Cycle 2 – Week 10 – Tell me about the history of Russia.

Vladimir I brought Christianity to Russia in the 900s. In the late 1400s,Czar Ivan the Great built the Kremlin in Moscow. Catherine the Great expanded and westernized Russia in the late 1700s. More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/classical-conversations-cycle-2-history-sentences-weeks-1-thru-12/

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Geog 1302 Cultural Geography – Unit III – Flashcards 111 terms

Marvel Brown

111 terms

Preview

Geog 1302 Cultural Geography – Unit III – Flashcards

question

Which two countries were the primary rivals in the Cold War?

answer

the United States and the Soviet Union

question

Which European country is called the "Emerald Isle"?

answer

Ireland

question

Why did the population of Jews in Europe drop from 9.5 million before World War II to less than 2 million today?

answer

German Nazis murdered approximately 6 million Jews in the Holocaust.

question

What is a nation-state?

answer

a geopolitical and spatial entity fostered by ethnic and cultural nationalism

question

What is the Taliban?

answer

a fundamentalist Islamic group in Afghanistan

question

What is Europe's longest river?

answer

Danube

question

What was the name of the physical structure that the Soviets built to stop East Germans from fleeing to West Germany?

answer

Berlin Wall

question

What event has been an important cause of the surge of immigration to European countries such as Germany since the beginning of the 1990s?

answer

the collapse of the Soviet Union

question

Since 1999, which Central Asian country has been the world's largest producer of opium?

answer

Afghanistan

question

Which of the following countries of Central Asia does NOT have any U.S. military operations?

answer

Armenia

question

In which European country would one be most likely to hear a Celtic language spoken?

answer

Wales

question

Which of the following countries does NOT meet with the others at the Pamir Knot?

answer

Armenia

question

Which country of Central Asia was never colonized by outside powers, and is one of the few countries of the world to have inherited the boundaries of its pre-modern indigenous kingdom?

answer

Afghanistan

question

What was social realism of the Soviet era in the Russian Domain?

answer

an art style devoted to the realistic depiction of workers challenging nature or struggling against capitalism

question

What has been the pattern of population growth in the Russian Domain since the demise of the USSR?

answer

persistently declining population

question

What are the anchor countries of the European Union?

answer

Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom

question

What European mountain range forms the political border between Spain and France?

answer

Pyrenees

question

In which region of the Russian Domain would you find reindeer, Siberian tigers, and leopards?

answer

the Russian Far East

question

What countries of Europe are known as Iberia because of their location on the Iberian Peninsula?

answer

Spain and Portugal

question

During World War II, which European country was the leader of the "Axis" countries, which were the enemies of the "Allies"?

answer

Germany

question

What have many of Russia's internal autonomous areas been requesting?

answer

greater autonomy

question

What is the word for the agglomeration of small, privately owned agricultural parcels into larger, state-owned farms?

answer

collectivization

question

The Caucasus Mountains are located between which two bodies of water?

answer

the Black and Caspian Seas

question

Why did the Russian military invade Chechnya in 1994?

answer

because the Chechnyan government attempted to establish an independent state

question

Which of the following internal autonomous areas is rich in natural resources, and has threatened to distance itself from Russia?

answer

Sakha

question

During what period of time did Russia experience "...the most abrupt economic contraction within the industrial world since the Great Depression of the 1930s."

answer

1990s

question

Stalin

answer

forced state-controlled agriculture on peasantry.

question

What was the policy of the former Soviet Union (USSR) regarding religion within its borders?

answer

The USSR severely discouraged and even persecuted religious practice.

question

What is the word for an array of nonaligned or friendly states that cushion or protect a larger country from invasion, as happened with the former Soviet Union and its Eastern European neighbors?

answer

buffer zone

question

Uygur separatists in Xinjiang's "Free Eastern Turkestan Movement" are believers in which religion?

answer

Islam

question

What global role did the former Soviet Union play before its demise in 1991?

answer

It was one of the two world military superpowers (along with the United States).

question

Where in Europe would you be most likely to hear a Hellenic language spoken?

answer

Greece

question

What kind of pollution has damaged Russia's Lake Baikal?

answer

pollution from pulp and paper factories

question

The Basque language is spoken in which country of Europe?

answer

Spain

question

Economic cooperation in Western Europe at the end of World War II centered on what commodity (commodities)?

answer

coal and steel

question

The Dalai Lama

answer

is the religious and political leader of Tibet.

question

Who were the Bolsheviks?

answer

a faction of Russian communism representing interests of industrial workers, who established the former Soviet Union

question

What Central Asian sea is actually the world's largest lake?

answer

Caspian Sea

question

What explain(s) the environmental diversity of Europe?

answer

all of these

question

When Central Asia has been under the communist rule of China, the Soviet Union, and Mongolia, what has happened to religion?

answer

All forms of religion were discouraged.

question

What was the Cold War?

answer

an ideological struggle between the United States and the former Soviet Union that lasted from 1946-1991, and included Soviet occupation of several European countries

question

an ideological struggle between the United States and the former Soviet Union that lasted from 1946-1991, and included Soviet occupation of several European countries

answer

from 1730-1850

question

Which natural resource is of potentially great importance to economic development in Central Asia?

answer

oil

question

In Central Asia just before the 1700s, what developments changed the balance of power and allowed the sedentary agricultural states to conquer the nomads?

answer

gunpowder and effective hand weapons

question

What is the current status of Lamaist Buddhism with respect to China?

answer

The Chinese have allowed many Buddhist monasteries to open, but their activities remain limited.

question

Who was the main architect of the Soviet Union?

answer

Lenin

question

Why is there such concern about the Caspian and Black Sea sturgeon in the Russian Domain?

answer

This commercially valuable, caviar-producing fish is threatened with extinction in part because of poaching by the Russian mafia.

question

What is the name of the collapsible, felt-covered structures that Mongolians live in as they tend their herds of sheep and cattle?

answer

yurt

question

What group founded the Taliban?

answer

young Muslim religious students in Afghanistan

question

What was the distinctive skill for which Cossacks were well-known?

answer

horsemanship

question

Why did President Milosevic leave his post as president of Yugoslavia in 2000?

answer

He was removed by a popular uprising against him.

question

The Pamir Knot

answer

is a complex tangle of east-west and north-south trending mountain ranges on the borders of Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, and China.

question

Which body of water in the Russian Domain is the world's largest reserve of freshwater?

answer

Lake Baikal

question

What is perestroika?

answer

planned economic restructuring, an early move toward a freer market

question

Which country in the region of Europe experienced a major volcanic eruption in April 2010?

answer

Iceland

question

In which country of Europe has conflict between Catholics and Protestants been a problem?

answer

Northern Ireland

question

What group founded the Taliban?

answer

young Muslim religious students in Afghanistan

question

What was the name of the physical structure that the Soviets built to stop East Germans from fleeing to West Germany?

answer

Berlin Wall

question

Which country in the region of Europe has a high level of tectonic activity, especially hot springs?

answer

Iceland

question

What transportation technology must be constructed before the oil wealth of Central Asia can become economically viable?

answer

pipelines

question

When did the Industrial Revolution emerge?

answer

from 1730-1850

question

In the Russian Domain, what non-Christian religion has the greatest number of believers?

answer

Islam

question

What are mikrorayons?

answer

large housing projects built in the 1970s and 1980s in Russia

question

Which of the following European countries was a member of the now-defunct Warsaw Pact alliance?

answer

Poland

question

What kind of pollution has damaged Russia's Lake Baikal?

answer

pollution from pulp and paper factories

question

What development led to the emergence of nomadic pastoralism in Central Asia?

answer

domestication of the horse

question

What do the letters in NATO stand for?

answer

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

question

Why did Jewish people cluster in the Muslim lands of the Iberian Peninsula around 900 CE?

answer

Muslims in Iberia were more tolerant of Jews than were Christians.

question

What is the primary destination for Russian petroleum products?

answer

Western Europe

question

Why is there such concern about the Caspian and Black Sea sturgeon in the Russian Domain?

answer

This commercially valuable, caviar-producing fish is threatened with extinction in part because of poaching by the Russian mafia.

question

Which areas in Central Asia remain under Chinese control?

answer

Tibet and Xinjiang

question

In Europe, with what type of feature are the names Rhine, Loire, Thames, Danube, and Elbe associated?

answer

rivers

question

In what kind of housing do most average Russians live?

answer

in a high rise apartment

question

What is glasnost?

answer

a USSR policy of greater openness during the 1980s that encouraged several Union Republics to demand independence

question

What was the original purpose of Dutch windmills?

answer

to pump water from low-lying wetlands

question

How do social conditions in the Central Asian republics that formerly were part of the Soviet Union compare with social conditions in the other countries in the region?

answer

Levels of health and education are relatively high in Central Asian republics that were formerly part of the USSR, but are declining since the demise of the Soviet Union.

question

Glasnost

answer

called for greater openness and political participation.

question

What is the most common language group in Central Asia, based on the number of native speakers?

answer

Turkic

question

What has been an important source of conflict in Northern Ireland?

answer

The Catholic minority feel that the Protestant majority has discriminated against them.

question

What is the major factor determining whether a particular Slavic language uses the Latin alphabet or the Cyrillic alphabet in its written form?

answer

the dominant religion of the people who speak that language

question

Which non-European country signed an agreement to become Germany's military ally and set the scene for World War II?

answer

Japan

question

The Caucasus Mountains are located between which two bodies of water?

answer

the Black and Caspian Seas

question

When did the Industrial Revolution emerge?

answer

from 1730-1850

question

What is the current status of Lamaist Buddhism with respect to China?

answer

The Chinese have allowed many Buddhist monasteries to open, but their activities remain limited.

question

What is the livelihood of pastoralists?

answer

raising livestock

question

Which of the following European countries was a member of the now-defunct Warsaw Pact alliance?

answer

Poland

question

Who was the main architect of the Soviet Union?

answer

Lenin

question

What countries are Russia's major trading partners?

answer

Britain and Germany

question

What is the religion of the Uygur people of western China?

answer

Islam

question

Followers of which religion in Central Asia suffered brutal persecution when China invaded Tibet?

answer

Lamaist Buddhism

question

When Central Asia has been under the communist rule of China, the Soviet Union, and Mongolia, what has happened to religion?

answer

All forms of religion were discouraged.

question

This region of Central Asia lies 500 feet below sea level, and is famous for its fruits and melons.

answer

Turfan Depression

question

What was the purpose of Russification (the Soviet policy of resettling Russians into non-Russian portions of the former USSR)?

answer

to increase Russian dominance in outlying portions of the former USSR

question

What event has been an important cause of the surge of immigration to European countries such as Germany since the beginning of the 1990s?

answer

the collapse of the Soviet Union

question

Which country of Europe experiences the greatest seismic activity, including both earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?

answer

Italy

question

Han Chinese have migrated well into western China in the past 30 years. Who are the Han?

answer

The Han are the ethnic majority in China.

question

What was the capital of Russia until 1917?

answer

St. Petersburg

question

Which region of the former Soviet Union became known as a "repository for political dissidents and trouble-makers"?

answer

Siberia

question

What is the currency of the European Monetary Union?

answer

the euro

question

What is a fjord?

answer

a flooded valley originally carved out by glaciers

question

What countries of Europe are known as the Benelux countries?

answer

Luxembourg, Netherlands, Belgium

question

Recently, several new countries have applied for NATO membership. What must they do before they may join?

answer

meet NATO standards of military readiness

question

Which body of water forms the southern boundary of Europe?

answer

Mediterranean Sea

question

What did most Russians do for a living in 1917?

answer

They were farmers.

question

What livelihood is "the only feasible way of life on the Tibetan plateau," according to the authors of your textbook?

answer

nomadic pastoralism based on the yak

question

Where do the majority of the people in the Russian Domain live?

answer

in the west of the region

question

What is the word for a state policy of reclaiming lost lands or lands inhabited by people of the same ethnicity in another state?

answer

irredentism

question

Which country of Europe has taken the most dramatic stands to prevent the overuse of the English language within its borders?

answer

France

question

In what region of the Russian Domain was the Soviet Union's Gulag Achipelago located?

answer

Siberia

question

Why is the city of Chernobyl well-known?

answer

It is the site of the world's worst-ever nuclear accident.

question

What language group dominates in the Russian Domain?

answer

Slavic

STUDY

AP European History Central And Eastern Europe History of Russia Western Civilization

Ch. 17: Absolutism in Eastern Europe – Flashcards 45 terms

Kelly Fisher

45 terms

Preview

Ch. 17: Absolutism in Eastern Europe – Flashcards

question

What were some of the differences between Eastern absolutism and Western absolutism?

