question
What type of sampling is choosing the first 50 people admitted to a hospital emergency center with a laceration?
answer
Convenience
question
What type of sampling is choosing the first 25 male or 25 female participants?
answer
Quota
question
What type of sampling is choosing experts on the topic they want to research?
answer
Purposive
question
What type of sampling is selecting from an alphabetized list?
answer
Non-Probability Systematic
question
What can instruments measure objectively?
answer
BP, ABGs, HgA1C, & other laboratory tests
question
What can instruments measure subjectively?
answer
Self-Report, opinions, scales, questionnaires
question
What do all instruments have?
answer
Reliability Validity
question
What is reliability?
answer
If the instrument is dependable
question
What are the three major types of reliability?
answer
Internal Consistency Stability Equivalence
question
What is internal consistency?
answer
Do all the items on a scale measure the same thing?
question
What is a desired value to tell if an instrument is reliable?
answer
Over 0.8 is good
question
If an instrument has an internal consistency of 0.7 or less what does it mean?
answer
It probably can't be trusted
question
What is stability?
answer
Does the instrument get the same results over time?
question
What is a desired value of stability?
answer
Over 0.7
question
What is equivalence?
answer
Do two different forms of an instrument have a similar score? (ex. different versions of a test)
question
What is inter-rater reliability?
answer
Do separate observers get the same score? (ex. two instructors watching a simulation)
question
What is a desired equivalence value?
answer
Over 0.8
question
What is validity?
answer
Does an instrument measure what is says it measures?
question
What are three types of validity?
answer
Content Criterion Construct
question
What is content validity?
answer
Asks is the tool adequately reflects the concept under study Opinion of experts*
question
What is criterion validity?
answer
Use of an external comparison that is known to measure the concept Ex. using body calipers to measure % fat and correlating it with hydrostatic measure that includes submersion Often used when the existing measure is expensive or inconvenient
question
What is construct validity?
answer
Does the instrument measure all components of the concept? Often evaluated with factor analysis
question
What is the highest type of validity?
answer
Construct
question
What type of validity uses the opinions of experts?
answer
Content
question
What type of validity is used when an existing measure is expensive or inconvenient?
answer
Criterion
question
What type of validity uses factor analysis?
answer
Construct
question
What is Dr. Mary Woo known for?
answer
The brain's role in heart failure She focuses on developing interventions that minimize or reverse the brain damage in heart failure, to improve health outcomes for heart failure patients. (ex. interventions to increase cerebral blood flow). Her investigations suggest that heart failure patients have signifiant brain damage in areas that dramatically impact cognition, emotion, and breathing, particularly in sleep.
question
What is Dr. Elaine Larson known for?
answer
Hand washing from a microbial and a behavioral perspective to reduce the incidence of hospital acquired infections.
question
What were the clinical implications of Dr. Larson's research?
answer
Stop using enforcement strategies that create frustration, irritation and a we/they mentality Recognize that a long-term meaningful approach is more effective than a crisis intervention Use a feedback model that provides feedback that is timely, non-punitive, individualized, and customizable.
question
What are three things a true experiment has?
answer
Random Assignment Manipulation Control
question
Random assignment has to...
answer
Be blinding Have allocation concealment
question
What is manipulation?
answer
One group gets the intervention (experimental group) One group does not (control)
question
What does control mean in an experiment?
answer
To recognize and control for confounding variables
question
What is the process of randomization?
answer
Assess for eligibility Obtain consent Randomly assign to group by using a random number table or other process Always tract the flow of patients
question
What is allocation concealment?
answer
The investigator does not know what group the next patient will be in.
question
What does allocation concealment look like?
answer
Using opaque envelopes Central randomization not by study staff or another method to insure concealment
question
What are the three types of blinding?
answer
Single Blind Double Blind Triple Blind
question
What is a single blind study?
answer
Participants don't know their group
question
What is a double blind study?
answer
Neither the participant nor the investigator know their group
question
What is a triple blind study?
answer
Neither the participant, investigator nor evaluator know their group
question
What are the types of control groups?
answer
Placebo Standard Care Wait-List Control Attention Control
question
When do we usually see placebo control groups?
answer
Drug Trials
question
What is a standard care control group?
answer
Need to be able to define this and be sure it is different from the intervention
question
What is a wait-list control?
answer
Everyone will eventually get the intervention
question
What is attention control?
answer
Used to minimize the effect of doing better because someone is paying attention
question
How is a quasi-experimental study different than an experimental?
answer
No random assignment Comparison rather than control (May be a historical group or a group that is similar)
question
What are the types of non-experimental designs?
answer
Descriptive Studies Correlational Studies Cross-Sectional & Longitudinal Studies
question
What is a descriptive study?
answer
Characteristics of a group or a condition during a particular time period Incidence (new cases) Prevalence (old & new cases)
question
What is a correlational study?
answer
The cause (IV) is not manipulated Looking for relationships Can't infer causality
question
What is the difference between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study?
answer
One point in time vs. follow-up over time
question
How does retrospective work?
answer
Begins with the dependent variable (the effect) and examines if it is related to one or more of the independent variables (the cause) Often used in epidemiology to examine relationships Doesn't establish causality but with a large sample and other data it is a good design
question
What is a problem/source of bias with retrospective?
answer
You find what you are looking for Ex. Case-control study compares people with the outcome (case) to those without the outcome (controls) Early tobacco studies
question
What major government agency typically uses retrospective?
answer
CDC or local health department for food borne illnesses Someone is sick (case) Other people are not sick (controls)
question
How does prospective work?
answer
Start with the independent variable (the cause) and go forward to see if it is related to the outcome (dependent variable/the effect).
question
T/F: All longitudinal studies are prospective.
answer
True All longitudinal studies are prosepective
question
What are other examples of prospective studies?
answer
Cohort Studies National Nurse Health Study
question
What is the Nurses Health Study?
answer
The largest, longest running investigations of women's health.
question
What is the Nurses's Health Study 1 about?
answer
Long-term risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular disease on women
question
What is the Nurses's Health Study 2 about?
answer
Nurses' Health Study 2 began in 1989 to study diet, and lifestyle risk factors in women who were younger than the NHS1 participants
question
What is the Nurses's Health Study 3 about?
answer
Begun in 2010, entirely web-based. More diverse population examining health issues related to lifestyle, fertility/pregnancy, environment, and nursing exposures. Endorsed by ANA, NLN, and other nursing organizations
question
What is the eligibility requirements to be part of the Nurse's Health Study?
answer
Nurses or student nurses 20-46 years old in the US and Canada Nurses' Health Study is recruiting 100,000 nurses and student nurses.
question
What is Barbara Medoff-Cooper known for?
answer
Infant development, feeding behaviors in high-risk infants, and infant temperament Development of strategies and technologies to improve outcomes for infants. Co-invented Neonur, a patented feeding device to assess feeding behaviors during infancy Partnered with a small technology company to develop a home monitoring program Current Funding: Transitional telehealth home care: REACH
question
What is Barbara Given known for?
answer
Long career of funded research related to symptom management in cancer Family caregivers of cancer patient Electronic reminder system for cancer patients on oral agents Living with cancer after treatment
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