question

Because she has been a community activist and advocate for her research subjects, and founded Organs Watch as a watchdog organization, Nancy Scheper-Hughes' research could be considered a form of ________ ethnography.

answer

public

question

The discussion in the text of Margery Wolf's publication "A Thrice Told Tale" states that this innovative ethnographic approach includes a fictionalized account, a published article, and:

answer

field notes

question

________ is the sense of disorientation caused by the overwhelmingly new and unfamiliar people and experiences encountered during fieldwork.

answer

culture shock

question

The author suggests that anthropology is unique among other disciplines such as economics or history because our perspective begins with:

answer

people

question

Franz Boas (1858-1942) is credited with developing which of the following anthropological perspectives?

answer

cultural relativism

question

Expansion of ________ networks in the late twentieth century has allowed anthropologists to continue research even after leaving the field.

answer

communications

question

Nancy Scheper-Hughes' research among mothers in Alto do Cruzeiro, Brazil, allowed her to identify ________ of culture.

answer

patterns

question

An important change in the way that ethnography is written in the twenty-first century is that there is less emphasis on presenting native voices. (T or F)

answer

false

question

The author writes that the roots of cultural anthropology and ethnographic fieldwork lie in:

answer

colonial encounters.

question

Which of the following is NOT a reason for ethnographers to conduct long-term fieldwork?

answer

reinforce ethnocentric attitudes about cultural superiority

question

The American Anthropological Association mandate of "Do No Harm" is founded in:

answer

intensified globalization.

question

According to Guest, the discipline of anthropology has been criticized for sharing research on ________ with occupying governments or militaries.

answer

local communities

question

Anthropologists make great efforts to protect informants' anonymity:

answer

when referring to individuals in research notes and publications.

question

The trafficking of human organs discussed in the text provides a disturbing example of the impacts of:

answer

globalization

question

It is essential that ethnographers map communities because this:

answer

illuminates how use of space influences social interactions

question

In late nineteenth-century debates on American immigration, many scholars and government officials privileged immigrants from northern Europe over those from southern Europe, such as Italians and Greeks, because the officials felt these southern people were a separate and inferior biological race with primitive ways. This is an example of:

answer

ethnocentrism.

question

What kind of anthropologists explore ancient rift valleys and deep caves looking for ancient landforms with fossils of human ancestors to understand human evolution?

answer

paleoanthropologists

question

People who make comprehensive studies of languages and their component parts are:

answer

descriptive linguists.

question

When anthropologists compare the polygyny of Mormon fundamentalists in Utah to Muslim tradition, which allows a man to have as many as four wives, they are doing what kind of analysis?

answer

ethnological

question

What kind of researchers work to record languages that are disappearing by finding the last speakers and making recordings and dictionaries to preserve them for the future and for language revitalization?

answer

descriptive linguists

question

People are biological creatures as well as rational human beings. In order to gain a complete understanding of any aspect of human behavior, the field of anthropology adopts what strategy?

answer

four-field approach

question

The worldwide intensification of interactions among human beings across national borders is referred to as:

answer

globalism.

question

Swift economic development and wealth among some groups while others are pushed into extreme poverty are due to:

answer

uneven development.

question

When companies move their production facilities around the world to take advantage of cheaper labor and lower taxes, this is called:

answer

flexible accumulation.

question

Ethnographic fieldwork is the primary research strategy of which field?

answer

cultural anthropology

question

Walmart's transformation from a "Made in America" company to one with five thousand factories in China is an example of:

answer

flexible accumulation.

question

Which of the following is defined as the process of learning culture?

answer

enculturation

question

Which of the following is a powerful enculturation tool that teaches us how to be "successful" in consumer culture?

answer

advertising

question

The concept of culture has been central to anthropology only since the 1870s, when ________crafted its first formal definition.

answer

Edward Burnett Tylor

question

Ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or toward certain other people are considered:

answer

norms

question

Which group of scholars generally contends that who we are, how we think and behave, and how we organize our societies are a product of evolution and thus are hardwired in our DNA?

answer

evolutionary psychologists

question

Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) described two aspects of power that included material power and:

answer

hegemony

question

Which of the following individuals was among the earliest anthropologists who sought to organize vast quantities of data about the diversity of world cultures that were being accumulated via colonial and missionary enterprises?

