Under which explanation for racial stratification does the African slave trade most clearly fall?

Structural More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/sociology-101-final/

“(It) brought the potato, the pineapple, the turkey, dahlias, sunflowers, magnolias, maize, chilies and chocolate across the Atlantic. On the other hand, tens of millions died in the pandemics of the 16th century, victims of smallpox, measles and the other diseases brought by Europeans (and don’t forget that the African slave trade was begun by the Europeans, to replace the work force they had decimated)” Which historical development is being described in this quotation?

The Columbian Exchange More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/ch-1-unit-test/

Internal African Slave Trade

Resulted from raids, warfare, crime. Often accepted as member of kin group (extended family) to give elites more status. Children often freed. Same general ethnic group as owners. (600-1914 CE) More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/labor-systems-in-world-history/

African Slave Trade test questions and answers | Get Access To African Slave Trade Flashcards and exam tests

Q: The African slave trade

increased the number of wars in Africa because of the increasing demand for prisoners who could be sold as slaves. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/ap-euro-13-14/

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African Slave Trade AP United States History AP World History Art History Modern World History Prince Henry The Navigator

Chap 2 Hist 17A – Flashcards 49 terms

Trina Garrison

49 terms

Preview

Chap 2 Hist 17A – Flashcards

question

Astrolabes and quadrants were used to

answer

determine latitude.

question

Which of the following journeys of exploration confirmed Martin Waldseemüller's speculation about the geography of the New World?

answer

Ferdinand Magellan's voyage, which discovered how much ocean lay between the New World and Asia

question

What was the result of Juan Ponce de León's return voyage to Florida in 1521?

answer

He was killed by the Calusa Indians.

question

Which Spanish monarch became the Holy Roman Emperor in 1519?

answer

King Charles I

question

Why did fifteenth-century monarchs such as Queen Isabella sponsor journeys of exploration?

answer

The monarchs hoped to enlarge their realms and enrich their dynasties.

question

How did the Tainos, who resided on the island Columbus named San Salvador, differ from the Europeans who encountered them in 1492?

answer

The Tainos went without clothing and worshipped spirits who lived in natural objects.

question

Who was the Mexican emperor taken hostage by Cortés and his forces in 1519?

answer

Montezuma

question

How did Charles V respond to Martin Luther's criticisms of the Catholic Church?

answer

As Holy Roman Emperor, he pledged to defend Catholic orthodoxy against Protestants.

question

What was a long-term consequence of the bubonic plague (the Black Death) that ravaged Europe in the mid-fourteenth century?

answer

Increased opportunities for economic and social advancement

question

Who did King Henry VII of England commission to discover a "Northwest Passage"?

answer

John Cabot

question

What factor made the Indian population of New Spain particularly vulnerable to measles, smallpox, and respiratory illnesses?

answer

Lack of previous exposure to these diseases

question

Most sixteenth-century Spaniards regarded the existence of New Spain with

answer

pride.

question

The Portuguese determined that the most profitable way to use Africa was to

answer

establish coastal trading posts.

question

Why were Columbus and his men disappointed by San Salvador?

answer

They didn't find any riches.

question

In the 1520s, how did the Spanish concept of war differ from the Mexican concept of war?

answer

The Mexica sought surrender, while the Spanish sought total victory.

question

By the late sixteenth century, European nations realized that colonization had given Spain

answer

power and prestige.

question

What was the significance of the sugar plantations established by the Portuguese on the Cape Verde Islands in the 1460s?

answer

They began an association between enslaved Africans and plantation labor that would become central to the New World.

question

Why did the pope support Spain's 1493 claim to the new lands Columbus had discovered in the West?

answer

The pope was a Spaniard and wanted to award the lands to his own country.

question

By what percentage had the Indian population of New Spain been reduced by 1570?

answer

90 percent

question

How did the acquisition of wealth from New Spain affect the economy of Charles V's and Philip II's Spain?

answer

Wealth from New Spain was not nearly enough to finance their military ambitions.

question

What made some African kingdoms receptive to relationships with the Portuguese?

answer

Portuguese mariners brought desirable goods, including iron goods and weapons, to Africa.

question

After Magellan's voyage to circumnavigate the globe, most Europeans who crossed the Atlantic

answer

were headed for the New World.

question

Why did Hernán Cortés initially lead an expedition into Mexico in 1519?

answer

He hoped to discover and exploit a fabulously wealthy kingdom he had heard about.

question

What prevented France and England from colonizing the New World in the sixteenth century?

answer

Their absorption in domestic and diplomatic issues in Europe

question

What was the first permanent European settlement in the present-day United States?

answer

St. Augustine

question

From the twelfth century through the fifteenth century, Mediterranean trade was dominated by cities in which area?

answer

Italy

question

What development motivated western exploration during the fifteenth century?

answer

The Black Death

question

What was the impact of Catholic missionaries' work among the Indians in New Spain?

answer

Missionaries baptized thousands of Indians who then continued to worship their own gods.

question

Why did Cortés and his men take Montezuma hostage and hold him under house arrest after they reached Tenochtitlán in 1519?

answer

The Spaniards hoped to make him a political puppet through whom they could rule the empire.

question

What were the ramifications of Columbus's first journey?

answer

It appeared to make Spain a challenger to Portugal in the race for a sea route to Asia.

question

What was the goal of Columbus and other ambitious explorers?

answer

Becoming part of the aristocracy

question

What motivated Portuguese explorers' initial search for a sea route to Asia in the 1480s?

answer

Their desire to bypass Mediterranean merchants

question

Before he conquered the Mexica in 1519, Hernán Cortés occupied himself as

answer

an obscure Spanish soldier.

question

What was the outcome of Spain's rivalry with Portugal over new lands claimed through sea exploration?

answer

The Portuguese and Spanish monarchs negotiated a treaty that divided newly explored land between them.

question

The largest treasure produced by Spanish conquests in the New World came from

answer

Peru

question

Which European import was the decisive factor in the decimation of the New World's native populations after 1492?

answer

Microorganisms

question

Who was an important advocate of Portuguese expansion from 1415 to 1460?

answer

Prince Henry the Navigator

question

What was a long-term consequence of the catastrophic bubonic plague in Europe?

answer

The plague stimulated exploration for new marketplaces.

question

How did King Charles I (later Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) and his successors use the wealth of New Spain?

answer

To consolidate the largest empire in Europe

question

Martin Luther and the Catholic Church disagreed on

answer

how salvation could be gained.

question

What was the result of Charles V's and Philip II's extensive warfare?

answer

The majority of Spaniards became impoverished.

question

Exploration and territorial expansion became popular with Europeans in the fifteenth century because

answer

monarchs hoped to enlarge their power.

question

Which technological advance aided European explorers by 1400?

answer

The compass

question

Christopher Columbus, like most educated Europeans, believed that

answer

the earth was spherical and could therefore be circumnavigated.

question

How did Ferdinand and Isabella react to Columbus's first voyage?

answer

They believed Spain could challenge Portuguese dominance of the seas.

question

In the early 1500s, Martin Waldseemüller was among the very first to understand that

answer

there was a continent that existed separate from Europe and Asia.

question

Which factor helped the Spaniards conquer the Mexicans in the sixteenth century?

answer

A smallpox epidemic ravaged the Mexicans.

question

How did Spain benefit from settling Florida in the mid-sixteenth century?

answer

The settlement protected Spanish ships from pirates.

question

Which European power dominated the New World during the 1500s?

answer

Spain, because it had the most colonial possessions

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African Slave Trade AP European History Joint Stock Company Peter The Great Of Russia Tariffs And Free Trade

Chapter 17 Flashcards 305 terms

Mike Bryan

305 terms

Preview

Chapter 17 Flashcards

question

What was the type of economy in Europe at the end of the seventeenth century?

answer

agrarian

question

How many percent of the people of western Europe drew livelihoods from agriculture?

answer

80%

question

What two places did not have majority of people involved in agriculture?

answer

Dutch Republic and England

question

Were people in eastern Europe more involved in agriculture than western Europe?

answer

Yes

question

What was average number of bushels of grain were available to harvest from time wheat seed sown?

answer

five or six

question

What were years of famine caused by, which resulted in deaths?

answer

poor climatic conditions

question

How much material abundance was there in Middle Ages?

answer

Not much, but sustained large numbers of people

question

What is open-field system?

answer

Land is divided into several large fields and were open. They were then cut in long, narrow strips.

question

What did peasants do in field?

answer

plow, sow, harvest the land

question

What was a problem in the Middle Ages in the field?

answer

soil exhaustion

question

What is soil exhaustion?

answer

insufficient nitrogen in the soil

question

How did people solve soil exhaustion before eighteenth century?

answer

They lie fallow, which are like clover or grasses, since manure for fertilizer was limited.

question

What was the rotation of crops in early Middle Ages like?

answer

A year of fallow was alternated with a year of cropping.

question

How did peasants make sure that food was always available with three year rotation?

answer

staggering the rotation of crops

question

How did the new rotaiton of crops in the early Middle Ages differ from before?

answer

Cash crops could be gorwn two years out of three, rather than only one year in wo

question

What reinforced communal or collective patterns of farming?

answer

traditional village rights

question

WWhy did villages have open meadows?

answer

for hay and natural pasture. pastured their animals on the wheat or rye stubble

question

What happened on open meadows besides pasturing animals for wheat or rye stubble?

answer

glenaing of grain

question

What were many villages surrounded by? what did it provide?

answer

woodlands, which provided firewood, building materials, and nutritional roots and berries

question

Why were peasants of eastern Europe worst off?

answer

worse social conditions, with serfodm

question

Who stripped peasants of their meager earnings? How?

answer

state and landlords. levied heavy taxes and high rents

question

What was reality for most people in village?

answer

poverty

question

How much of population in Britain and Dutch republic work in agriculture?

answer

less than half

question

What was secret in eliminating fallow, which was unproductive? developing in seventeenth century

answer

alternating grain with corps that restored nutrients to the soil, like peas, beans, root crops such as turnips and potatoes, and clover

question

Why was clover one of most important corps?

answer

restores nitrogen directly to the soil

question

Originally, what did people think of potatoes?

answer

fit only for animal feed

question

How did peasants and larger farmers build up herds of cattle and sheep

answer

more fodder, hay, root vegetables

question

What did more animals mean for the soil? what else?

answer

more manure to fertilize and restore soil. meat and dairy proudcts, pull ploughs in the fields

question

What did government officials, experimental scientists, and landowners believe about open fields and common rights?

answer

new methods were scarcly possible

question

What did a famer have to do to experiment with new methods?

answer

get landholders approval

question

What is enclosure?

answer

movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at expense of poor peasants, who relied on common fields for farming and pasture

question

Why were enclosures opposed by small landholders and poor?

answer

Threatened traditional rights. Poor could not use commmonly held pasture land to graze livestock, and marshalnds of forest outside village as source of goods.

question

Why were some larger, predominantly noble landowners opposed tothe econlsure?

answer

required large investments in urchasing and fencing land

question

Where were the new system fo ecnlsures adopted?

answer

Low Countries and England

question

Which country pioneered advancements in agriculture?

answer

Dutch Republic

question

Where specificially was agirculture highly specialized and commercialized in Dutch Republic

answer

Holland

question

What are reasons for Dutch leaderhsip in famring?

answer

most densely populated, growth of towns and cities

question

What were Dtuch forced to do to feed temsleves and provide employment?

answer

seek maximum yields from land and increase cultivated area through steady draining of marshed and swamps

question

What did growing urban population mean?

answer

Provided Dutch peasants with markets for all they could produce and allowed each region to specialize in what it did best

question

Where was mecca of foreign agricultural experts?

answer

low countires

question

How did English take form Ducth?

answer

used their system of continuous crop rotation, draininga nd water control

question

Who directed large drainage proejct in Yorkshire and in Cambridgeshire?

answer

cornelius vermuyden

question

Who was Jethro Tull?

answer

Adopted ciritcial atttiude toward accpeted ideas about farming and tried to develop better methods through empirical research. Advocated sowing seed with drilling equiment. Use horses.

