Sociology 101 Final

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Under which explanation for racial stratification does the African slave trade most clearly fall?

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Structural

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Which of the following is true of racial labels?

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They were historically a tool of domination.

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\"White flight\" refers to ________.

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white people moving away from a neighborhood when people of color move in

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When was the Voting Rights Act passed?

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1965

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The strategy of focusing on color-blind laws that was popular during the civil rights era ended with the introduction of ________.

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affirmative action

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Which aspect of Webster's definition of race is today discarded by most sociologists?

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That it is based on inherent physical traits

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\"Hard\" affirmative action is affirmative action that ________.

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creates numerical quotas

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Which of the following is an ethnic label?

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Chinese

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Which two phenomena are at the core of the sociological definition of racism?

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Discrimination and prejudice

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What distinguishes race and ethnicity from one another?

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The characteristics off of which they are based

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Which view of race argues that racial categories are social creations?

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Constructivist

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One in three black men who finish high school but do not immediately attend college will end up ________.

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in prison

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The system of classifying people as \"black\" when they had only one black grandparent was referred to as ________.

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the one-drop rule

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What factor or legislation has resulted in one in seven African Americans being denied the right to vote?

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Felon disenfranchisement laws

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Which racial group has the highest median income in the United States?

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Asian Americans

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Residents of which neighborhood hold the least political influence?

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Racially segregated black urban neighborhoods

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The systematic killing of Native American people during early European colonization was a form of ________.

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genocide

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Someone immigrating to the United States today is most likely to come from which region?

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Asia

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In which way does Richard Alba argue the transfer of middle-class jobs to non-white workers might occur peacefully in coming years?

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Many white people are reaching retiring age.

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Which identity first became commonly used in the 1970s?

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Hispanic

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People have the most freedom in deciding ________.

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their ethnic identification

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Immigrants from Asia are most likely to come from ________.

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upper-middle-class families

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In which regard has the racial gap between black and white Americans remained almost unchanged?

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Wealth

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Which is the only group to have always been listed on the U.S. Census?

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White

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In 2011, how many members of Congress were black?

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44

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Marriage is most steeply on the decline among ________.

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racial minorities

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What type of relationship features an equal sharing of breadwinning and caretaking tasks?

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Egalitarian

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Which of the following is true of marriage today?

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The overwhelming majority of people would like to get married at some point.

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Most women have which type of relationship in mind as a fallback position?

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Self-reliant

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Which of the following is included in a family of orientation?

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Siblings

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In the view of the economic restructuring perspective, why do families struggle today?

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There are not stable systems to provide for their needs.

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Scandinavian countries guarantee ________.

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paid parental leave for everyone

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Which of the following is true of family forms in the United States today?

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There is no majority form of family.

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\"Kin\" refers to ________.

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a group of people sharing the cultural standards used to define family in their context

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The rise of what other phenomenon occurred alongside the rise of the homemaker-breadwinner household?

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Suburbs

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What defines a nuclear family?

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Socially recognized parents and their dependent children

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United States social policies of the family stress the principle of ________.

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individualistic opportunity

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What did feminist Betty Friedan refer to as \"the problem that has no name\"?

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Middle-class women's confinement to domesticity

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What is covered in the approach to family care by Scandinavian countries that is absent from the approach of Italy?

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Universal daycare

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_____________ define(s) the family as a set of people living together who are connected by biological or legal ties and distinguishes these family households from nonfamily households.

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The U.S. Census Bureau

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What is concerted cultivation?

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Intensive parenting with lots of scheduled activities

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Which is true of the independent homemaker-breadwinner household?

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It is a modern invention.

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Compared to the 1960s, more young adults now ________.

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live at home at a later age

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Which aspect of a divorce is most often harmful for children?

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Loss of economic support

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Which of the following has been the slowest to adapt to new realities?

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The organization of jobs in relation to childcare

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In which of the following family models are children most likely to be raised today?

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Two employed parents

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Why does Sweden enforce a \"use it or lose it\" policy with paternal childcare leave?

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To ensure more fathers actually take the time off

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Which of the following is a common parenting strategy in a working-class family?

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Deference to authority figures

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What is one benefit of the \"age of independence\"?

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Time to forge relationships free of prejudice from earlier generations

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A young adult who has not taken on financial independence and spends a lot of time in social and party interactions is in ________.

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delayed adulthood

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Brainstorming fits into which common competency?

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Curiosity, imagination, and creativity

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Socioeconomic status is based on _______.

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education, income, and current occupation

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Anthony has decided to enter a traditionally female-dominated field. What is his chosen degree?

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Elementary education

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Which function of education includes teaching students to be good citizens?

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Socialization

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What is the relationship between tracking and instructional differences?

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Teachers of higher-track students use more interesting teaching methods and materials.

