ch 1 unit test – Flashcards

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major impact of the Columbian exchange on western Europe was the introduction of
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new food crops that improved the European diet
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After the Spanish arrived, Native American populations were most greatly reduced by
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disease
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All of the following are sources of wealth that European governments were looking for in the Americas in the 1600'2 and early 1700's, EXCEPT:
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technology (correct=fur, gold, trade)
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All of the following were effects of the Columbian exchange, EXCEPT:
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Trade increased between the Americas and Asia
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How did European settlers in North America legally justify seizing lands from native North American peoples?
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Because the Indians were not Christian, they had no right to the land
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In the New World, the Columbian Exchange generally resulted in ...
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the introduction of infectious diseases. the introduction of domesticated animals such as cattle and horses. the introduction of food crops such as wheat.
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Native Americans were more vulnerable to smallpox and measles than were Europeans because Europeans
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had developed resistance to the diseases
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"(It) brought the potato, the pineapple, the turkey, dahlias, sunflowers, magnolias, maize, chilies and chocolate across the Atlantic. On the other hand, tens of millions died in the pandemics of the 16th century, victims of smallpox, measles and the other diseases brought by Europeans (and don't forget that the African slave trade was begun by the Europeans, to replace the work force they had decimated)" Which historical development is being described in this quotation?
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The Columbian Exchange
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Review this list and then answer the question: • Maize and potatoes were grown in Europe. • Millions of Africans suffered during the Middle Passage. • Smallpox had devastating effects on indigenous peoples. • Spanish language is used in much of Latin America. Which global interaction is illustrated by these statements?
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Columbian Exchange
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Smallpox, influenza, and measles spread rapidly in the Americas because of ...
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lack of previous exposure that would build natural immunity.
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The "Columbian Exchange" refers to ...
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the changes produced by the trade of peoples, plants, animals, microbe, and ideas between the Old and New Worlds.
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The first permanent English settlement was at:
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Jamestown
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The main goals of Christopher Columbus journey that landed in the Americas were to find gold, spread Christianity, and claim lands for which country?
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Spain
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What was a major effect of the Columbian exchange?
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Potatoes entered the European diet.
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Which event did NOT happen with the growth of Jamestown and tobacco farming?
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discovery of quick wealth
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What was one effect of the Columbian exchange?
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introduction of new foods to both Europe and the Americas
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Which statement describes an impact of the Columbian exchange on the lives of Europeans?
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The combination of new products and ideas promoted economic growth.
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Which of the following items came from North America?
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Chocolate
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Which of the following was not native to the Americas?
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pig
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Which of the following was not native to Europe?
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corn
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True or False: Vikings successfully crossed the Atlantic Ocean and visited the Western Hemisphere about 500 years before Columbus.
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true
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The Columbian Exchange refers to the transfer of plants and animals between East and West
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true
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The first European nation to establish colonies in the Americas was Portugal
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false
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In which area did good harbors, abundant forests, rocky soil, and a short growing season most influence the colonial economy?
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New England colonies
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In which area did good land, food cash crops and farms with large families most influence the colonial economy?
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Middle Atlantic region
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In which area did good land, non-food cash crops and farm labor was provided by indentured servants and slaves most influence the colonial economy?
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Southern colonies
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Subsistence farming can best be defined as ...
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producing just enough food for a family's survival.
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This was the key to Jamestown's financial success:
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Tobacco
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What was the Enlightenment?
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A period of time using reasoning and scientific discovery & experimentation,
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What was The Great Awakening?
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A period of time when people started to actively practice religious beliefs.
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What was the significance of William Penn's colony (Pennsylvania)?
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was the most tolerant colony
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What were the original settlers of Jamestown looking for?
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gold
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Which event did NOT happen with the growth of Jamestown and tobacco farming?
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discovery of quick wealth
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Why did the Pilgrims come to America?
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For religious freedom
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Why did the Puritans settle in Massachusetts?
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escape from persecution
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All of the following were reasons why Southern planters chose to use enslaved Africans on their plantations except
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a. Africans were believed to be well suited to working in hot climates. b. slaves provided labor for their entire lifetimes. ****c. enslaved Africans were very inexpensive to purchase.**** d. most white colonists thought black people were inferior.