question

What were improvements in livestock caused by?

answer

Selective breeding

question

Before 1700, how much farmland in Englandwas enclosed

answer

more than half

question

Who econlsoed remaining common land in England?

answer

Parliament

question

Who celebrated large-scale enclosure as a necessary means to achieve progress?

answer

arthur young

question

What were two major historical developments in England as a result of the enclosure?

answer

Rise of market-oriented estate agriculture and emergence of a landless rural proletariat

question

Who held most of the land in England Scotland?

answer

Wealthy landowners

question

What did imporvments in agricultural technology mean?

answer

fewer laborers needed=unemployment

question

What is proletarianization?

answer

transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners

question

What did Black Death cause?

answer

sharp drop in population and food prices, and labor shortage

question

By what time was Ruope back to pre-plauge population levels?

answer

mid-sixteenth century

question

When did a great surge of pouplation growth occur?

answer

after 1500

question

What did surge of pouplation growth after 1500 mean?

answer

outstripped growth of agricultural production

question

Why did price revolution occur?

answer

less food per person, high food prices

question

How much populaiton growth annually?

answer

.5 to 1 percent France less than .5% Russia New England greater than 1 In 300 years=16x more poeple

question

Were there siginifcant increases in agrarian Eruope before 1700

answer

question

What checked population growht until after 1700

answer

demographic crises (savage incrasing in deaths)

question

What are the three grim reapers of demographic crisis?

answer

famine, epidemic disease, and war

question

What was weather in much of Europe in seventeenth century?

answer

cold and wet weather

question

What were diseases in Eruope?

answer

typhus, smallpox, syphailis, bubonic plague

question

How was indirect effects of war more harmful?

answer

solider and camp followers passed contagious diseases. Armies requisitioned scarce food supplies, disrupting agricultural cycle

question

What was populaiton numbers after Thirty Years' War?

answer

2/3 in Germany, almost 1/3 elsewhere

question

What was pouplation of Europe between 1700 and 1835??

answer

question

Why did women have more babies than before 1700?

answer

new oppurtunities for employment in rural industry allowed them to marry at an earlier age

question

What was basic cause of Eruopena populaiton increase?

answer

decline in mortality

question

What was one of primary reasons behind population decline?

answer

disappearance of bubonic plague

question

Where was last place plague struck? How many die?

answer

Marseilles, France. 100,000

question

When had plague disappeared form ewestern and central Erupe

answer

1722

question

Reasons for disappearance of plague?

answer

chance and plain good luck, quarantine

question

Were advances in medical knowledge important in reducing death?

answer

not much

question

Most important advance in preventive medicine?

answer

inocualtion against smallpox, mostly England

question

What things improved public health and reduce diseases such as typhoid and typhus in some urban areasa of western Eruope?

answer

improvements in water supply and sewage - supported by absolutist monarchies

question

What reduced Rueope's large insect pouplaiton

answer

drainage of swamps, improvements in water supply

question

How did Eurpe safeguard supply of food and lessen impact of local crop failure and fmaine?

answer

Advances in transportation, like canal and road building

question

Why did transportation safeguard supply of food?

answer

emergency supplies could be brought in and starvation became less frequent

question

What is primary reason for population growth in the eighteenth century

answer

Years of higher-than-average death retes were less catastrophic

question

What is cottage industry?

answer

Stage of industrial developemnt in which rural workers used hand tools in thier homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market

question

What is putting-out system?

answer

Eighteenth-century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw material to cottage workers, who processed them and returne dht efinished products to the merchant

question

Who were two mani participants in the putting-out system?

answer

merchant capitalist and the rural worker

question

What happened as industries grew in scale and complexity?

answer

production was broke into many stages

question

How did merchants pay outworkers?

answer

by the piece

question

Why did putting-out system grow?

answer

competitive advantages. undermeployed labor was abundant and poor peasants and landless alborers woudl work for low wages

question

What did the workers not needing to meet rigid guild standards mean?

answer

cottage industyr became capable of producing many kinds of goods

question

Where did rural manufacturing develop most successfully in ?

answer

England

question

How much of Engalnd's textiles were produced int eh countryside by 1500?

answer

1/2. also by 17000 Engish industry was more rual than urban and heavily reliant on the putting-out system

question

When was growth in agriculture, pioneered by the dutch republic and England?

answer

1600-1850

question

What time experienced remarkable expansion of rural industyr?

answer

later part of eighteenth century

question

What industyr employed most people in Euroe?

answer

textiles

question

What is most important in cottage making textiles?

answer

weaver's loom

question

What invention enabled weaver to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads on one hand?

answer

John Kay's invention of flying shuttle

question

Why was handloom weaving a fmaily enterprisse?

answer

All members of the family helped in the work. Women and children did auxiliary tasks. Man usually operated the loom.

question

HOw many spinners were needed to keep one weaver steadily employed?

answer

four or five

question

Who were hired to produce thread?

answer

merchants hired wives and daughters of agricutlural workers

question

Why did spinster became synonomous for unmarried women?

answer

many widows and single women became spinsters

question

Man's wage vs. women's

answer

12 shillings, 3.5 shillings

question

What were conditions like for female workers?

answer

hard. did not earn much. illness or unemployment=disaster for her and children

question

What was problem in merchant capitalist's point of view?

answer

maintaining contorl over the labor force

question

When was there shortages in the supply of thread?

answer

ccottage workers worked on planting and haymaking in spring and late summer

question

WHy did merchants bitterly resent their lack of contorl over rural labor?

answer

their livelihood depended on ability to meet orders on time. They accused workers of laziness, drunkenness, and immorality. They said that if workers failed to rpoduce enough thread it was because wages were too high and little incentive to work

question

What did merhcants lobby for in terms of rural labor?

answer

police power

question

What did merchants insist on wages of rural laborers?

answer

lowest possible wages

question

What is the industrious revoluiton?

answer

The shift that occurred as fmailies in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reducing their eocnomic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods

question

What happened to female employment in industrious Revolution?

answer

Rise. more work outside of the home

question

What were downsides of industrious revolution? postivies?

answer

longer work hours and stircter discipline. families could make decious based on their own self-interests

question

What did households seeking cash income allow for?

answer

Participation in an emerging consumer economy

question

What was rele of women and girls in the more consumer eocnomy?

answer

menial, tedious jobs for low wages. Greater role in household deciison making. Scant earinngs for food cltohing, household necessities, clothing

question

When did the idea male "breadwinner" who was expected to earn enough to support the whole family and women and children were relegrated back to the domestic sphere emerge?

answer

19th century, with rising industrial wages

question

HOw did growht of rural indsutyr affect guild system?

answer

undermined it

question

What is the guild system?

answer

organizaiton of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers

question

What did guilds provide for their masters?

answer

eocnomic privileges as wella s a proud social dientity

question

Who dominated produciton in town and cities?

answer

guilds

question

WHo worked on the margins of urban economy

answer

Those exluded from guild membership: women, day laborers, Jews, and foreigners

question

When and what did critics attack guilds for?

answer

second half of eighteenth century. outmoded institutions that obstructed technical progress and innovation

question

When did the guild system reach its peak in most of Europe?

answer

seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

question

What did Jean-Baptiste Colbert do to urban guilds?

answer

revived them and used them to encourage high-quality production and to collect taxes

question

Who occupied the summit of world of work?

answer

guild masters

question

What were guild privilegs?

answer

exclusive right sto produce and sell certain goods, access to restricted markets in raw materials, and the rights to train apprentices, hire workers, and open shops

question

Besides work what did guilds serve as?

answer

social and religoius funcitons

question

Who were guilds restricted to?

answer

Good christians, several years of work experience, stiff emmberhsip fees, and compelted a masterpiece. fmaily connections were favored

question

What did most urban men and women work?

answer

domestic servants, as manual laborers, and as vendors of food, used clothing, and other goods

question

Where were guilds most conservative and powerful?

answer

Germany

question

What was English attitude toward guild rules? France?

answer

naitonal regulations superseded guild rules. reliance on them for taxes and enforcement of quality standards, but non-guild produciton could fluourish in countryside

question

What types of guilds acceptd women?

answer

most involved needlework and textile proeduction. joined tailors' guilds.

question

Did some male masters higher female workers?

answer

Yes, in defiance of own guild statues

question

What questioned the very existence of the guild system?

answer

new Enlightenment ideals

question

What did eighteenth-century critics say about guilds?

answer

They were outmoded and exclusionary institutions that obstructed technical innovation and progress

question

Who was Adam Smith?

answer

Leading igure of the Scottish Enlightenemnt who criticized government regulation of trade and industry

question

What was Inquiry into the Nature and CAuses fo the Wealth of Naiotns about?

answer

idea of freedom of enterprise and established basis for modern economics

question

What three institutions did Smith critizcized?

answer

state monopolies, guilds, privileged companies

question

What did Adam Smith argue for in economy?

answer

Free competition

question

What did Smith argue for in terms of labor?

answer

division of labor, which entailed separating craft production into individual tasks to increase workers' speed and efficiency

question

What did Smith call his system of free competition?

answer

"system of natural liberty"

question

What did Smith say that government should limit itself to, "only three duties"?

answer

provide a defense against foreign invasion, maintain civil order with courts and police protection,a dn sponsor certain public works and institutions that could never adequately profit private investors.

question

What is economic liberalism?

answer

A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor.

question

Did Smith support modest rise in real wages of British workers int eh eighteenth century?

answer

Yes

question

What did adam smiths say about the rise in producivity?

answer

celebrated division of labor, but called for govenrment intervention to raise workers' living standards. He said it had demoralizing effects on workers

question

What did Anne-Robert Jacques Turgot?

answer

In 1776, the economics minister abollished all French guilds

question

When was Wealth of Nations published

answer

1776

question

HOw did French respond to eradication of guilds?

answer

protest leading to Turgot's disgrace

question

When was guild disbanded again?

answer

French Revolution in 1791

question

Where did guilds survive? until when

answer

central Eruope and Italy. second 1/2 of nineteenth century

question

How did artisans respond to SMith's ideas?

answer

welcomed economic liberalizaiton, but continued to uphold the ideals of guilds

question

How have recent schoalrs challenged criticism of guilds?

answer

mephasized the flexibility and adapatability of the guild system and the role it played in fostering confidence in quality standards

question

By the middle of the ninetheenth century what did most European government and elites champion in terms of economy?

answer

economic deregulation

question

What characterized expansion of Eruope?

answer

agricultural imporvement, population pressure, and growing cotage industry, increase of world trade

question

What characterized expansion of Europe besides agricultural improvement, population pressure, and growing cottage industry,

answer

increase of world trade

question

What did innovators say about village's natural pastureland?

answer

enclose it into individual shares

question

What is natural pastureland also called?

answer

common

question

What did Adam Smith say was the two greatest and most important events recorded itn he history of mankind?

answer

discovery of America and passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope

question

Which countires benefited most from coolonial development in eighteenth century? Who revitalized empires?

answer

Northwester Europe- Dutch Republic, France, and above all Gerat Britain most benefited. Spain and Portugal revitalized

question

What proved crucial in building a global economy?

answer

Atlantic economy

question

Who became the leading maritime power?

answer

Great Britain

question

What did Great Britain consist of?

answer

England and Scotalnd

question

Who did Great Britain compete with for trade and territory in Asia?

answer

France and Netherlands

question

What did Britain's commercial leadership originate from?

answer

mercanitlism of the seventeenth century

question

What is European mercantilism?

answer

System of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of state

question

What did country's treasure chest consist of?

answer

gold

question

What was reasons for Navigation Acts?

answer

incrase boht military power and private wealth?

question

What si Navigation Acts?

answer

A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britaina dn British colonies.

question

What did Navigation Acts require?

answer

Most goods imported from Europe into England and Scotland be carried on British-owned ships with British crews or on ships of the country producing the article

question

Who established Navigation Acts? Who extended them?

answer

Oliver Cromwell. Charles II

question

What did the Navigation aCts give British merchants and shipowners?

answer

virtual monopoly ofver trade

question

What were colnists required to do wiht Navigation Acts?