answer

West: strong middle class, limited nobility, peasantry not serfs, built on well-developed medieval monarchy + strong royal bureaucracy East: weak middle class, strong nobility, peasantry = serfs

question

What were the conditions of the serfs like?

answer

-limited/no freedom of movement -little/no pay -more land confiscated -tied to lords -heavy labor -forced laborers

question

Serfdom

answer

system used by nobles and rulers where peasants were bound first to the land they worked and then, by degrading obligations to the lords they served

question

What political factors influenced the rise of serfdom in the east and decline in the west?

answer

-more political power in east than west -evil landlords -peasant political power weak -monarchs almost equal to nobles -lords' power increased during wars

question

In what 3 areas did monarchs of east Europe gradually gain/monopolize political power?

answer

1. tax without consent 2. permanent standing armies 3. relations with other states freely

question

What effect did the Thirty Years War have on the Habsburgs of Austria?

answer

1. drained a lot of their money/resources 2. authority of the emperor declined/almost vanished 3. made Habsburgs turn inward and eastward to fuse holdings into a unified state

question

What 2 holdings did they turn to?

answer

Bohemia and the Czechs

question

Why/What did the Bohemian nobility owe to the Habsburgs?

answer

Ferdinand II reduced power of the Bohemian Estates; most was from recent foreign origin; owed "everything"

question

What effect did the Bohemian nobility have on the Habsburgs?

answer

helped est. a strong direct rule over reconquered Bohemia

question

What were some of the policies of the Ottoman Turks?

answer

-everything owned by sultan (ruler) -no private landed property -everyone dependent on sultan -slave tax -need constant expansion in order to keep functioning -convert to Islam

question

Why did the Turks' system begin to crumble after 1570?

answer

westward expansion stopped

question

Who did the Ottoman Empire ally with against the Christian Empire?

answer

Louis XIV

question

Who won in the war between Austria and the Turks?

answer

Austria; strengthened Habsburg army and promoted unity

question

What were the 3 territories of the Habsburg state?

answer

1. Austria 2. Bohemia 3. Hungary

question

Pragmatic Sanction

answer

proclaimed by Charles VI in 1713 that stated Habsburg possessions never to be divided and always passed intact to a single heir

question

How did the Hungarian nobility prevent the full development of Habsburg absolutism?

answer

-revolted against Vienna's attempts to rule -Protestant = would not re-Catholicize -allied with Turkey -War of Spanish Succession: Prince Francis Rakoczy led Hungarian rebellion >Charles VI restored traditional privileges of Hungarian aristocracy in return for Hungarian acceptance of hereditary Habsburg rule

question

Hohenzollern family

answer

-largest landowners in a landlord society -became imperial electors of Brandenburg when the dukes of Prussia had little power -"Hohenzollern Absolutism"

question

Frederick William

answer

-the "Great Elector" -moved towards absolutism -came to power in 1640 -determined to unify 3 provinces (Brandenburg, Prussia, areas around Rhine) -est. permanent standing army and taxation -reduced power of the Estates because of his financial independence and force -revenue tripled -died in 1688

question

Frederick III

answer

"the Ostentatious"; focused on imitating style of Louis XIV -only accomplishment was to be crowned King Frederick I in 1701 as reward for aiding HRE during War of SS

question

Frederick William I

answer

-"the Soldier's king" -Hohenzollern family -best army in Europe -est. Prussian absolutism -concept of struggle for power -believed welfare of king and state depended on strength of army -conflict of power with the Junkers > tried to destroy them, but just enlisted them in the army; in command of peasantry = :) -result:civil society rigid and highly disciplined

question

Junkers

answer

Estates of Brandenburg and Prussia dominated by the nobility and landowning class

question

Describe the Mongol army.

answer

savage, large, ruled eastern Slaves, led by Khan

question

Alexander Nevsky

answer

became skillful in serving Mongols -tax collector, put down uprisings -in return, emerged as hereditary great prince -began reign of Ivans

question

Ivan I

answer

"Ivan the Moneybag" -built up large personal fortune to buy land, loan money, and increase influence

question

What 2 developments reinforced the Muscovite idea of absolutist authority?

answer

1. Ivan III stopped acknowledging khan as supreme ruler 2. Fall of Constantinople to Turks (1453) > tsars saw themselves as the only rightful/holy rulers

question

Tsar

answer

prince of Moscow

question

Ivan III

answer

-conquered principality of Novgorod (1480s) -nobility held property on the condition that they serve his army

question

Ivan IV

answer

"Ivan the Terrible" -rise of new service nobility -expanded Russia -responded to Cossacks by tying peasants to land -urban traders/artisans bound to towns + jobs = tsar could tax them more heavily -all responsible to tsar

question

Cossacks

answer

free groups/outlaw armies that peasants formed as a result of Ivan IV's suppression of them

question

Time of Troubles

answer

refers to the confused/chaotic period of time between the death of Ivan IV and the crowning of Michael Romanov as new tsar

question

Michael Romanov

answer

new "true tsar" -nice to nobles, harsh to peasants = mass upheaval/protest

question

Why was the Russian Orthodox church split?

answer

Nikon wanted to model Russian church after Greek orthodox; peasants resisted -resulted in Russian masses alienating from est. church

question

Nikon

answer

purist who wanted to model the "corrupted" Russian practice after the Greek Orthodox model

question

Stenka Razin

answer

led peasant Cossack revolts

question

Peter the Great

answer

new tsar after Romanov in 1689; many reforms, the greatest being the army

question

What were characteristics of the Russian army PRIOR to Peter the Great's reforms?

answer

-made up of service nobility, boyars -lagged in technology -very expensive

question

In what ways did Peter the Great reform Russia?

answer

ARMY -all noblemen required to serve army for life -education: schools, universities to create skilled technicians/experts -military-civilian bureaucracy: 14 ranks -invited talented foreigners

question

Great Northern War in Sweden (1700-21)

answer

major Russian victory *largest in history -marked Russia as a great European power & dominance of the Baltic sea

question

What were some of the consequences of royal absolutism in eastern Europe?

answer

-nobles served rulers in new ways -armies improved (larger, more pro) -taxes ^ -baroque culture, art, literature, music -rulers inspired by Louis XIV to glorify themselves through art

question

What did palaces symbolize in east Europe?

answer

age of absolutist power; meant to awe people and display monarch's strength

question

Schonbrunn Palace

answer

enormous Viennese Versailles done by Emperor Leopold

question

Karlsruhe

answer

capital city of small German principality that was remodeled

question

St. Petersburg

answer

-originally a small Swedish fort on the Neva River -Peter the Great had it transformed into the new capital of Russia -men required to aid in construction and money

question

What were the 3 political goals of Peter the Great when building St. Petersburg?

answer

1. make it "modern" 2. all buildings follow the architectural regulations 3. each class assigned to certain sect of the city

question

Bartolomeo Rastrelli

answer

architect of Elizabeth (daughter of Peter) who built the Winter Palace

STUDY

A Level History First Five Year Plan Forced Labor Camps History of Russia New Economic Policy

Ch. 8 Quiz #1 – Flashcards 27 terms

Chad Lipe

27 terms

Preview

Ch. 8 Quiz #1 – Flashcards

question

Seized control of Russian government

answer

Bolsheviks

question

An aggressive German kaiser, World War I

answer

Wilhelm

question

The iron chancellor of Germany

answer

Bismarck

question

The United States president during World War I

answer

Wilson

question

The assassinated Austrian Archduke

answer

Ferdinand

question

Loyalty of a people to their country is called:

answer

Nationalism

question

Colonization by a larger nation to increase its economic standing is known as:

answer

Imperialism

question

Bismarck completed his goal of isolating France by forming the:

answer

Triple alliance

question

The revolution in Russia that led to the takeover of the government and rushes withdrawal from the war was known as the:

answer

Bolshevik Revolution

question

With the arrival of the American troops, the Allied powers successfully hearted the massive German drive at_____________________________

answer

Belleau Wood, Cantigny, and Chateau-Thierry

question

The practice of drafting men into the military is called:

answer

Conscription

question

____________________ was one major incident that led the United States into the war

answer

The sinking of the Lusitania

question

Two (more) weapons that were first used in World War I was:

answer

Tanks, poison gas, airplanes, and balloon bombing

question

Bismarck established peaceful relations with_____________to isolate France

answer

England and Russia

question

Was NOT formed to rebalance power in Europe upset by bismarks triple entente:

answer

The triple alliance

question

_________________Abusive actions destroyed Germany's relations with England and Russia:

answer

Wilhelm's

question

Well French resistance to the German advance was strong, _______________was weak and disorganized

answer

Russia

question

The stalemate of 1916 was characterized by:

answer

trench warfare and naval blockades

question

A German action which increased tension in Europe before the war was the:

answer

isolation of France, the race for colonies, and a proposed railroad to Constantinople

question

And event which favored the German position in 1917-1918 was:

answer

the Russian withdrawal

question

The German defeat was hastened by the:

answer

Collapse of German allies

question

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand caused:

answer

Austria to declare war on Serbia

question

Organized Prussian military

answer

General staff

question

Fought over by Japan and Russia

answer

Manchuria

question

Fought over by Russia and Austria

answer

Balkan states

question

Led Europe into military readiness

answer

Prussia

question

A territory mutually desired by France and Germany

answer

Alsace - Lorraine

STUDY

History of Russia Military History Russian United States History-Other

American Neutrality and WWII – Flashcards 68 terms

Daniel Thompson

68 terms

Preview

American Neutrality and WWII – Flashcards

question

Joseph Stalin

answer

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

question

Benito Mussolini

answer

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

question

fascism

answer

A system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator. First found in Italy by Mussolini.

question

allies

answer

Group of nations, including the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union, who opposed the Axis powers

question

wolf packs

answer

German submarines that traveled in groups in the North Atlantic Ocean to attack US ships and merchant ships.

question

Pearl Harbor

answer

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

question

blitzkrieg

answer

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939

question

appeasement

answer

The idea that Britain could pacify Germany and make sure there was no war at any cost.

question

non-aggression pact

answer

1939-Secret agreement between German leader Hitler and Soviet Leader Stalin not to attack one another and to divide Poland

question

final solution

answer

'The Final Solution for the Jewish Question' was the cover name for Hitler's plan to destroy all the Jews in Europe, It began in December 1941

question

Neville Chamberlain

answer

Prime Minister of Great Britain from -1940. Famous for appeasing Hitler at the Munich Conference.

question

atlantic charter

answer

(FDR) 1941, met on a boat, FDR and Chuchill meeting that stated that condemned aggression, affirmed national self-determination, and endorsed the principles of collective security and disarmament.

question

Adolf Hitler

answer

This dictator was the leader of the Nazi Party. He believed that strong leadership was required to save Germanic society, which was at risk due to Jewish, socialist, democratic, and liberal forces.

question

nazism

answer

The doctrines of nationalism, racial purity, anti-Communism, and the all-powerful role of the State. The National Socialist German Workers Party, otherwise known as the Nazi Party. Nazism was advocated by Adolf Hitler in Germany.

question

neutrality acts

answer

The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, or sell or transport munitions to a belligerent nation, or make loans to a belligerent. This displayed that America was not willing to go to war and desired to remain neutral and isolationist.

question

lend-lease act

answer

Approve by Congress in March 1941; The act allowed America to sell, lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States."

question

draft

answer

...

question

trade embargo

answer

the partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country, in order to isolate it

question

Austria

answer

in 1938, Hitler invaded and annexed this country, violating the Treaty of Versailles

question

battle of Britain

answer

an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

question

Kristallnact

answer

"Night of Broken Glass" Anti-Jewish riots of November 9-10 1938. Planned by the German government and the Gestapo. Over 1,000 synagogues were burned, Jewish stores looted and Jewish men arrested

question

The St. Louis

answer

a ship from Europe with 1000+ refugee Jews sailed to Cuba, but were rejected; they asked USA if they could come, but FDR ignored their plea because of immigration quotas

question

division of Poland

answer

...

question

Charles de Gaulle

answer

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)

question

totalitarianism

answer

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

question

Francisco Franco

answer

Spanish General; organized the revolt in Morocco, which led to the Spanish Civil War. Leader of the Nationalists - right wing, supported by Hitler and Mussolini, won the Civil War after three years of fighting.

question

axis powers

answer

In World War II, the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan, which had formed an alliance in 1936.

