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Q: Studies show that in comparison with sports today, the tournaments and sport activities in medieval and early modern Europe were

More violent More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/chpt-6-violence-in-sports-how-does-it-affect-our-lives/

Q: Studies show that in comparison with sports today, the tournaments and sport activities in medieval and early modern Europe were a. less likely to involve serious injuries. b. more likely to use technology. c. more rule-governed. d. more violent.

d. more violent. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/soc-of-sport-chapter-6/

Q: In early modern Europe, governments sought to increase national wealth and maintain a favorable balance of trade through government intervention by advocating

Mercantilism More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/collegeboard-world-history-practice-test-sat-ii/

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Early Modern Europe Introductory Sociology Sociology Of Sport

Chpt. 6 – Violence in Sports: How Does it Affect our Lives? – Flashcards 51 terms

James Hopper

51 terms

Preview

Chpt. 6 – Violence in Sports: How Does it Affect our Lives? – Flashcards

question

Research findings as well as popular ideas about sports and violence are often full of contradictions. One of the reasons for this is that

answer

All sports are lumped together regardless of their purpose or organization

question

As defined by the chapter, violence refers to

answer

Using excessive physical force that can cause harm or destruction

question

When violence occurs in connection with widespread rejection of norms, it is often described as anarchy; when it occurs in connection with blind obedience yo norms and autocratic leaders, it is described as

answer

Fascism

question

As defined by the chapter, aggression refers to

answer

Verbal or physical actions intended to control or do harm to another person

question

As defined by the chapter, intimidation refers to

answer

Words, gestures, or actions that threaten violence or aggression

question

Studies show that in comparison with sports today, the tournaments and sport activities in medieval and early modern Europe were

answer

More violent

question

Social historians suggest that violence remains an issue in sports because

answer

Sports are designed to create tension and excitement

question

The chapter is organized partly around a typology of violence developed by Mike Smith. The categories in his typology include

answer

Criminal violence, Borderline violence and Brutal body contact

question

Some forms of violence are accepted widely by athletes and even used as a basis for gaining status among fellow athletes. These include

answer

Borderline violence and brutal body contact

question

Athletes may be marginalized or formally punished if they engage in

answer

Quasi-criminal or criminal violence

question

Deviant overconformity is associated with some forms of violence in sports. The roots of this violence are grounded in

answer

The desire to gain reaffirmation for one's identity as an athlete

question

A study by Nancy Theberg found that elite women ice hockey players have a difficult time controlling all forms of brutal body contact in their sport because

answer

They love the physicality of ice hockey

question

Instead of saying that commercialization causes violence, the author states that it is more accurate to say that

answer

Commercialization enables more people to play violent sports

question

Rates of violence are higher in men's sports than in women's sports because

answer

Violence is tied to issues of masculinity for many men in sports

question

Research shows that boys and men who play power and performance sports learn that they will be

answer

Evaluated favorably for their ability to combine violence and skills

question

When playing power and performance sports boys and men learn that

answer

Being violent will help them avoid labels such as "wimp" and "fag"

question

Using violence in sports comes to be defined as "normal" by many people when the ability to "do" violence is seen as

answer

A means for males to prove their "manhood"

question

Learning to use violence as a strategy in sports tends to be highest in

answer

Heavy contact sports

question

The author argues that players in noncontact sports are

answer

Seldom rewarded for aggressive behaviors

question

In the culture of heavy contact sports, there is a general norm emphasizing that

answer

Violence is part of the game

question

The person who plays the role of "enforcer" on a contact sport team is expected to

answer

Intimidate and use violence against opponents

question

Information on violence in women's contact sports suggests that women are

answer

Less likely that men to use violence as proof of their sexual identity

question

Research on pain and injury in sports suggests that

answer

Professional contact and collision sports are dangerous workplaces

question

Research indicates that concussions as well as repetitive subconcussive head hits can cause brain injuries that may lead to CTE - chronic traumatic encephalopathy. CTE is a neurodegenerative disease with symptoms similar to

answer

Early onset dimensia

question

Preventing or minimizing CTE through the use of helmets and other head protection equipment has not been successful because helmets

answer

Cannot stop the brain from moving inside the skull

question

The author notes that the legal liability related to brain injuries is most likely to affect the future of

answer

Heavy contact sports played by athletes under the legal age of consent

question

It is difficult to reduce the injuries that occur in power and performance sports because

answer

Most serious injuries occur within the rules in these sports

question

It is difficult to say that playing violent sports causes people to be violent off the field because

answer

Violent sports may attract people who already have records of being violent

question

Sport participation may help people learn to control aggressive action in their lives. This has occurred in connection with some combat sports when the

answer

Coaches promote norms emphasizing non-violence and respect for self and others

question

Loic Wacquant's study of an inner-city boxing gym in Chicago indicated that the boxers

answer

Learned to control violent actions as they learned the craft of boxing

question

Research on high school students has found that

answer

Tennis players are involved in fewer fights that peers who don't play sports

question

Todd Crosset's review of research on sexual assaults by male athletes indicates that

answer

It is misleading to focus only on male athletes when studying sexual assault

question

The author suggests that violence against women by male athletes is associated with at least five specific aspects of the culture of men's sports. One of those is not

answer

Repressed feelings of hostility created by failures on the field

question

The goal of sociological research on violence among athletes is to

answer

Understand violence in the context in which it occurs

question

An investigation of sexual assaults by high school and club coaches in the state of Washington found that

answer

Nearly all offenses involved male heterosexual coaches victimizing girls

question

According to the author, watching sports on television often leads viewers to be

answer

Emotionally expressive, but not overtly violent

question

Historical evidence shows that compared to spectators in the past, spectators today are

answer

Less violent and less likely to disrupt action on the field

question

Most sociological research on sport spectator violence has been done by scholars in

answer

Europe

question

Research suggests that violent confrontations between sport spectators is most likely when

answer

There are existing tensions and conflicts in a community or society

question

Sport spectators at North American stadiums and arenas are

answer

Loud and expressive but not generally violent

question

Soccer spectators outside of North America are more likely that North American sport spectators to use sport events as a site to

answer

Express political positions

question

Most sociological research on sport spectator violence has been done by scholars in

answer

Europe

question

When large-scale panics occur at sport venues, they

answer

Are fueled by emotional contagion

question

Celebratory riots have been among the most dangerous and destructive forms of sport spectator violence in North America. In the past, they occur most often at

answer

College football games

question

Spectator violence varies with many factors such as

answer

Location of the event, Alcohol consumption, Importance of the team as a source of identity for the spectators

question

Research has shown that spectators are most likely to be violent when they interpret the actions of the players on the field to be

answer

Violent

question

The authors policy recommendations for controlling sport violence are

answer

Respecting the needs and rights of the spectators, Limiting on-the-field violence, and Establishing closer relationships between communities and teams

question

The primary goal of the suggestions for controlling spectator violence is to create

answer

New antiviolence norms among spectators

question

In the information on terrorism it is noted that

answer

Sports can't be separated from aspects of social life that inspire terrorism

question

According to the National Consortium for the Study of terrorism and Responses to Terrorism

answer

Sport events can be attractive to terrorists because they receive media coverage

question

Due to general fears about terrorist attacks at sport events, people

answer

Are more willing to accept a militaristic approach to social control at events

STUDY

Early Modern Europe High School Students Ideas And Beliefs North America

Soc of Sport Chapter 6 – Flashcards 50 terms

Kenneth Wheeler

50 terms

Preview

Soc of Sport Chapter 6 – Flashcards

question

Research findings as well as popular ideas about sports and violence are often full of contradictions. One of the reasons for this is that a. the short-term effects of playing or watching sports cannot be studied. b. terms such as violence and aggression are defined too precisely. c. all sports are lumped together regardless of their purpose or organization. d. social scientists shy away from studying violence.

answer

c. all sports are lumped together regardless of their purpose or organization.

question

As defined in the chapter, violence refers to a. using excessive physical force that can cause harm or destruction. b. any physical actions that are motivated by strong feelings. c. actions that are both irrational and strategic. d. any form of assault grounded in human instinct

answer

a. using excessive physical force that can cause harm or destruction.

question

When violence occurs in connection with widespread rejection of norms it often is described as anarchy; when it occurs in connection with blind obedience to norms and autocratic leaders, it is described as a. revolution. b. democracy. c. fascism. d. necessity.

answer

c. fascism.

question

As defined in the chapter, aggression refers to a. an instinctive behavior that serves to protect oneself in the face of threat. b. a category of behaviors that lack an awareness of or sensitivity to others. c. any action that results in property destruction or injuries to people. d. verbal or physical actions intended to control or do harm to another person.

answer

d. verbal or physical actions intended to control or do harm to another person.

question

As defined in the chapter, intimidation refers to a. any verbal behavior motivated by anger or frustration. b. physical actions that are rigidly focused on a particular task. c. words, gestures, or actions that threaten violence or aggression. d. all efforts that are made to influence another person.

answer

c. words, gestures, or actions that threaten violence or aggression.

question

Studies show that in comparison with sports today, the tournaments and sport activities in medieval and early modern Europe were a. less likely to involve serious injuries. b. more likely to use technology. c. more rule-governed. d. more violent.

answer

d. more violent.

question

Social historians suggest that violence remains an issue in sports because a. sports are designed to create tension and excitement. b. coaches have little training in strategies of violence control. c. the personalities of athletes have become more violent over time. d. spectators are less civilized today than they were in the past.

answer

a. sports are designed to create tension and excitement.

question

The chapter is organized partly around a typology of violence developed by Mike Smith. Which of the following is NOT one of the categories in his typology? a. Criminal violence. b. Borderline violence. c. Intentional violence. d. Brutal body contact.

answer

c. Intentional violence.

question

Some forms of violence are accepted widely by athletes and even used as a basis for gaining status among fellow athletes. These include a. brutal body contact and quasi-criminal violence. b. quasi-criminal violence and criminal violence. c. borderline violence and brutal body contact. d. criminal violence and borderline violence.

answer

c. borderline violence and brutal body contact.

question

Athletes may be marginalized or formally punished if they engage in a. brutal body contact or criminal violence. b. quasi-criminal or criminal violence. c. borderline violence or quasi-criminal violence. d. violent overconformity or criminal violence.

answer

b. quasi-criminal or criminal violence.

question

Deviant overconformity is associated with some forms of violence in sports. The roots of this violence are grounded in a. a desire for self-fulfillment and personal satisfaction. b. a lack of commitment to team norms. c. the desire to gain reaffirmation for one's identity as an athlete. d. a deep and secure sense of self-worth as a human being.

answer

c. the desire to gain reaffirmation for one's identity as an athlete.

question

A study by Nancy Theberge found that elite women ice hockey players have a difficult time controlling all forms of brutal body contact in their sport because a. their coaches demand that they use violence as a game strategy. b. they love the physicality of ice hockey. c. they often develop a strong hatred for their opponents. d. their teammates expect them to use forms of quasi-criminal violence.

answer

b. they love the physicality of ice hockey.

question

Instead of saying that commercialization causes violence, the author states that it is more accurate to say that a. money is the only cause of violence in sports. b. human beings are instinctively violent. c. violence is caused by the media. d. commercialization enables more people to play violent sports

answer

d. commercialization enables more people to play violent sports

question

Rates of violence are higher in men's sports than in women's sports because a. violence is tied to issues of masculinity for many men in sports. b. men love the physicality of sports more than women do. c. male hormones cause men to be violent. d. people will not pay to see women do violence

answer

a. violence is tied to issues of masculinity for many men in sports.

question

Research shows that boys and men who play power and performance sports learn that they will be a. punished if they use any form of brutal body contact when they play. b. rewarded if they can engage in criminal violence without guilt. c. rejected by peers if they use borderline violence in sport. d. evaluated favorably for their ability to combine violence and skills.

answer

d. evaluated favorably for their ability to combine violence and skills.

question

When playing power and performance sports boys and men learn that a. using violence will hurt their status on teams and in sports generally. b. being violent will help them avoid labels such as "wimp" and "fag." c. all forms of violence lead to punishments in games. d. being able to take violence is good but giving it is bad.

answer

b. being violent will help them avoid labels such as "wimp" and "fag."

question

Using violence in sports comes to be defined as "normal" by many people when the ability to "do" violence is seen as a. a means for males to prove their "manhood." b. necessary if a person is to be a good leader. c. a way to protect one's health and well-being. d. an important part of being human.

answer

a. a means for males to prove their "manhood."

question

Learning to use violence as a strategy in sports tends to be highest in a. noncontact sports. b. heavy contact sports. c. sports which attract spectators from upper-income groups. d. sports in which there is no protective equipment used by players.

answer

b. heavy contact sports.

question

The author argues that players in noncontact sports are a. seldom rewarded for aggressive behaviors. b. taught to use psychological as well as physical violence. c. the most violent of all athletes when they have opportunities to be violent. d. more likely than athletes in contact sports to use intimidation.

answer

a. seldom rewarded for aggressive behaviors.

question

In the culture of heavy contact sports, there is a general norm emphasizing that a. violence destroys careers. b. fighting loses games but wins fans. c. coaches cut violent players. d. violence is part of the game.

answer

d. violence is part of the game.

question

The person who plays the role of "enforcer" on a contact sport team is expected to a. assist referees in controlling the game. b. intimidate and use violence against opponents. c. provide legal advice to teammates. d. aggravate the coach of the opposing team.

answer

b. intimidate and use violence against opponents.

question

Information on violence in women's contact sports suggests that women are a. genetically predisposed to be less violent than men are. b. more likely than men to be violent in response to the commands of a coach. c. less likely than men to use violence as proof of their sexual identity. d. becoming less violent in sports as rewards for success become greater.

answer

c. less likely than men to use violence as proof of their sexual identity

question

Research on pain and injury in sports suggests that a. as violence increases in a sport, serious injuries among athletes decrease. b. professional contact and collision sports are dangerous workplaces. c. former athletes have fewer health problems than average people. d. sports are safest when athletes overconform to the norms of the sport ethic.

answer

b. professional contact and collision sports are dangerous workplaces.

question

Research indicates that concussions as well as repetitive subconcussive head hits can cause brain injuries that may lead to CTE—chronic traumatic encephalopathy. CTE is a neurodegenerative disease with symptoms similar to a. diabetes. b. a chronic flu. c. many autoimmune diseases. d. early onset dementia.

answer

d. early onset dementia.

question

Preventing or minimizing CTE through the use of helmets and other head protection equipment has not been successful because helmets a. are not always used in practices. b. that stabilize the brain are too exensive. c. are so heavy that they put pressure on the brain. d. helmets cannot stop the brain from moving inside the skull.

answer

d. helmets cannot stop the brain from moving inside the skull.

question

The author notes that the legal liability related to brain injuries is most likely to affect the future of a. global soccer leagues where players make low salaries. b. heavy contact sports played by athletes under the legal age of consent. c. sports played by people from low income families. d. women's heavy contact and collision sports.

answer

b. heavy contact sports played by athletes under the legal age of consent.

question

It is difficult to reduce the injuries that occur in power and performance sports because a. most serious injuries occur within the rules in these sports. b. human beings are inherently violent. c. most parents encourage their children to be aggressive in sports. d. people who choose to play these sports have strong aggressive tendencies.

answer

a. most serious injuries occur within the rules in these sports.

question

It is difficult to say that playing violent sports causes people to be violent off the field because a. violent sports may attract people who already have records of being violent. b. researchers cannot agree on a definition of violence. c. athletes won't talk about their experiences on the field. d. athletes generally look for trouble when they are off the field.

answer

a. violent sports may attract people who already have records of being violent.

question

Sport participation may help people learn to control aggressive action in their lives. This has occurred in connection with some combat sports when the a. people are committed to competitive success in their sport. b. coaches teach athletes how to effectively use their bodies as weapons. c. athletes in a sport come from mixed social class and racial backgrounds. d. coaches promote norms emphasizing non-violence and respect for self and others

answer

d. coaches promote norms emphasizing non-violence and respect for self and others

question

Loic Wacquant's study of an inner-city boxing gym in Chicago indicated that the boxers a. were eager to use their fighting skills to protect themselves on the streets. b. learned to control violent actions as they learned the craft of boxing. c. joined the gym to learn violence in an organized setting. d. were motivated by hate for fellow boxers who trained at other gyms.

answer

b. learned to control violent actions as they learned the craft of boxing.

question

Research on high school students has found that a. males in heavy contact sports are involved in fewer fights than other athletes. b. tennis players are involved in fewer fights than peers who don't play sports. c. women soccer players has higher rates of fighting than any male athletes. d. male students with football players as friends fought less than other students.

answer

b. tennis players are involved in fewer fights than peers who don't play sports.

question

Todd Crosset's review of research on sexual assaults by male athletes indicates that a. playing violent sports has no connection with sexual assault rates. b. male athletes have higher assault rates than any other group in society. c. it is misleading to focus only on athletes when studying sexual assault. d. male athletes are clearly a dangerous group of people.

answer

c. it is misleading to focus only on athletes when studying sexual assault.

question

The author suggests that violence against women by male athletes is associated with at least five specific aspects of the culture of men's sports. Which of the following is NOT one of those aspects? a. Collective hubris that separates athletes from the rest of the community. b. A general failure to hold athletes accountable for violating community norms. c. Support for the view that violence is a useful interpersonal tool. d. Repressed feelings of hostility created by failures on the field.

answer

d. Repressed feelings of hostility created by failures on the field.

