GCSE Geography A Unit 2 – Changing Rural Environments – Flashcards
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What is the Rural-Urban fringe?
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An area around a town or city where urban and rural areas mix and compete
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What are the Characteristics of the Rural Urban fringe?
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- Leisure: Rural-urban fringe serves city as a leisure area; Retail Outlets: Area of land good for retail parks - Commuting: More people willing to spend time, money, energy and travel to work to be able to live the countryside.
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What are the reasons for pressure on rural-urban fringe
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• Population growth: Increases demand for houses; richer people want: large houses, quiet, bigger garden and space. • Lack of congestion: Better for industry and retail outlets, more efficient, less traffic, less restrictions, easy access, faster.
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What are the demands for land in the rural-urban fringe?
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• The rural-urban fringe is under intense pressure due to growth of urban areas (Urban sprawl) and the increasing mobility of the population because of car ownership. • Main demands on the land are for retail developments for example: Leisure (Golf course, horse-riding, etc.), residential (growth of villages) and transport (ring roads, airport, etc.)
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What is Urban Sprawl?
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The spreading of urban areas into the surrounding rural/ rural urban fringe-areas.
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What are Retail parks?
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Large warehouse-style shops of ten grouped together on the edge of a town or city, aiming to serve as many people as possible.
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What is a Regional shopping centre?
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A major indoor shopping centre with a large car parking area, located close to a large urban area at a high access point, such as a motorway junction, so having millions of customers within two hours driving time.
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CASE STUDY: The rural-urban fringe of London
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Notes on the rural-urban fringe of London.
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What were the reasons for developing?
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• Space needed for new businesses and science parks. • Rising house prices in city. • Pressure to develop new retailing to serve city. • Pressure for rural-style living by communities. • New infrastructure: roads and railways for community and other links.
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Give an example of a retail park in London:
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E.g. Bluewater Shopping Centre.
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What are the transport links like for Bluewater?
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Great transport links: • 40 minutes from central London. • Served by 60 buses per hour. • A mile from the M25 and the A2/M2 Junction. • Good rail links. • Free parking.
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What are the critics of Bluewater?
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1. Too close to Thurrock - Although after initial interest largely unfounded (could see Thames as a physical barrier?) 2. Impact on Gravesend and Dartford - here the CBD's have suffered from competition. 3. Environmental Impact: - Increased congestion on the roads/ accidents (congestion every day until late). - Light pollution. - Now acting as a growth pole, attracting hotels, business parks in an already busy area. - Have attempted to 'Blend in' i.e. grey colour, tree planting, in a quarry etc.
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What is likely to happen to future developments?
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Unlikely that any more edge of town developments like Bluewater will be built in the rural-urban fringe.
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Where could it attract customers from?
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France (channel tunnel link) also it is a high access location.
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What Transport Developments have occoured on the rural urban fringe?
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• Rail & road networks are of good quality in the rural-urban fringe, so transport is relatively quick and efficient. As people move into the rural-urban fringe, infrastructure must increase to serve their needs. • More people - more cars - expanded road network. The M25 motorway around London was primarily built to help movement around the city and within the rural-urban fringe. • It is said that as roads expand so do the amount of cars to fill them.
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What are the impact of these developments?
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• Traffic noise and pollution increase due to more traffic. • People already living there may feel extra housing and developments spoil the area. • Farmers may be forced to sell their land so it can be built on, meaning they can't earn a living. • Wildlife habitats destroyed by building on them.
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What is Counter-urbanisation?
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The process of people leaving towns and cities to live in more rural areas such as the rural urban fringe. This can lead to suburbanised villages.
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What is a Suburbanised Village?
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A village within community range of a large urban area in demand. Housing estates attached to the village edges aim to fulfil this demand. (Commuter Village)
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What are the stages of development for a commuter village?
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1. Individual houses are attached to the village edge. Barns are converted to houses. Growth is minimal. 2. Linear development takes place along main road. Land between the roads is filled in with housing developments. This makes a significant change to the village character. Many people work outside the village.
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CASE STUDY, Chalgrove, an example of a suburbanised/commuter village:
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Notes on Chalgrove an example of a suburbanised/commuter village.
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Where does Chalgrove lie?