question

Hideki Tojo

answer

(1884-1948) Japanese nationalist and general; he took control of Japan during World War II. He was later tried and executed for war crimes. Ordered attack on Pearl Harbor.

question

Soviet Union

answer

Repub. presidents of 1920's refused to grant diplomatic recognition to this Communist regime. Roosevelt granted recognition in 1933 to increase U.S. trade and boost economy.Invaded by Hitler of June 1941

question

Shoot on Sight

answer

July 1941, US extended support for Britain even more by protecting its ships from submarine attack. FDR ordered US Navy to escort British ships carrying lend-lease materials from US. When an American destroyed 'Greer' was attacked by a German submarine, FDR ordered the Navy to attack all German ships on sight. US now fighting an undeclared naval war against Germany.

question

Sudetanland

answer

part of Czechoslovakia that Hitler demanded as his "last territorial demand". Given to him in Munich Agreement by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in 1938.

question

Fall of France

answer

Germans attacked France on May 10, 1940. By June 22, the largest and most powerful democracy in Europe surrendered.

question

Concentration Camps

answer

prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately.

question

The Munich Pact

answer

The agreement between Neville Chamberlain and Hitler. Britain and France agreed that Hitler could take the Sudetenland. In exchange, Hitler had to respect Czechoslovakia's new borders.

question

Dunkirk

answer

French port where 300,000 British and French troops were trapped by the Germans; daring rescue by 800 warships, ferries, and fishing boats across the English Channel

question

Luftwaffe

answer

German airforce

question

Dwight D. Eisenhower

answer

leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion.

question

Battle of the Bulge

answer

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

question

Omar Bradley

answer

1893 - 1981, U.S. General during WWII. On July 25, 1944, he unleashed a massive air and land bombardment against the enemy at St. Lô, providing a gap in the German line of defense through which General George Patton and his army could advance.

question

The Italian Campaign

answer

In July 1943, roughly 160,000 American and British trips invaded the island of Sicily. Unprepared to fight, the Italians quickly retreated to the Italian mainland. By the end of the month, the fascist regime has collapsed and Mussolini had fled to northern Italy. The Italian government soon surrendered unconditionally and even joined the Allies. Despite Hitler's eleventh-hour campaign to restore Mussolini to power, the Allies finally captured Rome in June 1944.

question

V-E day

answer

Victory in Europe Day on May 8th, 1945 celebrated the official defeat of the Nazis and end of WWII in Europe.

question

Robert J. Oppenheimer

answer

American physicist; he led the Manhattan Project laboratory in Los Alamos, which developed the ﬁrst nuclear bomb.

question

Battle of Coral Sea

answer

fought from 4-8 May 1942, was a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and Allied naval and air forces from the United States and Australia. The battle was the first fleet action in which aircraft carriers engaged each other. It was also the first naval battle in history in which neither side's ships sighted or fired directly upon the other. It saved Port Moresby and stopped the Japanese advance on New Guinea

question

Battle of Okinawa

answer

First Japanese Home island (only 340 miles from mainland Japan) to be invaded. Island of immense strategic value. Involving over 500,000 troops and over 1,200 ships. Battle showed Japanese determination to resist invasion.

question

Nuremberg Trials

answer

Series of trials in 1945 conducted by an International Military Tribunal in which former Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes

question

Japanese Internment

answer

Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United States during WWII. While approximately 10,000 were able to relocate to other parts of the country of their own choosing, the remainder-roughly 110,000 men, women and children-were sent to hastly constructed camps called "War Relocation Centers" in remote portions of the nation's interior.

question

JACL

answer

Japanese American Citizens League-group of Japanese-Americans who worked to get restitution for the losses they experienced during WWII internment camps

question

George Patton

answer

Known as "Old Blood and Guts," George S. Patton, Jr. was one of the most colorful generals of World War II. During World War II he served in North Africa and Sicily before becoming the commander of the Third Army.

question

Battle of Stalingrad

answer

a 1942-1943 battle of World War II, in which German forces were defeated in their attempt to capture the city of Stalingrad in the Soviet Union thanks to harsh winter; turning point of war in Eastern Europe

question

Battle of the Atlantic

answer

Germany's naval attempt to cut off British supply ships by using u-boats. Caused Britain and the US to officially join the war after their ships were sunk. After this battle, the Allies won control of the seas, allowing them to control supply transfer, which ultimately determined the war. 1939-1945

question

Manhattan Project

answer

Code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II

question

Doolittle's Raid

answer

Lt. Colonel Doolittle's psychological point was to bomb Tokyo and several other Japanese cities. This did little damage. It was an important psychological point for both Americans and Japanese: Japan was vulnerable to attack. It was the first mainland bombing in Japan, it did little damage but boosted American morale.

question

Chester Nimitz

answer

A high-grade naval strategist who fought in the Battle of Midway under Admiral Raymond A. Spruance. All of the fighting was done by aircraft and victory ensued. He successfully took Japanese island strongholds in the Pacific by utilizing naval, air, and ground units.

question

Battle of Midway

answer

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

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Nagasaki

answer

Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped (August 9, 1945)

question

Japanese Occupation

answer

The US put the Prime minister on trial and sentenced him to death. MacArthur was general. US reshaped the Japanese free market. Lasted 7 years

question

Harry Truman

answer

33rd president of the United States. He assumed the presidency at the death of FDR in 1945 and served until 1953. Under his leadership the United States saw the end of the Second World War with the dropping of the two atomic bombs on Japan and also the establishment of the Truman Doctrine for foreign policy, which seeks to limit the spread of Communism.

question

Aachen

answer

a city in western Germany near the Dutch and Belgian borders

question

D-Day

answer

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

question

Operation Torch

answer

begun Nov 1942, American forces landed in Morocco and Algeria, and pressing eastward trapped the German and Italian armies being driven westward by the British, forcing German and Italian troops to surrender, despite Hitler's orders to fight to the death.

question

Majdenek

answer

...

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Hiroshima

answer

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. (p. 797)

question

Douglas MacArthur

answer

(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

question

kamikaze

answer

Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships.

question

Battle of Iwo Jima

answer

On 19 February 1945, Marines landed on Iwo Jima in what was the largest all-Marine battle in history. It was also the bloodiest in Marine Corps history. The Marine Corps suffered over 23,300 casualties. The capture of Iwo Jima greatly increased the air support and bombing operations against the Japanese home islands. Of the savage battle, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz said, "Among the Americans who served on Iwo Island, uncommon valor was a common virtue."

question

Yalta Conference

answer

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

question

GI Bill

answer

A 1944 law that gives military veterans financial and education benefits.

question

Nisei

answer

American-born children of Japanese immigrants; second generation Japanese Americans.

STUDY

Basic Economic Decisions History of Russia Iron And Steel New Economic Policy Workers And Peasants

Central Europe and Northern Eurasia SG3 – Flashcards 31 terms

Daniel Jimmerson

31 terms

Preview

Central Europe and Northern Eurasia SG3 – Flashcards

question

Describe the significant events and developments in the history of Central Europe and Northern Eurasia

answer

Russian Revolution led to the Soviet Union----dissolved in 1991

question

Identify major physical characteristics of Central Europe and Northern Eurasia

answer

covered in broad plains Europe and Asia can be viewed as one continent.

question

Compare climate regions in Central Europe and Northern Eurasia

answer

from mild Mediterranean (Budapest, Hungary) to frigid tundra (Russia)

question

• Describe characteristics of major ecosystems in Central Europe and Northern Eurasia

answer

tundra has the toughest grasses, mosses, and lichens

question

• Discuss elements of culture in Central Europe and Northern Eurasia

answer

- orthodox Christianity is important - home to dozens of ethnic groups like Estonian - Prague has both traditional and modern

question

• Identify how the economy, technology, and the environment interact in Central Europe and Northern Eurasia

answer

- women make up 50% of the work force because a large % of men dying in WWII. - Russia sought ports that can be open to shipping all year (Baltic Port) - Industrial activities have resulted in acid rain

question

• Compare the state of health care in Poland, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, and the United States

answer

Poland has free medical care. Birth Mortality rates are low and the life expectancy is high. Romania has a low life life expectancy and a weak health care due to pollution. Russia had good health care when it was the Soviet Union but after the system is underfunded and infant and mortality rates are high. Medicine is low. Ukraine has a lot of doctors but the health system faces issues because of the nuclear accident

question

• Discuss how economic systems can affect health care systems

answer

The fall of communism in this region has greatly affected health care. Under communism, health care was provided to all citizens. Now it is struggling to build systems

question

Ch 19 •List some major physical characteristics of Poland

answer

- covered by North European Plain -fertile soil but unfit for farming -mountains contain industrial resources

question

Explain how World War II affected Polish culture

answer

- changed from multiethnic to predominantly Roman Catholic - caused migration of Germans and Poles so people living in Poland are mostly Polish.

question

Describe how the fall of communism affected nationalism and the economy of Poland

answer

- most of people in Poland are truly polish because of the amount of Germans that fled - it was a troubled economy with difficulty of attracting foreign investors. - did increase in the 2000's

question

Discuss changes in political and economic conditions in the Czech Republic since the 1980s

answer

- decline of Soviet Union and resulted with a democratic parliament. -used Privatizations and sought membership in the EU.

question

List the challenges facing the regions of Bohemia and Moravia

answer

- ending air and water pollution - nation's forest have been destroyed by acid rain and industrial pollution

question

Explain the economic issues Slovakia faces

answer

- smaller businesses have had difficulty, especially in the poorer and eastern part of the country.

question

Describe how privatization has affected Hungary's economy

answer

- steady growth, declining inflation and increases foreign investment -strengthen ties with Western Europe

question

Summarize how Romania's economy has changed since the end of Communist rule

answer

- led to economic chaos - ineffective governments caused economy to deteriorate - western investment helped economy with a multiplier effect

question

Identify the signs of Bulgaria's economic growth

answer

- found new markets for goods in Western countries - foreign investments - tourism

question

Describe the effects of foreign investment on Albania

answer

- this effected them to become isolation - isolation led to them being one of Europe's poorest countries

question

Explain why internal tensions challenge the people of the Balkan nations

answer

- Slovenia and Croatia were worried that other republics would drag them to poverty

question

Describe how location has affected the history and economics of the Baltic states

answer

- benefited from their access to the sea and their location along major trade routes. - also suffered by their location because other invading armies battled control for this region.

question

Explain why many Ukrainians were eager to break free of foreign domination

answer

- for 5 centuries, region been controlled by foreign powers. - Under Soviet rule, Ukraine suffered, especially from a nuclear reaction, collective farms, and environmental damage

question

Identify the main physical characteristics of Russia

answer

- rolling plains that cover nearly all the west of Yensi River - Ural Mountains contain valuable minerals - diving Europe from Asia are the Ural Mts. -Volga River, Europe's longest river

question

Describe how location and climate affect ecosystems in Russia

answer

- most of Russia's land is removed from any bodies of water. -climate is subarctic -the cold climate makes the tundra treeless and only the plants there can survive the weather.

question

Explain how Siberia offers opportunities and poses unique challenges

answer

-permafrost can be used to balance the heat for high rise buildings -valuable minerals in reserves but are hard to get to due to climate.

question

Explain how Russian territory expanded under the czars

answer

- Peter the Great expanded because the lack of any greater power threatening them and few natural barriers limited the expansion -by the end of 20th century had most of Northern Eurasia

question

Identify the economic and political conditions that marked the Communist era

answer

-there were collective farms and less agricultural produce and more industrial -had a command economy -each republic had its own soviet

question

Discuss how the end of Communist rule led to changes in Russia

answer

- led to democracy and a world power again -Boris Yelten as the first president -central government domination

question

Identify some of the defining characteristics of life in Russia today

answer

- in their leisure time they enjoy sports, music and artistic creativity

question

Explain how ethnic turmoil challenges Russia

answer

-threats of Chechen rebels with bombings and killings

question

List the common methods of transportation in Russia

answer

-river, easy for boats and when it is frozen used as a road and railroad for transporting goods.

question

Summarize the economic and environmental problems facing Russia

answer

-intense industrialization depleted resources and environment. Volga river so polluted that many fish species are extinct. - technical expertise in cleaning the environment is lacking and there is problem of shortage in money.

