Earth Science: The Physical Setting
1st Edition
ISBN: 9780133200409
Textbook solutions
All Solutions
Page 196: Practice Questions
Exercise 1
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3
Exercise 2
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3
Exercise 3
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1
Exercise 4
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4
Exercise 5
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2
Exercise 6
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1
Exercise 7
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3
Exercise 8
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1
Exercise 9
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3
Exercise 10
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Exercise 11
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4
Exercise 12
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3
Exercise 13
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3
Exercise 14
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2
Exercise 15
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1
Exercise 16
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Exercise 17
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4
Exercise 18
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3
Exercise 19
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Exercise 20
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F
Exercise 21
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1
Exercise 22
Step 1
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The graph shows the mass of rock sample A versus shaking time of 20 minutes.
Exercise 23
Step 1
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The graph shows the mass of rock sample B versus shaking time of 20 minutes.
Exercise 24
Step 1
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The graph shows the mass of rock sample C versus shaking time of 20 minutes.
Exercise 25
Step 1
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The graph below shows the mass of rock sample A, B and C during a 20-minute shaking time.
Step 2
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The graph above also shows the differences in the weathering rate of the three rock materials. Rock sample A shows that it weathers gradually, rock sample B weathers moderately, and rock sample C weathers faster.
Step 3
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Particle size affects the rate of weathering. If the particle size is smaller, the total surface area exposed is larger, resulting to greater weathering. Mineral composition also affects rate of weathering since minerals have different physical and chemical properties. Some minerals are more resistant, and some easily weather since they dissolve in slightly acidic water while some minerals does not react chemically.
Result
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The rate of weathering is affected by the particle size and mineral composition of the rock samples.
Exercise 26
Step 1
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Rock sample C have the highest rate of weathering based on the data. Because of this, the most likely appearance of the corners and edges of the sample at the end of the 20 minutes shaking time will be rounded, and it will become smaller in size.
Result
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The corners and edges of rock sample C will become rounded.
Exercise 27
Step 1
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The shaking time and weight of rock material C is listed below:
$$begin{array}{c c c} hline
text{Shaking time (minutes)} & text{Rock material C (grams)} \ hline
0 & 25.0 \
5 & 17.5 \
10 & 12.5 \
15 & 7.5 \
20 & 5.0 \
hline
end{array} $$
$$begin{array}{c c c} hline
text{Shaking time (minutes)} & text{Rock material C (grams)} \ hline
0 & 25.0 \
5 & 17.5 \
10 & 12.5 \
15 & 7.5 \
20 & 5.0 \
hline
end{array} $$
Step 2
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The formula for the rate of change in the mass of rock material C at the end of the 20 minutes is given by:
$$ begin{aligned}
text{Rate of change} &= frac{text{initial weight}-text{final weight}} {text{time}} tag{1}
end{aligned} $$
$$ begin{aligned}
text{Rate of change} &= frac{text{initial weight}-text{final weight}} {text{time}} tag{1}
end{aligned} $$
Step 3
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Plug given values in equation (1):
$$ begin{aligned}
text{Rate of change} &= frac{text{25.0 grams}-text{5.0 grams}} {text{20 minutes}} \
&= 1 frac{text{gram}}{text{minute}}
end{aligned} $$
$$ begin{aligned}
text{Rate of change} &= frac{text{25.0 grams}-text{5.0 grams}} {text{20 minutes}} \
&= 1 frac{text{gram}}{text{minute}}
end{aligned} $$
Result
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1 gram per minute
Exercise 28
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Forest action, Weathering or earthquakes.
Exercise 29
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The shape of the sediment is most likely sharp or angular and not rounded. forest action and other agents of physical weathering produce angular shaped sediment. Also the sediment has not been moved by running water, waves or wind so it is not likely rounded.
Exercise 30
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The sediment can be considered a tool because the glacier uses it to erode or abrade. the erosion by the sediment could help create landscape features such as U-shaped valleys and grooves.
Exercise 31
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the sediment would end up in a sand dune by erosion and deposition by wind.
Exercise 32
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A stream would transport a sediment at different speeds because of varying gradients or slopes, differences in discharge and in location within a stream such as the inside or outside of a meander. Also because a sediment will likely become smaller as it is carried in a stream, its speed will vary
Exercise 33
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The sediment could move from the delta to a beach by wave action or currents along the shore or could be moved by wind erosion.
Exercise 34
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Sand castles are made by humans and thus sediment has to be moved or eroded by humans to make the castle.
Exercise 35
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Glaciers, running water, gravity, wind, ocean waves and humans.
Exercise 36
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The sediment would likely become smaller in volume and mass, more rounded, and smoother. these changes would be caused by abrasion during transport by running water, wind, waves, ocean currents and glaciers. the sediment may also become frosted or pitted by wind erosion or scratched by glacial erosion.
Exercise 37
Step 1
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The graph shows the average monthly stream discharge of a stream in New York State in cubic feet per second.
Exercise 38
Step 1
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The stream’s discharge and the amount of suspended sediment that can be carried by this stream is directly proportional. When the stream has high discharge, it can carry a large amount of suspended sediment, but if it has low discharge, it can only carry small amount of suspended sediments.
Result
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The stream’s discharge and the amount of suspended sediment that can be carried by this stream is directly proportional.
Exercise 39
Step 1
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Some reasons that could explain why the stream’s discharge in April is usually greater than its discharge in January are:
$bullet$ Snowmelt in April in New York State results in a higher stream discharge.
$bullet$ Higher precipitation in April causes increased stream discharge.
$bullet$ Increased rainfall in April makes the ground saturated causing more runoff and increased stream discharge.
$bullet$ Snowmelt in April in New York State results in a higher stream discharge.
$bullet$ Higher precipitation in April causes increased stream discharge.
$bullet$ Increased rainfall in April makes the ground saturated causing more runoff and increased stream discharge.
Result
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Increased rainfall in New York State causes greater stream discharge in April.
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