answer

Ship products on British ships and to buy almost all Eruopean goods form Britain

question

British navy called?

answer

Royal Navy

question

How was Navigation Acts a form of economic warfare?

answer

It targetted the Dutch, far ahead of the English in shipping and foreign trade in the mid-seventeenth centry. It damaged Dutch shipping and commerce

question

What two things damaged Dutch shipping and commerce?

answer

Anglo-Dutch wars and Navigation acts

question

What Dutch colony did Great Britain cede?

answer

New Amsterdam and renamed New York

question

Who became England's most serious rival in the competiotn for overseas empire after defeatin gDutch?

answer

Fance

question

Population of France in comparison to England?

answer

3 to 4x more

question

Why was France such a big overseas empire?

answer

Since it was a leading military power it was already buildnig a powerful fleet and worldwide system fo rigidly monopolized colonial trade

question

What time period did Britain and France fight for overseas expansion?

answer

1701-1763

question

What was first round between Britain and French?

answer

War of the Sapnish Succession

question

What did union of France and Spain mean for colonies?

answer

Threatens to encircle and destory the Birtish colonies in North America

question

What was treaty solving War fo the Spanish Succession?

answer

Peace of Utrecht

question

What happened as a result of the Peace of Utrecht?

answer

In 1713, Louis XIV ceded his North American holdings in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the Hudson Bay territory to Britain

question

What was Sapin compelled to give Britain in terms of slaves?

answer

Give contorl of its WEst African slave trade and let Britain send one ship of merchandise into the Spanish colonies annually?

question

What is asiento?

answer

Spainsih slave tradw tih AFrica

question

What was second conflict between French and English?

answer

War of the Austria Succession?

question

What caused War of the Austrian Succession?

answer

Frederick the Gerat of Prussia seized Silesia from Austria's Maria Theres

question

HOw was War fo the Austrian Succession a world war?

answer

Included Anglo-French conflicts in India and North America, but no change happened.

question

What was the last conflict between French and British in terms of overseas empire?

answer

Seven Years' War

question

What was cause of Seven Years' War?

answer

France aided Austria's Maria Theresa in her quest to win back Silesia from the Purssians, hwo had formed an alliance with England.

question

What is Seven Years' War also known as?

answer

French-Indian war

question

What was the Seven Years' War conflict in America?

answer

French and Birtish settlers engaged in territorial skirmishes in North America, resulitng in an all-out war that drew Native American allies on both sides fohte conflict

question

What is Treaty of Paris?

answer

Treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763, and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts

question

Who won as a result of Seven Years' War in north american conflict

answer

British. They won all colonial fronts

question

How was British naval power built?

answer

In large part on the rapid growth of the British shipping industry after the passage fo the Navigation Acts.

question

What had Britain realized after defeating French in 1763?

answer

Its goal of monopolizing a vast trading and colonial empire

question

What is commerical exchange in the Atlantic referred toas?

answer

Triangle trade.

question

What is the "triangle trade" like?

answer

European commodities, like guns and textiles, to Africa; enslaved Africans to the colonies and colonial goods, such

question

What did economies of European nations bordering hte Atlantic Ocean rely on?

answer

colonial exports. especially England

question

What was number of sales to Eruopean countires, England's traditional partners?

answer

1/2 of exports, down from 3/4 a century earlier. This is because of colonial products

question

What did colonial monopolies allow English to do?

answer

Obtain a steady supply of goods at beneficial prices and to re-export htem to other nations at high profits

question

Where was the West's largest and richest city?

answer

London, stimulated by trade and emprie building

question

How did colonial goods contribute new manufacturing jobs in England?

answer

Processing was required before consumption

question

What country stood on threshold of epoch-making changes that would become known as Industrial Revolution?

answer

England

question

Did French profit from colonial trade desipte losing possessions to the English i the Seven Years' War?

answer

Yes

question

What were colonies important to French? What did they do?

answer

Saint-Dominque (today's Haiti), Martinique, and Guadeloupe. They provided immense fortunes in plantation agricutlure and slave trading during the second half of the eighteenth century

question

Where was the world's leading producer of coffee and sugar?

answer

Saint-Domingue

question

what was the most profitable plantation colony in the New World?

answer

Saint-Domingue

question

What did wealth from colonies do for merchants?

answer

merhcnats gained confidence from wealth and merchants joined other groups clamoring for political reforms

question

Besides Britain and France what was a major player in the Atlantic eocnomy?

answer

Spain

question

What territory did Spain gain form France? When?

answer

Louisiana 1763.

question

Where did Spain expand its influence?

answer

Westward all the way to northern California through the efforts of Spanish missionaries and ranchers

question

Why were Spain's mercantilist goals boosted?

answer

They recovered in silver produciton which had dropped signifcantly in the seventeenth century

question

What is debt peonage? Where was it developed

answer

A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money. Spanish colonies

question

Why was debt peonage developed?

answer

to keep indigenous workers on their estates. by wealthy Spanihs landowners.

question

What did silver mining stimulate for mining camps in Spain?

answer

food production

question

What i one exception of triangle trade?

answer

brisk intercolonial trade wth the Caribbena slave colonies importing food in the form of fish, flour, and livestock from the northern colonies and rice form the south.

question

How did colonial traders violate imperial monopolies?

answer

traded with the most profitable partners, regardless of nationality

question

Why was Atlantic economy not just the Atlantic?

answer

It linked trade with the INdian and Pacific Oceans

question

What is the ATlantic Slave trade?

answer

forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plnatations and in other industires; the trade reached its peak in the egighteenth century and ultimately involved more than 12 million Africans.

question

When did slave trade intensify dramatically? Especially when?

answer

After 1700 Especailly after 1750 with the growth of trade and demand for slave-produced goods like sugar and cotton

question

# of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic between 1701 and 1800?

answer

6.5 million

question

What was responsible for the tremendous growht of the alve trade?

answer

rise of plantation agriculture

question

What did shipments average in peak of the 1780s annually?

answer

eighty thousand individuals per year

question

Which plantations received the largest number of enslaved Africans over the entire period of slave trade? How much?

answer

Brazil. 45%. rEst into caribbean colonies

question

HOw much percent slaves in North America

answer

question

Who beame the undisputed leaders in shipping slaves across the Atlantic?

answer

Britain

question

What did European governments and ship captains focus on instad of fighitng among themselves by 1700?

answer

commerce

question

What new method of trading eventually developed in around 1700?

answer

shore method of trading?

question

What is shore method of trading in Africa?

answer

European ships sent boats ashore or invited African dealers to bring traders and slaves out to their ships. It allowed ships to move easliy along hte coast form market to market and to depart more quickly for the AMericas

question

What happened before shore method of trading?

answer

fortified trading posts

question

What did African merchants and rulers gain from Europe?

answer

European and colonial goods, including firearms

question

What were negative consequences of slave trade?

answer

Wars among aFrican states to obtain captives and leaders used slave profits to purchase more arms than textiles and consumer goods

question

What was population of Africa during Atlantic slave trade?

answer

stagnated or possible declined

question

What did Europeans think of slave trade between Africa and Americas?

answer

Did not personally witness the horrors and considered the African slave trade a legitimate business until early part of the eighteenth century

question

When had a campaign to abolsih slavery developed in Britain?

answer

When details of the plight of ensalved people became known

question

When did the aboliton campaign grow into a massive movement of public opinoin

answer

late 1780s

question

What was first mass movement of public opionion

answer

abolition campaign against slavery

question

Who was prominent in movement against slavery in Britain?

answer

British women who denounced the immorality of human bondage and stressing the cruel and sadistic treatment of enslaved women and families

question

What happened to British slave trade eventually after protest?

answer

Parliament abolished British slave trade (1807), although slavery continued in British colonies and the Americas for decades

question

What circulated through the eighteenth-century Atlantic world besides alves and commodities?

answer

cultural ideas

question

What does the term Creole refer to?

answer

People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas

question

How did Creoles live?

answer

They followed Eruopean ways of life and had lavish plantation estates. They had townhouses in colonial cities and purchased luxury goods. Children were often sent to be educated in the home country

question

Did colonial elite have same interests and characteristics from home pouplation?

answer

no. they were accustomed to a different soil, so they were detached from native soil sort of

question

What did creole traders and planters oppose from colonial bureaucrats?

answer

regulations and taxes imposed

question

What did resentment of colonial bureaucrat's regualtions and taxes

answer

regualtions against colonial powers

question

Were all Europeans in colonies wealthY?

answer

No, there were poor or middling whites working as clerks, shopkeepers, craftsmen, and plantation managers.

question

Were white Eruopeans majority of population? Where were they a majority?

answer

no. british north america

question

What was gender of most Eruopean migrants? What did this lead to?

answer

male. Population of Atlantic world descned from unions of European men and indigenous or African women

question

Did mixed-race populations ever rise to colonial elite?

answer

yes

question

How did mixed-race become part of colonial elite in Spanish colonies?

answer

Spanish conquistadors marry daughters of local rulers, and descendants became powerful

question

Where did masters acknowlbean, as in Braziledge and freed mixed-race children?

answer

Spanish and French Carib

question

Who gave backlash to prosperity of some free people of color in the colony?

answer

White population of Saint-Domingue who formed new race laws prohibiting nonwhites from marrying whites and forcing them to adopt distinctive attire

question

What were British colonies like in terms of their racial patterns?

answer

Whole famlies migrated resulting in a rapid increase in the white population. Colonial law forbade marriage between English men and women and Africans or Native Americans.

question

What happened to mixed-race hcildren in British colonies of Caribebean and southern mainland?

answer

masters tended to leave them in slavery rahter than freeing them

question

What is a mulatto?

answer

Person of mixed descent, typically white and black

question

Where were mixed children left in slavery rather than freed?

answer

British colonies in Caribbean and southern mainland

question

How were colonial elites Americanized

answer

They adopted native foods, like chocolate and potatoes, and sought relief from tropical disease in nativve remedies.

question

How did free people of color establish their own social hierarchies?

answer

based on wealth, family connections, occupations, and skin color

question

What was a key ambition for all Eruopean powers in the New World?

answer

converting indigenous people to Christianity

question

Who sponsored missionary efforts?

answer

Catholic powers

question

Who establisheed missions throughout Spanish, Portuguese, and French colonies?

answer

Jesuits Franciscans, Dominicans, and other religous orders

question

Where were Catholic cultures successfully developed?

answer

Central and South America by Portuguese and Spanihs colonies

question

Why were conversion efforts in North America less effective?

answer

indiengous seettlements wer eless scattered and native poeple were less integrated into colonial communities

question

Were Protestants active as missionaries?

answer

question

Which Protestant dissenters sought converts among indigenous and enslaved people?

answer

moravian, quakers, and methodists

question

How did slavery embrace Christianity?

answer

Slave owners often refused to baptize their slaves, because it might give them more rights. Also, Afircan-born slavs othe Caribbean had elemtns of African religous belief and practice with Christian traditions

question

What was Jews involvement in the Atlantic economy?

answer

They were eager participants and established a network of mercantile communities along its trade routes. They faced discirmination, but were ineligible to be slaves

question

Who was Olaudah Equiano?

answer

A freed slave whow as abducted and transported across ATlantic. He was educated by British Royal Navy Officer, but was sold to Quaker merchant. He eventaully bought freedom and returned to ENgland.

question

What Enlightenment were colonies of British North America influenced by? Why?

answer

scottish enlightenment. It emphasized pragmatic approaches to the problems of life

question

How did colonies adopt the Scottish model?

answer

They adopted "common-sense" version of the Enlightenment that emphasized self-improvement and ethical conduct

question

Was Scottish Enlightenment compatible with religion? What were college and universities of the colonies like?

answer

yes. educational institutions were church-based

question

How did Benjamin's writings and political career relate to Scottish Enlightenment.

answer

He combined pragmatism and economic interests of the Scottish Enlightenment with constitutionals of John Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu

question

What was Ben Franklin's religion?

answer

deism

question

Did Ben Franklin go to church and respect religious proprities?

answer

yes

question

What did Northern Enlightenment thinkers think about Spanish American colonies?