STUDY

AP European History History of Russia

Modern Europe Pre-WWI Map – Flashcards 20 terms

Kenneth Wheeler

20 terms

Preview

Modern Europe Pre-WWI Map – Flashcards

question

Russia, Capital- Petrograd, Allied Power

answer

question

Great Britain, Capital- London, Allied Power

answer

question

France, Capital- Paris, Allied Power

answer

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Italy, Capital- Rome, Allied Power

answer

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Belgium, Capital- Brussels, Allied Power

answer

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Serbia,

answer

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Greece,

answer

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Romania,

answer

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Portugal,

answer

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Germany, Capital- Berlin, Central Powers

answer

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Austria-Hungary,

answer

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Bulgaria,

answer

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Turkey- The Ottoman Empire,

answer

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Switzerland,

answer

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Sweden,

answer

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Norway,

answer

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Denmark,

answer

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Netherlands,

answer

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Spain,

answer

question

Iceland,

answer

STUDY

AP European History Great Northern War History of Russia Ivan The Terrible

Ap Euro Ch 17 Eastern Absolutism – Flashcards 68 terms

Clarence Louder

68 terms

Preview

Ap Euro Ch 17 Eastern Absolutism – Flashcards

question

Three eastern absolutist states

answer

Austria, Prussia, Russia

question

Western Absolutism

answer

Tax the peasants, and merchant class

question

Eastern Absolutism

answer

No merchants to tax- instead tax the nobility

question

Serfdom

answer

The system of agricultural labor popular in eastern Europe in which peasants had no rights or freedoms and were bound to the land.

question

Reasons for serfdom

answer

-Population loss- shortage of labor -People to work the land were in shortage -Can't go anywhere

question

East v. West

answer

East Serf- -cannot go to towns -no mobility -no middle class West Serf- -Plague- wages go up -greater opportunity -places to go- towns

question

Origins of Absolutism in Austria

answer

- Holy Roman empire sets up -Bohemian Nobility is crushed in 30 years war

question

Origins of Absolutism in Prussia

answer

-1/2 of people killed -Invading tartars- take Germans into slavery -Need the stability/ protection of Absolutism - Poor land offers no fortifications

question

Origins of Absolutism In Russia

answer

-Goes back to mongol yoke

question

Prussian Absolutism v. Austrian Absolutism

answer

Austria- should have been one to unify Germany - Can't -Too many ethnicities in the Balkans Prussia- Will unify- -Have the advantage -Nationalism> they are all German people -

question

Austrian Wars

answer

-Ottoman wars -Prussian 30 years War

question

The 3 parts of the Austrian Empire

answer

Austria Kingdom of Hungary Dukedom of Bohemia

question

Capitals of the Austrian Empire

answer

Vienna Budda / Pest Prague

question

Capital of Austria

answer

Vienna

question

Capital of Bohemia

answer

Prague

question

Capital of Hungary

answer

Buda and Pest

question

Why did Hungary join with Austria

answer

-Are pressured to: -Hungarians aren't Slavic -Have a lot at odds with Russia -Have been occupied by the Turks, want stable country

question

Deal with the Austrian Nobility

answer

-Keep your serfs -Have control more or less of your area -BUT- submit to authority of the absolute monarchy in Vienna

question

The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713

answer

Charles the 6th -Never divide the Austrian empire -Europe to leave Austria alone -Why? - has a heir but is a daughter -Europe will leave Austria alone until Charles' death

question

Sultan

answer

"overlord"; title of Ottoman rulers- will help define the Tzar's title

question

Millet System

answer

system of managing government where the ottoman empire was divided by religion. leaders of each millet supported the sultan in exchange for power over their millet.

question

Ferdinand II

answer

Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia and Hungary who waged war against Protestant forces in the battle of white Mountain, also reduced the power of the Bohemian Estates (1578-1637)

question

Bohemian Estates

answer

representative body of the different estates, or legal orders, in Bohemia. dominated by protestant Czech nobility.

question

The Elector of Brandenburg

answer

No Military strength whatsoever, no defensible geography, half of the elector is separated in Prussia. No access to the sea, or natural borders. Many different regionalistic and powerful towns/ cities

question

Term to describe Prussian Land

answer

The Sandbox of Europe

question

Hohenzollern

answer

-a German noble family that ruled Brandenburg and Prussia -First Among equals

question

Prussian Rulers

answer

Fredrick William 1640-1688 Fredrick I 1688-1713 Fredrick William I 1713-1740 Fredrick II 1740-1783

question

Who was an elector?

answer

Fredrick William

question

Militarism in Prussia

answer

a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests. In this case, the Junkers (nobles) were encouraged and had great honor to serve in the military.

question

Fredrick William

answer

Also known as the great elector. He ruled Prussia and established absolutism there. Forces the nobles to pay a tax without consent.

question

Junkers

answer

Prussian Nobles

question

Three Territories of the Elector

answer

Brandenburg, Prussia, Rhineland holdings

question

Fredrick I

answer

The Great Elector's son. First Hohenzollern to call himself king. By the treaty of Utrecht, his duchy of east Prussia was recognized as a kingdom. There after, all Hohenzollern territories were grouped under the name Prussia. He also got involved in the War of Spanish Succession

question

Fredrick William I

answer

Prussian king; strove to maintain highly efficient bureaucracy of civil workers; by end of reign in 1740, doubled army's size, made it one of the best armies in Europe. -Paradoxically will never go to war -Loves tall soldiers -obsessed with the military

question

Fredrick II

answer

The Great; Prussian king; one of best educated and most cultured monarchs in the 18th century, kept Prussia's serfdom and rigid social structure intact and avoided any additional reforms; also enlarged Prussian Army; credited with making Prussia a great European power, also rejected Charles VI's pragmatic sanction and captured Silesia from the Austrians. He also hated his father Fredrick William I

question

Problem with Prussia

answer

-Very expensive to maintain the state -If falls onto the wrong hands, will fall apart/ be very bad

question

Saint Basil's Church

answer

Moscow, Church there

question

Red Square

answer

A city square in Moscow that separates Kremlin from the historic merchant quarter

question

Mongol Yoke

answer

Describes the ruthless Mongol rule over the Slavs for about 200 years after the conquest of Chinggis Khan. The Mongols used existing Slavic princes as servants and tax collectors. Good princes were rewarded with heredity. Alexander Nevsky began the process of making the princes more powerful, and it was finished by Ivan III, who overthrew the Mongols and became Russia's first tzar.

question

Russian Orthodox/ Third Rome

answer

Russians thought that they were the bearers of Christianity

question

Tzar

answer

Comes from Cesar, Based off Khans, Sultans, Pharaohs-- The Tzar has complete control over his subjects, everything is property of the Tzar.

question

Mongols

answer

-Largest Land empire -Feirce fighters -Live at Kiev

question

Kiev

answer

Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; A popular hangout of the Mongols for its good climate

question

Moscow

answer

Was the place that the Muscovite princes lived They started as tax collectors Became powerful leaders/ undercut the power of the Mongols

question

Alexander Nevski

answer

Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde. (p. 339)

question

Muscovy

answer

A former principality in west-central Russia. Centered on Moscow, it was founded c. 1280 and existed as a separate entity until the 16th century, when it was united with another principality to form the nucleus of the early Russian empire. The name was then used for the expanded territory.

question

Boyars

answer

Russian nobility

question

Ivan the Terrible

answer

This king of Muscovy defeated the Mongols and added a great deal to his kingdom. He was known as terrible for his treatment of boyars, the hereditary nobility in Muscovy, as he abused, killed, and/or transplanted them and then replaced them with others who were loyal to him. These nobles were called the service nobility.

question

How did Ivan the Terrible limit Economic activity?

answer

He tied the Nobles to their cities for a tax base, and trade was stifled.

question

What became of his heredity?

answer

His son is killed- after death goes to time of troubles.

question

Were there deals made with anyone in Russia?

answer

No- do it r be executed

question

The Time of Troubles

answer

-Peasants are starving- eat grass and bark, The -after the death of Ivan the Terrible -many people battled for control of the Muscovite throne -These people came from both within and without Muscovy -Cosacs are rebelling -Moderates Realize that they need to stop fighting, -Appoint Michael Romanov to the throne

question

Cossacks

answer

Peasant groups driven to the wild that were fed up with taxes and tyrannical rulers, and who made outlaw armies to counter the Tzar

question

Michael Romanov

answer

The new "Tzar" of Russia after Ivan, he ended the Time of Troubles

question

Peter the Great

answer

Ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western Europe, modernize and strengthen Russia

question

Armies of Peter the Great

answer

Every battle Russia fought, they lost- peter realized the need for a modern, professional army and turned to the Prussians. He drafted men into the army, and this was considered a death sentence. Peter's armies were only at peace one year of his reign.

question

Territorial Gains of Peter the Great

answer

-Captured Azov -Estonia -Lavthia -Baltic Port- will create St. Petersberg

question

How did the Military dominate Russian society?

answer

-2/5 of economy goes to the Army -Taxes increase -Table of ranks -Training schools for the military -mines in the Ural mountains -It works! Beats Sweden in the great northern war

question

The Great Northern War

answer

-Lasts 21 years -with Sweden -King Charles XII

question

Azov

answer

a Turkish- held fortress- city on the Black Sea which Peter captured in 1695 after building up his army. He had suffered a defeat at the hands of the Turks years earlier, but built a navy, and conquered the city with naval power and a strong infantry.

question

Pious Alexis

answer

Successor of Michael Romanov

question

Patriarch Nikon

answer

(1605-1681) Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church; exiled when he challenged the authority of the czar.

question

Tax on Souls

answer

A single tax on everyone.

question

Table of Ranks

answer

The way that Boyars were inducted into the Bureaucracy

question

How Did Peter Modernize Russia?

answer

-Five years of compulsory education for nobles -Unofficially to avoid regal customs -Hires Designers to make St. Peters burg -Learns Anatomy/ Dentistry -Ship Building

question

Christian XII

answer

King of Sweden, great military tactician has small forces, but beats Russian armies 5 to 1.

question

Baroque

answer

Style in art and architecture developed in Europe from about 1550 to 1700, emphasizing dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. Associated with Catholicism.

question

Prince Eugene's Summer Palace

answer

Demonstrates The baroque style in Vienna

STUDY

Eastern Orthodox Church History of Russia Ivan The Great Ivan The Terrible Language And Culture

Russian and Eastern Europe – Flashcards 10 terms

Alicia Bennett

10 terms

Preview

Russian and Eastern Europe – Flashcards

question

When Ivan IV took power, he named his vast territory

answer

Russia.

question

Who is credited with creating the "Russian Empire"?

answer

Ivan IV

question

The Byzantine influence can be seen in Kiev's government because

answer

the legal code was created on the basis of Byzantine law.

question

Moscow was given more power under Mongol rule because

answer

Moscow was loyal to the Mongols.

question

The resurgence of Russia under Ivan IV began in the middle of the

answer

1500s CE.

question

What effect did the Mongol invasion have on Kiev?

answer

The invasion destroyed Kiev and power shifted to Moscow.

question

Ivan III made an early contribution to the eventual resurgence of Russia by

answer

bringing in foreign architects to rebuild Moscow.

question

What happened to Kiev when Yaroslav the Wise died in 1054 CE?

answer

Kiev was divided among Yaroslav's five sons.

question

The most dramatic example of the influence of the Byzantine Empire occurred when

answer

Vladimir I forced all Russians to convert to Orthodox Christianity.

question

After Ivan IV took power, how did he deal with the code of laws?

answer

He revised and updated the code of laws to make it more relevant.