question

The goal of sociological research on violence among athletes is to a. identify violent athletes and isolate them from those they may hurt. b. understand violence in the context in which it occurs. c. eliminate all brutal body contact in sports. d. let athletes know what women really think of them.

answer

b. understand violence in the context in which it occurs.

question

An investigation of sexual assaults by high school and club coaches in the state of Washington found that a. nearly all offenses involved male heterosexual coaches victimizing girls. b. more than half of all assaults were perpetrated by homosexual coaches. c. every coach who was accused of assault was fired immediately. d. nearly all reports of sexual misconduct were investigated by the police.

answer

a. nearly all offenses involved male heterosexual coaches victimizing girls.

question

According to the author, watching sports on television often leads viewers to be a. so hostile that it creates a context in which violence is common. b. emotionally expressive, but not overtly violent. c. targets of violence done by people who dislike sports. d. angry and violent only when they are watching with a crowd.

answer

b. emotionally expressive, but not overtly violent.

question

Historical evidence shows that compared to spectators in the past, spectators today are a. less violent and less likely to disrupt action on the field. b. more violent in the stands but less violent around the stadium. c. less violent in the stadium but more violent around it. d. more violent and more likely to use weapons in their violence.

answer

a. less violent and less likely to disrupt action on the field.

question

Most sociological research on sport spectator violence has been done by scholars in a. North America. b. South america. c. Asia. d. Europe.

answer

d. Europe.

question

Research suggests that violent onfrontations between sport spectators is most likely when a. female spectators outnumber male spectators. b. people from different racial and ethnic group attend the same events. c. there are existing tensions and conflicts in a community or society. d. venue managers install sophisticated surveillance equipment

answer

c. there are existing tensions and conflicts in a community or society.

question

Sport spectators at North American stadiums and arenas are a. loud and expressive but not generally violent.. b. more violent than their counterparts in Europe and Latin America. c. likely to see sport events in political terms and use them as protest sites. d. seldom policed when entering venues where professional teams play.

answer

a. loud and expressive but not generally violent..

question

Soccer spectators outside of North America are more likely than North American sport spectators to use sport event as site to a. distract players from the visiting team. b. throw objects at cheerleaders. c. express political positions. d. identify violent fans to stadium authorities.

answer

c. express political positions.

question

When large-scale panics occur at sport venues, they a. are fueled by emotional contagion. b. usually focus on attacking police. c. seldom lead to injuries or deaths among spectators. d. involve people from poor, rural backgrounds.

answer

a. are fueled by emotional contagion.

question

Celebratory riots have been among the most dangerous and destructive forms of sport spectator violence in North America. In the ast, they occurred most often at a. NFL playoff games. b. college football games. c. professional soccer matches in large cities. d. World Series baseball games.

answer

b. college football games.

question

Spectator violence varies with many factors. Which of the following is NOT one of those factors? a. The location of the event. b. Alcohol consumption by the spectators. c. The importance of the teams as a source of identity for the spectators. d. The personality profiles of regular spectators at an event.

answer

d. The personality profiles of regular spectators at an event.

question

Research has shown that spectators are most likely to be violent when they interpret the actions of the players on the field to be a. violent. b. emotionally intense. c. uncontrolled. d. product-oriented.

answer

a. violent.

question

Which of the following is NOT among the author's policy recommendations for controlling sport violence? a. Respecting the needs and rights of the spectators. b. Limiting on-the-field violence. c. Establishing closer relationships between communities and teams. d. Banning all block sales of tickets to large groups of people.

answer

d. Banning all block sales of tickets to large groups of people.

question

The primary goal of the suggestions for controlling spectator violence is to create a. fear and anxiety among spectators. b. create new antiviolence norms among spectators. c. a policing system that is covert and unseen by spectators. d. events that limit emotional expression among spectators.

answer

b. create new antiviolence norms among spectators.

question

In the information on terrorism it is noted that a. since 9/11/2001, security at sport events has actually decreased. b. there has never been a case of terrorism at a major sport event. c. sports can't be separated from aspects of social life that inspire terrorism. d. terrorists are regularly arrested at sport events in the U.S.

answer

c. sports can't be separated from aspects of social life that inspire terrorism.

question

According to the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, a. marathons have been the target of dozens of terrorist attacks in recent years. b. security costs to protect major sport events are very low. c. sport events can be attractive to terrorists because they receive media coverage. d. terrorist attacks are motivated by religious beliefs

answer

c. sport events can be attractive to terrorists because they receive media coverage.

question

Due to general fears about terrorist attacks at sport events, people a. are more willing to accept a militaristic approach to social control at events. b. have become more knowledgeable about world events. c. are more will to pay high prices for seats close to exits. d. have developed a wide range of strategies to protect themselves at events

answer

a. are more willing to accept a militaristic approach to social control at events.

STUDY

AP European History AP World History Divine Right Monarchy Early Modern Europe Peter The Great Peter The Great Of Russia Western Civilization

Ap European History Test Questions – Flashcards 31 terms

Darren Farr

31 terms

Preview

Ap European History Test Questions – Flashcards

question

"In everything he loved splendor, magnificence, profusion. He turned his taste into a maxim and installed it into his court on all matters

answer

Louis XIV Saint Simon

question

The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 had which of the following results

answer

put an end to the War of Spanish Succession. It established the Peace of Utrecht

question

The episode in French history known as the Fronde was

answer

A series of civil wars in France occurring in the midst of the Franco- Spanish war - No nobility

question

Which of the following was an economic policy of Jean Baptiste Colbert?

answer

Establishing detailed manufacturing codes to improve the quality of French export goods

question

Earlier kings and ministers of France made Absolutism possible for Louis XIV

answer

by weakening the power of nobles and any other threat to French royalty.

question

Louis XIV's finance minister Jean Baptiste Colbert transformed the French economy by employing a new economic system known as

answer

Mercantilism

question

"More than 100,000 potential enemies reside in this realm as long as France harbors Huguenots who perhaps are only waiting for a chance to rebel" The quotation above from a 17th century French leader offers an argument for

answer

Edict of Fontainebleau

question

The primary goal of France in entering the Thirty Year's War was to

answer

Reduce the power of the Hapsburgs

question

During the great witchcraft persecutions of the 16th and 17th centuries those most often tried as witches

answer

Older women

question

The principle reason why Louis XVI built his palace at Versailles was to

answer

tighten his control over the nobility

question

God hath power to create or destroy, make or unmake, at his pleasure; to give life or send death; to judge...and to be judged (by) none...And the like power have kings;..."

answer

Theory of Divine right.

question

Who was the leader of the Puritan army that overthrew the tyrannical Charles I and established the Commonwealth in England?

answer

Oliver Cromwell

question

As a result of the Glorious Revolution and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, government in Great Britain gradually became a Constitutional or limited monarchy- Controlled by the laws of the land

answer

Controlled by the laws of the land The Glorious Revolution established a constitutional monarchy in Great Britain.

question

During the 16th and 17th centuries, monarchs in western Europe sought to

answer

Guarantee personal liberty of citizens. centralize their own politcal power

question

By the Year 1600 strong monarchies had developed in all of the following countries except.

answer

Poland, Russia, Germany

question

Pride's Purge during the English Civil War

answer

Got rid of Presbyterians and what was left was

question

Which of the following was a cause of the English Civil War

answer

Puritans opposed Charles I taking more power as a monarch

question

King Charles I was forced to call Parliament in 1640 in response to

answer

Bishops' Wars that had bankrupted him.

question

Pride's Purge during the English Civil War

answer

question

England's Glorious Revolution of 1688 was 'glorious' in the sense that it

answer

the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians

question

Unlike her successor James I, Elizabeth I of England ruled by Working with parliament, putting the state ahead of religion

answer

putting the state ahead of religion, and working with parliament.

question

After the defeat of Charles I in the English Civil War and his execution in 1649, England was governed for ten years by

answer

Oliver Cromwell

question

The Streltsy were

answer

units of Russian guardsmen from the 16th to the early 18th centuries, armed with firearms

question

Peter the Great built his new capital St. Petersburg

answer

Which was capital of the Russian Empire for more than two hundred years

question

Religion supplies the pretext and gold the motive." This statement was a contemporary characterization of:

answer

Spanish and Portuguese expansion in the New World

question

Of the following new foods from the Western Hemisphere, which became most important in diets of the poor in early Modern Europe?

answer

Corn and potatoes

question

The Bill of Rights enacted after the Glorious Revolution in Great Britain did which of the following?

answer

More rights to Parliament (make laws/levy taxes) and citizens (right to keep arms, have a jury trial, petition the sovereign, not be subject to excessive bail). Led to Constitutional Monarchy.

question

The opening of new trade routes was most detrimental to the economy of

answer

Middle East, Ottoman Empire, Italy (countries that used to control trade).

question

Which two countries led in exploration and colonization during the 15th and 16th centuries?

answer

Portugal and Spain

question

A basic cause for the Age of Exploration was

answer

Not only seeking out the unknown but money was a big factor. They wished to find new and easier routes to China and Asia as a whole making the profit from trade there higher. The search for things of monetary value such as gold also played a big role.

question

Westernization in Russia came about largely through

answer

Peter the Great and his successors

STUDY

Codification Of Roman Law Early Modern Europe Five Good Emperors

HIS 101; final exam – Flashcards 88 terms

Candace Young

88 terms

Preview

HIS 101; final exam – Flashcards

question

What was the basis for the bishop of Rome's claims to superior authority in christendom?

answer

Jesus's statement to the disciple Peter that "you are Peter and on this rock I will build my church" better known as the "Petrine Authority"

question

Emperor Justinian's most lasting achievement was

answer

the codification of Roman law in CorpusJuris Civilis

question

Saint Augustine began writing the City of God in response in the

answer

Sake of Rome

question

As the ancient world collapsed, Christianity

answer

All of the above- preserved elements of Greco-Roman civilization; was a dynamic and creative force in decaying society; became the essential shaper of the civilization to come

question

Jesus has been referred to as Christ because he-

answer

was the Lord's anointed

question

A central factor in the decline of the Roman Empire was the

answer

high cost defending the empire

question

All of the following aspects of the Roman Empire facilitated the spread of Christianity from

answer

the active persecution of Christianity from the very beginning by the Roman state gave the faith an added quality of nobility

question

Of the societies we have studied, Germanic society has the most parallels with

answer

the heroic society described in Homer's epics (early Greeks)

question

The earliest surviving Christian writings are

answer

Saint Paul's Epistles

question

What were the three central ingredients of the Early middle ages in the West?

answer

late Roman civilization, Christianity, and German

question

What was the main accomplishment off the Nicean Code?

answer

it set out a list of beliefs that all Christians needed to hold

question

The first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity was

answer

Constantine

question

What prevented the East Germans from becoming full members of the Roman world they occupied?

answer

religious differences

question

Although the Byzantine Empire lasted until 1453, it lost

answer

All of the above- Spain to the Visigoths; Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and North Africa to the Arabs; territories in Italy to the Ostrogoths, Lombards, and Normans

question

Why do some historians believe that the Merovingians belong to the final phase of the ancient world?

answer

the Merovingians still operated within the contours of the decaying empire

question

Over the long run, the Merovingian was of succession shifted power from Kings to

answer

nobles

question

The Shiites

answer

believe the right to govern the Islamic world belongs to the descendants of Ali, the son-in-law of the prophet

question

The founders of the Carolingian line were

answer

Pepin of Landen and Bishop Amulf of Metz

question

Charles Martel's victory in 732 stopped the advance into Western Europe of the

answer

Muslims from Spain

question

Within little more than a century of its founding, Islam

answer

All of the above- united all the tribes of Europe; developed its holy book; spread as far as Spain in the West and India in the East

question

Byzantine identity was thoroughly

answer

Greek with a little Latin influence

question

Who did the Pope crown as emperor of the Romans in AD 800

answer

Charlemagne

question

When Western Europe reached the point of greater disorganization in the 6th century, which of the following brought order to the chaos?

answer

religion

question

What does the word Islam mean?

answer

submission to the will of God

question

The new European civilization that emerged in Europe during the Middle Ages

answer

All of the above- had Christianity as its unter; was predominantly Gernanic in its social and legal relationships; would produce the intellectual and material breakthroughs that made the world modern

question

How did the first crusaders and their successors survive in the Holy Land?

answer

through peaceful co-existence with the Muslim population

question

The ideology of Vassalage glorified

answer

service and loyalty

question

An issue in the investiture controversy was the

answer

right of secular rulers to appoint and confirm bishops

question

The Norman conquest of England

answer

Ultimately remade England by making it feudal under French speaking kings

question

What was the central issue in the conflict that emerged between the papacy and the empire after the death of emperor Henry III?

answer

the election of Popes

question

Crusade was a vehicle promoted bu the papacy for reinforcing

answer

European and Papal identity

question

The effects of the viking onslaught on Europe included

answer

All of the above- economic collapse; disappearance of royal authority; renewal of the decentralization process begun with the decline of Rome

question

In the Middle Ages various popes used which of the following to subordinate Kings to their will?

answer

All of the above- excommunication; the interdict; decrees

question

The first great pan-European style of the architecture is called

answer

Romanesque

question

Increased grain production led to

answer

All of the above- less starvation; more meat, milk, maure; more possiblities for trade and revival of town life

question

What was the outcome of the fourth crusade?

answer

the conquest of the Byzantine Empire by Western crusades

question

Why did burghes and merchants in many towns in France, the Netherlands, and Italy set out their rights in charters?

answer

to ensure their relative freedom from noble and church interference

question

According to the author of the textbook, the most important sign of breakdown in the Middle Ages was

answer

the decline of the papacy

question

The plague most likely reached Europe via

answer

merchant shops in the Mediterranean

question

One may say of the Battle of Crecy that is

answer

illustrated dramatically the power of the long bow

question

Guilds performed all of the following functions except

answer

encouraging competition

question

Which is true about the Great Schism?

answer

at one time there were three men who claimed to be pope

question

The usual pattern in the High Middle Ages was for peasant rebellions to occur

answer

during economic troubles when nobles and kings broke with tradition and increased their demands

question

How did Europe integrate and make sense of the mass of ancient knowledge flooding the West?

answer

through the creation of the university

question

The general term for the intellectual movement of university thinkers of the period between 1150 and 1350 is

answer

scholasticism

question

The feudal tradition contributed to later development of the idea of liberty because

answer

vassals possessed personal rights that the lord was legally bound to respect

question

Why did so many insurrections break out in Europe after the plague?

answer

they were a product of the raised expectations of the lower classes

question

How did the first crusaders and their successors surivive in the Holy Land?

answer

through peaceful co-existence with the Muslim population

question

All of the following technological innovations increased European agriculture productivity in the Middle Ages EXCEPT

answer

the introduction of oxen for ploughing

question

In 1381, English peasants rebelled in response to

answer

new laws tying them to the land and increased taxes

question

All of following statements about Joan of Arc are true EXCEPT

answer

as the name indicates her family was noble

question

During the late Middle Ages

answer

All of the above- societies experienced crop failure, famine, starvation war, and rebellion; the population fell, many villages were abandoned and many were unemployed; Italy experienced a major new cultural movement

question

The word renaissance means

answer

rebirth

question

Secularism in the Italian Renaissance meant

answer

preoccupation with life in the world

question

The renaissance originated in

answer

the city-states of northern Italy

question

The painter of the ceiling at the Vatican's Sistine Chapel

answer

Michaelangelo

question

In the 'The Prince,' Machiavelli states that

answer

All of the above- a successful prince must be both wiley and virtuous but must always appear virtuous, even when he is not; a new army comprised of citizens is necessary to free Italy of its invaders; it is more important to know how politics and government actually operate than how ideally they should be run

question

The distinctly modern outlook developed

answer

from the Italian Renaissance through the age of Enlightenment

question

Which could be described as a universal or renaissance man?

answer

Leonardo Da Vinci

question

Who was a printer in Mainze, Germany who is associated with the development of the printing press

answer

Johann Gutenberg

question

The renaissance may refer to

answer

All of the above- a cultural movement that attempted to recover and use ancient Greco- Roman learning; a movement that spread from Italy to the rest of Europe beginning in the late 15th century; the period from 1350 and 1600

question

Patronage of the arts in Renaissance Italy served

answer

to manifest the power of the patron to focus on civic patron; to provide justification of power

question

What tools and skills developed in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries enabled the European voyages of exploration?

answer

changes in ship building resulted in ships that were stronger, lighter, and faster and improvements in navigational technology

question

Which explorer first surveyed the Indian Ocean?

answer

Zheng He

question

The most important factor in the Spanish conquest of Mexico and Peru was

answer

European disease

question

Sugar growers in the New World turned to Africa as a slave source because

answer

All of the above- the great decline in the number of Indians made Columbus's suggestion of enslaving Indians impractical; Africans had a greater resistance to European diseases then the Indians; some African chiefs found that they could profit enormously through this trade

question

What did Columbus hope to achieve by sailing west across the Atlantic?

answer

he sought to reach Asia

question

The age of exploration and commercial expansion

answer

All of the above- created a rudimentary world economy; set the stage for European domination of most of the globe by 1900; contributed to unprecedented dynamisn in European Civilization

question

Encomiendas were

answer

royal grants of authority over a piece of land and its Native American residents

question

What made the Eastern Mediterranean and the Silk Road and largely inaccessible to Europeans in the fifteenth century?

answer

the rise of the ottoman Empire

question

All of the following helped cause the Age of European Exploration EXCEPT?

answer

the Mughals' continued encroachment into central Europe

question

How did the Portuguese obtain most of their African slaves?