answer

the colonies were the epitome of the superstition and barbarity they contested

question

How was Spanish America influenced by Enlightenment, despite banned books by the Catholic Church?

answer

Educated elites were aware of the new currents of thoughts. Spanish America produced their own reform ideas. A mining school was eventually established in Mexico City.

question

In all European colonies, what was one effect of Enlightenment thought?

answer

Encourage colonists to criticize the policies of the mother country and aspire toward greater autonomy

question

Who was the major player in the Indian Ocean trading world between 1500 and 1600?

answer

Portuguese

question

Who did Portuguese eliminate as Eruope's chief supplier of spices and other Asian luxury goods when they became major player in Indian Ocean trading world?

answer

Venice

question

Which company took control of the Portuguese spice trade in the Indian Ocean?

answer

Dutch East India Company

question

Where were centers of operations of Dutch East India Company?

answer

Batavia (Jakarta) and Java

question

HOw did the Dutch transform the Indian Ocean trading world?

answer

Dutch established outright control and reduced business partners in East Indian states and peoples.

question

Why did Dutch hold in Asia falter in the eighteenth century?

answer

The company failed to diversity to meet changing consumption paatterns

question

What composed most of Dutch's shipping in the Indian Ocean trade world?

answer

spices -they were declining in importance, probably because of changing fashions in food and luxcury

question

Who was Dutch East India Company's main rival?

answer

English East India Company

question

Where did British turn to in the Indian Ocean proviting lucrative profits? What was it a source of

answer

India. Silks, textiles, and peppers

question

Who did English East India Company rely on trade concessions from?

answer

powerful Mugahl emperor, who granted only piecemeal access to subcontinent

question

At what point were British gaining more influence India?

answer

In 1716, Mughals conceded empirewide trading privileges. Mughal power waned. The company inervened in local affairs and made alliances or wages war against Indian princes

question

Who was Britain's great rival for influence in India

answer

France

question

During what war did British and French forces in INdia support opposing rulers in local power sturggles?

answer

War of the Austrian Succession

question

Who led East India Company forces and conquered rich northeastern province of Bengal at the Battle of Plassey?

answer

Robert Clive

question

What is Battle of Plassey?

answer

Conquer of rich northeastern province of BEngal

question

When was French-English rivalry solved? What happened?

answer

Treaty of Paris. It granted all of France's possessions in India to the British with the exception of Pondicherry, an Indian Ocena port city

question

What did the Mughal shah grant the East India Company in mid 1700's?

answer

diwani

question

What is diwani?

answer

Right to civili administraiton and tax collection, in Bengal and neighboring provinces

question

What happened after there was a large-scale rebellion in 1857 against rule of East India Company?

answer

Direct adminstration replaced them.

question

Where did British start settling located in Indian OceaN?

answer

Australia

question

Who claimed the east coast of Australia for England?

answer

Captain James Cook (1770)

question

What did Captain James call the east coast of Australia?

answer

New South Wales

question

What did Australia rely on for labor?

answer

Convicted prisoners form Britain

question

When was first colony settled (east)? When was west settled?

answer

178s. 1790s

question

Where was Cook killed?

answer

In Hawaii, by islanders

question

What is an exmaple where the rising economic and political power of Euroepans drew on connections etablished between Asian and Atlantic trade worlds?

answer

Trade in cowrie shells, from Maldive Islands in Indian Ocean. It was used as a form of currency in West Africa

question

Where did Euorpean traders obtain cowrie shells?

answer

Asia (as well as porcelains, spices, and silks for the journey home)

question

What did Europeans trade with Afircans?

answer

cowrie shells, Indian textiles

question

Why did France experience low population growth rate?

answer

high population density

question

Why did Russia and New England experience high population growth rate?

answer

More frontier to settle into

question

Where was rural manufacturing most successful?

answer

England

question

Why did Britain and the Dutch Republic enjoy higher agricultural production than other countries in eighteenth-century Europe?

answer

They found new ways of crop rotation

question

How did the rights of textile workers change over the course of the eighteenth century? Give example.

answer

Workers lost traditional rights and safeguards. For exmaple, they could not keep bits and pieces of cloth left over in production

STUDY

African Slave Trade AP European History AP United States History Putting Out System

AP European History The Expansion of Europe in the 18th Century – Flashcards 46 terms

James Storer

46 terms

Preview

AP European History The Expansion of Europe in the 18th Century – Flashcards

question

Common People

answer

Struggled with poverty and uncertainty, with the landlord, and tax collector.

question

Small Elites

answer

Progress was a dream, and they improved in science and thought.

question

Agriculture and the Land

answer

At the end of the 17th century the economy was agrarian. In eastern Europe, there was a high percentage of lavish from the land. The land was failing, and the outputs were extremely low. When the land failed or there was bad weather; the grain reserves exhausted, crises, famine foods, weak people, illnesses, epidemics, and a population decrease (villages could lose up to a third).

question

The Open Field System

answer

The land was divided to be cultivated by peasants of a given village into several large fields, which were cut up into long narrow strips. Planting year after year= nitrogen depletion= crop failure. Manure was limited and the field may lie fallow for a whole year. The Middle Ages alternated in this system. The villages are open meadows for hay and natural pasture= common lands. These villages are set aside for pastured animals, and many places were followed by a period of gleaning grain.

question

The Agricultural Revolution

answer

Started in the 18th century. The peasants, for improving, could take land from those who owned but did not labor. The social and political forces of elites were read to crush protest. Technology progress was a possibility to improve if they could replace crops. This movement took a long time, and was a huge milestone. -Alternated grain with certain nitrogen storing crops -sophisticated crop rotation -more scientific farming

question

Serfdom in the west

answer

Peasants but no serfdom. They had a hard life, and could live off of land holdings.

question

Serfdom in the east

answer

The peasants were word, serfs were forced into labor, and were unpaid and sold.

question

Effects of the Agricultural Revolution

answer

There was an ideal feed for animals, due to the building of small herds= more fertilizer for more grain. The advocates encouraged all village landowners to agree to crop rotations, and enclosures were created to farm more effectively. Small landowners opposed it, posed risks for noble landowners. Old and new systems coexisted for many years because some peasants successfully opposed it.

question

Holland

answer

Lead the road to new methods of farming in the Low Lands. -Agriculture was specialized and commercialized -Densely populated -Dutch forced to seek maximum yields and increase cultivated area through draining swamps -Growth of towns, allowed for region specialization

question

English Agriculture

answer

The received draining instructions. They had a radical transformation which meant more food

question

Jethro Tull

answer

He was an English innovator who worked on drilling distributed seeds, and also sought livestock improvements. He had selective breeding of ordinary livestock for better horses.

question

Cornelius Vermuyden

answer

He was a Dutch man who directed a drainage project. He converted 40,00 acres of marsh to farmable land in the Low Countries because of new agricultural methods.

question

Costs on Enclosures

answer

The aristocracy benefitted from the higher yields. However, the continental landowners did not. The parliament passed enclosure acts authorizing the fencing of open fields (persuaded by aristocracy). The costs divided equally amongst the people; peasants suffered and lost some access to pastures. The increase of enclosures in England made more farmers landless. There were very few large landowners, but many landless who labored for wages. In between was small and independent peasant farmers who held their own land, and tenant farmers who rented land and when they sold out put in cash market. There was a reduced access of poor men and women to the land. -Small independent decline -tenant farmers mastered new methods, and had increased employment opportunities -The landless fallow

question

There was a rise of _________ due to the Enclosures

answer

Market oriented estate agriculture and the emergence of landless rural proletariat.

question

Proletarianization

answer

The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers to landless rural wage earners.

question

Population Limitations

answer

It grew slowly following a cyclical pattern that influenced social and economic life. The lords responded to labor shortage by returning serfdom in the west. The black death, and later on eventually the population stopped, and birth rates and death rates were high. In colonial areas, the natural increases by 1%. The causes of death were famine, epidemics, and war. The war spread disease and disrupted agricultural cycle. In Germany 2/3 population decreased in some areas.

question

Black Death

answer

Big population collapse that increased the standard of living for peasants and artisans.

question

Population in 18th century

answer

There were fewer deaths, and the plague disappeared because of the strict quarantine measures in mediterranean ports, brown rats, and carrier isolations. The medical advancements were not huge contributors; there was only an inoculation against small pox and this did little. There was improvements in water supply and sewage which increased good public health, and reduced disease and insect populations. The canal and road building= advancements in transport= less impact of crop failure. The wars were less destructive, and there was new foods.

question

Proindustrialization

answer

The stage of the rural industrial development with wage workers and hand tools that presided emergence of large scale factory industries.

question

The Putting Out Sytem

answer

MERCHANT: -loaned raw materials to several cottage workers who processed it in their homes and returned the product to merchant -paid the workers for their work by the piece and sold the product -some workers bought their own materials and worked in groups

question

Capitalism in the POS

answer

merchants needed large amounts of capital which they held in the form of goods being worked up and sold in distant markets. They sought profits

question

Competitive Advantages of POS

answer

-underemployed labor -made many kinds of goods

question

Ways Rural Manufacturing Spread in Countries

answer

England- first; spinning and weaving of wool, textiles France- Urban manufacturing, encouraged cotton manufacturing to help the poor Low Countries- The government reduced Guild power

question

Textile Industry

answer

-The putting out system for making linen, woolen and cotton cloths -Rural worker lived in small cottage with a loom (flying shuttle), spinning wheels, dye tubs FAMILY INDUSTRY -women and children prepared raw materials and spun thread -man wove thread -children threaded cotton and combed it and cleaned it -mother spun it into thread -imbalance, needed many people so wife recruited -need for thread -weavers could even become capitalist

question

Worker and employer relationships TI

answer

There was constant disputes over weights of materials and the quality of the cloth. Merchants accused the workers of stealing. The rural labor was cheap, scattered and poorly organized. The workers worked in spurts, Holy mondays, and if the quota was not completed there was little a merchant could do.

question

Mercantilism

answer

The system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state and creating a favorable balance of foreign trade to increase a country's stock of gold (used to pay for war)

question

England Mercantilism

answer

The government economic regulations could serve private interests of individuals and the public needs of the state while others put state needs first

question

Navigational Acts

answer

The merchants and shipowners monopoly on trade with the colony; helped the British and colonists; form of economic warfare. The initial target was the Dutch; there was three wars= damage to Dutch shipping and commerce

question

French and English Rivalry

answer

There were wars which would become the leading maritime power. The war of Spanish Succession= Britain wins (asiento). War of Austrian Succession= no change. The Seven Years War= fighting in North America= French built more forts in Canada.

question

Seven Years War

answer

Montcalm scored victories but was destroyed by superior British sea power. The Treaty of Paris= France lost possessions in mainland, and British industry grew and realized goal of monopolizing vast trading and colonial empire.

question

Land and Labor in British America

answer

-Native Americans: British outlet for surplus population= immigration -Settlers shared rights of European conquest -situation differed from British Isles -Setters could obtain own farms on easy terms because of personal freedom -kept most of what they produced -growth of slavery, growing African transport -growth in Caribbean too, white farmers sold out and migrated to colonies -large plantations almost entirely worked on by blacks -exploitation increased tobacco production -slavery uncommon in New England middle colonies, areas exported foods to west Indies, plantation owners supplied British Isles with products -abundance of free land= rapid increase in colonial population -white population multiplied as more immigrants raised large families which later ended in poverty -high standard of living and income in Britain

question

Britain system with profit

answer

mercantile system

question

England was gradually losing sales to?

answer

Traditional European markets

question

England relied on the sale of...

answer

wool

question

States in Europe tried to develop their own __________ __________ in order to deal with their _________ ________

answer

cottage industries over population

question

Exports became...