STUDY

History of Russia Living Off The Land Social Theory Workers And Peasants

Lenin’s Russia – Flashcards 35 terms

Carmen Dawson

35 terms

Preview

Lenin’s Russia – Flashcards

question

What did Karl Marx believe in?

answer

He believed that the economy goes through a cycle and that the transition from capitalism to socialism is an inevitable part of the development of human society. Marx identifies a pure communist state as one with: no state, community owns everything and negating conflict.

question

What was the process of communism according to Marx?

answer

• Marx interprets where monarchies were slowly on the decline. He predicts in the future, workers will style a revolt. • A bourgeois, proletarian and a pure communist revolution are necessary to get a communist society. • More wealth in the hands of few people would increase misery, the proletariat would get poorer, thus the bourgeoisie would rule. • Marx believed that the workers should become unionised leading to socialism. • The proletariat will revolt, wiping out the bourgeoisie. • Once the bourgeoisie are destroyed and the means of production are owned by the community, class conflict stops and the state will wither away.

question

How did Lenin support Marx's theory?

answer

Lenin made Marx's theory more concrete- he was the practical outcome of Marxism. "Without a revolutionary theory, there can be no revolutionary movement" Lenin wrote. Marxism-Leninism is an adaption of Marxism developed by Vladimir Lenin, which led to the first successful communist revolution in Lenin's Russia November 1917. • Leninism in practice meant control of all aspects of life by the Communist Party and the creation of the first modern totalitarian state.

question

What are the differences between Marxism to Leninism?

answer

• Lenin sees it as necessary for there to be "a strong organisation of revolutionaries" to avoid being infiltrated by the police and accept orders. • Lenin rejected Marx's theory that the bourgeois would lead to the revolution against the royalty, he instead believed it was necessary for peasants and workers to lead the revolution against the tsar in order to skip "many decades" and establish a communist state faster. • Lenin, like Marx, felt the workers could not achieve true revolutionary consciousness on their own, but needed a strongly centrally directed party of Marxists to lead them to socialism. Lenin resorted to what he called "Proletarian dictatorship" to ensure workers got what they deserved. It would lead to a one party communist state and last a long time until the eventual communist state, arguable because how would we know if they are acting on behalf of the people. • Lenin strictly ruled the party, thus theoretically making his will that of the party and his people.

question

What events occurred in the February Revolution?

answer

*1917:* the Tsar is overthrown in a resolution by his people and imprisoned with his family. He was replaced with a Provisional Government, made up of the Petrograd Soviet. • "The Soviet has power without authority, the Provisional Government has authority without power" • The P/G granted free speech, release of political prisoners and promised democratic elections for a proper parliament, they insisted that Russia would stay in the war until Germany was defeated and decided other problems, like peasant demands for land, would have to wait. • The last two decisions were unpopular as most Russians had enough of the war and peasants and workers wanted immediate reforms.

question

What were the results of the February Revolution?

answer

*1917:* The Germans "transported Lenin in a sealed track like a plague bacillus from Switzerland into Russia," (Churchill) in the hope that he could cause enough trouble and so weaken the Russian war effort. • Lenin tried to convince the Petrograd Soviet to launch a second revolution, to bring power to the workers. • "The people need peace, the people need bread, the people need land and the Provisional Government gives you war, hunger and leaves the landlords on the land" -Lenin in his April Thesis • The Bolsheviks convinced the Petrograd Soviet to let them seize power on their behalf on the promise that elections would be held afterwards, whichever group in the Soviet won, would become the new government of Russia. • October 1917 the Bolsheviks seized control of Petrograd and overthrow the Provisional Government. Trotsky masterminded the revolt.

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What were the problems with a Bolshevik government?

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• Should they hold elections, what would happen if they lost? • The Bolsheviks would need to implement policies to achieve their promises. • What will they do with the Tsar and his family? • How will they consolidate their power? Use of force or terror? • Other parties are against them, can lead to a civil war. • The end of war: pay reparations, lost of peace with Germany, Land providing food, high unemployment, others are unhappy- "strangle Bolshevism in it's cradle" -Churchill • Production of money • "The Bolsheviks didn't inherit so much a ship of state, as a derelict hulk" -Orlando Figes

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What was the first action Lenin took after taking over the Provisional government?

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*Sovnarkom:* Council of People's Commissars, the first thing that Lenin set up after the Bolsheviks took power on November 8. Its first decree was for Russia to make peace with Germany.

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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

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*1918:* Significantly unfair treaty signed between Germany and Russia signaling the end of the latter's involvement in WW1. • Russia lost land (27% of the best farm land), 26% railways, 74% iron and coal, 62 million people (1/6th population). • "They tell you I will make a shameful peace. Yes I will make a shameful peace... it save the soldiers of the revolution and I will save the revolution" -Lenin

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What were other Decrees that Lenin issued?

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*Decree for Land:* declared land belonging to the landlords, the church and non-peasant owners would be confiscated: peasant owners would keep their land. *Decree for Work:* Workers were granted an 8 hour day. *5th January 1918:* Democracy for one day, the Bolsheviks promised to set up an elected government; the elections were held, the Bolsheviks lost so the Constituent Assembly was banned.

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What was the Cheka?

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Lenin dealt with opposition and threat to his power by setting up the Cheka, *December 1917.* • "To cut off at the roots all counter-revolution and sabotage in Russia; to hand over to the revolutionary court all who are guilty of such attempts to work out measures for dealing with such cases and to enforce these measures without mercy" said Lenin • This was Lenin's secret police, except that it was much larger, more effective, and deadly than the Tsar's secret police had ever been. • The Cheka had its own classifications and began to work outside the law. Those under counter-revolutionaries fell under: Tsarists, Allies (French, Britain, USA, Japan), Other political parties e.g. Socialist Revolutionaries, Industrialists, Middle class, Tsarist army officers, Civil or military servicemen suspected of working for imperial Russia, Clergy, Workers and peasants under suspicion for not supporting the Soviet Government, Any other person whose private property was valued at over 10,000 Rubles •All the enemies were to be "shot on the spot" • These different groups unified as the whites to fight the reds in The Civil War.

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How did the Bolsheviks consolidate the revolution?

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• "The Bourgeois press is one of the might weapons of the bourgeoisie. In a critical time like this... it is not possible to leave in the hands of the enemy a weapon is no less dangerous than bombs and machine guns" - Lenin • Bolsheviks rebuilt their military force, Latvian soldiers were better trained and more disciplined than the Russian forces upon which the Bolshevik forces had previously relied. • Lenin understood the role of propaganda, thus he established the Pravda to strengthen his rule. This controlled what media was available to Russia. The Bolsheviks, in reality were the only group allowed to publish, groups such as the Mensheviks, were not allowed to publish. No negative material about the Bolsheviks could legally be published, the public would only see positive Bolshevik propaganda, increasing their support. Non-Bolshevik newspapers were banned.

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What Propaganda did Lenin further use?

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• The use of "Agitation and Propaganda trains" went into the countryside, holding lectures giving out pamphlets and information that showed information on the new regime. • The people of Russia were persuaded by Lenin's propaganda and were entertained by the films put on trains. The media gave Lenin an intelligent outlook and encouraged progression to article readers. • Lenin persuaded the people to his side and as leader of the Russian Soviet Federate Socialist Republic and then Premier of the Soviet Union. "Lenin is an orator of a great power who is capable of simplifying a complicated matter... the one who is pounding, pounding, and pounding people's minds until they lose their will, until he enslaves them." -Nikolay Sukhanov

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What was the Red Terror?

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The Cheka initiated a blood-letting, during which all those deemed to be enemies of the revolution were dealt with ruthlessly. • Peasants were forced to give food and rationing supplies. • Factories were taken in Moscow and Petrograd to supply armies with equipment and ammunition. • There was great fear of the the Whites, they would bring back the Tsarist Regime. • "Soviets to proceed at once to seek out, arrest, and shoot immediately all members connected in one form or another with counter-revolutionary actions" • The Bolsheviks abolished the most primitive forms of justice, thousands of men/women had been shot without even the mockery of a trial, thousands were left to rot in prisons. • The Bolsheviks destroyed the Russian Army, who did not share the same political views, but technological knowledge was indispensable. • The system of terror was aimed chiefly at the Liberals and non-Bolshevik Socialists, whom Lenin regards as his most dangerous opponents.

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Explain the events that occurred in the summer of 1918?

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• The Communists (new name for the Bolsheviks) found themselves under attack. They only controlled a small part of Russia. • The Bolsheviks had seized power using force. They were opposed by other groups from day one of their rule. • This opposition to the Bolsheviks, and the attempts of their opponents to overthrow them, turned into a bitter civil war for control of Russia.

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Who were the Whites?

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• Opponents of the Bolsheviks: Tsarists, nobles, middle-class constitutional, democrats, Mensheviks and socialist revolutionaries. • The groups which made up the Whites had different aims, some wanted the Tsar back and some a military dictator, others wanted constitutional government or a revolutionary change. • The only aim they had in common was to defeat the Bolsheviks; they agreed on little else.

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Who were the Reds?

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• Communists and Bolsheviks • To had to stay in power so they could build a new socialist society.

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Who were the Greens?

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Independent groups of nationalists, peasants or bandits who roamed Russia at this time. They were fighting for themselves.

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Why did the Civil War occur?

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• Bolsheviks became too controlling in the people's opinion and many believed since they did not have 100% support that they would be easy to overthrow. • People began to lose faith in the Bolsheviks, many became angry because they had signed the Brust-Litovsk meaning Russia lost land and military power. • When the Bolsheviks seized power in Petrograd in November 1917, they faced many problems. The Bolsheviks only controlled a small part of Russia- basically the land between Petrograd and Moscow. Outside of this territory, were groups who opposed the Bolsheviks.

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Why did the Whites challenge the Reds?

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• When the Bolsheviks lost to the Socialist Revolutionaries in *November 1917,* Lenin used the red guards to close the assembly during its first meeting. The social revolutionaries fought back, attacking the Bolshevik government • The Bolsheviks were also opposed by the Mensheviks, who had controlled the provisional government and had toppled in control from the Soviets in September. • The Tsarists wanted to rescue Nicholas II and put him back on the throne. • Former officers were angry at the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Foreign countries were angry because Russia dropped out of the war and feared world revolution, they sent armies to destroy the Bolsheviks. (British, American and French armies attacked from Archangel, Ukraine, and Vladivostok)

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Why did the Bolsheviks win?

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*Geographical factors:* Reds had the central area of western Russia, which contained most the large industrial centres and were able to take control of railway lanes while the Whites were scattered around, making communications difficult. *Foreign Intervention:* The allied intervention was half-hearted and ineffective. The Reds portrayed the Whites as being used by foreign capitalist powers, while they themselves were the defenders of ordinary Russian people from foreign invaders. *Trotsky:* The Reds had a superb leader in Trotsky, he changed a "flabby, panicky mob" to an "efficient fighting force" while the Whites lacked good leaders. Often the commanders were cruel, treated their men with disrespect, fought with other Whites and set a bad example. *Terror and Force:* famers were forced to hand over grain to supply the army with food *Propaganda:* Many Russians were Communists, who believed they were fighting for a better world. Communists produced over 3000 political posters. Some of these used exciting new avant-garde designs, which became popular in Russia after the Revolution

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What events occurred during the Civil War?

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The war lasted 3 years (1918-1921) • The Tsar and his family were put to death. • The Red Army defeated Kolchak in 1919, after this the British, American and French armies went home. • The civil war caused shortages, famine and diseases - millions died. There were many cruel atrocities. • The last White army in Russia was defeated in the Crimea in 1920. • In 1922 The Tenth Party Congress declared the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

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What was the main consequence of the Civil War? (1921)

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The Russian famine of 1921 was a severe famine in Bolshevik Russia which began in early spring of 1921 and lasted through 1922. • This famine killed an estimated 6 million • The famine resulted from combined effects of economic disturbance, from WW1 through the Civil War. • Before the famine, all sides provisioned themselves by the ancient method of "living off the land:" they seized food from those who grew it, gave it to their armies and supporters, and denied it to their enemies. • The Bolshevik government requisitioned supplies from the peasantry for little or nothing in exchange. This led peasants to drastically reduce their crop production. • According to the official Bolshevik position, the rich peasants (kulaks) withheld their surplus grain in order to preserve their lives; statistics indicate that most of the grain and the other food supplies passed through the black market.

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What was War Communism?

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War Communism was the economic system that existed in Russia from 1918 to 1921. It was introduced by Lenin to combat economic problems that civil war brought. • Bolsheviks nationalised factories and controlled food production. • Strikes were banned, peasants were forced to give food to the government, giving Bolshevik armies the supplies they needed. Workers and peasants were under strict discipline (peasants give surplus to government). • Free enterprise was illegal; production and trade was state-controlled. • It introduced a system of Communism • The government allowed money to lose its value- people were encouraged to barter. • "One might have thought that these were not factories but the forced labour prisoners of the Tsarist tunes"

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What was the effect of War Communism?

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• By 1921, the economy of Russia was in ruins. Industrial production had fallen disastrously under War Communism • The cities were in chaos, gangs of orphaned children roamed the streets, robbery and burglary were common, stolen goods appeared on the thieves markets. • By 1921, the peasants were refusing to plant more than they could eat for fear of confiscation. Towns were shrinking, Petrograd had only one-third of its former population. A famine would kill about 5 million Russians by 1922. • "Sometimes mothers and fathers feed their children human meat as a last resort. Sometimes a starving family eats the body of one of its junior members... sometimes parents at night seize parts of a body from a cemetery and feed it to their children" • "Russia stood on the verge of a third revolution" -Orlando Figes • "Life under the toke of the communist dictatorship has become more terrible than death"

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Was there any opposition to War Communism?