answer

by trading European goods for slaves through African agents

question

Which of the following best summarizes the political consequences of Luther's split with Rome?

answer

the German princes allied themselves with Martin Luther against Emperor and Pope

question

The Jesuits used all of the following in their campaign against Protestantism EXCEPT

answer

compromise with the Protestants

question

In catholic practice at the beginning of the 16th century, indulgences referred to

answer

cancellation of punishment for sins for cash payments

question

Calvinist ethics were most compatible with

answer

capitalism

question

For Luther the final religious authority was

answer

the Bible

question

English Calvinists were known as

answer

Puritans

question

Luther's idea spread rapidly in 16th century Europe

answer

All of the above- because several important German princes adopted them in their Kingdoms; because printing press produced many pamphlets allowing Luther's ideas to spread quickly; they offered a solution to how do I know I am scared?

question

Which depicts Europe Circa 1550- the dark shaded area most likely represents the religions

answer

under Protestant influence

question

Martin Luther's criticism of the Roman Catholic Church was greated aided by

answer

the printing press

question

The Weber Thesis attempted to draw connections between the rise of Calvinism and the rise of

answer

Capitalism

question

The founder of the Protestant Reformation was the

answer

German- Martin Luther

question

Who benefited most from the religious controversy generated by the Reformation?

answer

centralizing monarchs, because they gained more independent authority

question

The core issue in Luther's protest against the Catholic Church was

answer

church's failure to teach the doctrine of salvation by faith alone

question

In the debate on the relationship of Protestantism and Capitalism

answer

all of these

question

The peace of Augsburg temporarily stopped violence by

answer

giving each ruler the power to determine which religion would be allowed in his territory

question

The Black Death that struck Europe in the middle the fourteenth century originated in-

answer

Mongolia

STUDY

AP European History Early Modern Europe History of Europe New Religious Movements

Ch 16 AP Euro Review – Marsh – Flashcards 50 terms

Sarah Taylor

50 terms

Preview

Ch 16 AP Euro Review – Marsh – Flashcards

question

The Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century

answer

although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries.

question

All of the following are considered possible influences and causes of the Scientific Revolution except

answer

the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by sixteenth-century universities.

question

Which of these ancient authorities was not relied on by medieval scholars?

answer

Galileo

question

According to Leonardo da Vinci, what subject was the key to understanding the nature of things?

answer

Mathematics

question

Scholars devoted to Hermeticism

answer

saw the world was a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature.

question

The general conception of the universe before Copernicus was that

answer

the earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it.

question

The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas?

answer

Astronomy, medicine, and mechanics

question

The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as

answer

the geocentric conception.

question

Copernicus preferred the heliocentric model because

answer

it made the planetary orbits easier to calculate

question

Copernicus's major book was titled

answer

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

question

The immediate reaction of the clerics to the theories of Copernicus was

answer

condemnation, initially by Protestant leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible.

question

The ideas of Copernicus were

answer

nearly as complicated as those of Ptolemy

question

Following upon Copernicus's heliocentric theories

answer

Johannes Kepler used data to derive laws of planetary motion that confirmed Copernicus's heliocentric theory but showed that the orbits were elliptical

question

Tycho Brahe contributed to the advance of astronomy by

answer

making accurate observations of the planets

question

Johannes Kepler was the first astronomer to show that

answer

planetary orbits are elliptical

question

Galileo wrote

answer

The Starry Messenger.

question

The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was

answer

Galileo.

question

Galileo was convicted of heresy and sentenced to house arrest for life in 1633 for

answer

ridiculing the Ptolemaic model in print.

question

Galileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems was really an attempt to

answer

suppport copericus through a publication in italian accessible to a wide audience

question

What actions did the Catholic Church pursue concerning Galileo and his ideas?

answer

foreced to recant them in a trial before the inquisition

question

Galileo's ideas on motion included the

answer

principle of inertia

question

Isaac Newton's scientific Discoveries

answer

although readily accepted in his own country, were resisted on the continent

question

Newton's contribution to astronomy was to prove that

answer

the planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth.

question

Newton invented

answer

the calculus.

question

Newton's major work was

answer

Principia

question

Paracelsus revolutionized the world of medicine in the sixteenth century by

answer

advocating the chemical philosphy of medicine

question

Among the following, who is not associated with major changes in sixteenth and seventeenth-century scientific research?

answer

Galen

question

On the Fabric of the Human Body

answer

was Andreas Vesalius' masterpiece on anatomical structure.

question

William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of

answer

the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood.

question

answer

Robert Boyle.

question

Antoine Lavoisier

answer

is regarded as the father of modern chemistry.

question

The role of women in the Scientific Revolution is illustrated by

answer

Margaret Cavendish, who participated in her era's scientific debates.

question

The overall effect of the Scientific Revolting on the argument about women was to

answer

generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominance.

question

Margaret Cavendish attacked the belief

answer

that humans through science were masters of nature.

question

Maria Winkelmann

answer

a German astronomer.

question

Benedict Spinoza believed that women

answer

were "naturally" inferior to men.

question

The philosophy of Rene Descartes

answer

stressed a separation of mind and matter.

question

What was the name of Descartes' book that expounded his theories about the universe?

answer

Discourse on Method

question

Descartes believed that the world could be understood by

answer

the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking.

question

The Foundation of Francis Bacon's methodology was

answer

inductive reasoning.

question

Organized religions in the seventeenth century

answer

rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world.

question

Benedict de Spinoza

answer

claimed that God was not just the creator the universe - God was the universe.

question

For Spinoza, the failure to understand God led to

answer

people using nature for their own self-interest.

question

In his work Pensees, Pascal

answer

attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions.

question

For Blaise Pascal, humans

answer

could not understand infinity, only God could.

question

Concerning the first important scientific societies, the French Academy differed from the English Royal Society in the former's

answer

corporal and capital punishment were on the decline

question

During the seventeenth century, royal and princely patronage of science

answer

became an international phenomenon.

question

The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first

answer

scientific journals appearing regularly.

question

Science became an integral part of Western culture in the eighteenth century because

answer

it offered a new means to make profits and maintain social order.

question

Which one of the following comments best summarizes impact of the Scientific Revolution on Western Civilization?

answer

It was a major turning point.

STUDY

Early Modern Europe Equality Under The Law History of Europe Mind And Matter

Chapter 16, 17, 18, & 19 Final (Multiple Choice) – Flashcards 200 terms

Chad Lipe

200 terms

Preview

Chapter 16, 17, 18, & 19 Final (Multiple Choice) – Flashcards

question

The Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century a. was stimulated by a revived interest in Galen and Aristotle. b. directly resulted from reaction and revolt against the social and historical conditions of the Middle Ages. c. was largely due to a monastic revolution. d. although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries. e. was a complete break with the past.

answer

d. although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries.

question

2. All of the following are considered possible influences and causes of the Scientific Revolution except a. the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by sixteenth-century universities. b. mathematical and naturalistic skills of Renaissance artists. c. the Hermetic belief in magic and alchemy. d. the humanists' rediscovery of Greek mathematicians and thinkers. e. the inspired work of a few intellectuals.

answer

a. the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by sixteenth-century universities.

question

3. Which of these ancient authorities was not relied on by medieval scholars? a. Aristotle b. Galen c. Ptolemy d. Galileo e. Plato

answer

d. Galileo

question

4. According to Leonardo da Vinci, what subject was the key to understanding the nature of things? a. astronomy b. art c. biology d. the Bible e. mathematics.

answer

e. mathematics.

question

5. Scholars devoted to Hermeticism a. believed that the world was a very recent creation still imperfect. b. credited the devil with control over the dark secrets of nature. c. saw the world as a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature. d. retreated from study of the natural world to concentrate on mastery of theories of magic. e. aandd

answer

c. saw the world as a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature.

question

6. The general conception of the universe before Copernicus was that a. it was orderly with heaven at the center and the earth circling around it. b. the earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it. c. the earth rested on the shell of a giant tortoise. d. it could not be revealed according to God's will. e. the world was flat.

answer

b. the earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it.

question

The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas? a. astronomy, medicine, and mechanics. b. astronomy, botany, and chemistry c. biology, mechanics, and ballistics d. engineering, physics, and dentistry e. biology, surgery, and astronomy

answer

a. astronomy, medicine, and mechanics.

question

The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as a. God's master plan. b. the geocentric conception. c. the lunacentric conception. d. the expanding universe. e. the pantheistic theory.

answer

b. the geocentric conception.

question

Copernicus preferred the heliocentric model because a. as a Protestant, he felt free to disagree with the Pope. b. it earned him lots of money and fame. c. it made the planetary orbits easier to calculate. d. he regarded the Sun as the most powerful god e. the sun is the source of all energy on earth.

answer

c. it made the planetary orbits easier to calculate.

question

Copernicus's major book was titled a. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. b. Novum Organum. c. Principia. d. On the Motion of the Heart and Blood. e. The Great Instauration.

answer

a. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.

question

The immediate reaction of the clerics to the theories of Copernicus was a. condemnation, initially by Protestant leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible. b. broad approval motivated by their now higher educational achievements. c. confused silence. d. the calling of the Council of Dort by Protestants and Catholics to question the astronomer closely prior to trial for blasphemy. e. apathy because they could not understand either his theory or his calculations.

answer

a. condemnation, initially by Protestant leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible.

question

The ideas of Copernicus were a. radically different from Aristotle's principle of the existence of heavenly spheres. b. nearly as complicated as those of Ptolemy. c. were just like the ideas of today. d. quite consistent with Biblical ideas. e. similar to those of Ptolemy but different from those of Aristotle.

answer

b. nearly as complicated as those of Ptolemy.

question

Following upon Copernicus's heliocentric theories a. Johannes Kepler used data to derive laws of planetary motion that confirmed Copernicus's heliocentric theory but that showed the orbits were elliptical. b. Kepler observed the heavens and proved that planetary motion was circular around the sun. c. Kepler used magic to prove that the earth moved in a manner based on geometric figures, trying to bring harmony of the human soul into alignment with the universe. d. Galileo and Kepler demonstrated that the motion of the planets is steady and unchanging. e. Kepler discovered the three laws of thermodynamics.

answer

a. Johannes Kepler used data to derive laws of planetary motion that confirmed Copernicus's heliocentric theory but that showed the orbits were elliptical.

question

Tycho Brahe contributed to the advance of astronomy by a. working out the theory of inertia. b. making accurate observations of the planets. c. calculating the pull of gravity on the tides by the moon. d. calculating the distance to the sun. e. inventing the astrolabe.

answer

b. making accurate observations of the planets.

question

Johannes Kepler was the first astronomer to show that a. the planets are made of earth-like material. b. planetary orbits are elliptical. c. the stars are immensely far away. d. everything is an illusion. e. the moon orbits around the earth.

answer

b. planetary orbits are elliptical.

question

Galileo wrote a. nothing of note. b. a translation of the Bible in Italian. c. The Starry Messenger. d. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. e. Principia.

answer

c. The Starry Messenger.

question

The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was a. Galileo. b. Copernicus. c. Brahe. d. Kepler. e. Newton

answer

a. Galileo.

question

Galileo was convicted of heresy and sentenced to house arrest for life in 1633 for a. denying the existence of God. b. dropping heavy objects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. c. being a recipient of Medici funding. d. claiming that Copernicus was in league with the Devil. e. ridiculing the Ptolemaic model in print.

answer

e. ridiculing the Ptolemaic model in print.

question

Galileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems was really an attempt to a. embarrass Copernicus. b. support Copernicus through a publication in Italian accessible to a wide audience. c. attack Luther and Protestant theological restrictions on scientific inquiry. d. apologize to the church for earlier theories he now saw as mistaken. e. oppose the dogma and doctrine of the Catholic Church.

answer

b. support Copernicus through a publication in Italian accessible to a wide audience

question

What actions did the Catholic Church pursue concerning Galileo and his ideas? a. authorities reluctantly agreed to his theories b. turned him over to the Papal Curia. c. allowed Galileo six months to change his mind concerning his theories d. forced to recant them in a trial before the Inquisition e. turned him over to the Inquisition to be tortured

answer

d. forced to recant them in a trial before the Inquisition

question

Galileo's ideas on motion included the a. law of planetary motion. b. idea that a rush of air behind a projectile kept it in motion. c. law of force x distance. d. spring reaction model. e. principle of inertia.

answer

e. principle of inertia.

question

Isaac Newton's scientific discoveries a. were resisted more in his own country, England, than in the rest of Europe. b. although readily accepted in his own country, were resisted on the continent. c. were modern in their removal of God from universal laws. d. were among the first to be printed in a language other than Latin. e. were initially condemned by the Church of England and the Archbishop of Canterbury.

answer

b. although readily accepted in his own country, were resisted on the continent.

question

Newton's contribution to astronomy was to prove that a. the planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth. b. accurate observation is the foundation of sound theory. c. the earth is at the center of the solar system. d. nothing can ever really be proven. e. the moon is not made of green cheese.

answer

a. the planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth.

question

Newton invented a. a technique for unclogging arteries. b. a new type of kiln. c. mathematics. d. the calculus e. alchemical principles still drawn on to this day.

answer

d. the calculus

question

Newton's major work was a. Novum Organum. b. Principia. c. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. d. Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy. e. Utopia.

answer

b. Principia.

question

Paracelsus revolutionized the world of medicine in the sixteenth century by a. disproving Galen's ancient theory of two separate blood systems. b. dissecting human rather than animal cadavers. c. advocating the chemical philosophy of medicine. d. rejecting the medieval medical philosophy of the four humors. e. discovering the circulation of blood throughout the body.

answer

c. advocating the chemical philosophy of medicine

question

Among the following, who is not associated with major changes in sixteenth and seventeenth-century scientific research? a. Vesalius b. Harvey c. Paracelsus d. Galen e. Boyle

answer

d. Galen

question

On the Fabric of the Human Body a. was Andreas Vesalius' masterpiece on anatomical structure. b. contained William Harvey's theories on blood circulation. c. contained Paracelsus' theories on a macrocosm- microcosm universe. d. was Galen's masterpiece that influenced so many doctors in the Middle Ages. e. was Cavendish's theory of human dissection.

answer

a. was Andreas Vesalius' masterpiece on anatomical structure.

question

William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of a. the immune system being associated with the pancreas. b. the brain stem being disconnected from the brain. c. the independent functioning of the lymph system. d. herbal healing. e. the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood.

answer

e. the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood.

question

The scientist whose work led to the law that states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted upon it and who argued that matter is composed of atoms, later known as the chemical elements, was a. William Harvey. b. Paracelsus. c. Andreas Vesalius. d. Robert Boyle. e. Antoine Lavoisier.

answer

d. Robert Boyle.

question

Antoine Lavoisier a. discovered the law of gasses. b. gave scientific proof to the theories of Newton. c. reconciled religion and reason in his Pensees. d. was the father of the Scientific Revolution. e. is regarded as the founder of modern chemistry.

answer

e. is regarded as the founder of modern chemistry.

question

The role of women in the Scientific Revolution is illustrated by a. the scientific community's growing acceptance of female members. b. Maria Merian's breakthrough in astronomy. c. Margaret Cavendish, who participated in her era's scientific debates. d. Maria Winkelmann, an entomologist accepted into the Berlin Academy of Sciences. e. the exclusion and absence of women from any scientific investigations.

answer

c. Margaret Cavendish, who participated in her era's scientific debates.

question

The overall effect of the Scientific Revolution on the argument about women was to a. dispel traditional myths of female inferiority. b. increase the role of women in the child-bearing process. c. generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominance. d. demonstrate that there was no inherent skeletal differences between the sexes. e. allow women to enroll in most of Europe's universities

answer

c. generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominance.

question

Margaret Cavendish attacked the belief a. that humans through science were masters of nature. b. that science was for the benefit of all humanity. c. in women being equal to men, despite her position. d. of a Newtonian world-machine. e. of a heliocentric universe.

answer

a. that humans through science were masters of nature.

question

Maria Winkelmann a. was an English aristocrat. b. a German astronomer. c. became a member of the Berlin Academy and England's Royal Society for her scientific work. d. was the mother of the more famous Robert Boyle. e. bandc

answer

b. a German astronomer.

question

Benedict Spinoza believed that women a. were equal to men. b. were little more than animals without a soul. c. were "naturally" inferior to men. d. could stand on their own, but society functioned far better when men alone ruled. e. were superior to men in their intellects but not in their emotions.

answer

c. were "naturally" inferior to men.

question

The philosophy of René Descartes a. stressed a separation of mind and matter. b. stressed a holistic universe of mind and matter devoid of a creator-God. c. saw the material world as a living thing containing the human essence. d. would not have a wide influence upon Western thought until the nineteenth century. e. was condemned by the government of the Dutch Republic.

answer

a. stressed a separation of mind and matter.

question

What was the name of Descartes' book that expounded his theories about the universe? a. On the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies b. On the Fabric of the Human Body c. Two Natures d. Mind Over Matter e. Discourse on Method

answer

e. Discourse on Method

question

Descartes believed that the world could be understood by a. the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking. b. quiet contemplation and following of the Scriptures. c. mystical experiences. d. interpreting dreams and applying that knowledge to our everyday lives. e. incorporating the mind with the body.

answer

a. the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking

question

The Foundation of Francis Bacon's methodology was a. inductive reasoning. b. speculative reasoning. c. deductive reasoning. d. triangulation. e. nonsense.

answer

a. inductive reasoning.