answer

Henry Morgan

question

Anthropologist Margaret Mead (1901-1979) is best known for her research regarding the seeming sexual freedom and experimentation of young women in:

answer

Samoa

question

Which of the following individuals was a student of Boas and explored the ways in which cultural traits and entire cultures are uniquely patterned and integrated?

answer

Ruth Benedict

question

________is both a definition and a key theoretical framework for anthropologists attempting to understand humans and their interactions.

answer

culture

question

Which of the following processes is intensifying the exchange and diffusion of people, ideas, and goods worldwide, creating more interaction and engagement among cultures?

answer

globalization

question

Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917) is credited with crafting the first definition of which of the following concepts utilized in anthropology?

answer

culture

question

Anthropologists seek to counter ethnocentrism by:

answer

objectively, accurately, and sensitively representing the diversity of human life and culture.

question

The Summer Institute of Linguistics:

answer

sends missionaries into the field to create written versions of indigenous languages with the goal of disseminating the Christen Bible in those languages.

question

Which of the following statements is correct about the worldwide language diversity?

answer

Ten of the most prominent languages are spoken by half of the world's population.

question

Which of the following statements about language is true?

answer

Language can be spoken, written, or conveyed through body movements or gestures.

question

Linguistic anthropologists would label new words that have emerged during the digital age, such as mouse, modem, download, and email, as part of our generation's ________ vocabulary.

answer

focal

question

The digital age is:

answer

those born after the 1980s; this generation has spent their lives using devices like smartphones and laptops.

question

Some linguistic anthropologists find the work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics controversial because:

answer

their Christian perspective may ignore some aspects of local culture, such as song and art.

question

As new speech communities have been formed through the digital activism of the Arab Spring, a new ________ that includes events, names, and ideas pertaining to social protest has also emerged.

answer

lexicon

question

The fact that 85 percent, or 5.5 billion people, lack meaningful access to a digital communication network reflects:

answer

the tendency of globalization to increase the effects of uneven development.

question

Based on evidence from Benjamin Whorf's research with the Hopi, a Native American group in the southwestern United States, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that:

answer

thought is rooted in language.

question

Compared to digital ________, people born before 1970 have more trouble navigating websites, wikis, blogs, and text messages.

answer

natives

question

To investigate the focal vocabulary of a language in a particular community, a linguistic anthropologist might:

answer

try to discover words that offer sophisticated ways to describe local cultural realities.

question

In part because the Hopi language has verb tenses that differ from those of English, Benjamin Whorf's linguistic research suggested that the Hopi people of Arizona have:

answer

a worldview where past and present represent lived reality and the future is hypothetical.

question

According to the text, studying the patterns and importance of sounds as spoken by a group of people helps linguistic anthropologists:

answer

understand the elements and rules of a particular language.

question

Based on what linguistic anthropologist David Harrison found in Asia, which of the following statements best describes how language shapes the idea of time in Tuva?

answer

While the future is seen as behind them, the past is seen as in front.

question

Deborah Tannen's research into the ways that boys and girls speak demonstrates that:

answer

they essentially grow up in different linguistic worlds.

question

It is impossible to study a local community today without considering the effect of:

answer

global forces

question

The belief that one's own culture or way of life is normal and natural, and viewing the different practices of other people as strange and unnatural, is called:

answer

ethnocentrism

question

What is considered the most distinctive feature of being human?

answer

language

question

Global forces are expanding rapidly and moving into local communities everywhere. The author notes that many people in local communities respond with:

answer

active resistance

question

Anthropology looks at the complete diversity of human life across space and time, and this reflects the field's commitment to:

answer

human development

question

What do historic archaeologists have access to that sets them apart from other archaeologists?

answer

written records

question

The study of how people use language in its cultural context is known as:

answer

sociolinguistics

question

The study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people understand each other define what aspect of anthropology?

answer

holism

question

Which of the following industries is key in arousing our desires for goods and services?

answer

advertising

question

Humans learn culture from people and cultural institutions that surround them:

answer

over their entire lives

question

Franz Boas (1858-1942) rejected unilineal cultural evolution, advocating for which of the following approaches instead?