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*Kronstadt Rebellion:* By sailors and workers in the Kronstadt naval base led by mainly left anarchist groups. • They demanded an end to war Communism and a return to full democracy in the soviets. • Trotsky was ordered to crush the revolt, thousands of Red Army soldiers and Kronstadt rebels were killed before it was suppressed. • "The sailors fought the wild beasts. I cannot understand where they found the might for such rage" Tukhachevdkey. *Workers opposition:* Demanded better conditions; higher wages, more food and workers control of the industry. • Objected to the use of mass arrests by the Cheka to scare the people with the use of submission. • There were calls for "Soviets without Communists"

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What was the New Economic Policy?

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Beginning in 1921, Lenin led a tactical retreat from state control of the economy in an effort to reignite production. His new program, called the New Economic Policy permitted some private activity helping boost the economy. • Lenin allowed freedom to national and Muslim cultures. • The 'commanding heights of industry' - coal, iron, steel and railways stayed nationalised, but the Bolsheviks brought in experts, on high wages, to increase production. • Private enterprise was encouraged again, small factories were handed back to their owners. • New traders (called 'nepmen') were allowed to set up small private businesses. • War Communism had forced the peasants to hand over all their surplus grain - Lenin let them sell their surplus, and pay a tax instead. Some hard-working peasants became rich (the 'Kulaks').

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How did Lenin justify the NEP?

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• Lenin could justify NEP in Marxist terms since, according to Karl Marx, Russia would have to evolve through a capitalist phase before it was ready for socialism. • Lenin referred to the NEP as "one step backward in order to take two steps forward" • Lenin had no qualms about letting the "peasants have their little bit of capitalism" because the Bolshevik party would still "keep power" securely.

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What were the successes of the NEP?

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• *1924:* NEP was proving to be successful, agricultural production increased, industry began to return to pre-1913 levels. Kulaks (rich peasants) and Nepmen (businessmen) became very wealthy, worrying communists. • Production figures show the NEP was a success, it showed a mixture of capitalist agriculture and state controlled industry could create economic growth. • NEP helped the Bolshevik Government survive the problems of 1921- there were no new revolts and the Government was able to establish itself securely into power. • NEP made peasants/small traders happy as they now had money in their pockets. • Helped Russia recover from the civil war and allowed more food to be produced.

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What were the failures of the NEP?

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• "The NEP restored some prosperity to Russia. But to many of us this prosperity was distasteful... We felt ourselves sinking into the bog, paralysed, corrupted... Classes were reborn in front of our very eyes" - Victor Serge, From Lenin to Stalin (1937) • "Cafes opened, factories went back into private hands. It was capitalism- in my eyes it was the very thing I had been fighting against" • A massive ideological retreat, it was almost an admission that Communism didn't work. Many people in the Communist party thought that the economic disease of capitalism would infect the proletariat, they left. • No modernisation of the economy: growth slackened after 1926, the NEP did not maximise industrial development- there would be no communist future without industrialisation. • It did not produce extra food for sale abroad, Russia needed to generate income to invest in the industry. • It can be questioned that Lenin's authority was the main factor that made NEP approved, he recognised the need for concessions of capitalism to avoid the harsh famines that occurred from War Communism.

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How successful was Lenin's power?

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• Brest-Litovsk (1917): The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk gave much of Russia's best agricultural and industrial land to Germany - Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania Without him there would not have been a revolution in November 1917. He persuaded the other Bolsheviks to seize power. • November, 1917 the Bolsheviks defeated the provisional government and secured Bolshevik control over the institution. Lenin achieved his aim of setting up a proletariat government by setting up a one-party state and abolishing democratic practices including the Duma. • By asserting secret policies such as the Cheka to conduct terror policies, Lenin eliminated his opposition during the Civil War of 1918-1921. Allowing Bolsheviks to govern the state, achieving Lenin's aim of turning Russia into a communist state. • Lenin's first actions were to abolish ranks and titles and declare equality for women. Women gained equal rights and pay, as well as access to easier divorces and legalised abortions. Some communists saw free love and public nudity as revolutionary acts of liberation. Older bourgeois frowned on such acts, but tolerating them in spirit of creating a new socialist society. • Lenin nationalised the land, this decree redistributed the crown, church and nobility properties to the peasants and the State thus creating equal rights within society. • The communists put a lot of effort into education, building schools and making sure that children got adequate food. • War Communism began an official system of Communism. Supplying the Red Army with food and weapons, terror was further used to force peasants to hand over grain. Factories were taken over, workers were under government control, private trading was banned. Barter was encouraged. • It can be argued that it was Lenin's authority that made the NEP approved, he recognised the need for concessions of capitalism to avoid the harsh famines that occurred as a result of War Communism.

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How unsuccessful as Lenin's power?

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• Many workers and peasants did not agree with these new ideas of equality for women due to the idea of family. • Alan White stated "In April 1917...Lenin declared that Russia was one of the freest countries in the world. In truth, under the Bolshevik regime, Russians were stripped of most the rights they briefly enjoyed in 1917." • War Communism led to a huge famine and 9 million peasants killed during wars, land was lost at Brest-Litovsk. • "Russia stood on the verge of a 3rd revolution" said Orlando Figes. • Although Lenin had introduced an intense communist policy, it had a harsh impact and ultimately failed. • The NEP encouraged increased food production and made it profitable to produce and own land. It brought back dips of capitalism, Lenin had no qualms about letting the "peasants have their little bit of capitalism" because the Bolshevik party would still "keep power" securely. • Victor Serge criticises that "classes were reborn in front of our very eyes" suggesting the unpopularity of the NEP.

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How far did Lenin establish a totalitarian state?

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• The Red Terror saw mass killings, torture and oppression conducted by the Cheka under orders of the Bolsheviks. Lenin eliminated his opposition during the Civil War of 1918-1921; "It must be an indelible stain on Lenin's record that for all his humane instincts he allowed this cult... of terror to develop... He allowed mass terror not only to be practiced, but to become legitimate and respectable" -Adam Ulam • War Communism began an official system of Communism, terror was used to force peasants and help supply the Red Army. • Other basic characteristics of a Totalitarian state: lack of free speech and state control over the media. Lenin's described free speech as 'bourgeois prejudice', and ensured strict control over the media and speech. Lenin used propaganda to strengthen his rule, no negative material about the Bolsheviks could legally be published, the public would only see positive Bolshevik propaganda, increasing their support. • "Russia is a bourgeois, tsarist machine with a thin veneer of socialism", although Lenin did introduce socialist policies, the base of the tsarist regime was still alive. Lenin's power reflected the tsar's under a monarchy. "We are nothing but the old tsarist bureaucracy, lightly anointed with Soviet oil" • "In April 1917...Lenin declared that Russia was one of the freest countries in the world. In truth, under the Bolshevik regime, Russians were stripped of most the rights they briefly enjoyed in 1917." • Lenin banned religion, destroyed churches and killed priests. It was forbidden to teach religion to people under 15. • "Proletarian dictatorship"was ruled by the communist party with working class members in it. Lenin strictly ruled the party, theoretically making his will that of the party and people

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How far did Lenin not establish a totalitarian state?

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• The regime did not control all aspects of the economy under NEP, but this was only meant to be a temporary measure. • Marxism-Leninism offered a powerful and appealing vision for the nation: a society that was devoid of exploitation, and in which all men and women were equal. • There was considerable flexibility in what people could do, artists and writers had a large degree of freedom, churches were shut, but not all of them, and people could still worship without fear. • There was a huge campaign to teach everyone to read. • A Labour Law gave workers an 8-hour day, unemployment pay and pensions. • Free love, divorce and abortion were allowed. • He had to use the Cheka and terror because of the Civil War and chaos between 1917 and 1924/ He was beginning to allow more freedom after 1921. •" He was repelled by all attempts to set him on a pedestal... He remained true to a single idea and a single aim... the cause of the proletarian revolution... Russia was his laboratory for testing Communism on a grand scale; the immediate welfare of the Russian people was secondary" -Christopher Hill • Some of the Bolshevik's first actions were to abolish ranks and titles and to declare equality for women, they hoped to create a new era of freedom in personal and sexual relations. •For several years in the 1920s, Lenin's Russia saw widespread experimentation in the arts and social engineering as well as economics. Cubist and futurist art flourished. Avant-garde theatre fretted acrobats as well as heavy political messages.

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Did Lenin establish a totalitarian state?

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Lenin did not establish a totalitarian state, but he put in place the foundations for one - foundations that Stalin would build on. Totalitarianism rises in Russia as a result of Lenin's death. His harsh measures much be seen in light of the harsh conditions that demanded them if the revolution was to survive. Lenin is remembered as the father of the revolution but his early death left to his successor Stalin, the job of carrying out the real revolutionary transformation of Russia. Although he hadn't established a perfect communist state he had achieved more than he could hope for. He was the mastermind of the socialist revolution and the Bolshevik coming-to-power. Richard Pipes says "Lenin owes his historical prominence not to his statesmanship, which was very inferior, but to his general-ship. He was one of history's great conqueror" .

STUDY

Economic Policy Forced Labor Camps History of Russia Modern World History Struggle For Power World History

Theatre History 77 terms

Kolby Cobb

77 terms

Preview

Theatre History

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Russian Civil War + Bolshevik Revolution (1917)

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(1917) Over a million people died. Ended with Bolshevik, russian communist in charge. Murdered family with machine gun. Russia became one of the largest mass murderer places.

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Bolshevik

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Larger

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Soviet

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council

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Lenin

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1st Dictator of the soviet union. Trying to organize dysfunctional country. Trying to run country without money. Began starving enemies to death. Major way of russian mass murder. Too busy to have a hand in arts and theatre. Theatre flourished until the death of this man.

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Vsevolod Meyerhold (1874-1939)

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Major director. Mentored by Stanislavsky until quarrel with him. Was going to let him direct a production but did not like his over the top theatricality style. Wasn't trying to make it real, but rather a circus. Inspired by watching how factory operated. Inspired by anything but realism. Didn't like realistic acting style. Stanislavsky was high priest of realism and naturalism. This man was the opposite. He eventually had his own theatre, where he could perfect his techniques of theatre. Believed art was about something more than politics. He died because of this. He would not change is style, so he denounced what Stalin was doing. Accusing Stalin of destroying art. Later his apartment was broken into, his wife was beaten to death, and then disappeared and later found dead.

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Constructivism

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Meyerhold's style of design. His description of the set was a machine for acting. He was inspired by machines. Big on ramps, stairs, ladders.

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Biomechanics

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Meyerhold's style of acting. Using the body as a machine for acting. Actor must be like a machine, able to "drop down and give 10 push ups". He could say "jump up and down 3 times and burst into tears". To teach the actors commands. Meyerhold worked from the outside in, Stanislavsky was the opposite. Has the actor doing something physically difficult, thus to lead the actor to discharge appropriate emotion.

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"The Inspector General" (1920s)

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Meyerhold's production in the 1920's. Extreme non realism. His most famous production. Included a moment where the lead is standing center stage and there were 20 identical doors behind him and one moment on cue all the doors opened with a hand holding a bag of money. Not realism.

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Joseph Stalin (Stalin's Purges in 1930's)

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2nd dictator of Soviet Russia mid 20's-1953. 30 million murdered Russians. Utterly paranoid. Terrifying. Very interested in theatre and the arts. Dictatorships developed a strong hand in art. Loved realism. He hated Meyerhold's style. He assumed political messages were being sent during over stylized productions and acting. Thought it was a corruption. Art is an instrument in propaganda. Stalin developed strong loathing of Meyerhold, and him using unrealistic plays and heightened style. Wanted realistic plays that weren't depressing or downers, but plays that made people enjoy their life.

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Formalism

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Miss Julie

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Deomnstrated Strindbergs' preoccupation with what he considered to be the elemental and inevitable conflict between men and woman. Won high praise for its emphasis upon heredity and environment, its unusual setting (a triangular view of one corner of a kitchen), and its use of pantomimes to replace intermissions. Many critics considered it an excellent exemplar of naturalistic principles. Manifesto of Naturalism. Miss Julie is apart of a world in a family from a Russian play. Intermixing of social classes. She has sex with the butler. Like "Cherry Orchard". Naturalistic, shows you every little detail. She gives a dog an abortion. Misogyny and sexual neurosis.

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August Strindberg

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Wrote influential nonrealistic plays. Swedish dramatist. (1849-1912) Misogynist. Got addicted to drugs. Great playwright of 19th century. "Miss Julie", "Dream Play", chamber plays.

