FSHN 120 EXAM 1 – Flashcards
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The regulation of blood glucose level by insulin and glucagon is the _____ function of the pancreas.
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Endocrine
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Self-contained, living structures that join together to form tissues are called _____.
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Cells
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Put the following digestive organs in the order they come in contact with food: -Small intestine -Esophagus -Mouth -Stomach -Large intestine
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-Mouth -Esophagus -Stomach -Small intestine -Large intestine
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Which of the following cell components are organelles? Select all that apply. -Protein -Mitochondrion -Chromosome -Lysosome
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-Mitochondrion -Lysosome
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Primary site for storage of fat is the: -Muscles -Lymphatic system -Brain -Adipose tissue
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Adipose tissue
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Which of the following are nutrients that enable chemical reactions to take place within the cells of the body? Select all that apply. -Protein -Vitamins -Oxygen -Minerals
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-Protein -Vitamins -Minerals
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Match the accessory organ with its digestive function. -Gallbladder -Pancreas -Liver -Produces bile -Manufactures hormones -Stores bile
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Gallbladder = stores bile Pancreas = manufactures hormones Liver = produces bile
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Name the high-energy compound generated by the metabolism of the carbs, fats & proteins in the cells.
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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Digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the: check all that apply -Vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function -pH of the envirnoment in which they function -type of chemical reaction they catalyze -type of bacteria for which the provide fuel
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-Vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function -pH of the envirnoment in which they function -type of chemical reaction they catalyze
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The nucleus, Golgi complex & lysosomes are example of: -Cells -Organs -Tissues -Organelles
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Organelles
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A compartment, particle or filament that performs a specialized function within a cell is called a(n): -Organelle -Tissue -Organ system -Organ
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Organelle
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Place the following parts of the large intestine in order, from the time food matter enters from the small intestine until it exists the body. -Descending colon -Transverse colon -Cecum -Sigmoid colon -Ascending colon
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-Cecum -Ascending colon -Transverse colon -Descending colon -Sigmoid colon
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What is the name for the cellular structure that houses DNA?
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Nucleus
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Vitamins & minerals support metabolism by: -Contributing to enzyme activity -Activating the intrinsic factor -Supporting photosynthesis -Supplying a good source of energy
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contributing to enzyme activity
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Which of the following are pancreatic secretions that function in digestion of food? Select all that apply. -Lipase -Amylase -Insulin -Glucagon
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Lipase & amylase
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Most digestion & absorption of food occurs in the: -Stomach -Large intestine -Pancreas -Small intestine
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Small intestine
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If the pancreas secretes insufficient insulin, -Body cells become insulin resistant -Blood glucose increases -The metabolic rate decreases -Blood glucose decreases
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Blood glucose increases
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The ____ system is an example of an organ system. -Bladder -Metabolic -Pancreatic -Cardiovascular
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Cardiovascular
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In order for the nutrients from the foods we eat to be utilized, they must first be _____.
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digested
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Match each term with its role in preserving the genetic code. -RNA -DNA -Chromosome -Gene -Molecule of DNA & protein -Transcribes & translates the genetic code -Stores genetic code in the nucleus -Segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein
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RNA = transcribes & translated the genetic code DNA = stores genetic code in the nucleus Chromosome = molecule of DNA & protein Gene = segment of DNA that codes a specific protein
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Which of the following are involuntary processes? -Breathing -Swallowing -Chewing -Absorption
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-Breathing -Absorption
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Arrange the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract. -Ileum -Duodenum -Jejunum
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-Duodenum -Jejunum -Ileum
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After blood flows through the body, it returns to the heart through the: -Lacteals -Veins -Capillaries
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Veins
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Feces are expelled from the body through the: -Ileocecal sphincter -Sphincter of Oddi -Lower esophageal sphincter -Anal sphincters
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Anal sphincters
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Another name for adrenaline is _____.
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Epinephrine
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During the depolarization phase of nerve impulse transmission, _____ ions flow into the neuron & _____ ions flow out of the neuron.
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Sodium & potassium
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The circulation of water-soluble nutrients from the GI tract to the liver is via the: -lymphatic vessels -bile duct -gallbladder -hepatic portal vein
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Hepatic portal vein
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The "powerhouse" of the cell is the _____.
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Mitochondria
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Regularly ignoring the urge to defecate may lead to: -Peptic ulcers -Gallstones -Constipation -Hemorrhoids
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-Constipation -Hemorrhoids
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During protein synthesis, RNA is translated by the ____, which are located within the endoplasm reticulum.