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As more and more settlers arrived in Jamestown, relations between the settlers and the Powhatan peoples
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worsened.
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Enlightenment thinkers stressed all of the following EXCEPT
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a. the use of reason. b. the scientific method. c. the importance of the individual. ****d. the unpredictability of nature.****
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In the early years of the Virginia colony, a field laborer was most likely to be
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an indentured servant or a former indentured servant.
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Jamestown's most serious problems during its first year were caused by
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the settlers attitudes and impracticality
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The colony that was founded on principles of social equality and religious tolerance was
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Pennsylvania
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The first English colonies in North America were set up in the hope of achieving
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financial gain for investors.
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The Puritans views and attitudes led them to promote the idea of
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hard work for common goals.
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To John Smith's dismay, the settlers in Jamestown directed most of their energy toward
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searching for gold and other riches
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The most important export from the Virginia Colony was cotton.
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false
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Not only goods, but people, were exchanged in the
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triangular trade
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The Middle Passage refers to:
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The leg of the triangular trade where slaves were brought to the Americas.
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All of the following were reasons why Southern planters chose to use enslaved Africans on their plantations except
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enslaved Africans were very inexpensive to purchase.
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The "middle passage" refers to the part of the transatlantic trade network that carried
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Africans from Africa to the West Indies and North America
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What was the main reason that there were more enslaved persons in the South than in the North during the 1700s?
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The Southern economy depended on a larger number of field laborers.
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Which of the following directly contributed to the increase in African slaves brought to the colonies?
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a lack of indentured servants
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The main cargo sent to North America via the middle passage was
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African slaves
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According the Mercantilism economic system, which is NOT a source of wealth use to determine (or measure) the power of a country?
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a. favorable trade balance b. gold ****c. land**** d. silver
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In its economic relationship with its North American colonies, Great Britain followed the principles of 18th-century mercantilism by ...
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limiting the colonies' trade with other nations.
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Mercantilism, an economic system in which the colonies played an important role for Great Britain, involves all of the following EXCEPT...
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****a. being able to buy more products than it sells to other nations.**** b. establishing a favorable balance of trade. c. seeking wealth through obtaining large amounts of gold and silver. d. selling more goods than it buys from other nations.
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The British benefited from their mercantilist relationship with the American colonies primarily by ...
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buying raw materials from the colonies and selling them finished products.
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The British system of mercantilism was opposed by many American colonists because it ...
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placed restrictions on trading.
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What were the results of the Navigation Acts?
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England got tighter control of the colonies and the colonies made money with shipbuilding.
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According to the theory of mercantilism, a country has a favorable balance of trade when
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the value of exports is greater than the value of imports.
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The purpose of the Navigation Acts (1651) was to
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restrict colonial trade
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Under the policy of mercantilism, England relaxed its enforcement of trade regulations in the colonies in return for their continued economic loyalty.
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false
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Which is the best description of the political development of colonial America in the mid-eighteenth century?
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The chief executive or governor dominated colonial government.
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True or False: Patriots and Loyalists supported some amount of individual choice for the colonies?
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true
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Based on the Patriot v Loyalist Town Meeting and discussion, you can give three very different reasons why the Revolutionary War happened
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...
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Patriots and Loyalists usually agreed on all of the following statements, EXCEPT:
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The visible presence of the military was vital to the success of the colonies.
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Which is an issue that the Loyalists would support?
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increasing Parliament's control of resources
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Which is a reason that divided Patriots and Loyalists about taxing the colonies?
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Colonial taxes should be used to pay off English government debt.
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What were the colonists and Great Britain in sharp disagreement over by 1764?
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how the colonies should be taxed and governed
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Representation in Parliament was the desire of ...
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patriots
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True of False: When the American Revolution was fought many loyalists did not go back to England.
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true
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Most colonists felt that British tax laws were unfair because ...
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the colonists had no representation of their own in Parliament.
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Loyalists supported colonial trade policies, as embodied in the Navigation Acts, based on the theory of ...
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mercantilism: insuring self-sufficiency by monopolizing trade.
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What issue would be most important to a Patriot?
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helping Parliament decide laws for the colonies
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True or False: The Patriots believed that mercantilism was necessary for the colonies.