question

Organized religions in the seventeenth century a. conceded the accomplishments of science and separated theology from science proper. b. rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world. c. contributed greatly to scientific research. d. largely ignored science as merely a "toy for the minds of God's children." e. rapidly reoriented their theologies to accept the findings of modern science.

answer

b. rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world.

question

Benedict de Spinoza a. believed that humans were created separate from nature in order to rule the earth. b. claimed that God was not just the creator the universeGod was the universe. c. accepted Descartes' theory about the separation between mind and matter. d. rejected all forms of pantheistic belief. e. disagreed with the theory of a heliocentric universe.

answer

b. claimed that God was not just the creator the universeGod was the universe.

question

For Spinoza, the failure to understand God led to a. false worship of nature. b. people using nature for their own self-interest. c. a lack of moral judgment of others. d. sexual perversion. e. the establishment of divine right monarchies.

answer

b. people using nature for their own self-interest.

question

In his work Pensees, Pascal a. showed that science and religion were incompatible. b. popularized the scientific method. c. offered his thoughts on the heliocentric theory. d. attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions. e. advocated the importance of thought.

answer

d. attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions.

question

For Blaise Pascal, humans a. could know infinity through reason. b. were the summation of all things. c. could only understand that which is revealed to them by the Bible. d. were uniquely separate from the rest of the animal world. e. could not understand infinity, only God could.

answer

e. could not understand infinity, only God could.

question

Concerning the first important scientific societies, the French Academy differed from the English Royal Society in the former's a. government support and control. b. publication of scientific journals. c. focus on theoretical work in mechanics and astronomy. d. belief that science should proceed along the lines of a cooperative venture. e. lack of support by the French government.

answer

a. government support and control.

question

During the seventeenth century, royal and princely patronage of science a. declined greatly. b. was common only in Italy. c. became an international phenomenon. d. replaced funding by the church. e. was directed only towards pure research.

answer

c. became an international phenomenon.

question

The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first a. fund-raising events for medical research. b. scientific journals appearing regularly. c. code of ethics for experimentation on humans and animals. d. college departments for scientific study. e. international European institutions for the study of all branches of science and mathematics.

answer

b. scientific journals appearing regularly.

question

Science became an integral part of Western culture in the eighteenth century because a. people perceived it to be rationally superior to other belief systems. b. its mechanistic nature was popular with the lower classes. c. the victory of radical political groups, such as the Levellers, following the Puritan Revolution encouraged freedom of expression. d. it offered a new means to make profits and maintain social order. e. it allowed an alternative religious belief system to that of Christianity.

answer

d. it offered a new means to make profits and maintain social order.

question

Which one of the following comments best summarizes the impact of the Scientific Revolution on Western Civilization? a. It was of little consequence. b. The term "Revolution" is a misnomer that ought not be applied. c. It was a major turning point. d. It destroyed the moral foundation of a Christian civilization. e. It was a minor turning point.

answer

c. It was a major turning point.

question

The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was a. Voltaire. b. Diderot. c. Hume. d. Beccaria. e. Fontenelle.

answer

e. Fontenelle.

question

Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended a. the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life. b. the rational dismantling of all churches and their competing but empty ideologies. c. a complete stop to all efforts at the reform of justice. d. rigorous state control of all forms of education. e. the establishment of democratic republics throughout Europe.

answer

a. the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.

question

Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as a. "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity." b. "the end of tyranny." c. "a new era of equality for all." d. "a false intimation of future woes." e. "the proxy for real progress"

answer

a. "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity."

question

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of a. anti-Semitism and sharper persecution of minorities. b. secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life. c. sophism and the mockery of past traditions. d. monastic schools and medieval modes of training religious thinkers. e. the complete separation of church from state.

answer

b. secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.

question

The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they a. popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion. b. portray churches as allies of scientific progress. c. discourage amateur conversations about scientific matters. d. question the capacity of women to comprehend scientific discourse. e. advocated the replacement of Catholicism with Protestantism because the latter was "freer."

answer

a. popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.

question

A major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century were the Pacific Ocean adventures of a. James Cook. b. Ferdinand de Lesseps. c. Zheng He. d. David Hume. e. Ferdinand Magellan.

answer

a. James Cook.

question

Denying Descartes' belief in innate ideas, John Locke argued that every person was born with a. a passion for evil. b. love in their heart. c. the image of god in their mind's eye. d. a blank slate. e. a mixture of their parent's beliefs and values.

answer

d. a blank slate.

question

The French philosophes a. flourished in an atmosphere of government support. b. sought no extension of Enlightenment to other disciplines. c. were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality. d. supported state censorship of ideas contrary to their own. e. were widely influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his emphasis upon emotions.

answer

c. were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.

question

Isaac Newton and John Locke a. created two antagonistic religious systems of thought. b. provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society. c. claimed that mathematics and science would bring about the cure for the evils of society but only very slowly. d. said the philosophes were the prophets of the future and that their rejection of the scientific revolution was justified. e. had little influence on the later Enlightenment as they were perceived to be figures of the "old" seventeenth century.

answer

b. provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.

question

The French philosophes mostly included people from a. the nobility and the middle class. b. the lower class and the lower middle class. c. aristocracy and nobility. d. urban artisans and craftsmen. e. the universities.

answer

a. the nobility and the middle class.

question

In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where a. the legislature exercises absolute and unlimited power. b. the king exercises absolute and unlimited power. c. power is divided between the three branches of government. d. the nobility is uninvolved. e. all government resources are focused on military power.

answer

c. power is divided between the three branches of government.

question

The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was a. Geneva. b. Berlin. c. London. d. Vienna. e. Paris.

answer

e. Paris.

question

A key new type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was a. psychological autobiography. b. travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures. c. ribald stories of peasant ignorance. d. aristocratic joke books showing the bad humor of supposed social elites. e. scientific treatises based upon philosophical induction.

answer

b. travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures.

question

The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was a. Denis Diderot. b. Adam Smith. c. Francois Quesnay. d. Cesare Beccaria. e. David Hume.

answer

c. Francois Quesnay.

question

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of a. the German monarchical system. b. the separation of church and state. c. religious intolerance. d. Plato and the Greeks. e. Chinese civilization.

answer

c. religious intolerance.

question

An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was a. Mary Wollstonecraft. b. Marie Antoinette. c. Mary Astell. d. Catherine the Great. e. the Marquise du Chatelet.

answer

e. the Marquise du Chatelet.

question

Deism is the belief that a. religion is fairy tales to frighten the superstitious. b. if God exists, he has no interest in the world. c. God created the universe but does not actively run it d. a transcendent spirit controls every event. e. praying matters.

answer

c. God created the universe but does not actively run it

question

The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to a. get the uneducated masses to respect authority. b. usher in God's kingdom on earth. c. dispute the claims of science. d. exacerbate the hedonism of his peers. e. change the general way of thinking.

answer

e. change the general way of thinking.

question

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to a. scientific theism. b. an abandonment of the scientific method. c. intellectual stagnation. d. the formation of several agnostic religious movements. e. the social sciences.

answer

e. the social sciences.

question

Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his a. great play "Is Rome Burning?" b. 28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes. c. autobiography published in French. d. biography of Newton, "the greatest European." e. unconditional support for enlightened despotism.

answer

b. 28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes.

question

Adam Smith believed that government a. should not interfere in people's economic decisions. b. set prices across the board to maintain stability. c. should encourage people to share and help each other. d. has a responsibility to the people to manage the economy. e. is not necessary and should be eliminated entirely.

answer

a. should not interfere in people's economic decisions.

question

The author of The Progress of the Human Mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution was a. Condorcet. b. Holbach. c. Quesnay. d. Arouet. e. Danton.

answer

a. Condorcet.

question

Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"? a. Baron Paul d'Holbach b. Jean-Jacques Rousseau c. Denis Diderot d. Francois Quesnay e. Voltaire

answer

b. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

question

Montesquieu's Persian Letters a. expressed his admiration of Islam and the East. b. was a translation of a great literary work from ancient Persia. c. was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy. d. was first written Latin but later translated into French. e. was published first in Italy.

answer

c. was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.

question

For Rousseau, the "general will" was a. a meaningless abstraction and impediment to reason. b. derived from the law of supply and demand. c. a license to do as one pleased. d. a social consensus to which the individual must bow. e. identical to Locke's social contract.

answer

d. a social consensus to which the individual must bow.

question

For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes? a. divine right monarchy b. marriage c. religion d. ignoring the "general will" e. private property

answer

e. private property

question

Rousseau's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes: a. proper child rearing and human education b. the best roles for women in making modern society c. the necessity of church marriage and reform of church teaching on this sacrament d. the abolition of the pope's restrictions on religious practices and the content of sermons e. the evils of child abuse.

answer

a. proper child rearing and human education

question

Salons were a. literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed. b. luxurious carriages designed for long trips in the country. c. another name for bordellos. d. taverns in the poor districts where riots often started. e. lavish parties at court where nobles were entertained.

answer

a. literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed.

question

The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by a. Mary Wollstonecraft. b. Beatrice Williams. c. Mary Astell. d. Princess Amelia of Austria. e. Maria Cavendish.

answer

a. Mary Wollstonecraft.

question

The Baroque-Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was a. confined to France. b. expressed in the architectural works of Baron d'Holbach. c. evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann. d. characterized by strict geometric patterns and an emphasis on power. e. more sever and mathematical than the Baroque.

answer

c. evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann.

question

Choose the correct relationship between the Rococo artist and his work. a. Antoine WatteauReturn from Cythera b. Giovanni Battista TiepoloPlurality of Worlds c. Balthasar Neumannpilgrimage church of the Sitzkrieg Vierzehnheiligen d. Domenikus Zimmermannthe salon e. Bernini Versailles

answer

a. Antoine Watteau - Return from Cythera

question

Johann Sebastian Bach a. was best known for his cantatas and motets. b. became a close German confidant of Voltaire. c. produced religious music as a way to worship God. d. was the major Catholic composer of the seventeenth century. e. wrote Messiah.

answer

c. produced religious music as a way to worship God.

question

European music in the later eighteenth century was well characterized by a. Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire. b. Handel, the most religiously inspired of the period's composers. c. the strictly elitist, aristocratic works of Haydn. d. the innovative, secular compositions of Bach. e. the neoclassical works of Wagner.

answer

a. Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire.

question

Which eighteenth-century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figaro? a. Bach b. Handel c. Haydn d. Beethoven e. Mozart

answer

e. Mozart

question

Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers: a. epic poetry b. autobiography c. novels d. short stories e. histories of the Middle Ages

answer

c. novels

question

The English writer who argued in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies that women should become better educated was a. Anne Stuart. b. Mary Astell. c. Mary Wollstonecraft. d. Jane Austin. e. Maria Cavendish.

answer

b. Mary Astell.

question

The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized was a. Antoine Watteau. b. Balthasar Neumann. c. Madam Geoffrin. d. Rembrandt. e. Caspar David Friedrich.

answer

a. Antoine Watteau.

question

The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aided and characterized by the development of a. private tutors. b. magazines for the general public. c. compulsory education for the general public. d. state investments in free books. e. libraries.

answer

b. magazines for the general public.

question

High culture in eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the a. enormous impact of the publishing industry. b. decline of French as an international language. c. decline of the magazine with the rise of the novel. d. increased dependency of authors on wealthy patrons. e. complete freedom of the press.

answer

a. enormous impact of the publishing industry.

question

The eighteenth century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is a. Bach's St. Matthew's Passion. b. Haydn's The Seasons. c. Handel's Messiah. d. Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro. e. Wagner's The Ring cycle.

answer

c. Handel's Messiah.

question

A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with a. Voltaire. b. Diderot. c. Montesquieu. d. Hume. e. Beccaria.

answer

e. Beccaria.

question

Concerning the European legal system, by the end of the eighteenth century a. a trend away from imprisonment and toward capital punishment began. b. corporal and capital punishment were on the decline. c. criminal punishments became more cruel as violent crimes increased. d. the death penalty was abolished in western Europe. e. a and c

answer

b. corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.

question

The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often a. carried out by mobs after the criminals were charged in court. b. less severe than the crime would merit. c. the responsibility of the army. d. public and very gruesome. e. carried out privately so as not to inflame the general populace.

answer

d. public and very gruesome.

question

Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to a. Christmas. b. Easter. c. Lent. d. Pentecost. e. All Saints.

answer

c. Lent.

question

A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in eighteenth century England was a. beer. b. whiskey. c. wine. d. porter. e. gin.

answer

e. gin.

question

Pogroms were a. parties held to celebrate the amity between Jews and Christians. b. instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities. c. special Jewish holidays practiced only by Sephardim. d. special Jewish holidays practiced only by Ashkenazim. e. a sugary delicacy served at the capital in Vienna.

answer

b. instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.

question

In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant, a. declined in numbers and influence. b. still played a major role in social and spiritual areas. c. was responsible for the dramatic role in literary. d. had not changed much in two centuries. e. were legally separated from any state or government connections.

answer

b. still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.

question

The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe a. were assimilated into French society through the unanimous calls of the philosophes for integration. b. were most persecuted in France and Poland. c. were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities. d. won the right to publicly practice of their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781. e. were restricted to ghettos in all European states.

answer

c. were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities.

question

The religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was a. Unitarianism. b. Quakerism. c. Presbyterianism. d. Lutheranism. e. Methodism.

answer

e. Methodism.

question

In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose new religious movements? a. Scotland and Ireland. b. France and Austria. c. Italy and Spain. d. Sweden and Poland. e. England and Germany.

answer

e. England and Germany.

question

Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed a. the rise of the masses in politics as advocated by the philosophes. b. the waning of monarchical power. c. the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states. d. "enlightened absolutism" establish its deepest roots in France. e. a decline in bureaucratic structures and more laissez- faire types of government.

answer

c. the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states.

question

During the eighteenth century, the idea of Divine Right a. remained a strong basis for government. b. was gradually replaced by more republican ideas concerning government. c. was replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments. d. was best exemplified by the reign of Joseph II of Austria. e. disappeared with the death of Louis XIV in 1715.

answer

c. was replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments.

question

France in the eighteenth century a. thrived under the strong leadership of Louis XV and Louis XVI. b. suffered from severe economic depression throughout the century. c. was torn apart by a series of civil wars. d. lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt. e. brought back the Estates General during the reign of Louis XV.

answer

d. lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt.

question

Louis XV's most famous mistress was a. Marie Antoinette. b. Madame de Pompadour. c. Mary Wollstonecraft. d. Madame Guillotine. e. Comtesse de Boigne

answer

b. Madame de Pompadour

question

In the 1700s, members of the British Parliament were a. appointed by the King. b. usually overseas and not actually in Parliament voting. c. chosen in different ways in different districts. d. elected by a vote of all adult males. e. elected by a vote of all property owners, male and female.

answer

c. chosen in different ways in different districts.

question

In England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known as a a. good job. b. pocket borough. c. sinecure. d. tenured seat. e. gerrymander.

answer

b. pocket borough.

question

The 2006 movie Marie Antoinette was directed by a. the Coen Brothers. b. Sofia Coppola. c. Francis Ford Coppola. d. Lisa Azuelos. e. Juliet Berto.

answer

b. Sofia Coppola.

question

By the eighteenth century, the Dutch Republic a. established a system of male democracy. b. saw the power of the oligarchy considerably reduced. c. continued its great economic prosperity of the sixteenth century. d. suffered a decline in economic prosperity. e. permanently expelled the House of Orange.

answer

d. suffered a decline in economic prosperity.

question

A continuing trend throughout eighteenth-century Prussia was a. the uncontrollable growth of the royal state bureaucracy. b. the social and military dominance of the Junker nobility. c. an avoidance of military entanglements, especially under Frederick the Great. d. social mobility for the peasants through the civil service. e. the emergence of the bourgeoisie as the dominant class of society.

answer

b. the social and military dominance of the Junker nobility.

question

Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia a. saw the size of its army diminish. b. reduced the size and scope of government. c. witnessed nobles dominate important administrative posts. d. failed to establish an efficient civil bureaucracy. e. became a highly centralized European state.

answer

e. became a highly centralized European state.

question

Under Frederick II "the Great" of Prussia, the most important offices in the government usually went to a. high-ranking Lutheran churchmen. b. members of the nobility. c. university-educated bureaucrats. d. French philosophes. e. commoners who showed outstanding ability.

answer

b. members of the nobility.

question

The Austrian Empire under Joseph II a. reversed the enlightened reforms of Joseph's mother, Maria Theresa. b. rescinded all of Hungary's privileges. c. saw the nobility's power permanently stripped away. d. witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's enlightened but radical reforms. e. saw Austria turn away from any sort of Enlightened Despotism.

answer

d. witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's enlightened but radical reforms.

question

In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued a. three new court circulars on improved operations for the imperial bureaucracy. b. 6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws. c. 150 new ranks of imperial bureaucrats. d. at least 350 imperial decrees for the reform of judicial practice in Hungary. e. an edict separating the Austrian government from any connection with the Catholic Church.

answer

b. 6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws.

question

The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction a. succeeded in abolishing serfdom in all of Russia. b. succeeded in establishing an equal system of law for all Russian citizens. c. instigated changes in Russian government that sapped the power of the old nobility. d. accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten. e. abolished three-fourths of the Russian army.

answer

d. accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten.