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Ribosomes
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Large dosages of vitamin A: -will enhance eye health -is nothing to worry about -can cause harmful side effects
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Can cause harmful side effects
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Which of the following lifestyle modifications may help prevent ulcers from occurring or recurring? Check all that apply. -Restricting fiber intake -Losing excess weight -Limiting use of NSAIDs -Avoiding smoking
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-Losing excess weight -Limiting use of NSAIDs -Avoiding smoking
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A lipase is an enzyme that digests: -carbs -fats -proteins
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Fats
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The brain relies on _____ for energy.
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glucose
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Which of the following nutrients are components of cell membranes? Check all that apply. -Carbs -Water -Lipids -Proteins
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-Carbs -Lipids -Proteins
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Nurtigenetics encompasses the study of: -how dietary components affect gene expression -how factors other than the DNA code affect gene expression -how genetic variations affect nutritional health -how intestinal bacterial populations affect human health
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How genetic variations affect nutritional health
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Chyme is formed in the _____ as food is mixed with digestive secretions.
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Stomach
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____- soluble nutrients enter the lymph system whereas _____- soluble nutrients enter portal circulation.
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Fat, water
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Match the organ with the primary nutrient absorbed there. -Stomach -Small intestine -Large intestine -Some alcohol (20%) -Potassium & sodium -Glucose, vitamins, bile acids
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Stomach = some alcohol (about 20%) Small intestine = glucose, vitamins, bile acids Large intestine = potassium & sodium
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In the red blood cells, all the chemical reactions that generate energy occur in the: -Ribosomes -Cell nucleus -Mitochondria -Cytoplasm
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Cytoplasm
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Nurtigenetics & nutrigenomics are two branches of: -a genogram -nutritional epidemiology -nutritional genomics -the nervous system
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Nutritional genomics
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Which of the following are functions of the cardiovascular system? -Produces hormones that regulate reproductive functions -Distributing nutrients -Delivering hormones to target cells -Transmission of nerve impulses -Facilitating the exchange of oxygen
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-Distributing nutrients -Delivering hormones to target cells -Facilitating the exchange of oxygen
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Lingual lipase & salivary amylase are two comments of the liquid called ______, which is produced by glands in the mouth.
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Saliva
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Distributing nutrients, oxygen, white blood cells & hormones throughout the body is the function of the _______ system.
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Cardiovascular
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The ____ cells of the stomach produce enzymes that begin to digest proteins. -chief -mucous neck -muscle -parietal
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Chief
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Regular use of ____ may cause constipation. Select all that apply. -Antacids -Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -Calcium supplements -Iron supplements
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-Antacids -Calcium supplements -Iron supplements
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The study of how food impacts health through its interaction with genes is called: -nutrition -epigenetics -nutrigenomics -metabolomics
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Nutrigenomics
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Which of the following is not a class of essential nutrients? -Alcohol -Carbs -Lipids -Minerals
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Alcohol
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of carbs? -Provide a major source of fuel for the body -Contain more kilocalories than protein -Supply 4 kilocalories per gram -Add sweetness to food
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Contain more kilocalories than protein
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Gram for gram, which provides the most energy? -Alcohol -Fats -Proteins -Carbs
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Fats
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Which of the following is true about the energy content of nutrients? -Carbs & proteins supply 4 kcal per gram -Alcohol supplies 9 kcal per gram -Lipids & alcohol supply 9 kcal per gram -Lipids supply 7 kcal per gram
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Carbs & proteins supply 4 kcal per gram
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Current factors that can influence American food habits negatively are: -more published info on the nutritional content of fast foods -the variety of new, low fat products in the supermarket -more offering of chicken & fish in restaurants as alternatives to beef -social changes that are leading to a general time shortage for many of us
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Social changes that are leading to a general time shortage for many of us
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Which of the following is not one of the six categories of Healthy People 2020: Nutrition & Weight Status Objectives? -Calcium deficiency -Iron deficiency -Healthier food access -Food insecurity
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Calcium deficiency
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Which of the following nutrients can be broken down to provide energy? Select all that apply. -Carbs -Protein -Fat -Vitamins
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-Carbs -Protein -Fat
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Which of the following accurately describes the term hypothesis? -An educated guess by a scientist to explain a phenomenon -An explanation for a phenomenon that has numerous lines of evidence to support it -A test made to explain the validity of an educated guess -A study of how disease rates vary among different population groups
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An educated guess by a scientist to explain a phenomenon
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Of the following, which is NOT an element of a community (local) food system? -Hospital cafeterias using local produce -Organic vegetables at County Market -Farmers Markets -CSA programs
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Organic vegetables at County Market
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A local food system can always be described by each of the following concepts EXCEPT: -food security -food proximity -better nutrition -self reliance
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better nutrition
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Which of the following nutrition-related diseases is not one of the three leading causes of death in the US? -Cardiovascular disease -Pneumonia -Cancer -Diabetes
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Pneumonia
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A large hamburger contains 628 kilocalories & 36 grams of fat. What % of the total energy is contributed to fat? -41% -19% -23% -52%
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52% 36 grams of fat x 9kcal/g = 325 kcal from fat 324 kcal from fat / 628 total kcal = 0.52 x 100 = 52%
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Which of the following contain no calories? -Proteins -Carbs -Vitamins -Alcohol
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Vitamins
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The local food system is ____ than the global system. -worse than -better than -harder on the environment -complimentary to
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complimentary to
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Which of the following is true about the way we should eat to achieve good nutritional status? -Eat fruits & veggies because we can get all the nutrients we need from these. -Eat a wide variety of foods because no single natural food meets all human nutrient needs. -Do the best we can but take supplements to fill in the deficient areas. -Eat only plant products because animal products are bad & generally filled with hormones for animal growth.