answer

balanced and diversified -America and Africa= metals

question

The Atlantic Slave trade

answer

-Forced migration of millions of Africans= key element in the Atlantic system and western economic expansion -many died en route -many imported to satisfy demand of rise in labor -made possible large scale production: accounted for more than 4/5 of all American goods produced for sale; generated hard cash to pay for European manufactured goods -After wars over slave export control in 1700s, British leader in trade and Europe cut back on fighting and concentrated on commerce -African dealers brought slaves to shore= ships move easily along coast -Increased demand for slaves -Africans secured some foreign products

question

Consequences of Slave Trade

answer

-wars between Africans= leaders buy guns and powder -congo: search for slaves destroyed monarchy and unity -raids for slaves -inhumanity -punishments of slave sellers -population of Africa depletes -African slave trade= business activities -shiploads of slaves never land in Northwest Europe -runaways accepted by poor, unions in England -1775: campaign for slavery abolishment

question

British Women involvement in slaves

answer

They denounced immortality of the slave trade; later in 1807 Parliament abolished the slave trade.

question

Spanish Empire During Philip V

answer

It held together and prospered. Phillip had new ideas from France, and peace was restored. The reforming ministers under strengthened the state finances and defense. Spain received Louisiana, and defended from British attacks. Spanish influence extended by missionaries. It made up 1/2 the world's silver production.

question

Creoles

answer

They purchased luxury by food production from silver mining and the merchants handled trade and smuggling. They controlled land, and strived for aristocracy. The believed that field work was for peasants, and the Native Americans suited their needs.

question

Debt Patronage

answer

Slavery and forced labor (serfdom). The Creoles kept the estate Christianized, debt bondage advanced food, shelter, and money.

question

Mestizo

answer

The middle class Native American and European population.

question

Mixed populations in the Spanish Americas

answer

20% white 30% mestizo pure blood Indians Africans -The sugar plantations in Brazil, culture intermingled, many races

question

Economics opposition

answer

-strongly reacted against mercantilism -creole merchants against spain regulations -English merchants complained over exclusive trading rights -merchants in countries campaigned for free trade

question

Adam Smith

answer

-Modern Economics -mercantilism unfair, government regulations unfair -free competition better- equal rights -system of natural liberty -Government: defense against natural liberty, maintain civil order with courts and protection, sponsor public works and institutions -enlightenment= reason for truth of secular world -modest ages= yes -employers unfair -pursuit of self interest -invisible hand of free competition disciplined greed -effective wealth ECONOMIC LIBERALISM AND UNREGULATED CAPITALISM

STUDY

African Slave Trade English/Language Arts 2 (10Th Grade) English/Language Arts 3 (11Th Grade) Near The End Rules And Regulations

The Autobiography: The Declaration of Independence – Flashcards 14 terms

Trina Garrison

14 terms

Preview

The Autobiography: The Declaration of Independence – Flashcards

question

Jefferson states the king has established tyranny over the Colonies. To back up this statement, Jefferson

answer

portrays the king as a pawn of greedy British nobles

question

Jefferson empasizes that the colonists

answer

want to rebel against all formal rules and regulations

question

The passage condemning Britain's involvement in the African slave trade was struck out of the original Declaration of Independence because

answer

not all the states were involved in the slave trade

question

Jefferson seems especially angered by the

answer

way in which the British handled the Boston Tea Party

question

Jefferson believes it is important to show how the original version of the Declaration of Independence was amended because

answer

at the time it was uncertain which version would be adopted

question

In the opening paragraphs, whom does Thomas Jefferson refer to as "pusillanimous"?

answer

Anyone who will not sign the Declaration

question

In the Declaration of Independence, the words "governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes" and their supporting passages suggest that

answer

a little revolution now and then is a good thing

question

According to the Declaration of Independence, colonist are at odds with their current government because

answer

its laws are English, but they feel they are American

question

According to the way Jefferson has edited this draft of the Declaration of Independence, the phrase "with a firm reliance on the protection of divine providence" in the second to last paragraph was

answer

added to the final version on a separate sheet

question

What authority does the United States of America in General Congress cite in its Declaration of Independence?

answer

God alone

question

Which of the following statements best summarizes Jefferson's main idea?

answer

Everyone deserves a free press and freedom of religion

question

Jefferson supports one of his main themes by

answer

listing everything that the Colonists have done to provoke the British

question

Which of the following lines is the best example of parallelism?

answer

"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal..."

question

Which of the following statements is not true of parallel structures used by Jefferson?

answer

Similar grammatical structures are used to introduce clauses

STUDY

African Slave Trade AP European History AP World History Slave Trade In Africa World History

Basil Davidson: The Magnificent African Cake – Flashcards 17 terms

Mya Day

17 terms

Preview

Basil Davidson: The Magnificent African Cake – Flashcards

question

Name two agricultural crops (items of trade) that replaced the European slave trade from West and West-Central Africa

answer

1) Cocoa 2) Cotton 3) peanut (ground nuts) 4) rubber 5) Rice 6) bananas 7) Palm oil

question

Who uttered the above phrase, re: "The Maginificent African cake"?

answer

King Leopold

question

Which European power got the biggest slice of the African cake?

answer

France and Britain

question

What was the purpose of the Berlin conference of 1884-1885?

answer

To divide the continent

question

Which were the main countries involved in colonization of the continent?

answer

1) Britain 2) France 3) Belgium 4) Portugal 5) Spain 6) Italy 7) Dutch 8) Germans

question

Which two countries escaped colonization?

answer

Liberia -free slaves established by Americans 1800's Ethiopia -one of the 1st christian nations since 3rd century

question

Who 'owned' the Congo free state?

answer

King Leopold

question

Why does "The Gambia" have the political boundaries it has?

answer

British wanted to take over the Gambian river Didn't want to give it to the French

question

How big is the Gambia?

answer

300 miles long and 30 miles wide

question

What did the British call the process of bringing the Kenya Nandi (and other groups that mounted resistance to colonization under colonial authority?)

answer

Pacification/hammering

question

What were the European officers put in charge of the Africans called?

answer

District officers

question

What were the responsibilities of the chiefs?

answer

Collect taxes

question

By what name was the british administration in Africa known?

answer

Indirect Rule

question

How did indirect rule work?

answer

Rule through chiefs

question

What is the name of the person who came up with indirect rule

answer

Frederick Lugard

question

In which country (among which people) was Indirect Rule first used?

answer

Northern Nigeria/Fulani People

question

How did Europeans resolve the problem of communications (transport)?

answer

Train/railways

STUDY

Adam And Eve African Slave Trade English/Language Arts 2 (10Th Grade) English/Language Arts 3 (11Th Grade) Look Like The Innocent Flower Protagonist And Antagonist

Macbeth Test Study Guide Test 42 terms

Marvel Brown

42 terms

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Macbeth Test Study Guide Test

question

The Three Witches. They say this in the beginning of the play. It sets the tone for the rest of the play by establishing a sense of confusion. Indeed, the play is filled with situations where evil is depicted as good, while good is rendered evil.

answer

\"Fair is foul, and foul is fair.\"

question

The Three Witches. This line from the witches shows their intent: they seek only trouble for the mortals around them.

answer

\"Double, double toil and trouble\"

question

Lady Macbeth. At this point in the play she and Macbeth have reversed roles. She is now the one that is going crazy from her intense regret. This is also ironic because earlier in the play she said that a little water would cleanse her of the deed.

answer

\"Out, damned spot! Out, I say!—One, two. Why, then, 'tis time to do 't. Hell is murky!—Fie, my lord, fie! A soldier, and afeard? What need we fear who knows it, when none can call our power to account?—Yet who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him.\"

question

Duncan. When Duncan says this it shows how poor of a judge of character he is.

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\"There's no art To find the mind's construction in the face.\"

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Duncan. He is talking to Macbeth how the Witches will tell small truths in order to deceive people.

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\"And oftentimes, to win us to our harm, The instruments of darkness tell us truths.\"

question

Macbeth. He says this just before he kills Duncan. It shows how he is starting to go insane because of what he needed to do to become king.

answer

\"Is this a dagger I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling as to sight, or art thou but A dagger of the mind, a false creation, Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain?\"

question

Imagination of Macbeth. This shows the deterioration of Macbeth's mental health. It shows how he will not be able to sleep because of what he has done.

answer

\"Sleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep!\"

question

Lady Macbeth. This is the scene in which she receives Macbeth's letter and prepares herself to do what she needs to do to help Macbeth become king.

answer

\"Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here.\"

question

Macbeth. He says that nothing will be able to cleanse him of his guilt.

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\"Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine, making the green one red\"

question

Macbeth. He knows that he has no concrete reason to kill Duncan, only his ambition, which wins him over.

answer

\"I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself, and falls on the other.\"

question

Thane of Glamis Thane of Cawdor King Hereafter

answer

What do the Three Weird Sisters prophecy for Macbeth at the beginning of the play?

question

That he will not be a king, but that his children will be.

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How do the Weird Sisters prophecy for Banquo?

question

His oldest son, Malcolm.

answer

Who does Duncan name prince of Comberland?

question

The bodyguards

answer

Who will the Macbeths frame as Duncan's murderer?

question

A bloody daggar

answer

What does Macbeth think he sees floating in front of him as he goes to kill Duncan?

question

\"Amen\"

answer

What can't Macbeth say when he hears the bodyguards praying?

question

Macduff

answer

Who discovers Duncan's body?

question

Malcolm - England Donalbain - Ireland

answer

Where do Malcolm and Donalbain flee too?

question

Duncan

answer

Who is proclaimed king after Duncan is murdered?

question

Banquo's ghost

answer

What vision does Macbeth see at the table?

question

An armed head saying to beware Macduff.

answer

What is the first apparition and what does it tell Macbeth?

question

A bloody child that says not to fear any man born of woman.

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What is the second apparition and what does it tell Macbeth?

question

A child wearing a crown and holding a tree that says not to fear until Birnam Wood moves to Dunsinane Hill.

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What is the third apparition and what does it tell Macbeth?

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He wants the witches to give Macbeth some visions which will give him false impressions, false hopes for his personal safety and the safety of his rule, so he will continue on his path of destruction.

answer

What does Hecate want the witches to do?

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She is sleepwalking and talking about the murders.

answer

What do the doctor and gentlewoman see Lady Macbeth doing?

question

Macduff is not loyal to Macbeth, and Macbeth is angry. It is also lure him back to Scotland.

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Why does Macbeth have Macduff's family and servants killed?

question

He knows they suspect him of foul play, and he is furious that he has done all of the work of becoming king, and Banquo's descendants will benefit from it.

answer

Why does Macbeth want Banquo and Fleance dead?

question

He can't bear to look at Duncan again.

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Why won't Macbeth take the daggers back to the scene of the crime?

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She will ring a bell.

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What is the signal Lady Macbeth is to give Macbeth to let him know that she has taken care of the guards?

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She wants to be filled with cruelty, given a hard heart and the thick blood necessary to do what has to be done in order to make Macbeth king.

answer

What is Lady Macbeth's \"prayer\" to the spirits after she learns Duncan is coming\"?

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Honor, Bravery and Loyalty

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What traits in a man does Duncan value?

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He has ambition but not the mentality of a killer

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Why does Lady Macbeth think Macbeth has little chance of becoming king?

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Common sense; Macbeth's last hope of being reasoned out of killing Duncan.

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What might Banquo represent?

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He will be forever tormented by his conscience

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What does it mean when Macbeth says he will sleep no more?

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Macduff because he didn't show up

answer

What is Macbeth's new threat after the banquet?

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catastrophe

answer

What is the unraveling of tragic hero?

question

soliloqui

answer

What is a long speech in which a character who is alone on stage expresses private thoughts or feelings?

question

tragic hero

answer

What is a literary character who makes an error of judgment or has a fatal flaw that, combined with fate and external forces, brings on a tragedy?

question

A five act play in which many of the main characters die by the end; centers on a tragic hero who begins the story as a respected, basically good person but succumbs to evil and therefore his/her doom (usually involving misery and an untimely death).

answer

What is a Shakespearian Tragedy?

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monologue

answer

What is a dramatic speech by a single actor?

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tradgedy

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Where a story ends with a negative or unfortunate outcome which was essentially avoidable, usually caused by a flaw in the central character's personality.

question

foil

answer

What is a character whose personality and attitude contrast sharply with those of another?

