Lence Lazoroski Mary Essay Example

coma; they can also be fatal. These injuries impact brain functions such as mobility, personality traits including speech and language proficiency , consciousness level ,and memory recall.The diagnosis offered by ADSM-IV-TRW includes Cognitive Disorder NO'S (not otherwise specified), Dementia secondary to TUB,and Amnesties Disorder which are secondary to TBal; however,no specific diagnoses are provided for TUBs.In Mary's case,it was evident that she had suffered a concussion resulting in unconsciousness during water rescue.ADSM-IV-TRW categorizes this under Postindustrial Disorders classification.The diagnosis criterion for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) includes a history of head trauma resulting in significant cerebral concussion that can cause loss of consciousness, postgraduates amnesia, and less commonly, postgraduates onset of seizures. A person's difficulty with attention or memory can be determined through neurophysiology testing or cognitive assessment. Exact criteria for diagnosing this disorder require further research.

To diagnose TBI, at least three of Criteria C symptoms must last for at least three months after the trauma: 1.Easily fatigued, 2.Disordered sleep, 3.Headaches, 4.Dizziness or vertigo, 5.Irritability or aggression without provocation, 6.Anxiety, depression or unstable moods, 7.Personality changes (e.g.,inappropriateness in social or sexual settings), 8.Apathy or lack of spontaneity. Symptoms should have their onset following head trauma or indicate a worsening of pre-existing ones (Criteria D). The disturbance must significantly impair social/occupational functioning and represent a decline from previous levels (Criteria E). In children specifically academic performance may worsen significantly following the trauma.

Symptoms shouldn't diagnose TBI-induced dementia nor be better accounted for by another mental disorder like Amnesia Disorder Due to Head Trauma. Personality Change Due to Head Trauma is also not included in diagnostic criteria according to Ontario Memorandum Foundation(p.3).A Traumatic Brain Injury can result from an

open or closed head injury. An open head injury involves a skull fracture or the breach of the protective membranes surrounding the brain, possibly requiring surgery to repair bone fragments and implant synthetic pieces. Blows to the head can cause both types of injuries, which may lead to mild to severe brain damage. Mary's PET scan revealed bruising and hemorrhaging on frontal lobes tissues, indicating a closed head injury without signs of required surgical repair. PET scans differ from MRIs and CT scans by displaying how organs and tissues function rather than their structure. This imaging test involves injecting a small amount of radioactive substance into a vein that collects in organs or tissues, converting emitted energy into 3-dimensional images for physicians to interpret on a monitor.According to Tool (2010), the entire process takes roughly 30 minutes. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technique used to measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood oxygenation and flow that result from neural activity, as explained by Devoid (2012, Para 1). This method can help identify which areas of the brain are more active and associated with specific mental processes, such as motor and language mapping, semantic processing, time perception, compensatory processing, response inhibition and emotional processing (Leak et al.). For Mary's case where she struggles academically following an injury, an fMRI scan may reveal any related complications resulting from mild to severe brain damage. To evaluate Mary's level of injury using The Glasgow Come Scale test developed by Transubstantiation's.Com in 2001; motor response, verbal response and eye opening response are measured on a scale of 15 points based on her social capability or dependence on

others. Eye Opening Response is evaluated based on whether it is Spontaneous-open with blinking at baseline-4 points.The points for verbal response to stimuli are as follows: 3 points for speech, commands or verbal stimuli; no response is given 2 points, confused conversation with the ability to answer questions receives 4 points, inappropriate words equal 3 points and incomprehensible speech grants 2 points. For motor response: obeying commands for movement results in a score of 6, purposeful movement to painful stimulus gives a score of 5, withdrawing in response to pain equates to a score of 4, flexing in response to pain (decorticate posturing) equals a score of 3 while an extension response in reaction to pain (decelerate posturing) grants only two points. No response at all is worth one point. In terms of categorization, no eye opening along with zero ability to follow instructions and lack of word overvaluations falls under coma resulting in scores ranging from three through eight. Depending on their ACS score rating patients can be classified as having suffered from severe head injury when scoring eight or less on this test; moderate head injury ranges from nine through twelve while mild head injuries range between thirteen and fifteen on this scale according to CDC (2003). It is important that it be noted that the results obtained using this test can vary depending on how long has passed since the initial injury occurred; patients may initially obtain low scores but later improve such as Mary who was unconscious at first and presumably scored poorly on this test.After two hours, Mary responded well to a neurologist's examination. She reacted positively to verbal stimuli