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Eat a wide variety of foods because no single natural food meets all human nutrient needs.
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Ann Miles, a triathlete, wants to eat a health-promoting diet & achieve dietary adequacy. Which principles should she follow to achieve dietary proportionality? -Plan to eat something relatively low in fat & sodium for dinner if she had a high fat & high sodium breakfast. -Eat only unprocessed plant products. -Eat only "good" foods such as fruits & veggies & avoid the "bad" foods such as steak & ice cream. -Consume a variety of foods from MyPlate's five major food groups every day.
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Consume a variety of foods from MyPlate's five major food groups every day.
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Which statement best describes the healthful diet principle of moderation? -Pay attention to portion size and plan your entire day's diet so that you don't over consume nutrient sources. -Consume a variety of foods from MyPlate's five major food groups every day. -Choose a number of different foods within any given food group rather than the "same old thing". -Consume foods that have the most nutrition for their kilocalories.
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Pay attention to portion size and plan your entire day's diet so that you don't over consume nutrient sources.
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The label on a package of Kool Aid indicated that it contains vitamin C. The amount listed is a % of the: -RDA -AI -Daily Value -minimum requirement
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Daily Value
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EER refers to: -a person's actual calorie needs, as measured by calorimetry. -the level of dietary intake of a nutrient that is likely to meet the needs of nearly all healthy individuals in a particular life stage & gender group. -estimated calorie needs for the average person of a specific height, weight, age, gender & physical pattern. -a set of nutrient recommendations that includes RDAs, AIs & ULs.
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estimated calorie needs for the average person of a specific height, weight, age, gender & physical pattern.
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Which of the following is true about the use of MyPlate? -The guide applies to infants. -Milk & meat are essential to good nutrition. -Variety is the key to the plan. -The guide does not permit use of fat,s oils and sweets.
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Variety is the key to the plan.
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An elderly woman needs to limit her kilocalorie intake without sacrificing needed nutrients. Keeping in mind MyPlate, which of the following could she do? -Count kilocalories & not worry about the food groups. -Carefully select foods rich in nutrients but low in kilocalories. -Eliminate dairy foods. -Eliminate carbs.
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Carefully select foods rich in nutrients but low in kilocalories.
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The acronym DRI stands for: -Dietary Reference Intake -Dietary Required Intake -Daily Reference Intake -Daily Required Intake
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Dietary Reference Intake
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By law, which of the following food items must display a nutrition facts label? -Fresh catfish fillet -Fresh spinach -Navel organes -Box of granola bars
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Box of granola bars
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One serving of Raisin Bran cereal contains 50 percent of the 18 mg Daily Value for iron. How much iron will one serving of your cereal provide?
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...
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The RDAs for nutrients are set: -based on a person's height & weight. -to cover the needs of 97%-98% of the population. -based on the dietary intakes of people who appear to be maintaining nutritional health. -by the FDA for food labeling purposes.
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to cover the needs of 97%-98% of the population.
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Which of the following measures does NOT assess nutritional status? -Psychoanalysis -Clinical evaluation -Dietary analysis -Biochemical evaluation
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Psychoanalysis
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Tina is consuming 15 mg of iron per day. Her RDA is 18 mg. She has no condition warranting a greater-than-normal need for iron. Which of the following statements is true about her consumption of this nutrient? -She will need to consume significantly more iron, above the RDA, to make up for her intake. -She is likely to be deficient in iron. -She couldn't possibly be getting enough iron for her needs. -Only if her intake is consistently less than 70% of the RDA would she be at great risk of nutritional deficiency.
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Only if her intake is consistently less than 70% of the RDA would she be at great risk of nutritional deficiency.