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false
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What formal document explained the reasons why the American colonies wanted to separate from Britain?
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The Declaration of Independence
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Which is NOT an intent of the Declaration of Independence?
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***a. A letter to Canada to get them to leave England.*** b. A letter to other countries to gain their support c. Notification to England that the colonies are independent d. To rally the colonists to fight for independence
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Most of the Declaration of Independence consists of ...
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details about problems with England.
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why was federalism and a system of checks and balances used in the U.S. Constitution?
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Its writers feared a concentration of political power.
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One way in which the United States Constitution differed from the Articles of Confederation was that the Constitution ...
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created a national government having three branches.
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What type of government did the Articles of Confederation establish?
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Congress
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(T/F) The Constitution laid out fundamental principles such as All Men are Created Equal and that people have a right to "Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness."
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false
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According to the U.S. Constitution, which branch of the federal government is responsible for enforcing laws?
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Executive Branch
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Which was NOT a constitution of the United States?
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Declaration of Independence (United States Constitution and Articles of Confederation were)
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The Declaration of Independence has had a major influence on peoples throughout the world because it ...
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provides justification for revolting against unjust governments
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The Great Compromise of the Constitutional Convention involved the issue of ...
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representation of large and small states in Congress
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The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution were primarily designed to protect what?
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Individual rights
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The Declaration of Independence was signed on which date?
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July 4, 1776
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Which of the following amendments to the Constitution was NOT part of the Bill of Rights?
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direct election of senators
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According to the U.S. Constitution, which branch of the federal government is responsible for making laws?
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legislative
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Which group would most likely approve of the Articles of Confederation?
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those who feared strong central government.
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What is the Bill of Rights?
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The first 10 Amendments to the Constitution.
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Ratification of the Constitution would not have happened without the promise of the addition of ...
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a Bill of Rights
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The Articles of Confederation failed because ...
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the national government was too weak.
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There was opposition to the ratification of the Constitution because
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The document lacked guaranteed rights for the citizens.
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Under the Articles of Confederation, the power to collect taxes was given to ...
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the state governments.
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A major argument for American independence found in the Declaration of Independence was that the British ...
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deprived Americans of their natural rights.
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What was the Articles of Confederation?
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First constitution of the United States
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According to the Declaration of Independence, the people have the right to alter or abolish a government if that government ...
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violates natural rights
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Separation of powers means...
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dividing the power of government within a single level of government.
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Popular sovereignty is the belief that ...
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the power is in the hands of the governed.
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Dividing the power of government between different levels of government, such as state government and federal government, is known as...
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Federalism
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What is the most correct statement about Popular Sovereignty?
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People decide an issue by voting.
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Dividing the power of a level of government, such as the federal government, is known as...
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Separation of power
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Ideas about how to define America's new republic included all these EXCEPT
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a. elected leadership b. federalism ****c. self-interest**** d. separation of powers
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Before the Civil War, the principle of popular sovereignty was proposed as a means of ...
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deciding the legalization of slavery in a new state.
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The three branches of government established by the current constitution include:
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Executive, Legislative, Judicial
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How does the Constitution of the United States of America prevent abuse of power by the three branches of government?
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separation of powers
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The doctrine of separation of powers calls for which of the following?
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Separation of the functions of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches
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Popular Sovereignty is defined as:
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citizens (residents) vote to decide an issue.
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The establishment of a federal system means that ...
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the powers of government are divided between the national government and state governments.
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What is the most correct statement about Manifest Destiny?
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The obvious and ordained right to expand to the Pacific Ocean.
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Manifest Destiny was used to justify an American desire to ...
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expand the United States to the Pacific Ocean.
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Which action most justified taking over land from Mexicans and Native Americans?
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manifest destiny
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All of the land acquisitions listed below can be attributed to Manifest Destiny, EXCEPT:
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Florida acquisition
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The United States expanded westward to the Pacific Ocean by acquiring land using all of these methods EXCEPT:
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stealing
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Before the Civil War, women are most known for their active roles in all these movements EXCEPT:
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a. abolition ****b. campaigning for election**** c. health and education d. temperance
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True or False: Women were trying to get the right to vote as early as the 1840s.
