The Oil Circulatory Systems Engineering Essay Example
The Oil Circulatory Systems Engineering Essay Example

The Oil Circulatory Systems Engineering Essay Example

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  • Pages: 15 (3938 words)
  • Published: August 9, 2017
  • Type: Essay
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Greases consist of solid or semisolid substances, including soaps, mineral oil, and additives. They possess a high viscosity and effectively adhere to metal surfaces. Lubricating oils are commonly utilized in machinery but have limited applications in manufacturing processes. Graphite acts as a solid lubricant that performs excellently at elevated temperatures due to its low shear strength and friction along its basal planes. However, when exposed to a vacuum or inert gas atmosphere, graphite can become abrasive and increase friction. Glass becomes viscous when heated and can function as a liquid lubricant with its viscosity dependent on the glass type and temperature. Additionally, glass acts as a thermal barrier between hot workpieces and cooler dies due to its poor thermal conductivity. This form of lubrication is frequently employed in activities such as hot extrusion and forging.

Oil circulatory systems represent on

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e example of a lubrication system that continuously supplies oil to moving parts and bearings. These systems not only provide lubrication but also serve as coolants by dissipating heat generated within the bearings and moving parts. The lubricated oil can be returned directly to the reservoir or via filters. Typically, these systems are large-scale with reservoir capacities ranging from hundreds to thousands of liters.The heavy-duty pumps used in these systems are designed for continuous operation with flow rates ranging from tens to thousands of liters per minute. These systems are commonly found in industries such as cement, sugar, paper, power generation, steel, and heavy machinery.

In a full force-feed lubrication system, oil under pressure is utilized to lubricate various components including main bearings, rod bearings, camshaft bearings, and the entire valve mechanism. This system also provides pressurized lubricatio

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to the pistons and piston pins by creating an oil passage through drilling holes along the connecting rod.

This passage not only supplies lubrication to the piston pin bearings but also ensures proper lubrication for the pistons and cylinder walls. Most engines with full-floating piston pins utilize full force-feed lubrication systems.

In force feed systems: The force-feed system achieves comprehensive pressurization of lubrication by forcing oil from the crankcase to the main bearings and camshaft bearings. Unlike combination systems, this system also delivers oil under pressure to the connecting-rod bearings through drilled passages in the crankshaft. These passages transfer oil from the main bearing journals to the rod bearing journals. In certain engines, these passages align once per revolution of the crankshaft.The lubrication system of pressurized oil in engines includes annular channels in the main bearings that supply oil continuously to the crankshaft hole. This system not only lubricates the connecting-rod bearings but also provides lubrication to the Pistons and cylinder walls through strategically drilled holes. It is commonly used in engines with semi-floating piston pins.

In Activity 3: Description of Seal, Packing, and Bearing Operation with Applications, various components are discussed. The first component is a seal consisting of stiff and flexible materials. These materials remain in contact at a sealing interface and slide against each other to allow a rotating component to pass through while maintaining a seal.

The second component mentioned is packing, which fills gaps or spaces between stationary or moving parts to prevent fluid or gas leakage and create a seal.

Two types of bearings are described: plain bearings and roller bearings. Plain bearings have a shaft rotating within a cylindrical hole in a stationary

structure, making them common in machinery and automotive applications. Roller bearings use rollers instead of balls to separate moving parts and can handle heavy radial and axial loads. They are typically found in industrial machinery like conveyor systems and gearboxes.The bearing elements of this device are loaded hydraulically and kept in contact automatically using springs or other devices. A gasket or O-ring is typically used to seal the terminal face of the pump's home base. The rotating seal face runs against a stationary surface that has been lapped to ensure high flatness. This type of mechanical seal, also known as a terminal face mechanical seal, is commonly used in rotating equipment like pumps and compressors.