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You pick up a box of Cheerios cereal in the supermarket. The Nutrition Facts panel tells you that a 1-cup serving provides 25 percent of the ______ for iron. -ESADDI -Daily Value -RDA -Minimum Requirement
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Daily Value
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One serving of Raisin Bran cereal contains 50 percent of the 18 mg Daily Value for iron. How much iron will one serving of your cereal provide? -9 mg -15 mg -36 mg -5 mg
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9 mg
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The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend which of the following? -Consume two alcoholic beverages per day -Decrease vegetable and fruit intake. correct -Consume fewer foods with sodium (salt), saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, added sugars, and refined grains. -Eliminate oils and solid fats from the diet.
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Consume fewer foods with sodium (salt), saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, added sugars, and refined grains.
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Which of the following is NOT a limitation of nutritional assessments? -Most nutrition assessments are time-consuming, costly, and do not provide valuable information. -A long time may elapse between the initial development of poor nutritional health and the first clinical evidence of a problem. -Often it is not possible to separate the best nutritional state from one that is slightly jeopardized. -Clinical signs and symptoms of nutritional deficiencies often are not very specific.
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Most nutrition assessments are time-consuming, costly, and do not provide valuable information.
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The number of servings to consume from each MyPlate food group depends on a person's: -frame size. -height, weight, and waist circumference. -age, gender, height, and weight. -taste preferences.
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age, gender, height & weight
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According to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines, adults should _______________ intake of fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products. -decrease -maintain current -increase
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increase
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The constant turnover of body tissues requires the ______ supplied by carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. -structural components -hormones -chemical energy -vitamins
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chemical energy
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Bone, cartilage, muscle, and nerves are types of: -organisms. -organ systems. -tissues. -organs.
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tissues
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Nutrient-rich blood leaving the intestine goes by way of a vein to the: -pancreas. -liver. -heart. -kidneys.
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Liver
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Where are most digestive enzymes produced? -Pancreas and large intestine -Pancreas and small intestine -Liver and pancreas -Liver and large intestine
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Pancreas & small intestine
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Peristalsis refers to: -the opening and closing of sphincters. -the action of bile on dietary fat. -chewing and swallowing. -muscular movement of materials through the GI tract.
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muscular movement of materials through the GI tract.
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Which pH best describes the environment of the stomach when stimulated? -Acidic -Basic -Both acidic and basic -Neutral
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Acidic
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Which of the following substances is primarily involved in the emulsification of fat to facilitate its digestion? -Bile -Bicarbonate -Hydrochloric acid -Pancreatic juices
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Bile
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All of the following are characteristics of heartburn EXCEPT which one? -It is caused by a backflow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus. -It is a gnawing pain in the upper chest. -It subsides when a person relaxes and lies down after a meal. -It can damage the esophagus permanently.
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It subsides when a person relaxes and lies down after a meal.
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A(n) _______________ is a medication that inhibits the ability of gastric cells to secrete hydrogen ions. -NSAID -antibiotic -antacid -proton pump inhibitor
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proton pump inhibitor
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The organelles that are known as the "power plants" or the "powerhouses" of the cell are the: -ribosomes. -lysosomes. -mitochondria. -nuclei.
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mitochondria.
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Which hormone functions in the regulation of the body's metabolic rate? -insulin -thyroid hormone -vitamin D -glucagon
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thyroid hormone
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After digestion and absorption, which circulatory system carries fat and fat-soluble vitamins? -Enterohepatic -Lymphatic -Mesentery -Portal
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Lymphatic
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Which of the following organs serves as a storage depot for many vitamins and minerals? -liver -brain -kidney -stomach
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Liver
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The muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract are called -propulsion. -peristalsis. -compression. -regurgitation.
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peristalsis
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The study of the ways nutrients and food influence gene expression is called: -molecular biology. -nutrigenomics. -epidemiology. -nutrigenetics.
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nutrigenomics
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These protein-based substances enhance digestion by making chemical reactions more likely to happen. -Hormones -Bile -Enzymes -Emulsifiers
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Enzymes
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Constipation can best be prevented by: -restricting fluids. -using laxatives. -eating dietary fiber. -restricting physical exercise.
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eating dietary fiber
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When a nutrient moves freely from an area of higher solute concentration into an absorptive cell where the concentration is lower, this is called: -Phagocytosis -Active absorption -Facilitated diffusion -Passive diffusion
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Passive diffusion
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A compound that allows for communication between one cell and the next is a: -synapse. -nephron. -neuron. -neurotransmitter.
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neurotransmitter
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The organelles that are known as the "power plants" or the "powerhouses" of the cell are the: -mitochondria. -ribosomes. -lysosomes. -nuclei.
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mitochondria