and showed improvement overnight. The next day, she was awake and able to respond weakly verbally to her parents. Using the Glasgow Coma Scale one day after the injury is expected to demonstrate significant progress in Mary's condition. Two tests that can be used to compare and contrast Mary's intellectual abilities before and after the injury are the NAIRA Test and Heckler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) test. These assessments can help identify any problems that may have caused her academic performance decline due to her Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), and recommend appropriate treatment options. The NAIRA Test is commonly used for estimating verbal intellectual ability, with a 61-word list designed for US and Canadian residents; scores range from O - 60, with incorrect pronunciations counted as errors. However, administering this test may prove difficult if English isn't Mary's primary language given that she is Latino; it should be noted there isn't sufficient information available regarding whether English is her primary or secondary language. On the other hand, WAIS IV is a paper-and-pencil test designed explicitly for cognitive abilities measurement purposes.Developed in 2012, the TUB test consists of four subtests - Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing speed - and takes between 60 to 90 minutes to complete. Mary should take this test to assess her strengths and weaknesses in these abilities. Obtaining past school records such as No Child Left Behind Testing can help understand Mary's current degree of brain damage. If Mary previously achieved high scores on these tests but now performs poorly, it is reasonable to conclude that the TUB is responsible for this decline. This will also aid in developing

treatment recommendations.

To measure Mary's cognitive speed, we have selected Trails A, Digit-Symbol Test, and PASTA test. Although she noted a decline in note-taking ability, Trail Making Test and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDTV) are crucial for evaluating diagnosis and determining its cause.

The Trail Making Test requires participants to connect-the-dots with increasing numbers or letters sequence-wise in Tests A & B respectively. The SDTV is a substitution task that identifies cognitive impairment under five minutes; it detects changes in cognitive functioning over time due to treatment making it an effective tool for assessing individuals with brain damage or learning disorders like Alzheimer's disease or strokes.The SDTV requires participants to match numbers with given geometric figures within 90 seconds, and can be administered through either written or oral responses. The test takes only five minutes per response mode, according to Western Psychological Services (ND). On the other hand, the PASTA assessment measures cognitive function by evaluating auditory information processing speed, flexibility, and calculation ability. To maintain consistency in stimulus presentation, the test is conducted via an audio cassette tape or compact disk. Each digit is presented every three seconds and patients must add it to the previous one. The assessment includes practice sessions and typically lasts for approximately 10-15 minutes (National MS Society, ND., Para 1). The score is based on a total of 60 possible correct answers. Mary's prior academic performance suggests that if she had taken similar tests before her scores would have been high. These current results will provide insight into her present cognitive abilities compared to past ones amidst recent TUB symptoms such as depression, potential learning disabilities severity and PETS which will

require ongoing treatment with close monitoring in accordance with diagnoses. If Mary exhibits symptoms of depression or PETS medication may be recommended as part of treatment efforts.It may be beneficial for Mary to consider cognitive and behavioral therapy. Despite experiencing a less severe TUB, Mary and her medical team must determine which functions require restoration versus re-learning. Fortunately, Mary displayed positive signs during a neurological test administered shortly after the injury, responding to questions and recognizing her parents. Additionally, exercises aimed at improving cognitive skills like arithmetic problems, concentration enhancement, and logic puzzles could potentially aid in her recovery.