Narrative Report on the Job Training in Israel Essay Example

the grapevine becomes dormant and loses its leaves, but it regenerates new leaves and fruits in the springtime. The fruit typically ripens during the summer or when there is no rain. In the past, it was believed that grapes couldn't grow well in tropical areas because their vines remain evergreen and produce only small crops of low quality.

The grape can thrive in the southern regions of the country where temperatures range from 15°C to 40°C and annual rainfall reaches 50 to 60 cm. It can adapt to different soil types, including those suitable for regular grain crops. However, it prefers light friable and well-drained soils. Even shallow soils can support grape cultivation as long as there is no hard pan within the top 1.5 meter. The grape plant flourishes when the soil pH levels are between 6.5 and 7.5.

However, Anabe Shahi vines can thrive even in red loams with a pH of 4.5 around Bangalore. Clay loams can also be suitable, as long as there is good drainage. The ideal soils for these vines are sandy loams and silty loams, while sticky clay soils should be avoided. While highly fertile soils can result in higher yield, the berries may be compact and the quality may be poor. The highest yield ever recorded was from the sub marginal soils of Hyderabad of the Anabe Shahi variety. Hence, it is evident that soil fertility plays a crucial role in viticulture (grape farming) Hypothesis.

Pruning plays a crucial role in grape production as it is vital for maintaining the vine's training system and controlling fruit quantity through the selection of suitable fruiting wood.

It is recommended to carry out pruning during the dormant season after properly training a young vine and establishing permanent structures. This involves removing the previous year's fruiting canes or spurs, along with any additional one-year-old canes. The objective of pruning is to carefully eliminate unsuitable or unnecessary canes while retaining a limited number of high-quality ones.

The goal of cane selection has two purposes. The first is to produce productive shoots for the upcoming season. The second is to produce healthy shoots that can be used to choose a good fruiting cane in the next dormant season. This can be accomplished by using two canes at each arm, one for fruiting and one for renewal. Another option is to use a single cane or spur for fruiting at each arm and keep one of the basal fruitful shoots as a fruiting cane for the following season.

The optimal time to prune grapevines is when the spurs begin to swell and buds start to break. Pruning can be performed on dormant grapevines from autumn, when the leaves drop, until spring, when the buds start growing. However, logistical factors and labor availability often impact the timing of pruning. It is also crucial to consider vine health when determining the best time for pruning. According to Wolf and Poling (1995), pruning in autumn may elevate the risk of freeze damage compared to later pruning.

In regions with a high cold injury risk, it is beneficial to delay pruning until after the coldest winter temperatures. This delay allows for evaluating cold injury and adjusting pruning levels to account for any losses. To avoid spring frost

injury, a technique called "double-pruning" is often employed. The canes are initially pruned long during winter and then cut to the desired number of buds once bud break occurs. This delays the bud break of the buds near the base of the cane by several days.

Later pruning often results in the vines bleeding sap from the cuts, but this does not harm the vine. The amount of pruning needed depends on spur pruning, which involves the growth of spurs and buds during the growing season and the subsequent season. Pruning also helps maintain the vine's training system and reduces crop production by removing fruitful buds. Adjusting the extent of dormant pruning is a method to control the cropping level. The term bud count (or node count/number) is used to indicate the number of dormant buds left after pruning.

Generally, the bud count only takes into account buds with clearly defined internodes in both directions (Wolf and Poling, 1995), excluding basal buds. A higher bud count results in more shoots, which can lead to a dense canopy and increased shade if excessive. Additionally, increased bud count leads to higher cropping levels, but the vine may struggle to fully ripen a large crop despite the increased number of shoots.

When the vine has a high bud count, it adjusts for the abundance of shoots by limiting their growth and the number of clusters per shoot (Coombe and Dry, 1992.) If excessive pruning removes too many buds, it results in an undercropping situation. While removing fruitful buds reduces the crop load, it also eliminates primary shoots. When there are too few shoots compared to

the vine's growth capacity, the vine compensates by increasing the strength of the remaining shoots, leading to more lateral growth and encouraging shoot growth from secondary, tertiary, or latent buds. The outcome is often an excessively shaded canopy that hinders fruit ripening.