STUDY

African Slave Trade Native American Peoples

Chapter 1-4 APUSH Flashcards 80 terms

David Dunn

80 terms

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Chapter 1-4 APUSH Flashcards

question

by the time the eurpoeans arrived in the western hemisphere in the 1490s, most native americans lived in and along what region?

answer

mesoamerica and the western coast of south america

question

what was the foundation for the prosperous native american societies in mexico, peru, and the mississippi river valley?

answer

the cultivation of maize

question

the hohokams, mogollon, anasazi peoples who lived in present day arizona and new mexico around ad 1000?

answer

employed irrigation to grow four or five crops a year

question

what was a characteristic of both the mississippian and pueblo peoples?

answer

elaborate ceremonial and urban sites

question

what pueblo peoples built hundreds of miles of straight roads across the desert in the american southwest to facilitate trade?

answer

anasazis

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what describes native american peoples east of the mississippi river?

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they had no political organization

question

what was a characteristic of the aztec, mayan, and iroquois civilizations?

answer

reliance on agriculture

question

what describes trading relationships among native americans in the period before the eurpoean contact?

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native americans developed expansive trade networks that spanned great distances

question

what statement describes the statues of eurpoean monarchs in 1450?

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the authority of the monarchs was often challenged by local nobles

question

the social order in europe around 1450 can be described as?

answer

hierarchical and authoritarian

question

typically when an english woman of the fifteenth century married, she?

answer

owned property jointly with her husband

question

on the eve of european colonization of the americans, most western europeans lived in?

answer

small, relatively isolated rural communities

question

merchants from what country made inroads in the arab dominated trade route of the mediterranean in the 12 century?

answer

italy

question

most of the people living in west africa when european trade began in the early 15th century were?

answer

animists

question

what did cortes explore?

answer

conquered the aztec empire in mexico

question

why were the modern day countries of mexico and peru originally spain's most significant conquests?

answer

the inca, aztecs, and mayans had great wealth, particularly in gold

question

what statement characterizes the legacy of the spanish conquest in the new world in the 16th century?

answer

the spanish government and missionaries waged a campaign to suppress indigenous cultures

question

during most of the sixteenth century, what was the wealthiest nation in europe?

answer

spain

question

how did the spanish conquistador francisco pizarro conquer the incans by 1535?

answer

the incans were already weakened militarily and divided because of rival claimants to the throne

question

by the mid 15oos, spains main goal in north america was to?

answer

maintain its dominance and power in the region

question

what statement describes the significance of the arrival of new world crops including maize and potatoes, in Europe and Asia after the 1500s?

answer

american crops increased agricultural yield and population growth in the old world

question

what was an outcome of elizabath 1s compromise on the church of england in the late 1500s?

answer

it angered english people who supported radical protestantism

question

the main motive for king philip 2s attacks on england in 1588 was to?

answer

eradicate protestantism in england and holland

question

two hundred thousand spaniards from castile migrated to american in the 1500w in order to escape?

answer

high taxes on agriculture and military service

question

what was true of the english outwork textile industry that emerged around 1500?

answer

landless peasants in small cottages spun and wove wool into cloth

question

what group provided the labor for brazil's profitable plantations in 1620?

answer

african slaves

question

what statement describes the english migrants who initially settled in the jamestown colony in the early 1600s?

answer

early jamestown settlers expected to profit from gold and indian labor

question

what accounted for the uneasy relations that persisted between powhatans people and the jamestown settlers for more than a decade after 1607?

answer

both groups inability to reach an agreement about who would pay tribute to whom

question

the economic livelihood of the virginia colony in the 1700s depended on what products?

answer

tobacco

question

what developments fostered the flow of migrants into the virginia colony between 1617 and 1622?

answer

the virginia company began to allow individual settlers to own land

question

what effect did american tobacco have in england during the early colonial period?

answer

the english developed a huge appetite for tobacco, which stimulated the english economy and bolstered England's treasury

question

in what ways did the plantation colonies of barbados differ from those in the chesapeake in the 17th century?

answer

the chesapeake adopted slavery gradually and barbados did so quickly

question

what statements describes africans in virginia after the 1660s?

answer

africans found themselves more entrenched in slavery as a permanent condition

question

in contrast to the spanish missionaries of the 16th century, the 17th century french jesuits?

answer

tried to understand the indians values and worldview

question

john winthorp's phrase city upon a hill referred to what colony?

answer

massachusetts bay

question

for which reason was roger williams banished from massachuessets bay in 1636?

answer

he questioned the english seizure of native people's lands

question

anne hutchinson was banished from massachusetts bay for?

answer

questioning the idea that good works led to salvation

question

what caused the puritans' errand into the wilderness to become permanent?

answer

the failure of the english revolution

question

the worldview of devout puritans, such as cotton mather, was based on what?

answer

the notion that supernatural forces caused unusual events

question

why did the largest landholdings in 17th century New England towns usually belong to wealthier families?

answer

Men of higher social status tended to receive the largest land grants from their towns

question

how did the puritans justify their invasion of the native americans' land in the 17th century?

answer

the puritans interpreted epidemics that devastated native american populations as a favorable sign from god

question

what statement is true of metacom's war (king philip's war), which took place in 1675-1676?

answer

the war was a last ditch attempt to save indian lands and culture in new england

question

why was william berkely significant in the chesapeake region in the 17th century?

answer

his political favoritism during his governorship aroused great resentment in virginia

question

what was a consequence of bacon's rebellion of the 1670s?

answer

slavery began to replace indentured servitude

question

what describes the character of britain's empire in america before 1660?

answer

the british ruled their american colonies in haphazard

question

what was true of the restoration colonies of new york, pennsylvania, new jersey, and the carolinas in the 1660s?

answer

they were created by charles 2 as he expanded english power in america

question

what describes the dominant approach to settlement in North carolina in its early years?

answer

the proprietors planned to set up a manorial system, but this plan failed

question

what statements is true of the quaker religion in the 1660s?

answer

it taught that god imbued all men and women with an inner light

question

the navigation acts implemented in the american colonies by britain in the mid 17th century were originally intended to?

answer

cut the dutch and french out of the colonial trade

question

what was an outcome of the navigation acts in the mid 17th century?

answer

colonists required to export their sugar and tobacco only to england

question

what describes the change in english economic philosophy toward the colonies beginning in the 1650s?

answer

no longer content with a favorable balance of trade with european countries, the english government controlled trade with the colonies

question

what describes the significant of the glorious revolution of 1688 in england and america?

answer

the change represented a major step toward democracy in both england and the north american colonies

question

when the early 18th century anglo french was temporarily ended with the treaty of utrecht in 1713, britain had?

answer

won major territorial and commercial gains, including newfoundland, acadia, and the hudson bay region as well as access to the western indian trade

question

which agricultural product served as the foundation for the south atlantic system in the 18th century?

answer

sugar

question

what area imported the smallest number of slaves in the early 18th century?

answer

north america

question

what characterizes the impact of the slave trade on africa?

answer

the slave trade hardened african class divisions and changed gender relations

question

what characterizes adrian states' involvement in the atlantic slave trade?

answer

the asante kinds used the profits of slave trading to expand their political dominion

question

what characterizes life for slaves in the west indies in the 1700s?

answer

because the price of sales was low and the price of sugar was high, slave owners worked their slaves to death and then replaced them with new slaves

question

what method did chesapeake planters use in the early 18th century to prevent slave revolts?

answer

they bought slaves of different ethnic backgrounds to limit their ability to organize

question

what explains why chesapeake planters treated their slaves less harshly that west indian farmers planters in the 18th century?

answer

profits on sugar were considerably higher than those made through tobacco production

question

the british colonists in 18th century north america enjoyed a significant degree of autonomy over their royal governors mainly due to?

answer

their control over governors salaries

question

what reason led to the war break out between england and spain in the late 1730s?

answer

spain was angry over the english settlement of georgia

question

how did farmwives throughout the colonies in the 18th century contribute to their families?

answer

wives acted as helpmates to their husbands and performed both domestic and agricultural tasks

question

in the 18th century new england, the notion that parents would pay grown children for their past labors in exchange for the privilege of choosing the children's spouses was known as?

answer

the marriage portion

question

which of the following was an outcome of new england families efforts to maintain the freeholder ideal in the late 18th century?

answer

farmers abandoned traditional grain crops and adopted livestock agriculture instead

question

what statements describe the role of money and economic exchange in 18th century rural new england?

answer

generally, no money was exchanged between relatives and neighbors, but accounts of debts were maintained and settled every few years by cash transfers

question

the most numerous voluntary(nonslave) emigrants to british north america in the 18th century coma from what group?

answer

scots-irish

question

who created the foundation for enlightenment thinking?

answer

nicolas copernicus

question

the english philosopher john locke believed what idea?

answer

people had natural rights such as life, liberty, and property

question

puritan minister cotton mather's response to which of the following 18th century crises demonstrated that enlightenments ideas had begun to influence him?

answer

the boston smallpox epidemic

question

influenced by enlightenment science, what religious movements believed that god had created the world but allowed it to operate in accordance with the laws of nature?

answer

deism

question

what made george whitefield such a successful evangelical preacher in new england in the 1740s?

answer

a reputation for being almost angelical in appearance

question

what religious denominations successfully converted many slaves in the mid 18th century southern colonies?

answer

baptists

question

what 18th century movements posed a significant challenge to traditional assumptions about race, gender, and class in american society?

answer

the great awakening

question

how did the british gov respond to hostilities in america in 1754?

answer

william pitt and lord halifax persuaded prime minister pelham to start a war in america against the french

question

what made the brush authorities wary of declaring war against the french in north america in 1754?

answer

they believed the american colonists were incapable of cooperation in their own defense

question

the 1754 albany congress was a significant event because it demonstrated that?

answer

neither the colonists nor the british found the other's plan acceptable

question

what was a provision of the treaty of paris of 1763?

answer

france lost all of her north american territory east of mississippi river

question

what development was an outcome of the 18th century consumer revolution?

answer

the colonies became more dependent on overseas credits and markets

question

pontiac's uprising in detroit in 1763 was a direct cause of what event?

answer

the royal proclamation of 1763

STUDY

African Slave Trade AP United States History Judicial Branch Of Government Pre Civil War World History

HIST-1301 CHAPTER 11 REVIEW – Flashcards 66 terms

Anthony Richie

66 terms

Preview

HIST-1301 CHAPTER 11 REVIEW – Flashcards

question

The leader of the 1831 slave uprising in Southampton, Virginia, was A) Denmark Vessey. B) Hinton R. Helper. C) George Fitzhugh. D) Daniel Webster. E) Nat Turner.

answer

question

Slavery would not have lasted as long as it did except for A) the place it held in the southern economy. B) the South's lack of moral sensitivity. C) the willingness of slaves to submit to the system. D) the North's lack of interest in the problem. E) the constant supply of slaves from Africa.

answer

question

About ________ percent of whites in the South in 1860 were large landowners with dozens of slaves. A) 1 B) 4 C) 10 D) 40 E) 50

answer

question

In the South, social prestige and influence were determined by A) birth order and family heritage. B) ties to prominent, English families. C) class and caste. D) the region of the South where one lived. E) the amount of land one owned.

answer

question

At the time of the Civil War, A) one quarter of white southerners owned slaves. B) almost all southerners owned at least one slave. C) only the upper class were slave owners. D) the percentage of whites owning slaves was increasing. E) 30 percent of white southerners owned slaves.

answer

question

While class differences are based on income, caste differences in the South were based on A) plantation size. B) race. C) religion. D) national origins. E) ties to England.

answer

question

Which of the following statements about slavery is FALSE? A) About ten percent of southern blacks were free. B) Within slave society, there were status differences between field hands and house servants. C) Some slaves worked in urban, industrialized settings. D) Because all were victims of race prejudice, status differences within the black community did not lead to class conflict. E) Most blacks shared the goal of ending slavery.

answer

question

Most African Americans experienced slavery A) on farms. B) in mines and small factories. C) in small southern towns. D) on plantations. E) in large southern cities.

answer

question

Slaveholders continually indoctrinated their slaves with the idea of A) the God-ordained supremacy of whites. B) self-sufficiency. C) the work ethic. D) patriotism. E) their superiority to Native Americans.