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In which country would you expect to see the largest gap between social classes on achievement tests?

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United States

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Where would you expect to see the greatest gender gaps?

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College placement testing

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Learning how to behave in a classroom is part of ________.

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the hidden curriculum

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Oscar is taking online courses at a university with a large online program. Based on the information suggested in a large research study of 51,000 community-college students, what can you conclude?

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Oscar has a higher chance of dropping out than students in face-to-face courses.

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_______ earn advanced degrees such as MAs, PhDs, and law, medical, and dental degrees.

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Men and women equally

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The common competencies individuals need to function well in the twenty-first century include _______ that includes the ability to draw inferences and conclusions from information.

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critical-thinking and problem-solving skills

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Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between class background and occupation and income?

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Social origins have a strong relationship to occupation and income for upper-class white males, a moderate relationship for middle-class white males, and a large negative relationship for lower-class white males.

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Which is true in the United States today?

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It is harder to be considered for employment without credentials than in the past.

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Rachel is heading off to college. If she is like three-quarters of U.S. college students, she will attend a _______ college or university.

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public nonprofit

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What conclusions can you draw about racial achievement gaps?

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Racial differences are due to social inequalities.

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Compared to students in the 1950s, students today study ________.

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half as much

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Annalise is a college student and spends an average of 15 hours a week studying. If she is a typical student she probably attends a _______ college.

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highly selective

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What did researchers Arum and Roksa find about U.S. college students today?

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U.S. college students are not making large gains in critical thinking.

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Which state had the highest per-pupil spending in 2006-2007?

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New York

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The process of assigning students to groups based on ability or curriculum is known as _______.

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tracking

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In Texas, an educational system that defines a good teacher as one whose students pass the test resulted in _______.

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teachers competing instead of cooperating

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Keith and Josh were neighbors growing up in a lower-class neighborhood. Keith went to college and Josh decided to stay in the neighborhood and work at the factory where their parents worked. What is likely to be true?

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Keith is more likely to be employed and earn more than Josh.

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The number of private-sector labor union jobs has been _______ since the 1970s.

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shrinking

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Jessica has a degree in elementary education. This tells employers she is _______.

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credentialed

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Riley and Morgan disagree about the income differences between high school and college degreed workers. Riley insists that the skills one obtains in college make that individual a better and more productive employee, whereas Morgan believes that the degree just convinces employers that the employee is worth more. Which theory would you expect Morgan to agree with?

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Allocation theory

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The philosophies of Marx, Engels, and Diamond are all ________.

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determinist

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CFCs are most directly responsible for ________.

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ozone depletion

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The escalation in CO2 levels corresponds with the escalation in ________.

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burning of fossil fuels

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How many plastic and glass bottles produced in the United States are recycled?

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Less than one-third

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The history of the Maori and the Moriori shows that ________.

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access to resources is fundamental to development

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How many barrels of oil does the United States consume daily?

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19 million

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The use of disposable products prioritizes ________ above sustainability.

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convenience

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Why did many people who stayed in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina not evacuate?

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Lack of a vehicle

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Most deforestation occurs because of ________.

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farming

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How did the development of agriculture relate to individualism?

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With agriculture, more individuals could focus time on tasks outside of food production, heightening individualism.

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A person involved in organizing to ensure that those who produce coffee are paid a fair wage is engaged in ___________.

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the fair trade and organic foods movement

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For what reason did primitive societies often seem to select images from nature for their totems?

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The societies themselves were intimately connected with nature.

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Which region is likely to house the largest number of hazardous waste facilities?

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A poor region with a high concentration of minorities

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Why is malaria expected to spread in coming years?

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Increasing temperatures allow mosquitoes to thrive.

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By 2035, it is estimated that the world will annually create over ________ billion metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions.

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40

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Which president refused to sign the Kyoto Protocol?

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George W. Bush

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Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the environment and society?

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Dynamic

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Pollution in the world is most likely to come from ________.

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the United States and China

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What equation determines the impact a group will have on the environment?

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Population size multiplied by affluence and technology access

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Which of the following was the most effective environmental action in recent years?

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The Montreal Protocol

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The basis of capitalism is ________.

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continual economic expansion

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In his writing on the tragedy of the commons, ecologist Garrett Hardin argues that self-regulation needs to be replaced with ________.

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government regulation

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Which tension is highlighted by the tragedy of the commons?

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Short-term and long-term rewards

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The environmental issues at Love Canal occurred as a result of ________.

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waste disposal

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Which scenario presents the highest level of environmental justice?

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There is a moderate level of pollution that all people encounter with the same regularity.

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Because he was ridiculed in school for being too thin, Lee got poor grades, did not get a very good job, and generally did not do well in life. Had his ________ been different, he might have succeeded.