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true
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Women's reform efforts in health and inhuman condition issues started with their involvement in trying to improve conditions ...
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in prison systems.
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What was the direct result of the Confederate States seceding from the United States?
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beginning of civil war
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Which of the following is considered to be a long term cause of the Civil War?
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The North and South had different economic philosophies that clashed with the other.
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What was John Brown's aim at Harpers Ferry?
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to seize a federal arsenal and start a widespread slave uprising
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The ruling of the Supreme Court in Dred Scott v. Sanford demonstrate that the Supreme Court ...
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failed to protect the rights of minorities.
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As the Civil War began, President Abraham Lincoln stated that his primary goal was to ...
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preserve the Union.
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At the outset, President Lincoln held that the Civil War was being fought to ...
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preserve the union
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What is the name given to those who opposed slavery?
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abolitionists
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The controversy over Federal Government Power versus States' Rights was a basic cause of the ...
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Civil War
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What did the Dred Scott decision of the Supreme Court do?
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allowed slavery to continue and allowed slaves to be considered property
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In the years after the Civil War, most freedmen ended up working as ...
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farmers under a sharecropper system.
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A major result of the Civil War was that the ...
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federal government's power over the states was strengthened.
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General Lee's surrender to General Grant took place at ...
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Appomattox Court House.
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The North's rapid economic growth during the Civil War was stimulated by ...
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increased government demand for many products.
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During the Civil War, southern women played an especially important part as ...
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managers of farms and plantations.
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The economic impact of the Civil war on the South included all of the following, EXCEPT:
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****a. The South appreciated the help of Northerners to rebuild the South following the war.**** b. The South was left embittered and devastated by the war. c. The South's factories, farms, railroads, and major cities were destroyed and lay in ruins. d. The south remained a backwards agriculture-based economy and the poorest section of the nation for many decades.
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The Battle of _________ was a turning point in the war because it made the South give up the idea of invading the North.
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Gettysburg
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ROANOKE ISLAND
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The Lost Colony • 1587 (1590 return) • Founded for economic reasons by the English • 1st permanent English settlement attempt • Disappeared
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JAMESTOWN - 1607
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positive: help from natives, beginning of trade. Negative: poor location (swamp), disease
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Pilgrims: Mayflower
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•1620 •Pilgrims (107) want to practice their religion •Colony struggled but survived with help from natives
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Massachusetts Bay Colony
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• 1628 (1624 attempt failed) • Settled by Puritans • Separatists from the Church of England to avoid persecution • Did they support religious toleration? - No
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Pennsylvania
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• 1681 • Founded by William Penn • Settled by Quakers in search of religious freedom • Most tolerant colony of the time - fair treatment of all - land ownership - non-violence
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Northern Colonies Economy
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Trade, good harbors, on trade routes Individual manufacturing: Water powered mills (textiles), Iron works, Rum making Based on the sea: Fishing, Ship building Agriculture: Subsistence (for own use) agriculture, Poor soil, long winters
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Middle Colonies Economy
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iron works, rum making, small/ med. farms (w/ indentured servants), cash crops: grains, fuit/ veggie, cows, pigs, chicken
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Southern colonies economy
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Rope, tar, turpentine, tobacco, indigo, rice, plantation system: slaves/ ind. servants, small farms too
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colonial government
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governor, governor's advisory council, legislature, town meeting
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revolutionary war (length)
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1775-1781
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Louisiana Purchase (1803)
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Thomas Jefferson authorized purchase of territory from Napoleon Bonaparte of France for $15 million More than doubled the size of the United States Led to Lewis and Clark expedition to explore new territory
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war of 1812