O-rings are elastomer gaskets with a toroid shape and discoid cross-section. They are cost-effective, easy to produce, reliable, and simple to install, making them ideal sealing components in machine design. O-rings can withstand high pressures up to tens of megapascals (thousands of pounds per square inch) and their size varies based on the inner diameter and cross-section diameter. They have several advantages such as suitability for both static and dynamic applications, efficient space utilization, bi-directional sealing capability, and the ability to function under fluctuating pressure conditions when appropriate elastomers are used.

There are two types of bearings: plain bearings and fluid bearings. Plain bearings have lubricated rubbing surfaces that minimize friction while maintaining good stiffness unless significant wear occurs; however, some slack may be present.These bearings have a wide range of operating speeds, from very low to extremely high velocities. However, they have relatively high friction levels and can experience stiction in certain applications. Some bearing designs use wired lubrication similar to

fluid bearings but may have limited lifespans at high speeds. A rolling-element rotary bearing consists of a shaft inserted into a larger hole, with cylindrically shaped "rollers" filling the space between them tightly. The rollers act like logs that never disengage from supporting the load as the shaft rotates. This type of bearing uses round elements to support a load by allowing them to rotate with minimal resistance and sliding. It is comparable to sets of logs with a large rock on top where pulling the rock causes the logs to roll with minimal sliding friction.

A screw fastener is another type of fastener that involves twisting or turning a screw into another object for secure attachment. One common application is assembling furniture pieces such as tables or chairs where screws are used to join different parts together. In another scenario, screws are often used for attaching metal plates or brackets onto walls or other surfaces for structural support purposes.

Stud fastener 1: This first type of stud fastener involves inserting a threaded rod (known as a stud) into a hole and securing it with nuts on both ends.This text discusses the use of stud fasteners in construction and automotive applications. In construction, these fasteners are commonly used to connect metal framing members and create walls or structural elements. In automotive applications, studs can be found in wheel hubs as attachment points for mounting wheels onto vehicle axles.

There are two different types of screwed fasting: Thunderbolts and Nuts. Thunderbolts and nuts come in various materials such as steel, brass, aluminum, and plastic. They also have a wide range of sizes available. For example, M6x25 high tensile

bolt BZP and M2 full non Zn bolts are made of steel.

The specifications for bolts and nuts include several factors. For instance, an example is given as M8x1.5x50 where "M" indicates metric measurement, "8" represents the diameter in millimeters, "1.5" represents the thread pitch in millimeters, and "50" represents the length of the shank in millimeters.

In addition to thunderbolts and nuts, there are other types of bolts available such as tap bolts (threaded all the way to the head), eye bolts (with a looped head), and toggle bolts (with a wing nut designed for situations with no access on one side). The strength of bolts can be determined by reading numbers stamped on their heads that indicate grade and strength for specific applications.High-strength steel bolts typically have a hexagonal head with an ISO strength rating stamp. Studs and nuts are also utilized in various applications. Road studs, commonly found on hard surfaces such as roads or firm ground, possess a small, flat shape with 4 to 6 sides and a blunt tip. Ice studs have longer and sharper points to enhance grip on slippery surfaces. Grass studs, alternatively known as slug studs, are larger and sharper than road studs for better penetration into hard dry ground. Mud studs offer deep traction on extremely soft or wet surfaces and come in different sizes and shapes like rounded tops or square-shaped block studs.

Blind studs represent another category of stud; however, it is important not to use these types of blind studs for critical structural connections due to their non-locking spindles. This can cause the spindles to become loose or fall out, resulting in a hollow stud that

carries less load compared to solid studs. Moreover, these stud varieties are more susceptible to corrosion and failure caused by the trembling induced by the spindles.

A specific type of blind stud referred to as a thrust stud features a small spindle protruding from its head that is driven into place using hammering techniques for securing inserts within holes. It is commonly employed when fastening wood panels together, offering an aesthetically pleasing appearance without requiring drilling through the entire panel.Thrust studs can be used with various materials, including plastic, metal, and others. The only tools needed are a hammer and possibly a backup block.