answer

question

At the time of the Civil War, there were approximately ________ slaves in the South. A) 200,000 B) 400,000 C) 1,000,000 D) 2,000,000 E) 4,000,000

answer

question

The African-American family under slavery A) was supported by the white society. B) was nonexistent on most plantations. C) was protected by the legal system. D) emphasized kinship and mutual affection. E) was always matriarchal.

answer

question

Studies of the slave family reveal that ________ provided a model for personal relationships and the basis for a sense of community. A) kinship B) the nuclear family C) the extended family D) matriarchal family E) African family structures

answer

question

During slavery, African-American folk tales were kept alive primarily through A) kinship networks. B) a common language. C) the encouragement of slave owners. D) written documents. E) Christianity.

answer

question

The "invisible institution" was A) the Underground Railroad. B) the black church. C) a pre-war version of the Ku Klux Klan. D) a clandestine network of voodoo practitioners. E) a secret organization of southern white abolitionists

answer

question

The foundation of the African-American culture was A) religion. B) political activity. C) art. D) music. E) a shared language.

answer

question

Slave sermons and religious songs emphasized A) eventual deliverance from slavery. B) political themes. C) open protest of slavery. D) acceptance of the condition of slavery. E) a rejection of worldly pleasures and temptations.

answer

question

The leader of the uprising in Richmond, Virginia, in 1800 was A) Denmark Vesey. B) Stephen Douglas. C) Nat Turner. D) Gabriel Prosser. E) Bob Ferebee.

answer

question

The Brer Rabbit stories A) showed how a fugitive slave could find safe haven in the underbrush. B) were fantasies which enabled slaves to forget their harsh lot for a while. C) were used to indoctrinate white children with the belief that slaves were no smarter than animals. D) showed how a defenseless animal could overcome a stronger one through cunning and deceit, a metaphor for survival as a slave. E) portrayed slaves as being happy and well-adjusted.

answer

question

The normal way for most slaves to express discontent was A) political protest. B) open, armed rebellion. C) passive resistance. D) participation in conspiracies. E) organizing boycotts.

answer

question

Slave folk tales revealed the attitude that A) slavery was to be accepted. B) cunning and deceit worked effectively. C) the master was supreme. D) open rebellion was an acceptable tactic. E) returning to Africa was the only way out of the slave system.

answer

question

During the Second Seminole War of 1835-1842 A) most slaves rebelled against their masters. B) many escaped slaves hiding in Florida actually fought with the Native Americans against U.S. soldiers. C) slaves slaughtered Seminole Indians in large numbers. D) whites killed their slaves in fear of an alliance between slaves and Native Americans. E) escaped slaves hiding in Florida were returned to their owners.

answer

question

The typical runaway slave was A) a married man. B) a young, unmarried man. C) a married woman. D) a young, unmarried woman. E) light-skinned.

answer

question

The case of ________ showed that a prosperous, free, African American might give his life in the struggle for freedom. A) Frederick Douglass B) Nat Turner C) Denmark Vesey D) David Walker E) John Brown

answer

question

In pre-Civil War American society, free African Americans A) were almost nonexistent. B) were readily accepted. C) could vote in all northern states. D) had few serious problems. E) were treated as social outcasts.

answer

question

Free blacks in the South faced each of the following limitations EXCEPT A) being forced to register or have a white guardian who was responsible for their actions. B) being required to carry documentation of their free status at all times. C) being vulnerable t o re-enslavement through vagrancy or apprenticeship laws. D) having their attempts to hold meetings or form organizations blocked by the authorities. E) having to get official permission to move from one county to another.

answer

question

The typical great planter of the pre-Civil War South was A) most likely a self-made man. B) looked down on by most southern whites. C) well-educated and highly intellectual. D) born to wealth and position. E) born into a planter family.

answer

question

Most southern whites A) owned at least one slave. B) were nonslaveholding yeoman farmers. C) were poor people who sympathized with the slaves. D) owned at least five slaves. E) favored abolishing slavery as a means of breaking the power of the planter elite.

answer

question

To become a successful planter, it was probably most important that one have sound knowledge of A) slave behavior and culture. B) southern politics. C) good business and accounting practices. D) labor practices. E) current agricultural practices.

answer

question

Southern planters considered their slaves to be A) hard-working and industrious. B) children who required constant supervision. C) skilled and motivated. D) dangerous malcontents. E) mere property.

answer

question

When compared with other New World slaves, southern slaves A) lived under much worse conditions. B) lived under similar conditions. C) experienced more problems with their owners. D) had higher literacy rates. E) enjoyed a higher standard of living.

answer

question

Good physical conditions for slaves were necessary to A) ensure that they could work hard and bear children. B) meet the requirements of federal law. C) lessen the probability of slave revolts. D) meet southern Christian ethical requirements. E) maintain good standing in the white community.

answer

question

The yeoman farmer of the South was A) a slave owner. B) shiftless. C) proud and self-reliant. D) much different from his northern counterpart. E) a squatter on unproductive land.

answer

question

Yeoman farmers of the South could be found A) in the back-country of the South. B) near southern cities. C) clustered around the large plantations. D) evenly spread throughout the region. E) along the Gulf Coast.

answer

question

The prosperity of the southern yeoman was limited by the lack of A) money crops. B) land. C) transportation facilities. D) educational facilities. E) focus on building large enterprises.

answer

question

Southern yeoman farmers A) were staunchly against slavery. B) listened sympathetically to abolitionist protests. C) paid little attention to the slave system. D) tolerated slavery. E) directly benefited from the slave system.

answer

question

Which one of the following individuals tried to convince southern yeoman farmers that slavery actually reduced their standard of living? A) John C. Calhoun B) Denmark Vesey C) Hinton R. Helper D) Harriet Beecher Stowe E) Will Campbell

answer

question

Nonslaveholders followed the leadership of slave owners because A) their economic livelihood depended on it. B) they feared and disliked African Americans. C) of their desire to become slave owners. D) they could not participate in the political process. E) of their fear of the slave owners.

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Southern proslavery arguments did NOT include the belief that slavery was A) the natural status for blacks. B) sanctioned by the Bible. C) mandated by the United States Constitution. D) consistent with the humanitarian spirit. E) eventually going to become unnecessary.

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Southern apologists claimed the master-slave relationship was more humane than employer-worker relationships because A) it offered more opportunities for job training. B) it was actually a freer relationship. C) it emphasized cultural identities in a segregated environment. D) it afforded greater long-term security. E) it included women in the work force.

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In the upper tier of southern states, the principal slave-produced commodity was A) tobacco. B) cotton. C) corn. D) wheat. E) indigo.

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A major reason for the weaker hold of slavery in the upper South was the A) increasing industrialization and agricultural diversification in the region. B) growing moral outrage against slavery in the region. C) passage of federal laws restricting slavery in the area. D) effectiveness of the abolitionist movement in the region. E) lower slave birth rates.

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When tobacco prices sagged after 1820, A) farmers in Virginia and Maryland switched over to cotton and rice production. B) farmers in Virginia and Maryland found effective ways to reverse soil depletion. C) large numbers of surplus slaves were sold from the upper South to the lower South. D) planters in Virginia and Maryland turned openly to slave breeding as a business. E) Virginia and Maryland began exporting slaves to the Caribbean Islands.

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The institution of slavery became even more entrenched in the South because of the increasing importance of A) rice. B) indigo. C) long-staple cotton. D) sugar cane. E) short-staple cotton.

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Cotton was well suited to plantation production because it A) required little labor. B) required skilled labor. C) required intensive, simple labor. D) allowed for seasonal variation in labor needs. E) could be virtually ignored during the growing season.

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The invention in the 1790s that permitted the great expansion of cotton cultivation was the A) railroad. B) cotton gin. C) cotton reaper. D) steel plow. E) mechanical seed planter.

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During the nineteenth century, the center of cotton production A) remained in the Southeast. B) moved northward. C) stabilized in Alabama and Mississippi. D) shifted rapidly westward. E) was in Georgia.

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Each of the following is a valid statement regarding the cotton gin EXCEPT: A) It was instrumental in creating the cotton agriculture in the south and in revitalizing slavery as an economically viable institution. B) It made it possible for one slave to do the work of several while producing large quantities of clean cotton fiber each workday. C) An affordable machine to manufacture, it separated cotton seeds from the fibers. D) It was invented in 1863. E) It turned cotton into the most important agriculture product grown in the south and America's most important export crop.

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Which of the following is true of cotton agriculture in the pre-Civil War era? A) Many planters worked their land until it was exhausted. B) Changes in the price of cotton were relatively insignificant between 1830 and 1860. C) Cotton was a major export for the South, but relatively unimportant to the national economy. D) both A and B E) both B and C

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The cotton economy of the lower South A) brought uniform prosperity to the region. B) was free from market fluctuations. C) did not create uniform prosperity throughout the region. D) led to greater southern self-sufficiency. E) constantly grew.

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A leading advocate of the need for southern self-sufficiency was A) Stephen Douglas. B) Daniel Webster. C) Robert Fogel. D) J. D. B. DeBow. E) William Gregg.

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The union of slavery and cotton A) decreased the southern dependence on the North. B) hindered industrialization in the South. C) facilitated economic self-sufficiency in the South. D) led to industrialization in the South. E) encouraged more whites to work as plantation laborers.

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(T/F) By the time of the Civil War, most southern slaves worked on plantations and farms.

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(T/F) Masters of large plantations generally had a close relationship with their slaves, which helped ensure loyalty.

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(T/F) In recent years, historical studies of slavery have found it to be somewhat more efficient and profitable than previously thought.

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(T/F) Small slaveholders and nonslaveholders realized only limited benefit from the great profits of the cotton economy.

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(T/F) Plantation owners' concern for the welfare of their slaves was a product of economic necessity and paternalism.

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(T/F) Slavery survived in the South even though it was not economically profitable to slaveowners.

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(T/F) A huge source of profits to slave-owners in the upper South was selling slaves to plantations in the lower South.

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(T/F) Although cotton was central to the southern economy by the 1850s, cotton production did not really increase significantly between 1800 and 1850.

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(T/F) Even had the South won the Civil War, cotton had already reached the point in 1860 at which it could no longer expand in the United States.

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(T/F) In 1860, only one in ten white families in the South owned slaves.

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(ESSAY) How did the South's reliance on a slave labor system restrict its ability to diversify its economy?

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(ESSAY) Compare the economic systems of the upper and lower South. In which region would slavery have died a "natural" death? Explain.

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(ESSAY) Evaluate the impact of slavery on the economic and social systems of the South.

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(ESSAY) Why weren't there more slave revolts and rebellions in the two-hundred-year history of the South? In what other ways did slaves demonstrate their opposition to the system?

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(ESSAY) Describe the characteristics of the African-American culture that slaves developed in their communities. What role did family and religion play for this culture? Could slaves have survived without this culture? Explain.

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STUDY

African Slave Trade Protagonist And Antagonist

Cartoon Bell-work #2- Mullette – Flashcards 20 terms

Sarah Adrian

20 terms

Preview

Cartoon Bell-work #2- Mullette – Flashcards

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gloat

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happy about others failure- When my brother wins a game he gloats by laughing in your face.

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dispel

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get rid of something by driving it away- I was worried that our team wouldn't win, but I dispelled those bad thoughts and thought positively.

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aversion

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strong dislike to something- I have an aversion towards whip cream, so I always get coffee without it.

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affinity

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a fondness of or attraction to something- I have an affinity for dogs, I have 4.

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predilection

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preference for something- I have a predilection for Oreo ice-cream over plain while, I always order Oreo ice-cream.

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penchant

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liking- I have a penchant for brownies, I love them.

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ponderous

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Huge, enormous, massive -Clifford the big red dog is ponderous, he is huge.

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behemoth

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something extremely large and powerful- The lion at the zoo was a behemoth, he made my mom look like a child.

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Pulchritude

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beauty - The new girl was full of pulchritude, all the guys drooled over her.

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Salient

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stands out or noticeable- Abby's salient pimple was bright red on the end of her nose.