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President: James Madison (Madison's War) Causes: - British impressment (taking sailors off U.S. ships to work on British ships) - British supplying Native Americans with arms Key Events: - British burned the Capitol in Washington D.C. - Frances Scott Key wrote Star Spangled Banner - Impressive victory at Battle of New Orleans
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missouri compromise
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1820 The issue is balance of power in the U.S. Government - Non-slave states vs. slave states Devised by Henry Clay Maine = Free Missouri = Slave Rest of Louisiana Territory split into two parts North of 36 degrees is free South of 36 degrees is slave
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indian removal act
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1830: Congress (with support of President Andrew Jackson) passed Indian Removal Act Force Native Americans to move west Many tribes signed removal treaties Worcester vs. Georgia (1832): state of GA couldn't regulate the Cherokee Nation by law or invade Cherokee lands President Jackson refused to abide this court ruling
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trail of tears
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Following court's ruling, U.S. troops rounded up the Cherokee and drove them into camps and then journey west Fall of 1838, Cherokee were sent off in groups of 1,000 each Journey = 800 miles, mostly on foot Cherokee buried more than a quarter of their people along the Trail of Tears
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texas independence
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(texans are own people: not part of mexico) americans reside there, annexed in 1845 by US
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Mexican American war
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1846-48
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Civil War long term causes
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- Job Competition (for immigrants) - different types of economy (industrial/capital North v. slave labor/agricultural South) - Opposed to use of slave labor - Uncle Tom's Cabin - Fugitive Slave Act/Personal Liberty Laws - KS-NE Act (Bleeding Kansas) - Dred Scott Decision
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fugutive slave act
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- Fugitives not entitled to trial by jury - $10 reward for returning alleged fugitive - $5 reward if person that freed them, returned them - $1,000 fine/imprisonment for helping fugitive
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personal liberty law
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- Passed in North in response to Fugitive Slave Act - Forbid imprisonment of runaway slaves - Fugitive slaves would have jury trials
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
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- Published Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852 - Exposed the cruelty of slavery - 3,000 copies sold the 1st day - More than a million copies sold by 1853
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Kansas - Nebraska Act 1854
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- Proposed by Stephen Douglas - Break Nebraska into two states - Repealed the Missouri Compromise because it would allow slavery in the North - Allowed popular sovereignty to determine slavery
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Sack of Lawrence
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- North and South poured into Kansas - Anti-slavery settlers founded Lawrence - 800 pro slavery men burned down headquarters in Lawrence (destroyed 2 newspaper printing presses and looted houses and stores)
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john brown
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- Anti-slavery fanatic ("God called" on him to fight slavery) - Heard about Lawrence and wanted revenge - Mistakenly heard that 5 people killed in Lawrence - He found 5 proslavery settlers - chopped off their hands and stabbed them - "Pottawatomic Massacre"
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bleeding kansas
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- John Brown's massacre started fury in Kansas - 200 people killed - Territory became bloody and paranoid
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dred scott
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- Slave from MO, moved to IL, WI and then back to MO - when owner dies, sued because he should be free since lived in free states - MO Supreme Court ruled in favor of Scott's new owner - Appealed to U.S. Supreme Court - slaves are not free if moved to a free state - approved extension of slavery into territories
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Harpers ferry
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October 16, 1859 - John Brown led 18 men to start an uprising and free slaves - Captured federal armory (weapons & ammunition) - Local troops killed 8 of Brown's men - Robert Lee (w/ U.S. marines) stormed Brown's barricade. - Lee killed 2 more of Brown's men and captured Brown - December 1859, Brown was hung for treason
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triggering events
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Lincoln is elected President in 1860 In February of 1861, The Confederate States of America is formed Jefferson Davis is elected President of the Confederate States of America Confederacy fires on South Carolina Union fort at Fort Sumter in April, 1861
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July 21, 1861 - Bull Run (Virginia)
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- First battle - Union expected easy victory - Confederate victory
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September 1862 - Antietam (Maryland)
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- Union troops under McClellan found Lee's army orders wrapped around cigars - Bloodiest single day battle in American history - Casualties: 23,000 - Battle was a draw (no clear winner)
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Emancipation Proclamation
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- January, 1863 - Freed slaves under Confederate Rule (outside Union control) - Aimed at the states in rebellion
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Gettysburg (Pennsylvania)
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- 3 day battle - 1st 2 days, the Confederates were in the lead - It ended in a Union victory - Union lost 23,000 and Confederates lost 28,000 - Turning point of war
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Clara Barton - Union nurse
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- At start of the Civil War - worked as a clerk in the U.S. Patent Office - "Angel of the battlefield" for her efforts to bring medical care to Civil War battlefields - She helped decrease the death rate - Founded the American Red Cross - 1881
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lincoln assassination
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April 14, 1865 (Five days after surrender)
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