Chpt. 6 – Violence in Sports: How Does it Affect our Lives? – Flashcards
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Research findings as well as popular ideas about sports and violence are often full of contradictions. One of the reasons for this is that
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All sports are lumped together regardless of their purpose or organization
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As defined by the chapter, violence refers to
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Using excessive physical force that can cause harm or destruction
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When violence occurs in connection with widespread rejection of norms, it is often described as anarchy; when it occurs in connection with blind obedience yo norms and autocratic leaders, it is described as
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Fascism
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As defined by the chapter, aggression refers to
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Verbal or physical actions intended to control or do harm to another person
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As defined by the chapter, intimidation refers to
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Words, gestures, or actions that threaten violence or aggression
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Studies show that in comparison with sports today, the tournaments and sport activities in medieval and early modern Europe were
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More violent
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Social historians suggest that violence remains an issue in sports because
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Sports are designed to create tension and excitement
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The chapter is organized partly around a typology of violence developed by Mike Smith. The categories in his typology include
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Criminal violence, Borderline violence and Brutal body contact
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Some forms of violence are accepted widely by athletes and even used as a basis for gaining status among fellow athletes. These include
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Borderline violence and brutal body contact
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Athletes may be marginalized or formally punished if they engage in
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Quasi-criminal or criminal violence
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Deviant overconformity is associated with some forms of violence in sports. The roots of this violence are grounded in
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The desire to gain reaffirmation for one's identity as an athlete
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A study by Nancy Theberg found that elite women ice hockey players have a difficult time controlling all forms of brutal body contact in their sport because
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They love the physicality of ice hockey
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Instead of saying that commercialization causes violence, the author states that it is more accurate to say that
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Commercialization enables more people to play violent sports
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Rates of violence are higher in men's sports than in women's sports because
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Violence is tied to issues of masculinity for many men in sports
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Research shows that boys and men who play power and performance sports learn that they will be
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Evaluated favorably for their ability to combine violence and skills
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When playing power and performance sports boys and men learn that
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Being violent will help them avoid labels such as "wimp" and "fag"
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Using violence in sports comes to be defined as "normal" by many people when the ability to "do" violence is seen as
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A means for males to prove their "manhood"
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Learning to use violence as a strategy in sports tends to be highest in
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Heavy contact sports
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The author argues that players in noncontact sports are
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Seldom rewarded for aggressive behaviors
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In the culture of heavy contact sports, there is a general norm emphasizing that
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Violence is part of the game
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The person who plays the role of "enforcer" on a contact sport team is expected to
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Intimidate and use violence against opponents
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Information on violence in women's contact sports suggests that women are
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Less likely that men to use violence as proof of their sexual identity
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Research on pain and injury in sports suggests that
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Professional contact and collision sports are dangerous workplaces
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Research indicates that concussions as well as repetitive subconcussive head hits can cause brain injuries that may lead to CTE - chronic traumatic encephalopathy. CTE is a neurodegenerative disease with symptoms similar to
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Early onset dimensia
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Preventing or minimizing CTE through the use of helmets and other head protection equipment has not been successful because helmets
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Cannot stop the brain from moving inside the skull
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The author notes that the legal liability related to brain injuries is most likely to affect the future of
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Heavy contact sports played by athletes under the legal age of consent
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It is difficult to reduce the injuries that occur in power and performance sports because
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Most serious injuries occur within the rules in these sports
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It is difficult to say that playing violent sports causes people to be violent off the field because
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Violent sports may attract people who already have records of being violent
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Sport participation may help people learn to control aggressive action in their lives. This has occurred in connection with some combat sports when the
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Coaches promote norms emphasizing non-violence and respect for self and others
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Loic Wacquant's study of an inner-city boxing gym in Chicago indicated that the boxers
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Learned to control violent actions as they learned the craft of boxing
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Research on high school students has found that
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Tennis players are involved in fewer fights that peers who don't play sports
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Todd Crosset's review of research on sexual assaults by male athletes indicates that
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It is misleading to focus only on male athletes when studying sexual assault
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The author suggests that violence against women by male athletes is associated with at least five specific aspects of the culture of men's sports. One of those is not
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Repressed feelings of hostility created by failures on the field
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The goal of sociological research on violence among athletes is to
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Understand violence in the context in which it occurs
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An investigation of sexual assaults by high school and club coaches in the state of Washington found that
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Nearly all offenses involved male heterosexual coaches victimizing girls
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According to the author, watching sports on television often leads viewers to be
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Emotionally expressive, but not overtly violent
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Historical evidence shows that compared to spectators in the past, spectators today are
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Less violent and less likely to disrupt action on the field
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Most sociological research on sport spectator violence has been done by scholars in
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Europe
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Research suggests that violent confrontations between sport spectators is most likely when
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There are existing tensions and conflicts in a community or society
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Sport spectators at North American stadiums and arenas are
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Loud and expressive but not generally violent
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Soccer spectators outside of North America are more likely that North American sport spectators to use sport events as a site to
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Express political positions
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Most sociological research on sport spectator violence has been done by scholars in
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Europe
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When large-scale panics occur at sport venues, they
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Are fueled by emotional contagion
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Celebratory riots have been among the most dangerous and destructive forms of sport spectator violence in North America. In the past, they occur most often at
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College football games
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Spectator violence varies with many factors such as
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Location of the event, Alcohol consumption, Importance of the team as a source of identity for the spectators
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Research has shown that spectators are most likely to be violent when they interpret the actions of the players on the field to be
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Violent
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The authors policy recommendations for controlling sport violence are
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Respecting the needs and rights of the spectators, Limiting on-the-field violence, and Establishing closer relationships between communities and teams
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The primary goal of the suggestions for controlling spectator violence is to create
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New antiviolence norms among spectators
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In the information on terrorism it is noted that
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Sports can't be separated from aspects of social life that inspire terrorism
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According to the National Consortium for the Study of terrorism and Responses to Terrorism
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Sport events can be attractive to terrorists because they receive media coverage
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Due to general fears about terrorist attacks at sport events, people
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Are more willing to accept a militaristic approach to social control at events