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Naturalism

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Theatre that attempts to create an illusion of reality. Detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. Realism on speed. Realism taken to the extreme. The world as it is, with nothing edited out. For example, Strindberg's play "Miss Julie". The setting of this play is a kitchen. The presentation of the play should be realistic. The conflicts should be meaningful, life-altering significance, and the play should be simple. Emil Zola is related to this term.

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Inferno Period

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When Strindberg was put into mental asylum and changed his style of writing. He wrote "dream plays" or "chamber plays" 1890's - 1900's. Try to emulate what happens in a dream, "anything is possible."

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Franklin Wedckinds' Spring Awakenins (1891)

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This authors first important play is the story of adolescent struggle with sexual awareness. One dies from a botched abortion, another commits suicide, and still another is saved from a similar fate only by the mysterious "man in the mask". The play is interesting in part because of its intermingling of naturalism and symbolism, of brutal frankness and lyrical expression. German court had to rule that the play was not obscene. The person who staged it was Max Reinhardt.

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Max Reinhardt

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German director, 1900-1940s. Staged Spring Awakenings. Had is own theatre Detaches Theatre, Berlin. His flagship production was A Mid Summers Night Dream and made it into a movie. Eclecticism. Opened the door for there being a differenet style for every kind of play. Notable for doing Shakespeare, classics, Social realist (Ibsen, STringberg, Shaw) Oedipus in a circus. Medieval plays real cathedrals. Intimate drawing room productions. Every play = its OWN style. Always over prepared as a director.

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Eclecticism

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Max Reinhardt's style. Good at doing many different kind of things and styles.

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Symbolism

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An artistic and poetic movement or style using symbolic images and indirect suggestion to express mystical ideas, emotions, and states of mind. It originated in late 19th century France and Belgium. Influence of Poe + Wagner. Symbols = Deeper reality. Lunge Poe + The theatre L'Oeuvre, Paris. Alfred Javry, King Ubn (1896). Neo-absurdist, neo-primitivism. Whats more important than expressing the human pschiky.

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Realism

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Meant to bring a greater fidelity of real life to the stage. imitation of reality. Everything is a style. Style of performance which aims at reproducing reality, as it is recognizable. With certain things edited out. Flurished in the 19th century. Selective reality. For example, use of domestic detail to reveal inner turmoil. Shares stylistic choices with naturalism, including focus on everyday (middle-class) drama and ordinary speech and settings. A Doll's House is an example. Closely connected to the development of modern drama.

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Theatrical Expressionism around the 19-20th century

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A maunders movement in drama and theatre that developed in Europe (principally Germany) in the early decades of the 20th century and later in the US. Most plays done in this style were structurally episodic, deriving their unity from a central idea or argument, often holding out the promise of a future Utopia. Thought to project strong feelings into objects and to portray them as modified and distorted by the artist's own vision. Opposed realism and naturism on the grounds that those movements focused attention on surface details and implied that the observable phenomena of contemporary materialistic and mechanistic society represent fundamental truth. Not committed to symbols, but presenting the world in a distorted, emotional way. Trying to express the most personal, usually violent and dark, aspects of a human psychiky.

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Futurism (1900's-1910's)

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Filippo Tommaso Mavinett. Multi-media performance. Performer audience intermingling. About breaking down tradition. Trying to shake up the norms by letting the audience interject with the performance. mixing up a static and strangling social convention. "Blow up the museums"

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Filippo Tommaso Marinett

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Dadaism (1910s)

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Tristan Tsara. Chance art - poetry created by chance, because chance rules the world that we live. Embrasses sillyness. Playful edge. Saying the world is already destroyed and almost laughing along with it. Life is absurd, life doesn't make scene, so LAUGH at it.

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Surrealism

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Realistic elements in dream combinations.

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Jean Coctean

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French surrealist. Playwright, poet and artist

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Magritte + Dali

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Surreal painters

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US Theater

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Came through colonial performances by Enligsh troops.

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Revolutionary War (1776-1783)

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The Contrast (1787)

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By Royal Tyler. Set in New York City in 1780s. Set between people who think the brits had it all together, and those who are proud to be american. Hero of the play gets the girl who is torn between him, Conelle Manly. American version of comedy of manners. Making fun of conduct. Ends in marriage. Between those who are american and see themselves separate verse those who have to ape european ways. This contrast is still alive today. American art can't stand up to British art. They think american theatre can't keep up with what happened in Europe. Caused by colonialism. The "Father Land" was Europe so they think american can't add up to it.

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The Minstrel Show

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the first kind of theatre born and bred in the US. Indigionus american concoction. White performers, performing in blackface to make themselves look african american. Imitated what a black person was like. To underscore and solidify racist stereotypes. Became a place for variety acts. Performed to denigrate and make black people look stupid. Form of entertainment that showed interesting black culture tradition. Song and dance. Went on till early 20th century. Many black performers got their start in the Minstrel shows. They would perform in the shows, if they put the makeup on their face and did the racist mannerisms expected of them. Several black stars started in this circuit. Had to follow racist expectations.

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American Civil War 1861-1865

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Lost more people in civil war than any other war. both sides were american. Actors made their star appearance. Assassin of Lincoln.

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Edwin Both (1893)

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Famous for Hamlet. Booth Park. He and his father split ways during the war. On the side of the north, great admirer of Lincoln. Matinée idol type. His brother killed the president. Lets of integrity. Very noble and kind. Players club.

question

John Wikes Booth (1865)

answer

Killed Lincoln.

question

The Players Club

answer

NYC

question

The African Company (1821-3)

answer

In central park, there was the afterican grove tea shop. Owed by William Henry Brown (1823) First production was a Shakespeare piece.

question

"King Shotoway" (1823)

answer

By William Henry Brown. Manager of theatre.

question

Ira Aldridge

answer

Greatest black actor in 19th century. The company eventually closed and he went to Euopre

question

The Black Crook (1866)

answer

(1866) Mellow drama. Intermixing french dancing girls with a horrible show. The first great american musical was born through this. Enormous success, ran for decades.

question

George M. Cohan

answer

Put on the show Little Johnny Jones (1903) American themed musical play.

question

Show Boat (1927)

answer

Kern. Race relations. Memorable music. Classical music score.

question

Oklahoma (1944)

answer

The "Book musical" Musical numbers are made organically and necessary for the continuance of the plot.

question

Steven Sondheim

answer

Most important living musical composer. Proven that the american musical can cover any topic.

question

Lorraine Hansberry

answer

A Raisin in the Sun (1959) Black family, Civil Rights moment Awareness of African Roots Woman's Rights - Self discovery - people teasing her about being a docotor, Benitha, desire to become a doctor is surprising for any woman. Race and gender issues. Gay Rights - Lorraine was gay. Married a gay white man, Benitha says "Maybe i won't be married at all"

question

Eugene O'Neil (1889-1953)

answer

James O'Neil Sr., his father, was poor. Fell in love with theatre at early age, James sold his soul for The Count of Monte Cristo. Edwin Booth Beyond The Horizon (1920) Province Town Playhouse The Hairy Ape, The Emperor Jones, Strange Interlude, Mourning Becomes Electra. 1930's O'Neil wins Nobel Prize for Literature Late plays The Iceman Cometh Long Day's Journey Into Night A Moon for the Misbegotten Had something very personal to day.

question

William Inge

answer

Picnic (1950) about life, depression, Only writer to kill himself because of a bad review.

question

antiquarianism

answer

in 19th century Europe, the practice of researching and recreating authentic styles of dress, architecture, and interior design when producing plays written or set in the past (later replaced by the term "historical accuracy") Studying or collecting antiques from the ancient past.

question

John Robinson Planche's staging of Shakespear's KING JOHN (1821)

answer

(1821) He was a British dramatist, antiquary and officer of arms. Responsible for introducing historically accurate costume into 19th century British theatre. Expert on historical costume. His work on KING JOHN was a success and led to a number of similarly-costumed Shakespeare productions.

question

Auguste Comte & Positivism

answer

He was a French philosopher and doctrine of positivism.

question

Positivism

answer

the conviction that all things are knowable and expressible and that movement through time shows a general progress toward better things

question

Charles Darwin & Evolution

answer

This scientist made himself known in the late 19th century when he published his book on the Origin of Species. He challenged the religious philosophies of Creationism which became a very controversial topic of that era. Natural selection (species will acquire attributes that it needs to survive) and Survival of the Fittests (the species that were strongest would naturally survive) are related to the history and evolution of what theatre has become today.

question

Karl Marx & Communism

answer

Questioned traditional beliefs. He was a German outlined a socialist philosophy in the Communist Manifesto (1848) Marxism was a reaction against evils he percieved in the industrial revolution. He believed that the workers would unite to oveththrow their oppressors and create a egalitarian, classless society in which wealth would be shared.

question

Sigmund Freud & Psychoanalysis

answer

A method of mind investigation, specifically the unconscious mind. A therapy of neurosis (illness caused by stress, depression, anxiety). Relates to "dream plays", like Strindberg, where the author imitates the disconnected but seemingly logical form of the dream. Anything may happen. It it like a key to understanding suppressed desires.

question

Henrik Ibsen (1828 - 1906)

answer

Major 19th century Norwegian playwright, theatre director, and poet. often referred to as the "father of the modern theate". Receiver of the Rome prize (a writing retreat). Author of A Doll's House, Hedda Gabler, Ghosts. Created Norwegian National Theatre in Bergen in 1851. Much of his work contributed to the development of realism. "Well-made play".

question

Peer Gynt (Ibsen 186)

answer

Verse play by Ibsen (1867) . Its protagonist is a man who avoids issues by skirting (walking around) them. A skillful blending of fantasy and reality. Interpreted by many as a satire (irony) on the Norwegian character. Contrasts with Brand

question

Brand (Ibsen 1866)

answer

Verse play by Ibsen (1866). A dramatic poem, depicts an uncompromising idealist who sacrifices everything, including his family, to his vision. It established Ibsen's reputation, and the financial security which it brought made it possible for him to work as he pleased.

question

Verse play

answer

Any drama written as verse to be spoken; another possible general term is poetic drama. formally a single metrical line in a poetic composition.

question

A Doll's House (1879)

answer

Nora, upon realizing that, as a woman, she has always been kept ignorant of the practical world and treated as a plaything, chooses to leave her husband and children in order to learn about the world so she can make decisions for herself. Greeted as an attack on family and home, the bedrocks of civilized society.

question

Ghosts (1881)

answer

Mrs. Alving, conforming to traditional morality, has remained with a depraved husband only to have her only son go mad, presumably from inherited syphilis. Greeted as an attack on family and home, the bedrocks of civilized society. The allusions to venereal disease and sexual misconduct in this play were considered so offensive to standards of public decency that it was forbidden a production in most countries.

question

"Dream Plays" (1890's - 1910's)

answer

Strinberg's influential plays wrote after undergoing a bout with insanity during the 1890's. Partially because of his recent experiences and partially under Maeterlinck's influence. He says "the author has tried to imitate the disconnected but seemingly logical form of the dream. Anything could happen; everything is possible and probable. Time and space do not exist. On an insignificant background of reality, imagination designs and embroiders novel patterns, free fancies, absurdities and improvisations. Character split, double, multiply, vanish, solidify, blur, clarity.

question

"Chamber Plays" (1890's - 1910's)

answer

A play of usually three acts which can be performed with a small cast and practically no sets or costumes in a small space. Like a blackbox theatre. Became popular in the early 20th century, with leading exponents being Max Reinhardt and August Strindberg. The name is derived from the term chamber music.

question

"The Dream Play" (1902)

answer

By Strindberg. Reshaped reality according to his own subjective vision. Time and place shift frequently and without regard for logical sequence, the real and the imaginary merge, and the seemingly commonplace is invested with sense of significance. Alienated human begins, lost and rootless, seeking meaning in an in comprehensible universe, trying to reconcile disparate elements: lust and love, body and spirit, filth and beauty.

question

Marxist-Leninist

answer

The political ideology adapted during Joseph Stalin's rule by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Comintern, which its proponents consider to be based on Marxism and Leninism.

question

"The Ghost Sonata" (1907)

answer

Best known of five "chamber plays" Strindberg wrote for the "Intimate Theatre in Stockholm. echoes many of the ideas found in "The Dream Play".

question

The Intimate Theatre, Stockholm

answer

From 1907 to 1910 Strindberg was associated with August Falck, an actor and producer at this theatre. Seating only 161, this theatre was intended as a home for Strindberg's plays, and for it he wrote five "Chamber plays".