question

Catherine the Great of Russia a. followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks. b. instigated enlightened reforms for the peasantry after the revolt of Emelyn Pugachev. c. weakened the nobility with her extensive enlightened reforms. d. successfully eliminated the power of the Duma. e. established a permanent political and military alliance with revolutionary France.

answer

a. followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks.

question

Pugachev's rebellion broke out after a. a bad harvest caused massive starvation in Poland. b. Prussia successfully invaded Russia and stole half of the Ukraine. c. Catherine II worsened conditions for the peasantry. d. Catherine II tried to draft peasants into the army. e. Peter the Great imposed new taxes on the people.

answer

c. Catherine II worsened conditions for the peasantry.

question

Which of the following countries did not participate in the partition of Poland: a. Austria b. Prussia c. England d. Russia e. a and c

answer

c. England

question

The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century a. occurred after decades of warfare between its neighbors. b. was reversed by the successful rebellion of General Kosciuszko. c. showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period. d. resulted from the Polish king's repeated insults and attacks on his neighbors. e. was reversed as the result of the Council of Berlin.

answer

c. showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period.

question

During the eighteenth century, Spain a. was temporarily rejuvenated by the reforms of Philip V. b. continued to decline as its empire in the west collapsed. c. fought a series of successful wars against France. d. became an international power again with its surprise attack on Florida and Cuba. e. lost all of its American colonies.

answer

a. was temporarily rejuvenated by the reforms of Philip V.

question

Labeled as "one of the most enlightened monarchs of his age" and among the most successful in wresting power away from the nobility was a. Charles III of Spain. b. Joseph II of Austria. c. Gustavus III of Sweden. d. Frederick William I of Prussia. e. George III of Great Britain.

answer

b. Joseph II of Austria.

question

Enlightened absolutism in the eighteenth century a. could never completely overcome the political and social realities of the time. b. was most successful in the strengthening of domestic diplomatic practices. c. successfully undermined the interests of the European nobility. d. was unable to implement legal reforms in many European states. e. was such a general failure that divine right monarchy soon replaced it.

answer

a. could never completely overcome the political and social realities of the time.

question

European diplomacy during the eighteenth century was predicated on the idea that a. sea power was the basis of real power. b. in a balance of power, one state should not achieve dominance over another. c. a country's empire determined its greatness. d. the charisma of a ruler determined a country's success in foreign policy. e. the largest army always wins.

answer

b. in a balance of power, one state should not achieve dominance over another.

question

The War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Prussia attacked the Habsburg province of a. Transylvania. b. Bavaria. c. Silesia. d. Bohemia. e. Haupstadt.

answer

c. Silesia.

question

The young Habsburg empress whose country was attacked in the War of Austrian Succession was a. Eleanor. b. Elizabeth. c. Marie Antoinette d. Maria Theresa e. Zita.

answer

d. Maria Theresa

question

The Diplomatic Revolution resulted when Maria Theresa of Austria refused to recognize the loss of a. Hungary, and fought the Spanish. b. Galicia, and took on the Bohemians. c. Silesia, and gained a French alliance. d. Bosnia, and allied herself defensively with England. e. Venice, and invaded Italy.

answer

c. Silesia, and gained a French alliance.

question

Which war do some historians regard as the first world war? a. War of the Austrian Succession. b. The French and Indian War. c. The Seven Years' War. d. Queen Anne's War. e. The Crimean War.

answer

c. The Seven Years' War.

question

As a result of the French and Indian Wars, France a. gained India. b. lost California. c. gained the Ohio River Valley. d. gained Louisiana. e. lost Canada.

answer

e. lost Canada.

question

European warfare in the eighteenth century was characterized by a. the continued reliance on mercenary armies on the mainland. b. ideological fervor leading to bloody battles. c. limited objectives and elaborate maneuvers. d. massive direct confrontations and pitched battles. e. extensive trench warfare and many military casualties.

answer

c. limited objectives and elaborate maneuvers.

question

Of the great European powers in the eighteenth century, the only one not to possess a standing army and to rely on mercenaries was a. Prussia. b. Austria. c. Russia. d. France. e. Great Britain.

answer

e. Great Britain.

question

European population growth in the second half of the eighteenth century a. saw all of the great powers grow in population except Russia. b. occurred despite increased death and infant mortality rates. c. was due to the absence of famines and elimination of most major diseases. d. was nearly double the rate of the first half of the century. e. in fact declined because of increased urbanization which resulted in increased unsanitary conditions.

answer

d. was nearly double the rate of the first half of the century.

question

All of the following contributed to the growth of population in the second half of the eighteenth century except a. a decline in the death rate. b. new crops from America such as corn and potatoes. c. the end of typhus and smallpox. d. the end of the bubonic plague. e. an increase in women who married during their child- bearing years.

answer

c. the end of typhus and smallpox.

question

A key financial advantage the British government enjoyed over French rulers in the eighteenth century was a. Britain's capacity to borrow large sums of money at low rates of interest. b. a lower total amount of British government debt. c. a strong policy against state borrowing of any kind in Britain. d. no real curbs on state borrowing in France. e. the abolishment of the Bank of England's influence in economic matters.

answer

a. Britain's capacity to borrow large sums of money at low rates of interest.

question

All of the following were persistent trends in the upper- class eighteenth-century European family except a. childhood being viewed more and more as a special phase in human development. b. the use of wet nurses. c. the decline in the total number of children per family. d. children often removed from foundling homes and boarded at state and municipal workshops. e. the use of a variety of birth control techniques.

answer

d. children often removed from foundling homes and boarded at state and municipal workshops.

question

European society in the eighteenth century witnessed a. a pattern developing of marriage at earlier ages for brides and grooms. b. the continued dominance of the nuclear family. c. the declining importance of the woman in the "family economy." d. rapidly declining rates of illegitimate births and a consequent decline in infanticide due to stringent laws prohibiting either. e. the growth of the extended family.

answer

b. the continued dominance of the nuclear family.

question

New European attitudes toward children are made visible in all of the following except a. changes in the ordinary clothing of children. b. the production of more games and toys for children. c. a reinforcement of the custom of primogeniture. d. the great interest of lower-class mothers in breast- feeding infants. e. childhood being viewed more and more as a special phase in human development.

answer

c. a reinforcement of the custom of primogeniture.

question

Which one of the following non-native, imported products allowed Irish peasants to survive on the small plots of land left to them by English landlords? a. fish. b. tomatoes. c. wheat. d. rice. e. potatoes.

answer

e. potatoes.

question

The domestic system of industrial production in Flanders and England became known as the a. manorial system. b. cottage system. c. mercantile system. d. laissez-faire. e. the putting-in system.

answer

b. cottage system.

question

A key financial innovation of the eighteenth century was a. the creation of insurance policies. b. the circulation of paper banknotes compensating for a lack of coinage. c. international currency markets and arbitrage speculation. d. deficit spending by enlightened monarchs to pay for vital government reforms. e. the increased use of specie in preference to less reliable paper money.

answer

b. the circulation of paper banknotes compensating for a lack of coinage.

question

All of the following are correct about trade and commerce in the eighteenth century except a. international trade had become greater than trade within Europe. b. trade within Europe was still greater than overseas trade. c. there was a dramatic increase in trade between European nations and their colonies. d. the Atlantic trade contributed to the growth of European cities. e. overseas trade let to the growth of related industries, such as textile manufacturing.

answer

a. international trade had become greater than trade within Europe.

question

Which of the following cities did not benefit significantly from eighteenth century Atlantic trade? a. Bordeaux b. Marseilles c. Rome d. Lisbon e. Liverpool

answer

c. Rome

question

A favorite type of private charity supported by the rich in eighteenth-century Europe was a. the dowry fund for poor women. b. neighborhood confraternities to support social welfare programs. c. foundling homes for poor and abandoned children. d. church schools to teach the poor obedience to authority. e. the establishment of safe retreats for prostitutes desiring to leave their profession.

answer

c. foundling homes for poor and abandoned children.

question

Europe's unequal social organization in the eighteenth century was a. determined by the division of society into traditional orders. b. deemed contrary to Christian teaching. c. least apparent in Prussia. d. abolished in Britain by Parliament in opposition to the king. e. became dramatically more equal as the century progressed.

answer

a. determined by the division of society into traditional orders.

question

The European peasantry in the eighteenth century a. comprised nearly half of Europe's population. b. was free from serfdom in all countries by 1789. c. often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners. d. benefited the most in southern Italy and eastern Germany. e. disappeared in England because of the Industrial Revolution.

answer

c. often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners

question

The special legal privileges of the European nobility included all of the following except: a. judgment by peers. b. immunity from severe punishment. c. exemptions from most forms of taxation. d. guarantees against becoming poor. e. access to military and civil offices.

answer

d. guarantees against becoming poor.

question

Andrea Palladio was a noted Venetian a. general. b. courtier. c. architect. d. musician. e. composer.

answer

c. architect.

question

The Grand Tour a. saw French aristocrats travel through Britain to learn good manners and observe a modern economy. b. avoided Italy as it diverted young men from the tour's education goals in northern Europe. c. was greatly facilitated by more convenient forms of personal travel in the eighteenth century. d. generally completed the proper education of an aristocrat's sons. e. was reserved for ambitious members of the bourgeoisie.

answer

d. generally completed the proper education of an aristocrat's sons.

question

Which of the following statements best describes eighteenth-century European cities? a. They were remarkably cleaner than the medieval city. b. They were decreasing dramatically in population. c. They were still filthy and lacked proper sanitation. d. They were becoming more democratic in their government. e. They were becoming politically and legally independent of monarchial control.

answer

c. They were still filthy and lacked proper sanitation.

question

By the eighteenth century, the largest European city in terms of population was a. Berlin. b. Paris. c. St. Petersburg. d. Amsterdam. e. London.

answer

e. London.

question

The problem of poverty in eighteenth-century Europe was a. most severe in Great Britain, a country lacking a system of poor relief. b. solved largely through the efforts of private and religious charities. c. aggravated by the hostile feelings of government officials toward the poor. d. solved in France in the 1770's through massive royal public works projects. e. entirely the result of the Industrial Revolution.

answer

c. aggravated by the hostile feelings of government officials toward the poor.

question

At the beginning of the eighteenth century, a. the old order was under severe attack. b. the old order still remained strong. c. republicanism was in ascendant. d. enlightened absolutism had proved to be a failure. e. democracy was spreading.

answer

b. the old order still remained strong.

question

On July 4, 1776, the delegates of the Second Continental Congress approved a. the Declaration of the Rights of the Man and the Citizen. b. the Constitution. c. the Declaration of Independence. d. the Olive Branch Petition. e. George Washington as commander of the Continental Army.

answer

c. the Declaration of Independence.

question

The colonists won their war for independence due to a. generous military and financial aid from various European states, especially France. b. the collapse of the English colonial system. c. apathy of the English military. d. flaws in the English mercantile system. e. b and c

answer

a. generous military and financial aid from various European states, especially France.

question

The defeat of General Cornwallis and his army at Yorktown in 1781, leading to British abandonment of the Revolutionary War, was achieved by a. American colonial army and naval forces alone. b. a combined American and French army. c. a combined force of American, French, Spanish, and Dutch forces. d. the Virginia Minutemen. e. a combined American and French army supported by a heavily armed French fleet.

answer

e. a combined American and French army supported by a heavily armed French fleet.

question

The Constitution of the United States of 1789 a. was a revision of the Articles of Confederation. b. was seen by European liberals as a utopian document that would never last. c. created a republic in which the branches of government provided checks on one another. d. had no real impact on the French Revolution. e. failed, and was soon replaced by the Articles of Confederation.

answer

c. created a republic in which the branches of government provided checks on one another.

question

The American Revolution affected Europeans by a. proving that military force was the final diplomatic authority. b. ending colonial expansion around the world. c. proving that the new United States was the most powerful nation. d. proving that the ideas of the Enlightenment could be realized politically. e. proving that the patriotic shedding of vast amounts of blood could bring revolutionary change.

answer

d. proving that the ideas of the Enlightenment could be realized politically.

question

A key conduit of "enlightened" American political and moral ideas back to Europe was formed by a. returning British prisoners of war. b. the hundreds of literate and influential French army and navy officers who had fought on the American side during the Revolutionary War. c. European nobles returning from expeditions to the new American frontier. d. missionary priests returning from evangelical campaigns deep in the U.S. back country. e. official proclamations sent to the governments of Europe by George Washington.

answer

b. the hundreds of literate and influential French army and navy officers who had fought on the American side during the Revolutionary War.

question

In France, the First Estate was composed of a. the nobility. b. the clergy. c. the peasants. d. the military. e. the nobility.

answer

b. the clergy.

question

The most immediate cause of the French Revolution was a. the government's failure to resolve its debts and other economic problems. b. the blocking of attempted reforms by the French Parlements. c. the radical calls of the philosophes for reform. d. Louis XVI's rejection of the cahiers de doléances. e. violent uprisings by the common people who were demanding political and economic equality.

answer

a. the government's failure to resolve its debts and other economic problems.

question

The French economy of the eighteenth century was a. growing due to an expansion of foreign trade and industrial production. b. stagnant due to foreign competition in industry and trade. c. declining rapidly due to overuse of arable land. d. based largely on the silk industry. e. was entirely based upon agricultural production.

answer

a. growing due to an expansion of foreign trade and industrial production.

question

By convening the Estates General in 1789, a. the government showed its autocratic strength. b. the government indicated the financial well-being of France. c. the government all but conceded to the sovereignty of the people in their own taxation. d. the government conceded all powers to the people. e. the government did what it normally did every few years, thereby indicating little.

answer

c. the government all but conceded to the sovereignty of the people in their own taxation.

question

The Third Estate was composed of all of the following except a. shopkeepers. b. peasants. c. the unemployed. d. skilled craftsmen. e. the clergy.

answer

e. the clergy.

question

Compared to the American Revolution, the French Revolution was a. less violent. b. less radical. c. more influential in Europe as a model of rebellion. d. quickly over. e. was entirely a movement of the masses, led by faceless individuals.

answer

c. more influential in Europe as a model of rebellion.

question

By the eighteenth century, the French bourgeoisie and nobility were a. growing further apart in social status. b. increasingly less distinguishable from each other. c. rapidly losing social status to the third estate. d. openly hostile and frequently involved in street battles. e. almost completely dominated by the clergy of the First Estate.

answer

b. increasingly less distinguishable from each other.

question

When the government called for the Estates General to meet, a. it abolished the Third Estate. b. it halved the number of representatives from the Third Estate. c. it doubled the number of representatives from the Second Estate. d. it doubled the number of representatives from the Third Estate. e. it changed nothing.

answer

d. it doubled the number of representatives from the Third Estate.

question

In 1789, the Estates-General was a. Louis XVI's parliamentary body often consulted by the king. b. in unanimous agreement that only radical changes could solve France's problems. c. dominated by the first estate composed mostly of urban lawyers. d. unanimously in agreement about the necessity of immediately creation a "National Assembly." e. divided over the issue of voting by "orders" or by "head."

answer

e. divided over the issue of voting by "orders" or by "head."

question

Sieyès wrote "What is the Third Estate?" to support the political demands of the a. aristocrats. b. foreign investors. c. common people. d. clergy. e. king.

answer

c. common people.

question

As one measure of the French crown's terrible financial predicament, by 1788 the interest payments on the state debt alone amounted to a. one-fifth of total government spending. b. one-quarter of total government spending. c. one-third of total government spending. d. one-half of all government spending. e. two-thirds of all government spending.

answer

d. one-half of all government spending.

question

Just prior to the Revolution in France, the number of the poor in France a. actually declined. b. went up significantly. c. increased very slowly. d. remained fairly constant. e. a and d

answer

b. went up significantly.

question

In the summer of 1789, when the "revolution of the lawyers" appeared doomed by imminent royal use of armed force, the Revolution as a whole was saved by a. the betrayal of the monarchy by high clergymen. b. the defection of key nobles of the sword to the rebels. c. the intervention of armed commoners, especially in urban uprisings. d. the outside influence of mercenary troops paid by the rebels. e. the intervention of Britain, whose constitutional monarch seemed threatened by upheaval in France.

answer

c. the intervention of armed commoners, especially in urban uprisings.

question

The cahiers de doléances called for a. abolishing the fiscal privileges of the church and nobility. b. the abolition of the Estates-General. c. the royal execution of all rebels in France. d. universal voting privileges for all French people. e. the beheading of Louis XVI.

answer

a. abolishing the fiscal privileges of the church and nobility.

question

The French revolutionary slogan neatly evoking the ideals of the rebellion was a. "Down with the aristocracy!" b. "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!" c. "Death to the king and queen!" d. "Kill all priests and burn all churches!" e. "The bourgeoisie will triumph!"

answer

b. "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!"

question

The controversy over voting by order versus voting by head in the Estates-General saw a. the nobles of the robe advocate voting by head. b. the "lovers of liberty" effectively block voting by head. c. Abbé Sieyè's call for the expulsion of the Third Estate from the Estates-General. d. the Third Estate joining the Second Estate in abolished the First Estate of the clergy. e. the Third Estate respond by forming a "National Assembly."

answer

e. the Third Estate respond by forming a "National Assembly."

question

All of the following were accomplished by the National/Constituent Assembly except the a. Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. b. Civil Constitution of the Clergy. c. legal defense of seigneurial rights throughout the country. d. reform of French voting procedures. e. abolishment of divine right monarchy.

answer

c. legal defense of seigneurial rights throughout the country.

question

The King's fortress in Paris, which a mob stormed on July 14, 1789, touching off a wave of riots throughout France, was a. Chartres. b. St. Denis. c. the Bastille. d. the Louvre. e. the Tuileries.