P5-Description of two types of Cam and followers and lineage mechanisms:

Two different types of Cam and followers:

Cam followers resemble needle or cylindrical roller bearings but have an outer ring with thick walls. The outer surface of this ring is crowned to prevent boundary stresses when the roller operates in a distorted or inclined position. These units come pre-greased and ready for mounting, making them suitable for various Cam drives, tracks, and conveyor systems.

The Cam follower has a designated position with a threaded pin for easy attachment to the machine mechanism using a hexagonal nut. Axial guidance is provided by an integral rim on the top of the pin and a side on the external ring.

There are three different internal designs available for Cam followers, typically with concentric seating but some can have a special collar fitted onto the shaft. Cam follower bearings with a collar allow for optimal interaction with the Cam and permit less strict manufacturing tolerances.

The animation shows a rotating plate Cam and knife edge follower where the Cam pushes the

follower up and down while an external force keeps it in contact with the Cam profile. This particular Cam and follower system differs from plate cams as it has a cylindrical shape with a machined profile.There are two types of linkage mechanisms: mechanical linkages consist of rigid links connected through joints to form either closed series or series of closed chains. Each linkage has at least two joints that provide various degrees of freedom for motion between components. A linkage is a mechanism where multiple links can move in relation to a fixed nexus.

The four-bar linkage, commonly used in applications like windscreen wipers, vehicle suspension units, kitchen closet doors, and squeeze-mop mechanisms, consists of two rotating links connected by a coupling linkage. The frame or bed home base forms the fourth nexus with the permanent centers of rotary motion. It's important to note that the number of links determines the number of inversions in this machinery.

Another type of linkage is the rearward gesture linkage where one saloon moves left while the other moves right. The bars move in opposite directions, creating reversed motion between them. A fixed pivot serves as their center of rotation.

There are two types of belt thrust: flat belts and round belts. Flat belts offer flexibility for misalignment among shafts and are primarily used for conveying light loads. They can be crossed or twisted to provide resistance or connect non-planar shafts.

Vee belts (also known as V-belts or lodge rope) solve slippage and alignment issues and have become essential for power transmission. They offer optimal grip, motion, bearing load capacity, and long service lifeContinuous belts with a trapezoidal cross-section are commonly used. These

belts have a "V" shape that fits into a pulley groove, ensuring they do not slip off. As the load increases, the belt remains in the groove and improves torque transmission. Vee belts require less width and tension compared to flat belts.

There are two types of chain drive for transferring rotary motion between parallel shafts. Chain drives are efficient, positive, and can transmit high torques. Chains are typically made from steel but plastic chains have also been developed. Roller chain, also known as bush roller chain, is widely used in bikes, motorcycles, and industrial/agricultural machinery due to its simplicity, reliability, and efficiency.

Epicyclic geartrain or planetal geartrain consists of external cogwheels revolving around a central sun cogwheel. This system may include an outer ring that meshes with planet cogwheels. Gear trains come in two different types.

Vehicles utilize two types of power transmission shafts consisting of metal joint elements connected through metal pipes. To enhance strength, a plastic pipe is inserted into the metal pipe to create a composite power transmission shaft. These shafts are designed for automotive vehicles and maintain a balance between static and fatigue strength.

The shaft yoke is found in various machinery components serving multiple purposes.The text describes the function and types of yokes used to connect separate units such as motors and generators. These yokes allow for adjustments and misalignment of shafts, providing mechanical flexibility. Rigid slip yokes are used to prevent excessive loads from transferring between shafts. Proper alignment both laterally and angularly is required to avoid placing excessive loads on the yoke, shafts, or shaft bearings when using rigid yokes. There are different types of rigid yokes available.

One type is the

sleeve or muff yoke made of cast iron, which consists of a hollow cylinder fitting over the ends of two shafts using a gib caput key. Another type is the clamp yoke, also known as compression or ribbed yoke. It is an improved version of the arm yoke with machined parts that fit the shaft and finished edges on both ends. The third type called flange yoke consists of two separate cast iron rims joined together. Each rim is mounted on one end of the shaft and secured with a key, with faces turned up at right angles to the axis of the shaft.

