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In the 1970 much of the disscusion in Theory was related to ?

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Global theory of nursing

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Define Concerpt

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A concept is a term or label that describes a phenomenon. The phonemenon describes can either be empirical or abstract

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What is an empirical concerpt?

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An empirical concerpt is one that can be either observed or experienced through the senses.

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Define abstract concept?

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An anstract concept is one that is not observable such as hope or caring

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Define a Conceptual model?

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Is define as a set of cencepts and statements that integrate the concepts into meaningful configuration

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What does conceptual models compose of?

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Are composed of abstract and general concepts and propositions that provide a fram of reference for members of a discipline.

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How does the framwork of Conceptual models viewed by members of discipline and guide it members?

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The frame of Conceptual model is a reference that determines, how the world is viewed by members of its discipline, guides the members as they propose questions and make observations relevant to the discipline.

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Define Propositions?

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Are statements that describe relationships among events,situations or actions

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Assumptions define it

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Assumptions also describe cencepts or connect two concepts and represents value,beliefs r goals.

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Difine Theory?

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Is an organized,coherent and systematic articulation of a set of statements related to significant questions in a discipline that are communicated in a meaniful whole.

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Differentiate between a Conceptual Model and A Theory?

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A Conceptual Model is a highly abstract system of global concepts and linking statements. A Theory in contrast, deals with one or more specific, concret concepts and proposition.

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Define Metaparadigm?

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Is the most global perspective of a discipline and acts as an encapsulating unit or framwork within which the more restricted structures develop

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Philosophies

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Set forth the general meaning of nursing and phenemena through reasoning and the logical presentation of ideas

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What did nursing Philosophies contribute to the discipline?

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They contribute to the discipline by providing direction,clarifying values and forming a foundation for theory development

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What are the 4 concepts of Metaparadigm of nursing

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Person,Environments,Health and Nursing

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An an effort to describe,explain, and predict phenomena within the model many ....

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theories have been drived from Conceptual model

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Because many concepts are so abstract at the Metaparadigm level...

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Many conceptual model have developed from Mataparadigm of nursing.

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Nightingale's Environmental Theory - includes 4 Metaparadigm Concept-

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Person- Recipient of nursing care Environment- External( tempereture,bedding,Ventilation) Internal( Food,Water and Medication Health - Health is "not only to be well, but to be able to use well every power we have to use" Nursing- Alter or manage the environment to implement the natural laws of health

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Nightingale's Environmental Theory . The primary Focus of the 4 Metaparadigm Concept are

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Patient and Environment

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Nightingale's Environmental Theory has how many canons?- page 50 read them again

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13 canon which are central to Nightingale's Theory but are not all inclusive

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Did Nightingale's support nursing health promotion?

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Nightingale beleives that nursing should be involved health promotion

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Nightingale Believe that nursing ....

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Nursing was a calling and that the recipient of nursing were holistic individuals with a spiritual dimension therefor the nurse is suppose to spiritual needs of patient in spiritual distress

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Although Nightingale's Theory were developed long ago for environmental reform ? Why are these nursing principles still relevent today?

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Even as some of Nightingale's rational have been modified or disapproved by advances in medicine and science , many of the concepts in her theory have not only endured but have been used to provide general guidelines for nursing for more than 150 years

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Jean Watson 'S Theory- What is her theory goal?

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the goal of nursing is to help person's attain a higher level of harmony within mind, body and soul. Attainment of this goal can potentiate healing and health

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Jean Watson 'S Theory Mataparadigm Concept-

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Person(human) - A unity of mind -body-sprit/nature Health-Harmony,wholeness, and confort Nursing Reciprocal transpersonal relationship in caring moment guided by carative factors and caritas processes Healing Space and Environment- A nonphysical energtic environment; a vibrational field integral with a person where the nurse is not only in the environment but "the nurse is the environment

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Watson's theory of nursing is based on how many caritas process?