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Chalgrove lies on the edge of rural-urban fringe between Oxford and London.
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Which city can the residents commute to?
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Its residents can commute to work in either city.
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What has the population risen to? And what is happening to other Oxfordshire villages?
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Its population has risen to 11,000, which means this village has grown into a small town. Although some Oxfordshire villages are growing, others are declining, location and planning regulations are key factors.
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What are the reasons for growth in Charlgrove?
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• The village is close to the M40 motorway allowing access to London. • It has A-road access to Oxford. • Mainline railway stations are accessible in nearby. • It provides a range of local services, including health and education. • New job opportunities are growing in the Bidcot-Thame development axis. • Chalgrove is outside both the greenbelt and the area of outstanding natural beauty, so is not limited by, their planning restrictions. • Since 1993, the south Oxfordshire development plan has actively encouraged the further development of larger villages like Chalgrove.
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What is the typical 'Suburban' resident of Charlgrove?
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• Are highly mobile (90% of households have cars) • Work in the profession or in management (40%) • Have lived in the village for less than 10 years.
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Why has the number and size of suburbanised (commuter) villages increased?
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• People want to live in village for a nicer environment, less crime, less pollution and noise. • Transport links are good (road and rail) means people can live further away from their workplace.
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What are the characteristics of Growing settlements?
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• Lots of services e.g. Shops, schools restaurants. • New detached houses, converted barns or cottages and expensive estates. • Good public transport links. • Some jobs e.g. in local shops. • Middle-aged couples with children, professionals and wealthy retired people who have moved from the city because it's a nicer environment in the countryside.
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Case Study: Economic and social changes in Snowdonia, North Wales.
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Notes on social and economic changes that have taken place in rural areas. (Snowdonia)
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What are the Social changes in Snowdonia?
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• Rural depopulation: Is the movement of people out of an area. This leaves the area under populated. • Better job opportunities elsewhere: Emigration of young adults to towns or cities to access higher education and then seek employment. Many of these young people never return home. • Loss of services: A result of rural depopulation is that services such as post offices, doctor' surgeries, primary schools and village shops are forced to close. This can destroy communities and result in people moving away. • Growth in ownership of second homes: The amount of people who work in the city that have brought second homes has increased. This means their occupants are rarely there and therefore not contributing to villages' life by using local services. It also raises house prices.
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What are the Economic changes in Snowdonia?
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• Decline in hill farming: The cost farmers are able to sell lamb for is less than the cost of production. This means many farmers were unable to continue to earning a living from the land. Competition from abroad also sells cheaper lamb to supermarkets. • Job losses: Agriculture and quarrying have experienced a reduction in the amount of jobs available. People are forced to move to towns to look for work. • Housing shortage: Many remote rural areas have land which is protected and no development is allowed to take place there. This means young people are unable to afford homes in their village and are forced into towns to buy or rent properties.
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What is Rural Depopulation?
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People leaving a rural area to live elsewhere, usually in an urban area.
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What are Economic Changes?
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Changes to people's costs, finances, incomes, finances.
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What are Social Changes?
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Changes to people's health, lifestyle, community.
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CASE STUDY: Growth in ownership of second homes - Rhyd, Snowdonia
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Notes on second homes in Rhyd, Snowdonia.
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What is a second home?
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A home bought to stay in only at weekend or for holidays.
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What are the benefits of second homes?
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• Provides trade for local trades such as builder, plumbers etc. • Existing home owners have seen increase in value of their homes. • Older properties in need of repair have been restored. • Tourists do bring some money into the local area.
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What are the problems of second homes?
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• House prices increase due to competition between buyers of second homes causing many youngsters to be out priced from their own local area. Mainly elderly and retired people stay. • Villages can become nearly deserted as some houses remain empty for much of the year - this has resulted in closure of services due to a fall in demand. Also this makes it quiet during weekdays. • Some improvements (including renovation) carried out by second home owners are not in the same style as the rest of the village. • Some locals don't like the new home owners and so the community spirit can be changed. Community can be small and isolated. • Services close, more restaurants open, infrequent public transport available services. • Unemployment is high, few farm workers are left and low paid seasonal jobs in the tourism industry may be available.