answer

c. the Bastille.

question

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed a. free or affordable food for the poor. b. equality under the law for all French men. c. equality under the law for all French men and women. d. nothing. e. the right to vote for all French men.

answer

b. equality under the law for all French men.

question

Olympe de Gouges a. became the first female member of the National Assembly. b. attempted to kill Marie Antoinette after the queen said, "Let them eat cake." c. wrote The Declaration of the Rights of the Woman and the Citizen. d. was the ghost author of the Declaration of the Rights of the Man and the Citizen. e. was the mistress to Robespierre.

answer

c. wrote The Declaration of the Rights of the Woman and the Citizen.

question

In regard to the Catholic Church, the National Assembly a. left the institution alone. b. increased its power slightly in France. c. passed legislation that secularized church offices and clergymen. d. abolished the faith in France. e. recognized the Catholic Church as France's only legal religion.

answer

c. passed legislation that secularized church offices and clergymen.

question

In the French Constitution of 1791, who had the right to vote? a. all men. b. all men and wealthy women. c. male citizens who met a tax qualification d. male citizens with noble titles e. all adults

answer

c. male citizens who met a tax qualification

question

What group emerged as the most important radical element in French politics, at the beginning of the French Revolution? a. Bonapartists b. Papists c. Communards d. Loyalists e. Jacobins

answer

e. Jacobins

question

In 1792, the Legislative Assembly declared war on a. the peasantry. b. counter-revolutionaries. c. England d. Austria. e. monarchies everywhere.

answer

d. Austria

question

During the early stages of the "Radical Revolution," the National Convention a. was controlled by the Mountain, which defeated the less radical Girondins. b. successfully resisted the Parisians' radical attempts to control the Convention. c. favored ending the disastrous European war. d. failed to create any kind of large standing army. e. requested that Napoleon become dictator.

answer

a. was controlled by the Mountain, which defeated the less radical Girondins.

question

In September of 1792, the National Convention a. established a constitutional monarchy. b. abolished the monarchy and established a republic. c. voted to preserve the life of Louis XVI. d. was dismantled by Louis XVI. e. was immediately replaced by the Directory.

answer

b. abolished the monarchy and established a republic.

question

The head of the Committee of Public Safety who presided over the terror in France in 1793 and 1794 was a. Babeuf. b. Sieyès c. Robespierre. d. Marat. e. Saint-Just

answer

c. Robespierre.

question

The French Republic's army in the 1790s a. received little backing from the home front. b. was small, but effective in battle. c. fueled modern nationalism and was raised through total mobilization of the population. d. was totally defeated by foreign aristocratic forces. e. got weaker and smaller as the decade went by.

answer

c. fueled modern nationalism and was raised through total mobilization of the population.

question

During the Reign of Terror, the majority of the victims were a. nobles. b. clergy. c. middle class. d. peasant and laboring classes. e. the bourgeoisie.

answer

d. peasant and laboring classes.

question

In regard to religion, the National Convention a. took measures to strengthen the Roman Catholic Church. b. issued an edict allowing for total religious freedom. c. took measures to de-christianize the republic. d. made the republic completely atheistic. e. expelled the Jews from France.

answer

c. took measures to de-christianize the republic.

question

Which of the following is not true of the French revolutionary republican calendar? a. Each month consisted of three ten-day weeks. b. Most Christian holidays were kept. c. No efforts were made to enforce it. d. It was meant to signal a new beginning for the nation. e. It was part of the government's dechristianization program.

answer

b. Most Christian holidays were kept.

question

A successful slave rebellion against French rule occurred in a. the Vendee. b. Batavia. c. Jamaica. d. Haiti. e. the Cameroons.

answer

d. Haiti.

question

The chief accomplishment of the National Convention was a. creation of the revolutionary calendar. b. preservation of the revolution from being destroyed by foreign enemies. c. creation of the Directory. d. the establishment of the National French School System. e. defeat of the counter-revolutionaries led by the Bourbon family in southern France.

answer

b. preservation of the revolution from being destroyed by foreign enemies.

question

The government of the Directory in the period of the Thermidorean Reaction a. primarily relied on the support of the royalists. b. was unicameral and directly elected by active citizens. c. was characterized by honest leadership and wise economic plans. d. increasingly had to rely on military support for its survival. e. abolished the radical reforms of the Public Safety, including the Revolutionary Calendar.

answer

d. increasingly had to rely on military support for its survival.

question

All of the following are true about Napoleon and his career before 1799 except a. he was initially disliked by his fellow soldiers. b. he made rapid progress and achieved the status of a general even before the Revolution. c. he read a great deal of military history. d. he saved the National Convention from the Parisian mob in 1795. e. he married the widow of a guillotined general.

answer

b. he made rapid progress and achieved the status of a general even before the Revolution.

question

The chief reason for Napoleon's fast rise to power was/were his a. series of stunning victories over the enemies of France. b. social programs that appealed to the masses. c. promises to make France great again. d. work with an inner clique of revolutionaries dedicated to the general. e. secret support of disaffected members of the Bourbon family.

answer

a. series of stunning victories over the enemies of France.

question

Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon? a. He was both a child of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. b. He had a sense of moral responsibility to the people of France. c. He advocated an invasion of Britain in the 1790s. d. He was born the son of a Parisian merchant. e. He was a successful military general but had to talent for civil administration and reform.

answer

a. He was both a child of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.

question

Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon's domestic policies? a. Much autonomy was given to the provincial departments as the previous system of prefects was overhauled. b. His "new aristocracy" was actually little different from the old, as it was based on privilege and wealth. c. His Civil Code reaffirmed the ideals of the Revolution while creating a uniform legal system. d. As a devout Catholic, he reestablished Catholicism as the official state religion. e. He abolished most of the civilian bureaucracy, preferring to govern by military rule.

answer

c. His Civil Code reaffirmed the ideals of the Revolution while creating a uniform legal system.

question

In the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon made peace with a. the Church. b. the Directory. c. Austria. d. England. e. the aristocrats.

answer

a. the Church.

question

A prominent writer who denounced Napolean's despotic rule was a. Voltaire. b. Mary Wollstonecraft. c. Rousseau. d. Marshal Nye. e. Germaine de Stael.

answer

e. Germaine de Stael.

question

Not among the factors in the defeat of Napoleon was a. the failure of the Continental System. b. the defeat of the French navy at the Battle of Trafalgar. c. mass reactions to his brutal suppression of local customs in the conquered countries. d. the spread of nationalism in the conquered countries. e. that most independent European states were united against him by 1814.

answer

c. mass reactions to his brutal suppression of local customs in the conquered countries.

question

Napoleon's Continental System tried to defeat the British by a. a massive invasion of Britain. b. preventing British trade. c. causing political unrest in Britain. d. attacking the British colonies in North America. e. isolating India from Britain.

answer

b. preventing British trade.

question

The German philosopher who initially welcomed the French Revolution, turned against it, becoming instead an advocate of a German national spirit was a. Goethe. b. Fichte. c. Hegel. d. Kant. e. Schiller.

answer

e. Schiller.

question

Napoleon met his final defeat at the Battle of a. Leipzig. b. Borodino. c. Trafalgar. d. Austerlitz. e. Waterloo.

answer

e. Waterloo.

STUDY

16th And 17th Century AP World History Dutch East India Company Early Modern Europe History of the Americas Social Class System

The Commercial Revolution in Europe – Flashcards 10 terms

Patsy Brent

10 terms

Preview

The Commercial Revolution in Europe – Flashcards

question

What were the causes of the commercial revolution?

answer

1. The opening of trade routes 2. Growth of population 3. Slow inflation

question

What caused the slow inflation in Europe

answer

Growth of population, Increasing demand for food, Increased cost of production for agricultural goods, Increase in volume of money

question

Commerce and production during the commercial revolution

answer

Goods were produced to be sold during some time in the future, merchants and entrepreneurs took the place of guilds, use of the factory, use of loans with interest.

question

Putting Out System

answer

A method in which entrepreneurs would "put out" the production of their products to people out in the country to avoid the restrictions of the local guilds.

question

What was the Fugger's main business

answer

Weavers, production of a heavier and thicker cotton.

question

Rouen

answer

French cloth dealers who put out their work to peasants and their cottages to avoid guild restrictions.

question

New industries

answer

Mining, Printing, Book Trade, Shipbuilding, Weapons,

question

Sin of borrowing money with interest

answer

Usury

question

Separation of Capital and Labor

answer

The entrepreneur bought the raw materials and the workers would make a small part of the product. The workers were paid and the entrepreneurs would have ownership of all the items made.

question

Mercantilism

answer

The idea of a sustainable, balanced, economy. Everyone worked, exports of finished goods were raised, exports of raw materials were lowered, monarchies took on guild power, use of tariffs.

STUDY

A Level History Early Modern Europe History of Europe Scientific Method

Chapter 10 The Black Death – Flashcards 87 terms

William Hopper

87 terms

Preview

Chapter 10 The Black Death – Flashcards

question

The Black Death

answer

Epidemic of the Bubonic Plague that killed as many as one third of all Europeans

question

When did the Black Death begin and end?

answer

1347 to 1352

question

What were some other names for the Black Death?

answer

The Pestilence & The Great Dying

question

Where did the plaque come from?

answer

From ships drifting to Italian ports.

question

When did it reach Europe?

answer

In the 1300's (1347)

question

What did people think was happening during the Plague?

answer

That it was the end of the world.

question

How many years into the Hundred Years war did the plague strike Europe?

answer

Ten years after the war began.

question

Why do they call the Black Death, the "Bubonic Plague"?

answer

Because it was a deadly infection and because there were so many deaths.

question

How quick does someone die with the plague?

answer

Within a few days

question

What was the "known" cause of the plague?

answer

It had been carried by infected fleas that lived on rats

question

What were some possible causes of the plague?

answer

Migrating people from asia on boat or by land who were already infected and brought the disease to Europe.

question

What ways did the black death spread from Asia to Europe?

answer

Infected people rode on merchant ships from the East to ports throughout Europe. Travelers carried the plague up rivers and over trade routes.

question

Which areas of Europe were first affected by the plague?

answer

Italy, and then France, Spain, and England.

question

How did the Plague affect art?

answer

It changed art, because art became obsessed with death and disease.

question

How did the Plague affect farmland?

answer

Much farmland reverted to pasture, because there weren't enough people to cultivate the land.

question

How did the Plague affect feudal lords?

answer

It made many lords desperate for workers, because of all the deaths of peasants.

question

How did the Plague affect serfs?

answer

Serfs demanded higher wages for their work, because they had to do more work with less workers.

question

What did the peasants and townspeople do after the plague?

answer

Peasants and townspeople revolted across Europe.

question

What happened to feudalism?

answer

Feudalism was lost and never recovered, because of the disruption of social order after all the deaths.

question

What happened to the church?

answer

The Church was forced to hire uneducated men, because of the loss of clergy, which encouraged a movement to reform church practices.

question

What did the fear of the plaque drive many to do?

answer

Live in isolation.

question

How many people died in Europe of the plague?

answer

tens of millions of people, more than a third of the population.

question

Who did some blame for the plague?

answer

The jews

question

What is a scapegoat?

answer

Scapegoats are people who are blamed for a problem that they did not cause.

question

What was the Peasants revolt?

answer

The Peasants' Revolt was an unsuccessful revolt by peasants against feudal lords in England in 1381.

question

What were the side effects of the Plague?

answer

victims bodies were covered in buboes, or swellings. They had fevers, chills, and weakness.

question

How was the Plague transferred?

answer

It was transmittable by air.

question

Where did the disease begin?

answer

In Central Asia

question

How was another way that it spread?

answer

It spread along the trade networks that linked China, India, and the Middle East.

question

What were some effects after the Plague?

answer

Villages were abandoned, population declined, wages rose, and feudalism was shaken.

question

What did The Black Death transform?

answer

Medieval culture, economy, and society.

question

What are all societies based on?

answer

Human contact

question

Who was able to flee town and what did they often take with them?

answer

The rich often fled town and took the town doctors with them

question

What happened after the first wave of the Plague?

answer

Most cities became ghost towns

question

After the jews were accused of starting the Plague, what did Christians do?

answer

In many European towns, Jews were exiled or killed in anti-jewish riots.

question

What happened to the Jews in Strasbourg?

answer

The town council ordered all 2000 jews convert to Christianity or be burned to death.

question

How did the Pope help this?

answer

He issued an order that Jews should not be killed or forced to convert, but this was widely ignored.

question

How much Clergy members were lost during the Plague?

answer

an estimated 40%

question

Giovanni Boccaccio

answer

Florence resident who wrote about what he saw during the plague

question

Crop Rotation

answer

The practice of changing the use of fields overtime

question

Fallow

answer

Unplanted fields

question

Three-field system

answer

Crop rotation third of the land was planted in different seasons with different types of plants

question

guild

answer

a group of workers practicing the same craft who have joined together to protect their economic interest protected workers and their families pay for funerals care for their families some provided free school financed building programs

question

Mendicant Order

answer

new forms of religious beggars who owned no property they preached to ordinary people and were formed to fight heresy

question

University

answer

Schools or groups of schools that train scholars at the highest levels

question

Natural Law

answer

Does not change over time or from one society to another

question

Hundred Years' War

answer

The conflict between England and France that lasted from 1347 to 1453

question

Peasants' Revolt

answer

Where peasants started to kill lords and burn down manors

question

What did peasants find in towns that they did not have much of in the fields?

answer

More opportunities, better life, & markets to sell good

question

Why was there a population growth in Europe during the High Middle Ages?

answer

increase if food supply because of improvements in agriculture

question

What is the High Middle Ages?

answer

period from 1000-1300 - population grew steadily

question

Give 3 reasons for this growth and explain.

answer

the plow, the horse, & crop rotation

question

What did people do with the extra agricultural products they grew?

answer

traded crops they grew for crops they couldnt or didnt grow & traded them or sold them for other products

question

Who helped farming expand in Middle Ages Europe?

answer

monks

question

What food did the growing population of Europe depend on the most?

answer

Grain

question

What 2 things grew because of population growth and advances in farming?

answer

trade - trading surplus crop for another industry - trade goods- clothes

question

What new industries came out of this growth and advancement?

answer

textiles & merchants

question

What did towns offer peasants?

answer

freedom and opportunities

question

How did this change feudalism?

answer

it greatly weakened feudalism because the peasants were leaving the manors

question

What shaped life in the Middle Ages?

answer

Religion

question

What other name was the Middle Ages called beside the Dark Ages?

answer

Age of Faith or Age of Confidence

question

What religion was predominant in the MIddle Ages in Europe?

answer

Christianity

question

Other than religion, what were monasteries the center of?

answer

agriculture productions

question

What is heresy?

answer

what the church did not believe in

question

What influence did religion have on drama?

answer

mystery church plays revived drama

question

What influence did religion have on architecture?

answer

gothic that combine religious symbols with engineering

question

Who was Thomas Aquinas?

answer

a medieval scholar and professor from Paris

question

What did he believe in?

answer

he believed in natural law - that does not change over time and guided by human reason

question

What effect did the church aim to have on medieval knights?

answer

shape chivalry with Christian values of generosity, humility, and mercy

question

What was one of the main features of the High Middle Ages?

answer

saw expansion in trade and education. universities grew from the churches

question

Why was Latin so important to the universities?

answer

the church preserved the language for learning

question

Before this dark time (The Bubonic Plague) in the Middle Ages, what had Europe enjoyed for 200 years?

answer

economic growth - good times - feudalism kept the economy going

question

What other disasters besides the plague caused hard time in Europe during the Middle Ages?

answer

famine, 100 years war, & lethal weapons

question

What 2 countries were involved in the 100 years war?

answer

England and France

question

What started this conflict?

answer

when Edward the III of England claimed the throne of France

question

What effect did the war have on the countryside?

answer

destroyed crops and caused starvation

question

How long did the war last?

answer

116 years.

question

What is one key thing that increased in both countries because of the 100 year war?

answer

a sense of patriotism because of nationalism

question

What was something new about this war?

answer

a war between nations

question

Who won early battles and why?

answer

The English because of new longbow technology

question

What did the French lose that was important in the early battles?

answer

thousands of soldiers and important members of nobility

question

What other new weapons were used in this war?

answer

guns and cannons

question

What did this cause and end to?

answer

ended the usefulness of a knight

question

Who was Joan of Arc? Why was she important?

answer

young peasant French girl she said voices from heaven told her to lead the French army against the English.

question

What did she do?

answer

she led the French army to victory was captured and burned at the stake she turned the tide of the war

question

Who won the 100 years war?

answer

France

question

What else was attacking the French in the early part of the 100 years war?

answer

The Plague

STUDY

AP European History AP World History Early Modern Europe World History

CollegeBoard World History Practice Test || SAT II 22 terms

Steven Ramirez

22 terms

Preview

CollegeBoard World History Practice Test || SAT II

question

The Maya of Mesoamerica are best known for their achievements in:

answer

Mathmatics and astronomy

question

The rapid colonization of Africa by the European powers after 1880 was motivated primarily by

answer

The desire for new markets, raw materials, and strategic advantage

question

answer

Students from working-class backgrounds in Eastern Europe had greater access to higher education than did students from similar backgrounds in Western Europe.

question

☯ The ancient Chinese symbol of the universe shown to the left represented

answer

The theory that everything consists of opposite but complementary elements

question

Social Darwinists such as Herbert Spencer argued that

answer

Human societies progress through competition, since the strong survive and the weak perish.