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10

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Watson's theory 10 caritas process- list them- page 53

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1) Practice of loving kindness and equanimity of one self and other 2)Being authetically present and enabling and sustaining the deep beleif system subjective life of self and the one being cared for 3)Developing and sustaining a helping -trusting, authentic caring relationship 4)Being present to and supportive of the expression of positive and negative feelings as a connection with a deeper spirit of oneself and the one being cared for 5) Creatively using oneself and all ways of knowing as part of caring process and engagement in artistry of caring - healing pactices. 6)Engage in genuine teaching- learning with in the context of caring relationship. 7)Cultivate one's own spiritual practices:going beyond the ego self, deeping of self- awareness 8)Creating healing environment at all levels with wholeness and beauty, dignity,comfort,diginity,and peace and potentiated 9)Asisting with basic need, intentional caring consciousness, enssential human care, potential body alingnment of the mind-body-sprit ,wholenss and unity of being of being in all aspect of care, attending to both embodied spirit and evolving emergency 10)Opening and attending to spritual mysterious and unknow existential dimensions o f life, death,suffering."allowing for miracle"

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Watson refer to clinical caritas as the

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"Core" of nursing which is grounded in the philosophy,science and the art of caring.

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Watson contrast the core of nursing to which term?

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"Trim" A term she uses to refer to the practice setting,procedures,functional task,clinical disease focus,technology and techniques of nursing .

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The Trim Wastson explain cannot be center of what?

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Cannot be center of preofessional nursing practice and can't be expandable

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What are the value systems that are blended in the Watson's 10 Carative?

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Human care requires high regard and reverence for a person and human life...There is high value on the subjective- internal world of the experience person and how the person ( both patient and nurse) is perceiving and experiencing health- illness conditions. An emphasis is placed upon hepling a person gain more knowlege, self control and readiness for self- healing.

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The Carative factors described by Watson provide guidlines for

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Watson provided guidelines about nurse-patient interaction but the theory does not mentioned what to do to acheive authentic caring- healing relationships Watson Theory is more about being than doing but provides a good work for patient centered nursing caring

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Martha Rogers's Theory- According Martha theory what is nursing?

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Nursing is a learning profession,both a science and an art.

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According Watson's theory what is the art of nursing?

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The art of nursing is the creative use of the science of nursing for human betterment.

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What does Martha Rogers's asserts?

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It asserts human beigns as dynamic energy fields that are intergrated with the environmental energy fields so that the person and his or her environment form a single unit. Both human energy feild and environmental feilds are open system and ae in constant state of change.

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Martha Rogers's- what is Pattern?

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Pattern is the identified characteristic of energy fields

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Martha Rogers's is the the Principle of Hemeodynamics?

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Roger identified the the principle of helicy,resonancy, and integrality to describe the nature of change within the human and environmental energy fields. Together , these principles are called are know as Hemeodynamics.

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Martha Rogers's-Define Helicy principle

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Helicy Principle describe the unpredictable but continous, nonlinear evolution of energy feild, as evidence by a piral developent that is a continous,nonrepeating and innovative patterning that reflects the nature of change

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Martha Rogers's-Define Renancy

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Renancy is depicted as a wave frequency and an energy field pattern evolution from lower to higher frequency wave patterns and is reflective of the continous variability of the human energy field as it changes

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Martha Rogers's- The principle of intergrality emphasize what ?

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emphasizes the continous mutual process of person and environment.

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Rogers use two widely regconized toys to illustrate her theory what are these theory?

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The Slinky The Kaleidoscope

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Martha Rogers's what does The Slinky theory illustarte?

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Slinky illustrates the openess,rhythm,motion,balance and the expanding nature of the human life process which is continously evolving

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Martha Rogers's what does The Kaleidoscope illustarte?

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Kaleidoscope illustrates the changing changing patterns that appears to be infinetely different

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Rogers identified five assumptions that support and connect the concepts in her conceptual model- list them

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1) Man is unified whole possing his own integrity and manefesting character more than and different from the sum of his parts 2) Man and environment are continously exchanging matter and energy with one another 3) The life process evolving irreversibly and unidirectionally along the space time continuum 4) Pattern and organization identify man and reflect his innovative wholeness 5) Man is characterized by capacity for abstraction and imagery, langauge and thought, sensation and emotion.