answer

historical particularism

question

The borrowing of cultural traits and patterns from other cultures is a concept in anthropology known as:

answer

diffusion

question

Which of the following is defined as the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence-either one's own or that of a group or institution?

answer

power

question

An anthropologist's suspension of judgment while attempting to understand a group's beliefs and practices within their own cultural context is termed:

answer

cultural relativism.

question

Which of the following anthropologists argued that power must be viewed as an aspect of all human relationships?

answer

Eric Wolf

question

Culture is a system of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and:

answer

institutions

question

Commonplace norms, values, beliefs, practices, and institutions that cultivate the desire to acquire consumer goods to enhance one's lifestyle constitute a culture of:

answer

consumerism

question

________ are commonly used as a strategy to collect quantitative data.

answer

surveys

question

Franz Boas' attempts to document Native American cultures that were devastated by the westward expansion of settlers are called:

answer

salvage ethnography.

question

Ethnography written for government agencies and nongovernmental organizations that addresses problems in the community is known as ________ anthropology.

answer

public

question

________ provides protection to people who may be vulnerable if they share intimate details of their lives with ethnographers.

answer

anonymity

question

Fieldwork is considered a ________ for students because it creates a common bond among professionals in the field.

answer

rite of passage

question

In an age of intensifying globalization, ________ remains a critical research strategy that provides a deep insight and understanding of the myriad parts of our informants' everyday lives and cultures.

answer

participant observation

question

Ethnographers' awareness that they should engage in critical self-examination regarding the role they play in the research process is known as:

answer

reflexivity

question

How did early twentieth-century anthropology differ from the anthropology practiced in the nineteenth century Europe?

answer

Nineteenth-century anthropologists were mostly interested in present-day cultures as they existed, but twentieth-century anthropologists were interested in the processes by which cultures changed.

question

Linguistic anthropologists have discovered that the languages spoken in Europe such as Latin, English, German, and Greek are derived from an earlier language they call:

answer

Proto-Indo-European.

question

________ is the linguistic ability to refer to events or objects not present or to events that are happening in the future or past.

answer

displacement

question

According to the textbook, the ________ government has struggled to monitor and censor highly decentralized information that publicizes worker strikes, oppressive working conditions, and local government corruption.

answer

chinese

question

The digital age is:

answer

the era defined by the proliferation of high-speed communication technologies, social networking, and personal computing.

question

The author suggests each of the following points to explain how men tend to dominate in mixed-gender conversations, EXCEPT:

answer

male communication patterns are unrelated to social stratification in the culture at large.

question

Anthropologist Laura Bohannan discovered in her attempt to translate a classic text from English literature that:

answer

the meaning of the story became lost as the original meanings of the English words could not be easily translated.

question

According to the text, studying the patterns and importance of sounds as spoken by a group of people helps linguistic anthropologists:

answer

understand the elements and rules of a particular language.

question

Deborah Tannen's research into the ways that boys and girls speak demonstrates that:

answer

they essentially grow up in different linguistic worlds.

question

In part because the Hopi language has verb tenses that differ from those of English, Benjamin Whorf's linguistic research suggested that the Hopi people of Arizona have:

answer

a worldview where past and present represent lived reality and the future is hypothetical.

question

Dialect is defined as:

answer

a nonstandard variation of a language that is particular to a specific region.

question

Linguistic anthropologists have discovered that more than 90 percent of ________ information is communicated through body movements and paralanguage.

answer

emotional

question

Which of the following terms best describes the study of how gestures, postures, and facial expressions convey messages without words?

answer

kinesics

question

Digital immigrants are:

answer

the generation that uses technology, but in a process more akin to learning a new culture or language.

question

Folklorists and anthropologists interpret the phenomenon where people across the globe repeat variations of bizarre and unlikely stories as ________ that reflect informants' concerns about their own vulnerability in a globalizing society.

answer

urban legends

question

Ways of establishing an ethnographer's ________ include discussing length of fieldwork, language skills, and the nature of his or her relationships with research subjects.

answer

authority

question

Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) advocated that ethnographers develop which skill during their fieldwork?

