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molecular biology chapter 1 Essay Example

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question

molecular biology

answer

study of essential cellular macromolecules, including DNA RNA and proteins, and the biological pathways between them

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biologi

...

cal information

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the genetic instructions that shape every living cell and virus and catalysis

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life is a chemical system capable of Darwinian evolution

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smallest atoms elements that can form 3,4,2,1 bonds with other atoms?

answer

hydrogen nitrogen carbon oxygen

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< div class = " flash card_q "> adaptation
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< div class = " flash card_a ">
< span class = " lbl "> answer
< div class = " flash card_a_text "> cells and organisms are sensitive and respond to their external environment.

+In this case, the cell is increasing its internal salt concentration to adjust to ionic changes in the external medium.

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class="flashcard__q">homeostasis

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within living cell, parameters such as ph., temperature, ion concentrations and biomolecule concentrations are all maintained within narrow limits by transport of required substances across cell membranes and by a regulated internal metabolism.

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complexity and organization.

answer Eukaryotic cells are subdivided into compartments called organelles that perform specialized tasks within the cell.Multicellular organisms consist of tissues, organs and organ systems.

The larger organizational categories include species, populations, and ecosystems.

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growth, development and death

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Each organism has a finite life cycle. The cell shown is in the telophase stage of mitosis, or cell division

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transmission of genetic info between generations

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Reproduction to produce new cells or organisms is essential for a species to remain part of the biosphere for more than one generation.The genetic material housed in chromosomes has been duplicated and is in the process of separating into daughter cells.

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interactions

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each living cell interacts with other cells or organisms and with its environment

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energy acquisition

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to maintain both complexity and homeostasis, living systems undergo a constant struggle to obtain energy from sunlight, the environment, or other organisms.This cell is engulfing nutrients from its environment.

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enzymes

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powerful catalysts that are highly specific, each enzyme accelerates one or a small number of chemical processes.

Most enzymes, proteins or RNA molecules, are essential for a cell's functioning. They determine the cell's nutrient intake, growth rate,

waste elimination, cellular membrane construction, response to other cells, and reproduction. Another area of study is evolution and development (evo-devo), which focuses on minor changes in regulatory processes that lead to significant organismal transformations. The RNA world hypothesis proposed by Carl Woese, Francis Crick, and Leslie Orgel suggests the existence of a living system based on RNA. This system would include various RNA enzymes capable of catalyzing reactions to synthesize life-sustaining molecules from simpler environmental molecules. Replicators would be present to duplicate all RNA catalysts within this system. Furthermore, the RNA organism is defined by its boundaries as it operates out of equilibrium with its environment.

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catalytic RNAs or Ribozymes

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enzymes that are composed of RNA rather than protein

question< / span >

LUCA< / D i V >

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anSWer< / SPan >< dIV Class='FlashCard_A_Text'>last universal common ancestor;

The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is the most recent organism from which all organisms on Earth descend. It is believed to have lived around 3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago, and it represents a hypothetical organism that gave rise to all life as we know it today.

This cell gave rise

to all life now present on earth

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LUCA generated the 3 major groups of organisms that we have today

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bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

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natural selection

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individuals best adapted to exploit the prevailing resources are the ones most likely to survive and reproduce

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horizontal gene transfer

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process in which organisms can also acquire NEW genes through gene flow from other species. Some ways in which horizontal gene transfer occurs include transduction, conjugation, and transformation.

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postulate of

objectivity

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an assumption that forces and phenomena that exist in the universe are not subject to arbitrary change.

The application of the scientific method allows us to comprehend that science cannot succeed in a universe that deceives us. The term "scientific method" pertains to the process initiated by questioning nature. Observations are made and a hypothesis is formulated to explain them. This hypothesis serves as an initial idea or proposal, providing a reasonable explanation for one or more observations, but lacking sufficient experimental tests for support. To withstand rigorous critical examination, experiments are conducted to test assumptions based on the hypothesis. A "scientific theory" surpasses a hypothesis by offering an explanation for a collection of experimental observations and serves as a solid foundation for further investigation. Once a scientific theory has undergone repeated testing and validation through various types of experiments, it becomes acknowledged as a "fact." When the hypothesis is rejected, accepted, or modified, it prompts the inquiry of determining the minimal set of genes necessary in a living cell. This question is presented within a single__flashcard div container containing both the q_and_img div with the question label and flashcard__q div featuring the actual question itself.The flashcard__img div remains empty. The answer to this question resides within a flashcard__a div container which includes both an answer label and flashcard__a_text div presenting the answer itself.The following response outlines the potential for

scientists to develop a designed cell in the near future, which can have practical applications in bioremediation and biofuel production. It also discusses how this research may offer insights into LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor). Furthermore, it notes that researchers have successfully created a synthetic version of the Mycoplasma mycodes bacterium's genome and implanted it into host cells by replacing their existing DNA.

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can we reconstruct the entire tree of life?

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developing a complete tree of life is an ongoing effort of evolutionary biology, making use of the tools of molecular biology and complementary information from the fossils and geologic records

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what is the full set of mechanisms that drive evolution?and how much does each mechanisms contribute?

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genetic variation in a species results from spontaneous DNA damage, replication errors, transposition, DNA repair processes gone awry, genetic recombination, and many other processes.Molecular biology provides the roadmap to a comprehensive listing and understanding.Many mechanisms are increasingly understood but surprises are still common.

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Can evolution be controlled?

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Bacteria respond to stress by activating certain genes, leading to increased levels of mutagenesis in E. coli.

Researchers from academic institutions and the biotechnology industry worldwide are optimistic that inhibiting bacterial stress responses to DNA damage can help slow down the development of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria. This resistance has become a growing concern in medical treatments.

molecular biology chapter 1 Essay Example

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