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Which system is Roger 's Model>

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An abstract system

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Final Note on Rogers's Model

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Roger's model is an abstract system of ideas but is applicable practice with nursing care focused on pattern apprisal and pattern activities

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Rogers's Pattern Appraisal involves a

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Comprehensive assesment of environmental field patterns and human field patterns of communication,exchange, rhythms,dissonance, and harmony through the use of congnitive input,sensory input,intuition and language

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Rogers's Paterning activies can include internventions like

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meditation,imagery, journaling,modifying surroundsing.

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Rogers's theory- Evaluation is

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Is ongoing and requires a repitition of the appraisal process.

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Roger Metaparadigm Concepts as Defined in Roger theory

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Person- An irreducible,irrevisible, pandimensional,negentropic energy field identifield by pattern; a unitary human being develops through 3 principle Helicy, Resonancy and integrality Environment: An irreducible,pandimensional negentropic energy field, identified by pattern and maifestation characteristic different from those of the parts and encompassing all that is other than any given human field Health- Health and illiness as part of continuum Nursing- Seekes to promote symphonic interaction between human and environment feilds and to direct and redirect patterning of the human and environmental fields for realization of maximum health potential

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Madeleine Leininger's - it a middle age theory 3 Modalities- name them.

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Cultural care preservation and/or maintenance. This refers to those assertive, supportive,facilitative, enabling professional actions and decisions that help people of a specific culture to maintain meaningful care vaules for their well-being,recover from illiness or deal with a handicap or dying. Cultural care accommodation and/or negotiation. This refers to those assistice assertive, supportive,facilitative, enabling professional actions and decisions help people of of a specific culture or subculture adapt to or negotiate with others for meaningful benefcial and congruent health outcomes Cultural care repatterning or restructuring: This refers to assertive, supportive,facilitative,or enabling professional actions and deisions of that helps patient reorder ,change or modify their lifeways for new,different and beneficial health outcome

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Madeleine Leininger's Cultural Diversity and Universality Theory- Metaparadigm

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Person: Human being, family, group, community, or institution Environment (environmental context): Totality of an event, situation, or experience that gives meaning to human expressions, interpretations, and social interactions in physical, ecological, sociopolitical, and/or cultural settings Health: A state of well-being that is culturally defined, valued, and practiced Nursing: Activities directed toward assisting, supporting, or enabling with needs in ways that are congruent with the cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways of the recipient of care

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Dorthea Orem's General Theory of Nursing

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Composed of three related theories: Theory of self-care- This explains why and how people care for themselves, and suggest that nursing is required in case of inability to perform self care as aresult of limitations. This theory includes the concept of self-care agency, therapeutic self -care demand and basic conditioning factors Theory of self-care deficit- This explains that maturing or mature adults deliberately learn and perform actions to direct their survival,quality of life and well being, it simply expalins whys can be helped through nursing Theory of nursing systems: The theory expalins relatinships that must exist and be maintined for the product o(nursing) to occur 3 systems can must be used to describe Theory of nursing systems. 1)Wholly Compensatory System- Patient can't perform any self-care and depends on Nurse 2)Partially Compensatory system- both patient and nurse participate in caring 3) Supportative- educating System- the patients has the ability for selfcare but requires assistance from the nurse in decison making,knowledge or skill aquisition.

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Dorthea Orem's - 3 Types of Self-Care Requisites

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Universal self-care requisites (found in all human beings and associated with life processes) Developmental self-care requisites (related to different stages of human life cycle) Health-deviation self-care requisites (related to deviations in structure or function)

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Dorthea Orem's General Theory of Nursing- Metaparadigm

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Person (patient): A person under the care of a nurse; a total being with universal, developmental needs and capable of self care Environment: Physical, chemical, biologic, and social contexts within which human beings exits; Environmental components include environmental factors, environmental elements, environmental conditions, and developmental environment Health: A state characterized by soundness or wholeness of developed human structures and of bodily and mental functioning Nursing: Therapeutic self-care designed to supplement self-care requisites. Nursing actions fall into one of three categories: wholly compensatory, partly compensatory, or supportive educative system

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Callista Roy's Adaptation Model main summary

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The model presents the person as an an adaptive system in constant interaction with the internal and external environments. The main task of the human is system is to maintain integrity in the face of environmental stimuli. The goal of nursing is to foster sucessful adaptation.