question

Differences between which two religions contributed to violent conflicts in India during and after the struggle for independence in 1947?

answer

Hinduism and Islam

question

Which of the following is the correct chronological order, from earliest to latest, of the origins of Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism?

answer

Buddhism, Christianity, Islam

question

The 1907 paintings of Picasso reveal the influence of Chinese art, African art, Indian art, or European medieval art?

answer

African art

question

The Great Leap Forward in China was primarily designed to do which of the following? (A) Achieve rapid industrialization of the Chinese economy. (B) Oust the imperial government. (C) Promote capitalism within the Chinese economy. (D) Strengthen the Chinese so they could expel the Japanese from Manchuria. (E) Expand Chinese influence in the Third World.

answer

Achieve rapid industrialization of the Chinese economy

question

The Silk Routes were important in ancient times because they

answer

Facilitated the exchange of goods and ideas between China and the Roman Empire

question

The encomienda system of colonial Spanish America most closely resembled the European practice of

answer

Manorialism

question

In early modern Europe, governments sought to increase national wealth and maintain a favorable balance of trade through government intervention by advocating

answer

Mercantilism

question

________________ came into existence in the Arabian Peninsula in the seventh century and it rapidly expanded geographically into North Africa, Asia, and Spain during the seventh and eighth centuries.

answer

The Islamic World

question

When the Portuguese sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean in the late fifteenth century, they found

answer

A network of long distance trade routes dominated by Muslim merchants

question

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the right of Latin American women to vote? (A) It was won when Latin America gained its independence. (B) It has typically been won as a result of mass political action and civil disobedience. (C) It has been won only where socialist or Marxist governments have come to power. (D) It has been tied to property ownership in most countries. (E) It was generally won by the mid-1900's.

answer

It was generally won by the mid-1900's.

question

Which of the following was an important virtue in Confucianism?

answer

Filial piety

question

Early Christians developed the monastic ideal as a means of counteracting

answer

Worldliness

question

Decorated cast bronze or brass plaques are a well-known art form from the Kingdom of Benin in

answer

West Africa

question

Which of the following was characteristic of the physical environments of early river-valley civilizations in the Near East?

answer

Rainfall was low, requiring irrigation of crops with river water.

question

In the eighth century, which cities were near the east-west limits of the Islamic world?

answer

Khurasan, the easternmost province of the former Persian Sassanid empire, in central Asia, and the city of Casablanca, in present-day Morocco

question

\"Where it is an absolute question of the welfare of our country, we must admit of no considerations of justice or injustice, or mercy or cruelty, or praise or ignominy, but putting all else aside must adopt whatever course will save its existence and preserve its liberty.\" The statement above expresses the viewpoint of who?

answer

Niccolò Machiavelli

question

Most of the noncitizens currently residing in Western European countries originally came to Western Europe to

answer

Find employment

STUDY

AP European History Early Modern Europe History of Europe Holy Roman Empire World History

Ap World History Ch. 17 Terms – Flashcards 39 terms

Henry Smith

39 terms

Preview

Ap World History Ch. 17 Terms – Flashcards

question

Italian Renaissance

answer

Cultural and Political movement in Western Europe; began in Italy c. 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular prorates than those of the Middle Ages

question

Niccolo Machiavelli

answer

Author of the Prince (16th century); emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of most influential authors of Italian renaissance

question

Humanism

answer

Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages

question

Northern renaissance

answer

Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries , England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance

question

Francis I

answer

King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy roman emperor

question

Johannes Gutenberg

answer

Introduced movable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets

question

European Style Family

answer

Originated in the 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married

question

Martin Luther

answer

German monk; initiated Protestant reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primary of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church

question

Protestantism

answer

General wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varietes of religious belief

question

Anglican Church

answer

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

question

Jean Calvin

answer

French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America

question

Catholic Reformation

answer

Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs.

question

Jesuits

answer

A new religiousorder founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia

question

Edict of Nantes

answer

Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions

question

Thirty Years War

answer

War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia

question

Treaty of Westphalia

answer

Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic

question

English Civil War

answer

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

question

Proletariat

answer

Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries

question

Witchcraft Hysteria

answer

Reflected resentment against poor, uncertanties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas

question

Scientific Revolution

answer

Culminated in the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages

question

Copernicus

answer

Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe

question

Johannes Kepler

answer

A German astronomer from 1571-1630 who formulated three laws of how the planets revolve around the sun

question

Galileo

answer

Published Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work

question

John Harvey

answer

English physician (17th century) who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as pump.

question

Rene Descartes

answer

Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature

question

Isaac Newton

answer

English scientist; author of Principia; drew together astronomical and physical observationsand widertheories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity

question

Deism

answer

Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun

question

John Locke

answer

English philosopher during 17th century; argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason; and that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants

question

Absolute Monarchy

answer

Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies

question

Louis XIV

answer

( 1638- 1715) French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy

question

Mercantilism

answer

Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economics in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe

question

Glorious Revolution

answer

English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king

question

Frederick the Great

answer

Prussian king of 18th century, attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms to Germany, built on bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors, introduced freedom of religion, increased state control of the economy

question

Enlightenment

answer

Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior

question

Adam Smith

answer

Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces

question

Mary Wollstonecraft

answer

Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women

question

Indulgences

answer

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation

question

Predestination

answer

Primary idea behind Calvinism; states that salvation or damnation are foreordained and unalterable; first put forth by John Calvin in 1531; was the core belief of the Puritans who settled New England in the seventeenth century.

question

Parliamentary Democracy

answer

Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments

STUDY

AP United States History AP World History Dutch East India Company Dutch West India Company Early Modern Europe Emergency Banking Relief Act United States History

APUSH Theme 6 – Flashcards 129 terms

Elizabeth Mcdonald

129 terms

Preview

APUSH Theme 6 – Flashcards

question

What impact did the slave trade have on Europe?

answer

The European economy shifted its emphasis towards the Atlantic. Commerce in slaves and the products of slave labor were the basis of European economy. Expanded the transatlantic trade in slaves and slave labor.

question

The part of the New England trading system that was triangular in nature involved...

answer

Rum from New England Slaves from Africa Molasses from Caribbean

question

Mercantilist theory held that...

answer

colonies can help the mother country become self-sufficient by providing it with valuable raw materials.

question

Why did the American colonies become less dependent on Europe for manufactured goods during the eighteenth century?

answer

The increased demand for goods that accompanied the growth of the colonial population encouraged the development of colonial manufacturing enterprises.

question

Which of the following would be the most likely to benefit from the economic growth of Britain's North

answer

The wealthy Americans improved their positions relative to other colonists. The native-born elite class benefited as well.

question

Overall, the British colony that experienced the most rapid economic growth during the last half of the

answer

South Carolina

question

Why, after a period of relative stability, was the American economy plagued by inflation from late 1776 into the 1780s?

answer

Because the value of the currency rested in the faith of American's in the government (no real regulations). There was a depreciation in Continental Currency

question

How did the Confederation Congress respond to the flooding of the American market with British goods?

answer

They created more taxes that hurt many farmers and led to Shay's Rebellion.

question

Which of the following is true of Alexander Hamilton?

answer

He believed that people were motivated primarily by economic self-interest.

question

Why did Hamilton favor the assumption of state debts by the national government?

answer

He wanted to give the holders of public securities a financial stake in the survival of the national government.

question

Hamilton's proposal concerning the assumption of state debts became law as a result of which of the following?

answer

A political deal was struck by which the site for the nation's capital was to be on the Potomac River.

question

The argument over the creation of the Bank of the United States focused on which of the following questions?

answer

Does the Constitution grant Congress the authority to create the bank?

question

Which of the following groups was most directly affected by the excise tax on whiskey?

answer

Western farmers

question

Those citizens who protested imposition of the whiskey tax most vigorously were also very likely to be dissatisfied over the a) Senate's ratification of the Pinckney Treaty. b) religious ideas associated with the Second Great Awakening. c) proliferation of Democratic societies. d) inability of the army to defend them against Indian attacks.

answer

d) inability of the army to defend them against Indian attacks.

question

What was the significance of Washington's response to the Whiskey Rebellion?

answer

By Washington sending military troops to disperse the rebellion, he showed that the national government would not allow violent resistance to its laws. The national power to do this had not been available during Shay's Rebellion.

question

The embargo initiated by President Jefferson in 1807 had the greatest impact on

answer

The New England area in the United States.

question

Which of the following would have been most likely to benefit from the Embargo Act? a) The owner of a New England textile mill b) A dock worker in New England c) Factory workers in England d) West Indian merchants

answer

a) The owner of a New England textile mill

question

One of the goals of the Lewis and Clark expedition was to

answer

-goal in terms of indian relations: to foster trade relations, win political allies, and take advantage of Indians' knowledge of the landscape -goal to discover a Northwest Passage to the Pacific -chart the region's commercial possibilities (water passages to the Pacific as well as its trading opportunities with Indians) while cataloguing its geography, peoples, flora, and fauna

question

The issue that posed the most serious problem for Madison from a constitutional point of view was

answer

federal support for local internal improvements such as roads and canals.

question

Which of the following was a result of the building of canals such as the Erie Canal? A) Financed by the federal government, canal building required an increase in the federal taxes. B) Canals established important transportation links between the North and the South. C) So little thought was put into the routes for canals that they served little useful commercial purpose. D) Canals established important transportation links between the Midwest and the North.

answer

D) Canals established important transportation links between the Midwest and the North.

question

In McCulloch v. Maryland the Supreme Court

answer

Maryland attempts to tax the National Bank of the U.S. Court must decide whether Bank is legitimate under the elastic clause and whether Maryland can tax it John Marshall declares "the power to tax is the power to destroy." The Supremacy Clause of the Constitution prohibits state taxation of a federal institution

question

In Gibbons v. Ogden the Supreme Court

answer

expanded Congress's power by ruling that trade on the nation's waterways fell under the commerce clause of the Constitution.

question

Pg. 240- panic of 1819

answer

-first major American Depression - rooted to some extent in economic problems reaching back to the war of 1812 -triggered by a collapse in cotton prices -banks forced to call in loans and foreclosures of farms and bank failures resulted -lasted until 1821 and effects felt most in west and south, leading to resentment that helped Andrew Jackson solidify his political base throughout the 1820s -made many Americans realize the importance of politics and government policy in their lives

question

Which of the following is true of the relatively typical southern yeoman farmer, Ferdinand Steel?

answer

Ferdinand L. Steel serves as an example of a more typical yeoman farmer. He never became a slave owner; family and religion remained the focus of his life.

question

Which of the following is true of landless whites in the South between 1830 and 1860? A) They were usually able to obtain steady employment. B) They often struggled to save enough money from their meager wages to buy land. C) They usually relied on public relief agencies for food, clothing, and shelter. D) Their economic status was comparable to that of most yeoman farmers.

answer

B) They often struggled to save enough money from their meager wages to buy land.

question

Which of the following was the main determinant of a man's wealth and social position in the South?

answer

Slave ownership

question

Individual farmers in the new market economy of the 1800s

answer

many practiced mixed agriculture and their goal was to produce a competence

question

The explosion of canal building in the 1820s and 1830s was caused by the A) success of the Erie Canal B) provision of federal subsidies for canal construction. C) impact of the protective tariff. D) development of the New England textile industry

answer

A) success of the Erie Canal

question

The development of a national railroad system was hampered by which of the following?

answer

lack of a common standard for the width of track

question

Which of the following was true of the nation's canals and railroads by 1860? (3)

answer

-By 1860, U.S. had 60,000 miles of track and 3,300 canal mileage -most of miles of railroad were in North -Railroads had dramatically reduced cost and time involved in shipping good

question

Which of the following is a reason that the South built fewer railroads than the North? a. Southerners saw the industrial and transportation revolutions as threats to republican ideology. b. Research clearly indicated that such investments would be of no economic benefit to the South. c. The southern states believed that such construction should be the responsibility of the federal government. d. The southern states had a smaller free population, which resulted in less tax revenue.

answer

d. The southern states had a smaller free population, which resulted in less tax revenue.

question

By the 1850s, which of the following was a consequence of internal improvements in the North? A) The canals and railroads built in the North benefited the entire nation and helped to integrate both the South and the Old Northwest into the North's market economy. B) The canals and railroads built in the North severely strained the economy of many Northern states, causing some of those states to declare their state treasuries bankrupt. C) The canals and railroads built in the North had a unifying effect by linking the Northeast with the Old Northwest. D) The canals and railroads built in the North only benefited factory owners and financiers.

answer

C) The canals and railroads built in the North had a unifying effect by linking the Northeast with the Old Northwest.

question

During the first half of the nineteenth century, internal improvements in the North (3)

answer

-The canals and railroads built in the North had a unifying effect by linking the Northeast with the Old Northwest. -northern state and local gov'ts spent substantially more on internal improvements than did southerners -north had a web of tracks that stretched considerably farther than in south even though they laid roughly the same amount of railroad track per person

question

Which of the following is a reason for the rapid manufacturing and commercial expansion experienced by the Northeast during the forty years following the War of 1812? A) Transportation costs were dramatically reduced as a result of extensive internal improvements. B) The federal government poured vast sums of money into the building of factories and the building of canals. C) The unparalleled natural increase in the population of the North and South increased demand for manufactured products. D) After the war most European nations refused to import goods to the United States, thus domestic manufacturing expanded rapidly in the Northeast to meet consumer demand.

answer

A) Transportation costs were dramatically reduced as a result of extensive internal improvements.

question

Which of the following was true of factory work in the 1840s? A) The shortage of labor meant that most factory workers had job security. B) Workers in large factories continued to have a close personal relationship with the factory owner. C) The flow of work was governed by the clock. D) Workers usually had far more opportunities for advancement than would have been true in pre-industrial artisan shops.

answer

C) The flow of work was governed by the clock.

question

The key to the American system of manufacturing was A) the vertical integration of companies. B) a unique method of corporate management. C) the financial method used to finance plant expansion. D) the use of machine-tooled, interchangeable parts.

answer

D) the use of machine-tooled, interchangeable parts.

question

Some New England textile mill workers responded to their deteriorating working conditions in the 1830s by

answer

Organizing and going on strike

question

Which of the following is true of the labor movement during the 1840s? It was made up primarily of socialists and anarchists who used terrorist tactics against factory owners. b. It was successful in getting pension plans for many workers. c. It gained recognition of the right to strike when the supreme court of Massachusetts ruled that a strike did not constitute a criminal conspiracy. d. It demonstrated unity among workers by opening its ranks to both the skilled and the unskilled.

answer

c. It gained recognition of the right to strike when the supreme court of Massachusetts ruled that a strike did not constitute a criminal conspiracy.

question

Which of the following is a good example of the transition to a market economy? A) Spinning and weaving at home became more and more important. B) Farm women began to produce more dairy products to be sold in the market, and they then used their profits to buy factory-produced cloth. C) More and more farmers, especially in the West, began to turn to subsistence farming. D) Farmers in the West began to try to meet the demands of the marketplace by producing animals, dairy products, grain, and vegetables on a single family farm.

answer

B) Farm women began to produce more dairy products to be sold in the market, and they then used their profits to buy factory-produced cloth.

question

The boom-and-bust economic cycles from 1815 to 1860 were the direct result of (2)

answer

-Development of the New Market Economy -market economy's expansion

question

Which of the following is true concerning the distribution of wealth in the United States between 1800 and 1860? A) Wealth was concentrated in the hands of a relatively small number of people. B) Wealth was distributed more equitably throughout society. C) There was no significant change in the distribution of wealth during that time. D) There was a redistribution of wealth from the wealthiest families to middle-class families.

answer

A) Wealth was concentrated in the hands of a relatively small number of people.

question

After Jackson was re-elected in 1832, he took away the power of the Bank of the United States to regulate the economy by

answer

depositing federal funds in state-chartered banks essentially closing the Bank of the US.

question

The 1836 Specie Circular provided that only gold or silver would be accepted as payment for federal) lands sold to speculators.

answer

since paper money was inflating. This signified the growing economic problems which would result in the panic of 1837

question

Because of its railroads, stockyards, and grain elevators, which of the following cities dominated the economy of the Midwest by the middle of the nineteenth century?

answer

Chicago

question

During the Civil War, the North differed from the South in which of the following respects?

answer

North: -more commercialized/industrialized -had a much larger population and larger cities -more diverse with new immigrants -Commerce, financial institutions, manufacturing, and transportation were developing rapidly South: -agrarian culture (agriculture) -had smaller, fewer cities with less people -? of population lived in slavery

question

Northern industrial workers during the Civil War

answer

-had bad working conditions and long hours -factories became more popular and created products cheaper. Thus, skilled craftsmen who owned their -own businesses could not compete and had to get jobs as factory workers. -often called themselves "north wage slaves" -lots of industrial growth -a lot of jobs due to the need for resources for the war

question

Creation of the national banking system led to

answer

a uniform national currency

question

In response to the Panic of 1873, many debtors and unemployed workers advocated

answer

easy money policies, which they hoped would spur economic expansion

question

The rapid development of railroads in the United States was accomplished

answer

with the help of some of the largest government subsidies ever granted

question

Cattle raising became increasingly profitable in the 1860s and gave rise to the lucrative cattle industry because of

answer

railroad expansion and population growth.

question

Many employers cut wage costs in the late nineteenth century by

answer

Hiring women and children

question

Which of the following conclusions may be drawn from the facts surrounding the general railway strike of 1877?