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social trajectory

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In a small town in the southern United States, drunk driving is the main cause of death among teenagers. Educational efforts have failed to curb these deaths. Research showed that in the social context of this town, ________.

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drunk driving may be considered \"normal\" behavior

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Truly rapid growth in the world population did not begin until ________ CE.

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1810

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Improving the health of an entire population is better than ________ that say who is sick and who isn't.

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cutoff points

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A new treatment for cancer is tested on groups from all economic levels. When the treatment is proven, it will be available to all income levels. Yet, upper-income people will probably use it most. Why?

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They have the resources to find out when and where it is obtainable.

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The predicted ________ will probably not take place.

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population bomb

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Which of these is true of a life-course perspective?

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It involves past influences on health.

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The age pyramids for the United States and Japan show ________.

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a post-war baby boom

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________ may be an unexpected factor in the health disparities between blacks and whites.

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Geography

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If the fertility rate in the United States were to rise suddenly to a very high level, this phenomenon would be ________.

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unheard of

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The socioeconomic status factor in health is ________.

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universal

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Another issue that may make socioeconomic status the major factor in health is that higher level jobs ________.

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may offer workers more control over their working conditions

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Helen and Bob are married. Helen is three years older than Bob, but he will probably still die first. Why?

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Women typically outlive men by about five years.

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As the population ages, there are fewer young workers to support their benefits. What might be a result of this?

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Eighty-year-old factory workers

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Which of the following is a sociological question about health?

answer

...

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Instead of doubling in the next 45 years, world population growth will probably ________.

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slow down gradually

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If you were born in the United States, you ________.

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have a better likelihood of getting diabetes than in England

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Which of these health issues is predominant in blacks over whites?

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High blood pressure

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Officials in Country Y are encouraged to see that even though their fertility rate is declining, the population is still growing. Why might this be?

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Population momentum

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Two of the most pressing global problems today related to demographics are ________.

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rising populations and aging populations

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Because of ________, calculating population growth through the transitional phases is not the same in the United States as in most other countries.

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immigration

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Hispanics and blacks have a much lower suicide level than whites, and Hispanics are actually healthier in some ways. This shows that ________.

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whites do not always have a health advantage over other groups

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What appears to be the main health advantage granted by high socioeconomic status?

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Education

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An aging population is of particular concern to the United States right now because the baby boomers are ________.

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the largest birth cohort in history

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A population is decimated by a plague. The group has not yet reached ________.

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the epidemiological transition

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What is the average worker in the global value chain in China doing?

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Companies usually outsource parts of their manufacturing to ________.

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When globalization took off in the 1870s, it seemed like it was driven by _____________, but it was really being driven by ___________.

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economic forces; the state

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The purpose of the ISI strategy is ________.

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to eliminate competition so that business will grow

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An economy supported by ISI could not thrive without ________.

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government limits

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When Henry Ford invented the assembly line to manufacture cars, the chain of operations was done ________.

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under one roof

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NAFTA benefitted Mexico's informal economy, that is, the economy that ________.

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had no standardized rules

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Employers in the United States have resorted to threats of ________ to keep employees from unionizing.

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outsourcing

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________ seems to be better for the developing world than globalization.

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Elimination of competition

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Modern globalization is ________ global trade that has been going on for centuries.

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different from

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________ benefits regional integration.

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Using nearby countries in the global value chain

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According to economist Kate Brofenbrenner, when employers in the U.S. threaten to move production to another country, they ______________.

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follow through less than 3 percent of the time

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What prompts sociologists to question the idea that globalization is an unpreventable transformation of the world?

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The fact that it slowed drastically in response to government controls

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The label says \"Made in the USA.\" The item was actually assembled in a U.S. factory from parts made elsewhere. This is an example of ________.

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a global value chain

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________ partially fueled widespread globalization at the turn of the twentieth century.

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Colonialism

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Had peasants not become ________, we might still have a pre-capitalist economy.

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market dependent

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Regional growth in international trade means that globalization is not really taking place. What is wrong with this statement?

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Growth was also regional in 1914.

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The opposite of the ISI is ________.

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the Washington Consensus

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From 1913 to about 1970 the United States experienced a period of ________.

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de-globalization

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Because of workers in Mexico and the Caribbean, ________.

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American clothing is less expensive

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The ________ of NAFTA were more than offset by the agricultural losses.

answer

government regulations

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Because Mexican factory workers are almost all women, ________ are common.

answer

complaints of sexual harassment

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A business executive said, \"There's no American plant that can match\" the speed of Chinese workers. Why not?

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American workers get overtime pay.

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There are records that indicate ancient civilizations quite distant from each other traded along waterways and roads. How is this different from globalization today?

answer

Government policy was not involved.

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____________ are the inputs—such as land, labor, capital, and technology—that go into the production of any good or service.

answer

Factors of production

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