There are also two different types of clamps used in this context: 1) Dog clamp connects two rotating shafts or mechanisms without friction but through intervention, making both parts revolve at the same velocity and preventing stealing. This clamp is commonly used in manual automotive transmissions to lock different cogwheels.The cone clasp uses conelike surfaces instead of discs to transfer torsion through clash, similar to a disc or plate clasp.The cone clasps have an increased surface area and can transfer higher torsion. They are now mainly used in low peripheral velocity applications, although they were previously common in cars and other engine transmissions. There are two types of interruptions: disc brakes and hydraulic brakes. Disc brakes, which are made of cast iron or ceramic complexes, stop or slow down the rotation of a wheel. On the other hand, hydraulic brakes use brake fluid, typically containing ethene glycol, to transfer pressure from the controlling unit to the brake mechanism near the wheel.

A pneumatic propulsion system's layout and operation can be described with diagrams.

Pneumatic systems offer a gentler operation but have limited ability to generate significant force. However, despite these drawbacks, there are several advantages associated with pneumatic systems as detailed below:

Simplicity of Design and Control

Machines can easily be designed using standard cylinders and other components. Additionally, control is straightforward with simple ON-OFF type control.

Dependability

Pneumatic systems have long operating lives and require minimal maintenance. Furthermore, the compressible nature of gas makes the equipment less susceptible to damage from shocks compared to hydraulic systems.

Storage and Safety

Compressed gas can be stored, allowing machines to remain functional even during power outages. Additionally, there is a significantly lower risk of fire compared to hydraulic oil.Machines can be designed to handle overloads safely. The procedure for a pneumatic system involves obtaining filtered air from an air filter and delivering it through an after-cooler into the compressed air receiver. From there, the air is distributed to various applications, including the pneumatic cylinder. In cases where dry air is required, a wet centrifuge may be included in the system. The practical usage of pneumatics involves utilizing compressed gas held within a specially designed container and released into an expandable chamber with an attached rod that moves outward as the chamber expands.

Hydraulic propulsion systems rely on hydraulic oil, which is dense and incompressible, allowing them to operate at higher pressures and generate large positive forces for applications like presses and lifts. Advantages of hydraulics include the ability to handle high loads, deliver greater forces, and minimal spring action due to the incompressibility of hydraulic fluids. When fluid flow stops, any slight movement of the load will release pressure without needing to bleed off pressurized air. The

procedure for hydraulic propulsion systems involves a motor-driven pump that takes filtered oil from an armored combat vehicle and distributes it through a pressure regulator. Any excess oil is returned back to the vehicle through the same regulator.It should be noted that this system is typically used in small work areas near the pump and combat vehicle, as providing pressurized oil over long distances is not feasible due to pressure drop and the need for a return pipe. To control the flow of oil, there is an oil supply valve (either manual or automatic) that directs the oil to the propulsion cylinder and returns it to the reservoir.

In terms of mechanical handling systems, roller or belt conveyors are commonly used during manufacturing processes to transport various materials, components, and assemblies. Mechanical handling includes a wide range of methods, with lift gears being frequently employed in industrial settings where precision is important. Roller conveyors are often utilized when goods need to be moved between workstations along a roller path. Motor-driven belt conveyors are regularly used for material transportation, with these belts usually maintained on a concave roller to ensure they remain centered.