answer

If all else failed, the federal government could be counted on to put down labor unrest

question

Which of the following is true of the Knights of Labor under the leadership of Terence Powderly?

answer

It sought to establish a cooperative society in which workers owned the means of production

question

As a result of the Haymarket bombing,

answer

many people associated labor unions with foreign-born radicals

question

The American Federation of Labor

answer

was a craft union with practical objectives such as higher wages and shorter hours

question

The 1894 Pullman strike was touched off by George Pullman's decision to

answer

cut wages

question

President Grover Cleveland responded to the 1894 Pullman strike by

answer

intervening on the side of management

question

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the beliefs of the Industrial Workers of the World?

answer

Workers should take over and run the nation's industries

question

In the early 1900s, such established national unions as the AFL A) welcomed women. B) excluded women. C) supported the goals of women workers. D) organized special chapters for women.

answer

B) excluded women.

question

Between 1890 and 1910 the annual income of most American industrial workers

answer

increased, but it did not keep pace with increases in the cost of living

question

Which of the following is true of the growth of the American labor force between 1890 and 1920? A) There was an increase in paid employment but not necessarily an increase in the proportion of Americans who were working. B) There was a great increase in the proportion of Americans who were working. C) Women and children worked for the first time. D) There was a substantial increase in the number of agricultural workers.

answer

A) There was an increase in paid employment but not necessarily an increase in the proportion of Americans who were working.

question

Which of the following factors explains why upward mobility was more accessible to people in the early 1900s than it had been in 1880? A) The strength of organized labor B) The spread of public education C) The decline of lower-paying jobs in service industries D) The increase in jobs requiring skilled workers

answer

B) The spread of public education

question

The main problem with pools was that A) too often members sued each other for violation of the agreement creating the pool. B) they did not increase profits. C) the Interstate Commerce Act made them illegal precisely when they were most important. D) there was no legal way to enforce the "gentlemen's agreement" that created the pool.

answer

D) there was no legal way to enforce the "gentlemen's agreement" that created the pool.

question

Which of the following is true of holding companies? A) They had no existence in the eyes of the law. B) They held capital for pending investments. C) They owned partial or complete interest in other companies. D) They controlled the assets of bankrupt companies.

answer

C) They owned partial or complete interest in other companies.

question

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the beliefs of writers who criticized the trusts? A) Trusts keep prices artificially low. B) Trusts disrupt the natural economic order by encouraging government regulation. C) Trusts are unnatural because they originated from greed. D) Trusts create disorder in the marketplace by increasing competition.

answer

C) Trusts are unnatural because they originated from greed.

question

During the late nineteenth century, states that passed laws against trusts and monopolies A) found that such laws caused economic depression because businesses fled to other states. B) were so successful that most people believed national legislation to be unnecessary. C) were mostly in the agricultural South and West. D) enacted such laws in the face of great popular opposition to them.

answer

C) were mostly in the agricultural South and West.

question

Which of the following is true of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act? A) It posed as much of a threat to small businessmen as to large corporations. B) It lacked precision and definition as to what constituted a restraint of trade. C) It brutally destroyed American agriculture by defining any farm of more than 500 acres as a monopoly. D) It was enforceable at the discretion of business bureaus in state governments.

answer

B) It lacked precision and definition as to what constituted a restraint of trade.

question

The late nineteenth century has been called the Gilded Age because

answer

-the era was characterized by corruption and greed -called the gilded age because it looked good on the outside but on the inside it was filled with corruption

question

The basic economic motivation of those who supported the coinage of silver was to A. encourage reduced production of agricultural products B. ease the burden of debtors C. increase foreign trade D. encourage increased production of agricultural products

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B. ease the burden of debtors

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Policies to expand the amount of money in circulation were generally favored by

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Farmers

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The Populist party called for (2)

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-formed in 1892 by members of the Farmer's Alliance, this party was designed to appeal to workers in all parts of the country. -Populists favored a larger role of government in American Society, a progressive income tax, and more direct methods of democracy.

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One of the major causes of the depression of 1893 was

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financial panic, monetary policy, underconsumption, overproduction/droughts affected agriculture, recession in other European countries affected US

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Which of the following statements is true of the Progressive movement? a. Members of the movement were essentially rural people, much like the olds Populists. b. Progressives held some issues in common with the Populists but had a distinctly urban orientation. c. Progressives held no issues in common with the Populist movement. d. Progressives continued the urban reforms of the Populist movement.

answer

b. Progressives held some issues in common with the Populists but had a distinctly urban orientation.

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Which of the following formed the vanguard of progressive reform?

answer

The new middle class

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The journalists who exposed the wrongs of American society during the Progressive era were known as

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Muckrakers

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Through such devices as the initiative, the referendum, and the recall, progressive reformers hoped to

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replace the favoritism of the boss system with rational, accountable management chosen by responsible voters

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Working-class reformers in the Progressive era strongly supported

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shorter working hours and and better work conditions

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Most progressive reformers a. viewed socialism as a desirable but unachievable goal. b. wanted to destroy the capitalist system. c. had a little at stake in the capitalist system and did not care if it survived. d. did not support radical changes to capitalism.

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d. did not support radical changes to capitalism.

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Senator Robert La Follette wanted to do which of the following? a. Nationalize the railroad industry. b. Return America to its agrarian and rural past. c. Drive corporations out of politics. d. Break all large corporations into small, competitive units.

answer

c. Drive corporations out of politics.

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Which of the following is true of Theodore Roosevelt's beliefs while serving as President? a. He rejected the idea that business could regulate itself. b. He believed that big business was the major obstacle to increased production. c. He wanted to return the nation to free, old time, uncontrolled economic competition. d. He approved of big business as long as it did not unfairly manipulate the marketplace.

answer

d. He approved of big business as long as it did not unfairly manipulate the marketplace.

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Which of the following was in large part a consequence of Upton Sinclair's 1906 book The Jungle? a. Drug manufacturers agreed to stop selling impure merchandise. b. President Roosevelt supported the passage of the Meat Inspection Act. c. Railroad rate-making was taken from the railroad industry and given to the ICC. d. President Roosevelt supported legislation to guarantee the rights of workers.

answer

b. President Roosevelt supported the passage of the Meat Inspection Act.

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Which of the following is true of the settlement achieved in the 1902 United Mine Workers' strike? A. The wages of the mine workers were increased. B. The number of hours in the mine workers' workday remained the same. C. The mine owners were required to recognize the mine workers' union. D. The mine owners were required to establish an employee pension plan.

answer

A. The wages of the mine workers were increased.

question

In the area of conservation, Theodore Roosevelt a. oversaw the enactment of a national plan for resource management. b. believed that the government should manage and control lands in the public domain. c. substantially restricted the wasteful practices of timber and mining companies. d. persuaded Congress to impose a special conservation tax on timber, oil and mining companies.

answer

b. believed that the government should manage and control lands in the public domain.

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Which of the following convinced many Progressives that President William Howard Taft had abandoned Roosevelt's progressive agenda? a. Taft drastically slowed the rate of antitrust prosecution. b. Taft announced his opposition to the direct election of U.S. senators. c. Taft reduced the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission. d. Taft signed legislation that maintained many high tariffs.

answer

d. Taft signed legislation that maintained many high tariffs.

question

Which of the following statements is most consistent with Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism philosophy? A. The government must actively promote mergers and trusts in order to ensure economic efficiency. B. Business monopolies and concentrations of economic power must be destroyed. C. Reduction of taxes and government spending will rejuvenate the economy and lead to economic expansion. D. Regulatory commissions should be established to ensure the wise use of economic power by large corporations.

answer

D. Regulatory commissions should be established to ensure the wise use of economic power by large corporations.

question

The Wilson administration came to see American exports to the Allies as

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necessary to the economic well being of the united states

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Which of the following is true of the Revenue Act of 1916?

answer

was primarily to raise money to pay for war preparations

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Which of the following was a characteristic of the American economy during the 1920s?

answer

a shift to the production of consumer goods

question

Which of the following is true of progressive reform in the 1920s? A. Both social and political reforms were enacted at the state and local levels B. The government-owned hydroelectric power project at Muscle Shoals, Alabama, was sold to private interests C. The major federal regulatory agencies were dismantled D. The federal government stepped up its antitrust activity

answer

A. Both social and political reforms were enacted at the state and local levels

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Which of the following statements is accurate concerning the American economy between 1919 and 1929? A. The purchasing power of most American workers increased B. The gross national product fell slightly C. The new consumer goods that appeared in the marketplace were available only to the rich D. Most Americans were reluctant to spend their disposable income on new consumer goods because they feared a recession

answer

A. The purchasing power of most American workers increased

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In the 1920s, the ultimate symbol of social equality was the A. washing machine B. Radio C. house with electricity D. automobile

answer

A. washing machine

question

New technology changed the role of housewives in which of the following ways? A. Housewives began to seem as specialists in certain tasks B. Fewer child-raising responsibilities were placed on the housewife C. Management of the household became more of a shared family responsibility D. The housewife became the family's chief consumer rather than its chief producer

answer

D. The housewife became the family's chief consumer rather than its chief producer

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Underconsumption was caused by which of the following? A. Farmers and workers built up large savings accounts that drew excessive interest B. Wages and purchasing power lagged behind industrial production C. A shortage of labor caused a drastic reduction in industrial production D. The public continually demanded consumer goods of a higher and higher quality

answer

B. Wages and purchasing power lagged behind industrial production

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Which of the following factors contributed to the Great Depression? A. A maldistribution of income B. A high rate of inflation C. The elimination of protective tariffs D. A large and growing federal deficit

answer

A. A maldistribution of income

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During the depression, many argued that women workers deprived male breadwinners of jobs. Was this argument valid? Why or why not? a. Yes, because women were willing to work for lower wages than men. b. Yes, because in the 1920s women had moved into many previously male-dominated jobs. c. No, because the sex segregation of the job market made it very unlikely that men would be hired for "women's" jobs. d. No, because most women lost their jobs as the depression intensified.

answer

c. No, because the sex segregation of the job market made it very unlikely that men would be hired for "women's" jobs.

question

In response to the depression, many prominent business leaders

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They believed economic downturns were beneficial and should be allowed to run its course.

question

The banking crisis that began in the United States in 1929 was caused in part by A) the collapse of the World Bank. B) the Federal Reserve Board's decision to raise the discount rate several times during the previous year. C) enactment of legislation during the Coolidge administration to impose higher taxes on interest income. D) risky loans made during the 1920s.

answer

D) risky loans made during the 1920s.

question

Which of the following is true of the Emergency Banking Relief Act? A) It put the responsibility for reopening banks into the hands of state examining boards. B) It provided for the reopening of banks that were solvent and the reorganization of those that were not. C) It provided for federally insured deposits in reopened banks. D) It provided for the complete separation of commercial banking from investment banking.

answer

B) It provided for the reopening of banks that were solvent and the reorganization of those that were not.

question

The Agricultural Adjustment Act attempted to restore the purchasing power of farmers by encouraging them to -produce less A) increase their production of foodstuffs. B) donate their surplus crops to the unemployed. C) purchase more efficient farm equipment. D) limit their production of specific crops.

answer

D) limit their production of specific crops.

question

In his weekly radio sermons, Father Charles Coughlin A) blamed the depression on an international conspiracy of Jewish bankers. B) advocated the violent overthrow of the government of the United States. C) told his listeners that the New Deal was divinely inspired. D) praised the Roosevelt administration for having adopted the tenets of socialism.

answer

A) blamed the depression on an international conspiracy of Jewish bankers.

question

Which of the following is true of the National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act? A) It granted workers the right to unionize and bargain collectively with management. B) It gave the president the power to end strikes that threatened the national interest. C) It authorized the president to mediate between business and labor in strikes lasting longer than ninety days. D) It guaranteed that workers would be paid a nationally established minimum wage.

answer

A) It granted workers the right to unionize and bargain collectively with management.

question

The industrial unions that came to power in the 1930s A) organized the workers in each separate factory into a separate, independent union. B) consisted of skilled workers in a particular trade. C) represented all the workers within a certain industry, both skilled and unskilled. D) ultimately lost in their struggle against traditional craft unions.

answer

C) represented all the workers within a certain industry, both skilled and unskilled.

question

The Congress of Industrial Organizations differed from the American Federation of Labor in which of the following ways? A) The CIO excluded farm workers, whereas the AFL did not. B) The CIO pursued practical objectives such as better wages, whereas the AFL pursued a socialist agenda. C) The CIO was composed of skilled workers only, whereas the AFL opened its membership to all workers. D) The CIO allowed women and nonwhites as members, whereas the AFL did not.

answer

D) The CIO allowed women and nonwhites as members, whereas the AFL did not.

question

President Roosevelt responded to the 1937-1939 recession by A) increasing the nation's tariffs. B) increasing the gold value of the dollar. C) reviving deficit spending. D) proposing a substantial tax cut.

answer

C) reviving deficit spending.

question

Which of the following may be considered a failure of the New Deal? A) It overcentralized power in the hands of the president. B) It relied excessively on deficit spending. C) It failed to end extensive government corruption. D) It was unable to end unemployment.

answer

D) It was unable to end unemployment.

question

President Eisenhower responded to the three recessions that occurred during his presidency by

answer

resorting to deficit spending

question

During the 1950s, unionized blue-collar workers

answer

Gained middle class incomes

question

During the 1950s, it was increasingly likely that poor Americans lived in

answer

The inner cities (usually of large cities)

question

In his vision of the Great Society, President Johnson believed

answer

He believed that the federal government must work actively to improve the lives of Americans.

question

Many of the laws that were part of Johnson's War on Poverty primarily focused on

answer

many new laws focused on increasing opportunity.

question

The Medicare program, enacted in 1965, provided insurance against medical and hospital bills for

answer

the elderly

question

Who became president following the assassination of JFK?

answer

Lyndon B. Johnson

question

What important civil rights legislation did Johnson succeed in passing during his first year in office?

answer

Civil Rights Act of 1964

question

What did Johnson call his socio-economic program?

answer

The Great Society

question

Describe the Office of Economic Opportunity's ethic of "participatory democracy"?

answer

It was aimed to give poor voicing in health, housing, and education programs

question

What two major medical care programs were enacted during Johnson's presidency?

answer

Medicare and Medicaid

question

How did Johnson aid education?

answer

He introduced federal aid for elementary and secondary schooling. Money was awarded to states based on the number of children there were from low income families.

question

Who wrote the 1965 book, Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile?

answer

Ralph Nadar

question

How did Congress change immigration during the Johnson administration?

answer

They abolished the discriminatory 1924 National Origins Immigration Quota. This then triggered a wave of immigration, particularly from South and East Asia and Latin America.

question

The feature of the 1970s American economy that economists called "stagflation" consisted of economic stagnation with a combination of

answer

-"stagflation" - a stagnant economy characterized by high unemployment combined with out-of-control inflation -Impossible to manage through traditional economic remedies: -If gov't tried to reduce unemployment by increasing spending, inflation grew -If gov't tried to control inflation by cutting spending, unemployment grew

question

The inflation of the early 1970s was caused in part by

answer

-Energy crisis - OPEC cut off oil shipments to the U.S. and U.S. relied on imported oil for nearly ? of its energy supply -caused U.S. oil prices to rise 350% -heating, shipping, and manufacturing costs also increased as well as cost of goods and services -Inflation jumped from 3% in early 1973 to 11% in 1974

question

according to advocates of supply-side economics, an increase in savings and investments by the upper classes and corporations would lead to which of the following?

answer

A "trickle down" of wealth to the middle and lower classes

question

As a result of President Reagan's economic policies,

answer

-The annual federal budget deficit exploded, and the United States shifted from being the world's largest creditor to its largest debtor -Major tax cuts, big increases in defense spending, and small cuts in social progrmas depleted federal funds and caused the annual federal budget deficit to rapidly increase from $59 billion in 1980 to more than $100 billion in 1982

question

As a believer in supply-side economics, Reagan called for

answer

Massive tax cuts

question

Which of the following was a consequence of the Federal Reserve Board's 1981 decision to tighten the money supply?

answer

-The nation plunged into recession -In an attempt to slow down rising inflation rates, the Federal Reserve Bank tightened the money supply by raising interest rates for bank loans to 21.5 percent

question

Which of the following was a reason for the decline in inflation during the first years of Reagan's presidency?

answer

-The Federal Reserve Board's Banks plan help drop inflation fates from 12 percent in 1980 to less than 7 percent in 1982 - OPEC's decision to increase oil production caused lower prices

question

Explain the theory of "supply-side" economics.

answer

Supply side economics held that a greater supply of goods and services would be the most effective and efficient way to economic growth. This economic growth could be achieved if businesses had more freedom and flexibility of purchasing power.To encourage this, the Reagan administration advocated for drastically lowering taxes

question

Describe the recession of 1982.

answer

The Federal Reserve's tighter control of the nation's money supply caused the country to fall into a recession where interest rates neared 20 percent. The unemployment rate rose to nearly 10 percent and major corporations were letting go of workers. Local agricultural products were not in high demand, and the US became more independent on the goods of foreign countries. High gas prices also accelerated the decline of the economy. However, the recession did lead to lower inflation rates, which was the aim of the Federal Reserve's money management techniques in the first place.

question

What difficulties did farmers face in the 1980s, and why?

answer

American farmers helped other countries suffering from crop shortages in the 1970s, and had borrowed heavily to buy land and increase production. However, as the world fell into an economic slump in 1980, the market for foreign support diminished. Production was concentration to large-scale operations, and small farmers had trouble holding their own.

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