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What are declining villages?
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Villages where the population is falling and services are decreasing.
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Draw a cycle diagram for a declining village
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http://puu.sh/8omG3.png
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What Characteristics do declining villages have?
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• Little or no public transport due to lack of demand. • Some poor quality houses, which might be quite basic. Some second homes. • Few jobs (often badly paid) and relatively high unemployment. • An elderly population- young people move away leaving older people behind • Few services due to lack of demand. Often no school or shops.
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What does Sustainable living mean?
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Living in a way that doesn't irreversibly damage the environment or use resources faster than they can be replaced.
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How can we be sustainable?
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1. Conserving resources such as water and fossil fuel e.g. using public transport more and using irrigation techniques that don't waste water. 2. Protect the environment e.g. reducing the use of herbicides, artificial fertilisers and pesticides to reduce their impacts. Maintaining hedgerows to provide wildlife habitats.
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Which Government Policies aim to reduce farming's environmental impact?
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1. Environmental Stewardship Scheme: This involves paying farmers money for managing their land to reduce the environmental impact e.g. Farming organically. 2. Single payment scheme: This involves paying farmers a subsidy (money) but only if they keep their land in a good environmental condition, e.g. if they leave a 2 metre area around the edge of crop fields for habitats.
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Why do people need good transport?
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People need to be able to get to work and be able to access services to improve the quality of rural life.
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Which Government Policies aim to improve transport?
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1. Rural Transport Partnership: Financial grants support and advise local transport groups on the practicalities of setting up services. 2. Buses4U: A minibus scheme open to all members of the rural communities in East Surrey. Journeys need to be routes that are planned.
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Which Government Policies aim to improve services?
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Village Shop development scheme: This grant scheme aims to help village and farm shops and other local services to provide for their communities more efficiently. Provides employment for local people.
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What does Rural Challenge mean?
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Rural challenge involves 11 rural regeneration schemes in the 1990s to generate jobs, improve living standards and tackle social disadvantage, which can happen as easily in rural areas as well as in urban ones.
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What does Rural Challenge involve?
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• £75 million created 3,000 jobs and 18,000 people got weeks of training to give them marketable skills. • Around 200 new community facilities were set up. One example is in Bishop's Castle, Shropshire, which has 37 small business units with an IT resource centre and childcare facilities. • Grants for arts, tourism, transport and social projects are available.
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What is the aim of Rural Challenge?
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• Remove failing traditional industries and community economic and social problems, which go hand in hand. • Employment opportunities should increase. • In West Wales, 2003, some 6,000 jobs were created and another 7,000 protected. Cornwall and the Scilly Isles have benefits similarly.
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CASE STUDY: Commercial Arable Farming in East Anglia
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Notes on Commercial Arable Farming in East Anglia
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What is Arable farming?
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Growing crops via commercial farming. Farming with the intention of making a profit by selling crops and/or livestock.
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What does Capital intensive mean?
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Farming to achieve maximum production via inputs of money to allow purchase of fuel, fertilisers and buildings that will allow maximum output.
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What factors effect farming?
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All agriculture is affected by both physical; and human/ economic circumstances. Farmers make decisions on land use based on quality of land, climate, supermarket pressure and people's choice of what to buy.
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What towns do East Anglia cover and how does the landscape vary?
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As a farming region, East Anglia covers Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex and Cambridgeshire. The landscape varies from undulation grazing land to fertile fenland which is farmed intensively.
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What crops are grown in East Anglia?
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• Cereal crops: growing more than a quarter of England's wheat and barley. • 1/3 of East Anglia's 1.4 million hectares is used for wheat alone. • Well over half the UK's sugar beet crop and a third of all potatoes come from Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire.
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What livestock is farmed in East Anglia?
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• Pig and poultry industry centres on East Anglia. Fed on local wheat. • More than 1 million pigs live on 1,900 farms. • Beef and dairy cattle heards and sheep flocks are small compared with others which specialise in these, such as the south-west peninsula. • Grazing land is still an important part of the east Anglian landscape raising crops, feed and livestock is known as mixed farming.
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What physical factors effect farming?