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Callista Roy's Adaptation Model - Metaparadigm concept

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Person (human system): a whole with parts that function as a unity Environment: Internal and external stimuli; the world within and around humans as adaptive systems Health: a state and process of being and becoming an integrated and whole human being Nursing: Manipulation of stimuli to foster successful adaptation

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Roy's Six-Step Nursing Process

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.Assessing behaviors manifested from the four adaptive modes .Assessing and categorizing stimuli .Making a nursing diagnosis .Setting goals to promote adaptation .Implementing interventions aimed at managing stimuli to promote adaptation .Evaluating achievement of adaptive goals

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Callista Roy's - Behaviour can be focused in 4 categories lis them

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1)Physiological- physical mode is the manifestation of physiological activities like cell, tissues and organs 2) Self- Concept group- identify mode including pysical self, including body sensation,body image,personal self care,self consistency,self ideal and moral-ethical- spiritual self 3) The Function mode self focus on the roles person in society and roles within a group 4) The interdependence category focus is related to interdependent relationships

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Science and Theory

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A method of bringing together facts and giving them coherence and integrity Scientific inquiry involves five aspects: Hypothesis Method Data collection Results Evaluation

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Wha is Theory

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A system of ideas proposed to explain something. It can also be describe as A group of related concepts that explain existing phenomena and predict future events

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Inportance of theory

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Importance .Provide knowledge to improve practice .Guides practice education, research .Provides professional autonomy .Study helps develop analytical skills

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Different theories represent

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.Different theories represent different world views .Individuals who think and see the world in different ways create them .Provide contrasting paradigms .Provide different traditions and approaches to science and knowledge development

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Integrated set of theories defined

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concepts, existence statements, and relational statements that present a view of a phenomenon and can be used to describe, explain, predict, and control that phenomenon. Organized information that is intended to explain.......

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Criteria for theory acceptance involve six factors- list them

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Inclusiveness Consistency Accuracy Relevance Fruitfulness Simplicity

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Categories of theories

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Philosophies Grand Theories- Are General, broad, and complex Middle-range theories- are Narrower focus, refined through series of studies

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How do philosophies differ from theories?

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Broad connected statements about beliefs and values Guide thinking and behavior of: -Individuals -Disciplines -Societies

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Who are Philosophies

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Philosophies disscuss the nature of things and aims to provide meaning

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Components of Nursing KnowledgeLevel of Abstraction

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Metaparadigm- Most Abstract-5 ? Philosophies- 4 ? Conceptual Models-3 ? Theories-2 ? Empirical Indicators- Least Abstract-1

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Differences between theory and conceptual framework

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Levels of abstraction

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Conceptual framework

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Umbrella under which concepts exist Conceptual model is a graphic illustration or diagram of a conceptual framework

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Knowledge development- sure about this slide

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Deductive or inductive approachBoth .types of reasoning are required in research. .Will discuss more in research process ; EBP

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Nursing theory development

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.Source of discussion and debate regarding uniqueness .Borrowed or shared .Result in diversity of theories

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Advantages to a single, universal theory

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Advantages to a single, universal model .Further development of the profession .Common framework .Promotes understanding about the nurse's role in nontraditional nursing settings

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Advantages to several models

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.Other disciplines have several models, which allows members to explore phenomena in different ways and from different viewpoints .Increases in understanding of the nature and scope of nursing .Fosters full scope and potential of discipline

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Systems theory?

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Defined as a set of interrelated parts, in which each part is necessary to the whole

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Component parts to a system include

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.Input .Throughput .Output .Evaluation .Feedback

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Major nursing concepts include

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person, environment, and health

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