Furthermore, with diagrams, one can describe the general layout and operation of a steam power generation plant (P9). Converting heat energy into electrical energy is the primary process in a steam power station, which involves multiple steps for optimal functioning and efficiency. The power station layout can be divided into several stages: 1.Steam Generating Plant: This stage includes a boiler and auxiliary equipment to utilize flue gases.The boiler generates heat from coal combustion, which produces steam at high temperature and pressure. The flue gases produced

during combustion pass through various components (superheaters, economizers, air preheaters) before being released through a chimney. These flue gases dry and superheat the steam on its way to the chimney. Superheating serves two purposes: enhancing system efficiency and preventing turbine blade corrosion caused by condensation in later stages. The superheated steam from the superheater is supplied to the steam turbine via a main valve. An air preheater device is used to increase the temperature of air for burning coal by utilizing flue gases to raise the air's temperature before providing it to the boiler. This improves thermal efficiency and steam capacity per square meter of boiler surface. Similar to previous steps, the superheated steam from the superheater is sent to the turbine via a main valve. When this steam comes into contact with the turbine blades, it causes them to spin and converts heat energy into mechanical energy. After transferring heat energy to the turbine, exhaust steam is released into a condenser where it undergoes condensation using cold water circulation. Finally, an alternator connected to the turbine converts this mechanical energy into electrical energy.The electricity generated is then sent to the power grid through various components like transformers, circuit breakers, and isolators. Additionally, any condensed water produced in this process serves as feed water for continuous system operation. An external source is used to ensure efficiency and compensate for any water loss.

To further increase efficiency, a condenser is utilized to condense the steam from the turbine. This condenser uses water obtained from a natural source like a river or stream. The hot water discharged from the condenser is then returned back to a lower part

of the water source.

If there is no available water, the H2O in the capacitor is cooled and reused with help from a chilling tower. Furthermore, there is a refrigeration system that includes multiple heat transportation loops which extract thermal energy from space and expel it outdoors through five loops of heat transportation.

Among these loops, one involves an indoor air loop where indoor air passes through a chilling coil transferring its heat to chilled H2O in order to cool down the building space. Multiple loops are involved in this refrigeration system.

One such loop is the chilled H2O loop which returns water from the chilling coil to be re-cooled by the evaporator of the hair-raiser (refrigeration unit). Another loop involves the compressor pumping heat from chilled H2O to capacitor H2O using phase-change refrigerant within a refrigerant loop.The condenser H2O loop absorbs heat from the hair-raiser's capacitor and sends it to the chilling tower via a pump for cooling purposes. In addition, there is a cooling tower loop where air drives across an open flow of hot capacitor H2O with assistance from the chilling tower's fan in order to transfer heat outdoors. It should be noted that edited text may not contain proper due to limitations in text format.

Refrigeration systems can be classified into two main types: vapour-compression systems and vapour-absorption systems. Both these systems are used in commercial and domestic refrigerators, operating on the principle that when a liquid vaporizes, it absorbs heat from its surroundings. The refrigerants used in iceboxes and deep-freezes, known as liquids, are specifically designed to turn into vapor at temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius. By doing so, they absorb latent heat

and maintain a cold space below freezing temperature. To prevent solidification or slush formation in the low-temperature part of the refrigeration cycle, it is crucial for the freeze point of the refrigerant to be low.

The difference in processes:

Additionally, it is important to have a high latent heat of vaporization for efficient heat transfer during the cycle. Compression refrigeration cycles take advantage of the fact that highly compressed fluids become colder when they expand with significant pressure changes.In compression cycles, the compressed gas will be hotter than the cooling source while the expanded gas will be cooler than the desired cold temperature. Fluid is then used to cool a low-temperature environment and transfer heat to a high-temperature environment.

Vapor compression refrigeration cycles have two advantages. Firstly, they require a substantial amount of thermal energy to convert liquid into vapor, allowing for significant removal of heat from an air-conditioned space.

Furthermore, centrifugal clutches are widely used in vehicles and machines such as mopeds, underbones, lawnmowers, go-karts, chain saws, and mini motorcycles. They can even serve as substitutes for mechanical clamps in car transmissions. These clutches also find applications in industries like air power and technology for connecting and disconnecting power transmission in mechanical systems.

Professionals: The lubrication method of fluid clutches is separate and simple to control. Releasing the pedal allows the stop to reapply clamping force and activate the clutch, restoring the drive. Functioning similarly to flat plate clutches, these types of clutches connect or disconnect power transmission in mechanical systems without having a physical connection between the input and output shafts

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