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• Ideal for intensive arable production. • Low rainfall (around 650mm per year) comes mainly in spring and summer, when it proves most useful to growing crops. • Warm summers (July =18oc), with plenty of sunshine hours, ensure.
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What human factors effect farming?
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• Large farm machinery is essential to production on this scale. • Farms 100's of hectares in size. • Expensive equipment. • 24hr work. • Chemicals: fertilisers, pesticides and weed killers.
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What was farming like before Agribusinesses?
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• Many ancient hedgerows. • Lots of hard work done by hand. • Traditional low-tech machinery - slow and unreliable. • Small irregular fields. • Greater variety of animals kept usually free-range.
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What was farming like after Agribusinesses?
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• Large, square or rectangular fields. • Wide farm tracks to allow access for heavy machinery. • Few hedgerows. • Large farm buildings for housing machinery. Modern equipment like insecticide sprayers.
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How have Agribusinesses replaced traditional farming?
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• There used to be lots of small family owned farms now large companies own large farms.
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What does Agribusiness aim for? Who do they sell for? And how do they farm?
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Agribusiness is large-scale farming of crops or livestock, aiming for high yields. Products usually supply major supermarkets. Farms are highly mechanised and capital intensive. Little labour is needed. Farms may be owned by companies and several farms can be operated by one company.
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How can modern farming practices harm the environment?
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Monoculture, Eutrophication and using chemicals
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1) What is monoculture?
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Growing just one type of crop, this reduces biodiversity (the number and variety of organisms) as there are fewer habitats.
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2) How can Chemicals harm the environment?
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• Herbicides can also kill wildflowers. • Pesticides can kill other insects as well as pests. • Fertilisers can pollute rivers (Eutrophication), killing fish. • Making fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides uses fossil fuels increases global warming.
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3) What is Eutrophication and how does it happen?
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The pollution of fresh water from agricultural waste or fertiliser. • Fertilisers are washed into the lake. • Algae starts to grow rapidly, blocking out the light. • The plants below the surface of the lake die. • Oxygen levels decrease. • Fish and other fauna die.
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How can modern farming practices used in East Anglia damage ecosystems?
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Removing hedgerows, using GM crops.
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What reasons are there for removing hedgerows?
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• Hedges get in the way of big machinery in fields. • Hedges take up space which could be used for farmland. • Hedges harbour insect and animal pests as well as weeds.
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What reasons are there for keeping hedgerows?
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• Hedges provide a home for wildlife- birds, animals, insects and plants. • Hedges reduce wind speed. • Well looked after hedges are attractive. • Hedge roots hold the soil together and reduce erosion. • Cutting hedges cost the farmer time and money. A Hedge cutting costs over £70,000.
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What does a GM crop involve?
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Involves putting genes from other species (sometimes animals) into a crop to give it certain characteristics that increase yield.
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Why can GM be good?
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• Because GM crops are more resistant to pests less pesticides are needed. • Drought - resistant GM crops that require less water could help people in famine prone areas - GM crops could save world hunger. • Less food would be wasted because GM crops can be engineered to last longer after they are harvested. • Crops could be engineered to contain substances like vitamins that could benefit human health.
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Why can GM be bad?
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• We can't predict the effect on human health. • GM crops are immune to weed killers so stronger ones can be used - these could kill off wild plant species. • GM crops could genetically 'contaminate' other crops and wild crops by cross pollination. • GM crops can be made to produce barren seed that will not grow. This would force farmers to buy new seed every year.
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How do Supermarkets affect farming?
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• Supermarkets control 75% of grocery sales in the UK - this means farmers often have no choice but to cut their prices when asked by the supermarkets as there is no-one else to sell to. • If they don't cut their prices the supermarkets will find other suppliers. • Farmers in East Anglia have been affected by supermarket prices e.g. the price they get for peas has decreased. • Supermarkets set farmers strict standards of size, shape and quality of produce and they insist that farms comply with environmental and animal welfare regulations.
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What is the influence of food processing firms in East Anglia?
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• Many foods need processing before supermarkets buy them, so products may be bought by processing firms. They sell the finished product to the supermarket at a profit. This adds another step which can further reduce prices paid to the farmers. • Some farmers struggle to make a living due to the low prices and some go out of business.