answer

local language

question

In his study of everyday "Body Rituals among the Nacirema," Horace Miner:

answer

makes the familiar seem very strange

question

William Rathje's garbage study to analyze the behavior of residents of Tucson, Arizona, is an example of what field of anthropology?

answer

historic archaeology

question

Nepali building roads in India, Filipino maids in Saudi Arabia, and Turkish street repairmen in Germany are examples of which global dynamic?

answer

increasing migration

question

Anthropologists take a comprehensive approach to understanding human beings, and this is accomplished through:

answer

four-field approach

question

What do prehistoric archaeologists use to reconstruct human behavior?

answer

material remains

question

In order to engage in cultural relativism as a research strategy, anthropologists must:

answer

attempt to understand a group's beliefs and practices within their own cultural context.

question

Culture is more than a set of ideas or patterns of behavior shared by a group of people because it also includes which of the following general mechanisms created by people to promote and maintain their core values?

answer

powerful institutions

question

________ influences what people consider unthinkable or undoable thoughts, which leads to the establishment of "natural truths" among a group of people.

answer

the hegemony of ideas

question

According to Max Weber (1864-1920), thrift, modesty, moderation, frugality, and self-denial constitute which of the following?

answer

protestant ethic

question

The export of television shows worldwide and the knowledge of other cultures that is subsequently disseminated to even remote areas of the world are an example of which of the following concepts?

answer

cosmopolitanism

question

Which of the following statements about mental maps of reality is false?

answer

Mental maps of reality consist of ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or toward certain other people.

question

According to Keith Basso, the Apache tradition of "being shot by an arrow" during a conversation refers to:

answer

the telling of stories, usually by elders, with themes intended to make a point.

question

The ________ of any language refers to names, ideas, and events that offer a catalogue of what is spoken, and can be compiled into a dictionary.

answer

lexicon

question

One of the consequences of the "Ebonics" controversy around Black English in Oakland, California, was:

answer

resistance to recognizing the challenges Black English speakers have in education settings.

question

Anthropologists refer to sounds that make a critical difference in meaning within a language as:

answer

phonemes

question

During the planning stages of a fieldwork project, it is typical to:

answer

conduct a literature review

question

________ anthropology is based on secondhand accounts of missionaries and merchants.

answer

armchair

question

Community members who guide, advise, and teach the ethnographer during fieldwork are called:

answer

key informants

question

What was Nancy Scheper-Hughes' initial role in Alto do Cruzeiro?

answer

peace corp volunteer

question

In order to understand how any group of people lives in our global world today, it is necessary to explore not only the customs, beliefs, and other aspects of their local culture but also:

answer

global influences

question

South Korea has developed amazingly, with huge corporations making vast amounts of money and giving everyone there a high standard of living, while the vast majority of people in the Central American nation of Guatemala are plagued by extreme poverty, violence, and poor living conditions. This is an example of:

answer

uneven development

question

Anthropology developed during an intense period of globalism in which century?

answer

19th

question

Anthropologists who explore all aspects of human culture-from war and violence to love, sexuality, and child rearing-and look at the meanings that people from all over the world place on them are known as:

answer

cultural anthropologists

question

The dramatic transformations of economics, politics, and culture are characteristic of what dynamic of contemporary globalism?

answer

rapid change

question

Cultural anthropologists analyze and compare data on different cultures using the method known as:

answer

ethnology

question

The advent of computers and deregulation of banking in the 1970s caused which of the following financial tools to burst on the scene in the United States, transforming the financial environment?

answer

credit cards

question

Clifford Geertz (1926-2006), who urged anthropologists to explore culture primarily as a symbolic system, is a key figure in which of the following anthropological approaches?

answer

interpretivist

question

The process of diminishing the diversity of the world's cultures as a result of foreign influences inundating local practices, products, and ways of thinking is considered:

answer

homogenization

question

A global outlook that is emerging in response to increasing globalization and that involves linking cultural practices, norms, and values across great distances to even the most remote areas of the world is termed:

answer

cosmopolitanism

question

Which of the following is defined as the anthropological approach that views society as consisting of various parts that fit together with each part having its unique function within the larger structure?

answer

structural functionalism

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