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indignation

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anger over something unfair- My sister showed indignation when I got a bigger ice-cream than her.

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chagrin

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disappointment or humiliation- To my chagrin, I cam in last in the race.

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impersonate

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mimic or pretend to be someone else- On Halloween I impersonated Cinderella by wearing a blue ball gown.

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prodigious

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something enormous or big in size or quantity- Since she was a puppy, my dog has always had a prodigious, we need a new bag of dog food every week.

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potent

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powerful and effective- The dog treats were a potent training technique, my dog does what ever I say.

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repository

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place for storing things- The shed in our yard holds our bikes, the lawnmower and the ladder.

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unflappable

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not easily upset or frightened- My dog is unflappable, the day after she had surgery she was up running around.

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stoic

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does not show any feeling- The sick boy was very stoic, he wouldn't even smile.

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idyllic

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pleasant or peaceful- The weather outside was idyllic, my sibling were running around in the green grass.

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austere

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looks harsh or severe- The mean teacher looked austere, her hair is pulled back tight and she never smiles.

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African Slave Trade Modern World History World History

Ch. 3 World History – Flashcards 22 terms

Marvel Brown

22 terms

Preview

Ch. 3 World History – Flashcards

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Conquistadors

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Conquerors who settled on the Islands of Hispaniola

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Jacques Carter

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French explorer who discovered the St. Lawrence River; claimed much of present day Canada for France

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Viceroys

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Ruled Spain's colonies in the name of the Spanish Monarchs

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Entrepreneurs

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Take financial risks to make profit

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Moctezuma

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Aztec emperor

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Privateers

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Pirates who operated with the approval of European governments

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Mercantilism

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Founded countries for profit/wealth for the mother country

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Hernan Cortes

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Cuban land owner who conquered the Aztecs

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Middle Passage

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Africans transported to the Americas

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Encomiendas

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System used to force Native Americans to labor under brutal conditions

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Who did Cortes form alliances with to take down the Aztec Empire?

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Malinche, who served as a translator

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Which conquistador added lands of present day Peru, Ecuador, and Chile?

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Francisco Pizzaro

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At the top of the Spanish colonial society where what?

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Peninsulares

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What land became part or Portugal's empire due to the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494?

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Brazil

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Why did the population of New France grow slowly?

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Faced with harsh climates, death, hunger, disease, hypothermia

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Colonies of Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Maryland were mainly set up as what?

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Havens for persecuted religious groups

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What did the first leg of the Triangular Trade bring?

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Goods exchanged for slaves

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What is the estimated number of Africans that died during the African Slave Trade?

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2 million

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What mercantilist policy was designed to protect local industries from foreign competition?

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Protective tariff

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How did Malinche influence the early history of the Americas?

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She serves as Cortes' translator and advisor. She told Cortes how the Aztecs gained power, giving him an idea of how to reach alliances with groups of people conquered by the Aztecs. She had an influence on turning Natives against the Aztec empire.

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Why do you think more Spanish priests did not condemn the encomienda system, as Bartolome de las Casa did?

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Las Casa did not care about the money, he viewed it as immoral. Spanish priests wanted free labor, and the money made from the goods went directly back to the church. The benefits outweighed the immorality of the encomienda system.

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Why did Britain and France fight a war in North America in the mid-1700s? How was North America affected by the peace treaty at the end of the war?

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Britain wanted land owned by the French, so the French and Indian War took place. With the Treaty of Paris, Britain had complete dominance, and the Louisiana Territory was forced from the French to the Spanish. If Britain were to have lost, the colonies would have never been created.

STUDY

African Slave Trade Gold And Silver History of the Americas

U.S. HISTORY UNIT 1 TEST – Flashcards 60 terms

Rebecca Baker

60 terms

Preview

U.S. HISTORY UNIT 1 TEST – Flashcards

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Hernan Cortés

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Most brutal of the Spanish conquistadores, led the expedition that led to the fall of the Aztecs to smallpox

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Fra Bartolomé de las Casas

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Spanish priest and social reformer, "Protector of the Indians"

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Matrilineal society

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Society in which one inherits property and identity through the mother's line

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Jacques Cartier

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French explorer for claimed Canada for France

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John Cabot

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discovered the northeastern coast of North America, sponsored by King Henry VII, unsuccessful search for a northwest passage to the Orient

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The Great Migration

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Puritan Migration to New England to avoid religious persecution

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Roger Williams

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Separatist, started Rhode Island for religious freedom, believed that there should be a separation of church and state

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Salem Witch Trials

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Most famous outbreak of witchcraft, Salem, Massachusetts, teen girls began to experience false visions that led to the execution of 19 people believed to be witches

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William Berkeley

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king-appointed governor of Virginia, negotiation with the Indians to not trespass on their land, harsh autocratic rule, Bacon's rebellion

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William Bradford

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Governor of the Plymouth colony, ended Standish labor plan, distributed land among families, helped Plymouth to prosper

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Proprietary Colony

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A colony that was given to an individual from the crown and was granted rights of self-government

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Middle Passage

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The horrible and dreaded passage across the Atlantic that slaves from Africa would have to make to the Americas

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Powhatan

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Tribe of Indians in Virginia that had relations with the Jamestown settlers

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James Oglethorpe

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Founder of the colony of Georgia

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Treaty of the Tordesillas

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agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.

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Dominion of New England

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An administrative union chartered by Charles II of English colonies in the New England region of North America

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House of Burgesses

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First assembly of elected representatives of English colonists in North America

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Separatists

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Groups of English Protestants that wished to separate completely from the Church of England

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Indentured servant

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A worker under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities.

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Mercantilism

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England's main type of economy, the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism

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Christopher Columbus

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explorer for Spain, led some of the first expeditions to the Americas, thought he had found another route to the Indies

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Montezuma

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powerful emperor of the Aztecs

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Caravel

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A small and fast Spanish or Portuguese ship

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English Reformation

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When England broke off religious affiliations with the Catholic Church and formed the Church of England

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Samuel de Champlain

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The Father of New France, founder of Quebec

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Mayflower Compact

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First document governing Plymouth Colony, Signed agreement to ensure peace between the Pilgrims, signed before setting foot on land, bound them to live in a civil society of their own government

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Thomas Hooker

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A minister of the Connecticut colony who defied the Massachusetts government and led his congregation to establish the town of Hartford

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Henry Hudson

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English explorer working for the Dutch, sailed up the river that is named for him and claimed land for the Dutch in America

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William Penn

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owner of a proprietary colony in the New World, founder of Pennsylvania, religious freedom for Quakers, ect.

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Encomienda system

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system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

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Midwives

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Women who attended childbirth, treated the ill, and prescribed herbal remedies.

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John Winthrop

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As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

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Nathaniel Bacon

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a farmer in the backcountry, his resentment of Berkeley and the unbalanced power of the Virginia government, lead to a rebellion, by him and other backcountry farmers. When Berkeley refused to let him and other farmers fight nearby Indians, he went into Jamestown, with his own militia, burned most of the city, and drove Berkeley out of town.

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King Philip's War

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1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

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Stono Rebellion

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The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

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Conquistadores

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Spanish for conquerors. Men who traveled extensively through the Americas, leading small armies of men, and who established themselves as imperial rulers

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Half-Way Covenant

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A Puritan church document; In 1662, it allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

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Triangular Trade

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A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

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Navigation Acts

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Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

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Ferdinand Magellan

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Portuguese explorer who reached the Philippines and circumnavigated the world

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St. Augustine

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The 1st Permanent European settlement in the US,the caspitol of Spanish FL and the oldest city in the US

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New Amsterdam

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another Dutch Trading Post, on Manhattan Island in NY, Turned into NEW YORK CITY

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Roanoke Island

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English colony that Raleigh planted on an island off North Carolina in 1585; the colonists who did not return to England disappeared without a trace in 1590

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"Starving Time"

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The winter of 1609 to 1610 in colonial Virginia; Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

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Jacque Marquette

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Roman Catholic priest from France who sailed with Louis Joliet through the Great Lakes and down to the Mississippi River to the mouth of the Arkansas River in 1673

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Sir Francis Drake

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English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

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Humphrey Gilbert

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an English courtier whose interest in a Northwest Passage through North America to the Orient led him to an unsuccessful attempt to found an English colony in Newfoundland in the early 1580s.

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Walter Raleigh

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Received a charter from Queen Elizabeth I to explore the American coastline. His ships landed on Roanoke, which became a "lost colony."

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John Rolfe

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He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown, he discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

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John Locke

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English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

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de la Warr

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governor of Jamestown, led a relief party, imposed harsh military rule and undertook aggressive military action against Indians in English colonies

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John Smith

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Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

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Anne Hutchinson

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A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

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Edmund Andros

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He was the royal governor of the Dominion of New England. Colonists resented his enforcement of the Navigation Acts and the attempt to abolish the colonial assembly.

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Bacon's Rebellion

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Rebellion of discontent former landless servants led by Nathaniel Bacon. Between Bacon and Berkeley Though the rebellion was crushed, it caused a move from indentured servants to African slaves for labor purposes.

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Headright system

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Parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

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Puritans

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A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

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Glorious Revolution

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In this bloodless revolution, the English Parliament and William and Mary agreed to overthrow James II. This led to a constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the English Bill of Rights.

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Scots-Irish

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A group of restless people who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia.

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Quakers

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English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they settled in Pennsylvania

STUDY

17th And 18th Centuries African And European African Slave Trade AP European History AP World History

AP World History Period 4 Test – Exam Review – Flashcards 19 terms

Joan Grant

19 terms

Preview

AP World History Period 4 Test – Exam Review – Flashcards

question

In the period of 1450-1750, which of the following, produced on large plantations by slave labor, were significant commodities in the growing world market?

answer

Cash crops such as sugar and tobacco

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The Columbian Exchange involved which of the following new connections in the era 1450-1750?

answer

African population to the western hemisphere; western hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the western hemisphere

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Which of the following was a major similarity among European colonial empires in the Americas?

answer

Enslavement of African people and subjugation of Amerindians

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The Mughal empire and Ottoman empire before 1700 C.E shared what?

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Both empires were religiously and culturally diverse

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Although different in their sources of power, the governments of Great Britian and France had what characteristics?

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Both nations had a small elite of landowning aristocrats who were considered the "natural" ruling class with power and influence in the government

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A major idea that the framers of the US Constitution absorbed from the enlightenment was...

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The concept of federal republic

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France's role in the Thirty Year's War illustrates what?

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An emphasis on one's own geopolitical interest, rather than religious belief.

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How did the Mughal empire come to an end?

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It was subdued by the British, who retained some Mughal rulers in place for political purposes

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How was Japan unified?

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Three politician warlords used both force and diplomacy to reunite the country

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What was the limitation of Peter the Great policies of cultural westernization?

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Westernization was limited to the elite

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Dependence in the world economy and the consequent need to produce unprocessed good cheaply led to the development of _____ labor systems

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coercive

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In regard to China's participation in world trade, after the mid-1300's it's accurate to say that...

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Internal conflict within the Ming ruling establishment resulted in China's withdrawal from direct participation in world trade

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Compared to 1600, the percentage of men who were literate in 1800 suggest that...

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Peasants and workers as well as the merchant and upperclass must have begun to receive some education

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By giving the creature the head of a wolf or dog, the artist creates the impression...

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The monopolies preyed on or took advantage of people

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Although some of the mention performed specialized jobs, most of the seamen...

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Had to have different skills

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Trade between Mughal India and Europe was stimulated by the European demand for Indian...

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Cotton

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What promoted a wave of new businesses and trade practices in Europe in the 16th - 17th centuries?

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New wealth from the Americas and the growth of overseas trade

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Toyotomi Hideyoshi expelled missionaries from his domain in 1587 because the missionaries were...

answer

Interfering in local Japanese political matters

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Which of the following statements best describes why Spain failed to remain a dominant power in the 17th century?

answer

Spain's internal economy and banking system were insufficient to accommodate the vast amounts of gold and silver bullion from the new world and the Iberian nation lacked significant manufacturing capability

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