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How do east Anglian farmers have to compete with global market? And what did it use to be like?
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• Before the 1960s most of the foods people ate was grown in the UK, usually in the local area. • Since then there has been an increase in global trading of food and more of our food is imported from other countries. • Imported food is often cheaper if it is grown in poorer countries where farmers pay less for land and workers to harvest. - UK farmers have to compete with these lower prices.
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What is organic farming?
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A farm that does not use chemicals in the production of crops or livestock.
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What are the key aims of Organic farming?
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• Organic farming is a form of agriculture relying on crop rotation, green manure, compost and biological pest control. Animal welfare issues are also a priority. • No man-made chemical fertilisers and pesticides, chemical fertilisers and pesticides, livestock feed additives and GM crops. • It is generally considered to be more sustainable because it looks after the soil and natural habitats, and producing healthier food for people. • However, yields per hectare are significantly lower than in non-organic farming, making produce more expensive to buy.
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What are the advantages to Organic farming?
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• Organic farming methods are kinder to animals. • Minimizes the use of pesticides. • Fossil fuels are not used up to make artificial fertilizers. • There are no potentially harmful chemicals on the food. • Doesn't contain any GM foods.
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What are the disadvantages to Organic farming?
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• Organic fruits and vegetables perish more quickly. • Takes two years to convert land to organic production. • Not available in all shops. • It takes more land and labour to produce some food so it costs more so some people can't afford it.
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What do Government policies aim to do to farming's environmental impact?
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Government policies aim to reduce farming's environmental impact.
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1) What does the Environmental Stewardship Scheme aim to do?
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This involves paying farmers money for managing their land to reduce the environmental impact e.g. Farming organically.
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2) What does the Single payment scheme aim to do?
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This involves paying farmers a subsidy (money) but only if they keep their land in a good environmental condition, e.g. if they leave a 2 metre area around the edge of crop fields for habitats.
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4) What does the energy crops scheme aim to do?
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Farmers are given money to grow biofuel crops instead of food crops. These are fast-growing wood plants (e.g. Willow) that provide fuel for power stations or biomass boilers. This is renewable energy is used instead of burning fossil fuels which should decrease global warming.
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5) How do farmers restore wildlife?
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• Replacing hedgerows and keeping them well trimmed. • Leaving a strip of land along both sides of a hedge to increase wildlife habitat. • Planting trees and managing woodland. • Looking after ditches and ponds. • Maintaining hay meadows and grassland.
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How is Soil erosion a big problem for Tropical Farmers?
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• Soil erosion happens as a result of wind and rain. It is common in tropical areas because - heavy rainfall which wastes away the soil. Overgrazing can cause erosion because plants that hold the soil together are removed.
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What serious problems can soil erosion cause?
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1. Erosion of the nutrient-rich top layer of soil makes it unsuitable for farming. 2. When the land cannot be farmed anymore the farmers either have to move away (e.g. to urban areas) or they have to clear more land and start again. 3. The eroded soil is washed into rivers which raises riverbeds so the river cannot hold as much water and is more likely to flood.
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What leads to erosion and soil destruction?
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• Mining ruins large areas. • Agribusinesses has little regard of the soil. • Heavy machinery compacts the ground. • Irrigation with inadequate drainage can cause salinity and waterlogging. • Over cropping and monoculture impoverish the soil. • 1 million hectares of arable land are lost every year in the USA to highway, urbanisation and industry (land is lost at an even greater rate than fast-growing cities in Latin America). • Cutting down trees and removing hedges leaves soil exposed to wind and increases leaching and surface run-off.
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What is farming like for areas with a wetter climate and steeper relief?
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• Afforestation on steeper slopes. • Strip cultivation with alternate crops in same area. • Contour ploughing on more gentle slopes. • Crops alternate with grass to prevent over cultivation and soil exhaustion.
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What is farming like for areas with a drier climate and strong winds?
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• Natural manure used where possible. • Gullies filled in with soil and replanted. • Overgrazing reduced by having smaller but better quality herds.
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What is irrigation?
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Water of farmland by artificial means, mainly in dry areas or during dry periods.
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Why is irrigation needed?
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Rainfall in subtropical areas is seasonal so some irrigation of crops is needed.
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What are the four types of irrigation?
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Wells, Canals, Tube wells, Drip irrigation, Sprinkler irrigation
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1) How does well irrigation work?
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A traditional method using buckets to raise water from the water table. (The top layer of saturated rock is call the water table).
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2) How does canal irrigation work?
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Water is diverted from the main river to water crops.
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3) How do Tube wells work?
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A modern method using a pipe bored deep into the ground into the water table. Filtered water is raised to the surface using a diesel or electric pump.
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4) How does Drip irrigation work?
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Pipes are laid across the fields. Water flows through them slowly and drips out through holes in the pipe. It soaks gradually into the soil over a long period of time.
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5) How does Sprinkler irrigation work?
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Water is piped to one or more central locations within the field, Pressure sprinklers then distribute water to the crops. Countries at further stages of development including the UK, favour this method but it is expensive to set up and run and is therefore less valuable in poorer countries.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages to drip irrigation?
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Advantages: • Uses a small amount of water. • Little chance for water to evaporate. • Plants have regular supply of water. • Easy to control and inexpensive to set up. • Minimises soil erosion. Disadvantages: • Only works with crops grown in rows. • Needs gently sloping land to work efficiently. • Pipes can become clogged with silt. • Needs a pump to flow well on flat land.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages to sprinkler irrigation?
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Advantages: • Flexible - can be fed by house from water source. • Can be moved easily around a field. • Can use recycled water. Disadvantages: • Expensive to start up. • May need a pump to run. • Leaves get wet and might get rot. • Uses more water. • Higher rate of evaporation.
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CASE STUDY: Dams and reservoirs e.g. The Aswan High dam in Egypt
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Notes on The Aswan High dam.
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What advantages are there to the Aswan High Dam?
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• Assured water supply throughout Egypt. • Desert can be used for farmland. • Cultivated area doubled from 4% to 8 %. • 2 or 3 crops grown a year instead of 1. • No longer risk of floods. • Electricity supply for whole country.
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What disadvantages are there to the Aswan High Dam?
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• Fishermen's income declines - they don't catch as many fish. • Soil gets salty, farmers have to buy fertilisers to keep their yield high. • Farmers also have to buy diesel for their pumps. • The lake seems to be getting shallower every year. • Many more people suffer from bilharzia than 20 years ago.
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How has irrigation changed agriculture?
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Growing lots of crops to sell needs a lot of water so farmers often have to irrigate their land (artificially apply water)
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What are the physical impacts of irrigation? And what are their advantages and disadvantages?
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Positive: • More land can be farmed. • Crop yields are higher and fewer harvests are lost due to lack of water. • High yields mean farmers don't have to clean more land e.g. by deforestation. Negative: • Irrigation can cause soil erosion. • Without proper drainage, salt can build up (salinization) causing crops to fail. • If the land is not very well drained it becomes waterlogged so nothing can grow.
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What are the human impacts of irrigation? And what are their advantages and disadvantages?
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Positive: • Higher yields mean more food. This decreases the risk of famine • Higher yields mean farmers make more profit, giving them a better quality of life. Negative: • Large scale irrigation projects can be expensive and cause rural debt to increase. • Mosquitoes that spread malaria breed in irrigation ditches. • Waterborne diseases can also become more common.
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What are the problems with irrigation?
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• One of the main problems is salinization. • This happens when high temperatures draw water and salt up through the soil causing the soil to become increasingly saline (salty). • The salts from a hard crust on the surface and this slows root growth and does not allow water to soak into (infiltrate) the soil.
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What are appropriate technologies? And how are they made?
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Simple, low cost technologies that increase food production. They are made and maintained using local knowledge and resources so they are not dependent on any outside support, expensive equipment, and fuel.
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Give examples of appropriate technologies:
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• Using small dams and individual wells. • Using renewable energy sources such as wind, solar power and biogas rather than expensive electricity or imported oil. • Setting up labour-intensive projects to use the cheap labour force rate than machines. • Providing tools and techniques designed to use local resources and skills.
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What can farmers in poor countries do to improve farming?
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• Crop rotation. • Reduce/prevent soil erosion. • Use irrigation correctly and prevent salinization. • Use appropriate technology.