question

Andre Antoine (1858 - 1943)

answer

A french actor, theatre manager, film director, author, and critic who is considered the father of modern mise en scene (placing on stage) in france. Founded the Theatre-Libre in Paris in the 1880's. He was influenced by the naturalistic novels of Emile Zola and by the theatrical realism of the Meiningen Company.

question

Theatre-Libre, Paris (1880's)

answer

Independent, private theatre founded in Paris in 1887 by Andre Antoine, which became the proving ground for the new naturalistic drama. Antoine believed that environment shaped character and behaviour, and he sought to create settings that would faithfully reflect every aspect of real life.

question

Emile Zola (1840-1902)

answer

A french writer, the most well-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism. An admirer of Comte and an advocate of the scientific method as the key to all truth and progress. Believed that literature must either become scientific or perish. Argued that drama should illustrate the "inevitable laws of heredity and environment" or record "case studies"

question

4th Wall Realism

answer

The imaginary "wall" at the front of the stage in a traditional three-walled BOX SET in a proscenium theatre. This illusion is often associated with the naturalist theatre of the mid 19th century and especially with the innovations of the French director Andre Antoine.

question

Otto Brahm (1856-1912)

answer

He was a German drama and literary critic, theatre manager and director. His productions were noted for being accurate and realistic. He was involved in the foundation of the progressive Freie Buhne (Free Stage) company, of which he became president and producer. He also edited the company's weekly magazine. Also managed the Deutsches theatre in Berlin, and was responsible for modernizing its output.

question

Freie Buhne

answer

An independent theatre taking it's inspiration from the Theatre Libre. "Free stage" was organized in Berlin in 1889. Its purpose was for staging new, naturalistic plays. Unlike Antoine's company, however, the German group was a governing council. Otto Brahm was elected president and became its guiding spirit. In order to secure the services of professional actors, this theatre gave its performances on Sunday afternoons since its actors and most of its personnel were regularly employed by established theatre, especially the Deutsches, Berliner, and Lessing.

question

J. T. Grein (1862-1935)

answer

A Dutch-born critic and impresario who helped establish the modern and independent theatre in London. Persuaded George Bernard Shaw to become a playwright.

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The Independent Theatre

answer

Modeled on the Theatre Libre and the Freie Buhne, this theatre was headed by J. T. Grein. Like its predecessors on the continent, this theatre was organized on a subscription basis to avoid censorship, and like the Freie Buhne, it gave its productions on Sundays in order to gain the cooperation of theatre managers and actors. The opening play ing 1891, "Ghosts", prompted more than 500 articles, most of them vituperative, bitter, and abusive.

question

George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)

answer

Anglo-Irish critic and playwright. wrote regularly for the Independent Theatre until his death. He wrote primarily in the comic form. Used paradoxes to make both characters and audiences reassess their values. He was a Fabian society socialist. "The Perfect Ibsenite", "The Perfect Wagnerite" essays. Greatest theatre an music critic in the English language. Persuaded to start playwriting in 1890's by Grein. Known for dialectic plays and commercial success. Arguably the greatest English language playwright since Shakespeare.

question

Fabian Society Socialist

answer

A British socialist organization whose purpose is to advance the principles of socialism via gradualist and reformist means. Founded in 1884 in London. George Bernard Shaw wrote many brochures and speeches for this society.

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"Mrs. Warren's Profession"

answer

A play written by George Bernard Shaw in 1893 and first performed in London in 1902. The title refers to prostitution.

question

Pygmalion (1916)

answer

A dialectic play by George Bernard Shaw. Named after a Greek mythological character.

question

Anti-Realist Movements

answer

Expressionism (1880's-1910's) Frank Wedekind's Spring Awakening (1891) Melodrama, Romanticism, the well-made play, Symbolism. Meyerhold,

STUDY

Animal Farm Change Your Mind Early 20th Century English/Language Arts 2 (10Th Grade) History of Russia Industrial Revolution Revolution

Animal Farm Finals Study Guide 47 terms

Jessica Forbes

47 terms

Preview

Animal Farm Finals Study Guide

question

Old Major

answer

Creator of Animalism, died before revolution started; represents Karl Marx

question

Napoleon

answer

Corrupt pig leader who took over, only cared about himself; represents Joseph Stalin

question

Snowball

answer

Exiled leader of the pigs after revolution; represents Leon Trotsky

question

Boxer

answer

Hard-working horse who dies from Napoleon betraying him because of him no longer working; sent to horse slaughterer; represents the Proletariat

question

Mollie

answer

Selfish horse who only cared about herself; represents Middle Class

question

Squealers

answer

Pig- Tried to make situation seem like that Napoleon did the right thing; represents Propaganda

question

Mr. Jones

answer

Corrupt leader before the Revolution, represents Tsar Nicholas

question

Moses

answer

Raven- told of a place called Sugar Candy mountain which represents Utopia and represents religion

question

Muriel

answer

Educated who could read; represents educated working class

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Benjamin

answer

Retired horse who knew that Napoleon's reign was wrong but did not do anything; represents Orwell and his own opinion

question

Pigeons

answer

Propaganda to other countries

question

Windmill

answer

Russian industry

question

Fredericks

answer

Hitler

question

Foxwood

answer

Represents England

question

Pinchfield

answer

Represents Germany

question

Destruction of Windmill

answer

Failure of five year plan

question

Allegory

answer

Story seems to be something but it actually something else

question

What actually brought about the rebellion?

answer

What actually brought the rebellion was the shortage of food and not being fed. Mr Jones was too drunk and he forgot to feed the animals one day, and in frustration the animals revolted.

question

What happened to the milk and apples? How did Squealer rationalize that?

answer

The milk and apples were given to the pigs because Squealer explained how it gives brainpower

question

What was the Battle of the Cowshed?

answer

The Battle of Cowshed was when Mr. Jones, Frederick, Pilkington, and several others helped him try to take back the farm from the animals. One kid was knocked out and fled later on (shows that animals had no intention to kill the farmers), and a sheep died in the battle, while the others retreated due to the ambush.

question

Describe the relationship between Napoleon and Snowball.

answer

Napoleon and Snowball both are leaders yet they always disagreed. Disagreed because Napoleon always wanted it his way. Never wanted to admit that Snowball had good ideas.

question

What topic divided the animals? Which pig was for and which was against?

answer

Weather or not to build a windmill. Snowball wanted to build it because it would give electricity and many other things for the animals. Napoleon was against it because he thought that it would take up to much work and there would not be enough food.

question

What changes did Napoleon make after kicking Snowball out?

answer

Napoleon's changes in the farm was he ended Sunday assemblies and he also made a group of pigs to answer any special questions. He also wanted all animals to sing the Beast of England every Sunday because they wanted the animals to believe that they were treated equally

question

What two maxims did Boxer adopt?

answer

\"Napoleon is always right\" and \"I will work harder\"

question

Why did Napoleon in fact change his mind and decide to have the animals build the windmill?

answer

He said that all along it was actually his idea and that Snowball stole it. He was only waiting to get Snowball out of the way so that there would not be any trouble

question

For what purpose did Napoleon begin trading?

answer

Napoleon began trading because the farm was low in supplies and they only traded when it was necessary, things they could not produce themselves.

question

Why did the pigs say they had to move into the house?

answer

The pigs moved into the house to sleep in the beds, good place to sleep to think

question

Who did Napoleon blame for the windmill disaster? Why?

answer

He blamed Snowball. Napoleon said it was him because Snowball was always in favor of building the windmill.

question

Why did the hens have to give up their eggs?

answer

So that they could sell them at the market. Later on rebelled about the eggs and gave up laying eggs. 400 eggs.

question

How has Snowball's role been changed by the end of Chapter 6?

answer

Used as excuse and is blamed for everything that goes wrong in Animal Farm, also known as scapegoat. (pg.78-79)

question

Why did Napoleon begin executing animals?

answer

He started to execute the animals because some admitted that they were spies and was with an alliance with snowball. He also wanted to enstill fear in the animals and that he has full authority of the animals.

question

Whom did Boxer blame for the executions? What was his solution?

answer

He blamed themselves and his solution is to work harder as his two maxims describe. No check of balance of power.

question

Why did the animals sing the \"Beasts of England\" song slowly and mournfully as they were gathered on the knoll?

answer

The Revolution did not make things better so they wanted daily life to improve.

question

Why was the singing of \"Beasts of England\" banned?

answer

Singing Beasts of England banned cause it represented the revolution and the revolution is now over

question

In what ways has Napoleon set himself apart from the other animals?

answer

He eats in a different room and get special treatment from the other animals.

question

How did Frederick cheat Napoleon?

answer

Money was forged that Frederick gave to Napoleon for timber.

question

What moved the animals to attack Frederick and his men at the Battle of the Windmill?

answer

The windmill exploding and getting destroyed by the humans.

question

Why was Comrade Napoleon \"dying\"?

answer

Drinking of Alcohol, he pronounced the drinking of alcohol will result in death, but after he felt better he changed it to not drink alcohol to excess

question

What special treatment did pigs and piglets get?

answer

They get to drink alcohol and no work because they all needed it to have a better government.

question

What happened to Boxer?

answer

Boxer worked too hard and a few months later because he had to work harder on the windmill, so Napoleon wanted him to carry out. So Napoleon sent him to a horse slaughterer and had him killed there, but told the animals that he died in a hospital Boxer was overworking himself to rebuild the windmill. Boxer's lungs got injured by dragging a boulder and did not have the strength to lift it.Was o.k. with injury because he was looking forward to retirement.

question

The animals on the farm worked hard. What was their consolation?

answer

Their consolation was being proud that they are a member in the animal farm. They were the only farm operated by animals. All the animals were different compared to other farms.

question

What was Clover startled to discover?

answer

Clover was startled to discover that the pigs were walking on their hind legs and they looked human like.

question

What commandment took the place of the Seven Commandments?

answer

\"All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others.\"

question

What did the other animals see when they looked in to the farmhouse?

answer

When the other animals looked in the farmhouse, they could not tell the difference between the humans and pigs because the pigs became more like the humans.

question

Boxer's fate in the novel symbolizes...

answer

how cruelly the rulers use and exploit the working class

question

List the general steps towards creating a communist state. Then explain how Animal Farm follows these steps and explain in which ways it does not.

answer

1. Period of Discontent 2. A Voice persuades others 3. Rebellion happens 4. Provisional government/ leader takes authority 5. People must adapt to the new ways 6. Leadership crumbles Animal Farm's allegory relates to the steps to a communist state to treat everyone equally. The Period of discontent was when Mr. Jones was in charge of the farm, whipping and abusing many animals. The Voice that persuades the other animals to rebel was Old Major. The Rebellion started because one night, Mr. Jones was too drunk and forgot to feed the animals. As a result, the animals broke out of their stalls and kicked Mr. Jones off the farm. The leaders that takes authority is Snowball and Napoleon, but Napoleon later on exiles Snowball off the farm. All of the animals except Muriel, who goes to another farm, adapts to the new work ways. However, Animal Farm never goes to step 6. They loop from steps 1-5 because in the ending of animal farm, the corrupt leaders (pigs) are still in power.

question

There were many upsetting or frustrating moments for the reader in the story. Identify and explain the moment for which you found the most upsetting and frustrating moment. In answering this question, remember to fully describe what happens and then discuss what universal truth Orwell conveys through this event.

answer

In Animal Farm, Orwell conveys many depressing events relating to the Russian Revolution. One of the most frustrating and upsetting moments of the story was when Boxer was so exhausted that he could not perform anymore labor. As a result, Napoleon sent Boxer to a horse slaughterer, even though Napoleon said he would take him to the hospital. When Benjamin saw this, he recruited the other animals to see that Boxer was actually getting sent to the slaughterer. After Clover warned Boxer as the van was driving away, Boxer tried to break out of the truck with the rest of his power, but was too fatigue to break through. In this scene, Orwell conveys a feeling that the leaders of the Russian Revolution were corrupt and selfish. This scene also conveys how when the leaders have no use for someone, they would betray them and send them to their execution. As Boxer represents the proletariat and Napoleon represents the leader, many workers were likely to be betrayed if they did not work. Many workers of the proletariat were only cared for if they worked, as the same in Animal Farm. Propaganda was also used to cover a worker's death, as how Squealer covered for Boxer's death for the leader Napoleon. Joseph Stalin represents Napoleon, for both leaders exploit and use the working class, which is Boxer in the story. In summarized form, Orwell compares the many events in Animal farm and how it relates to the Russian Revolution. Leaders from both Animal farm and the Russian Revolution were corrupt, as they used their working class only for beneficial gains for themselves.

STUDY

A Level History History of Russia New Economic Policy

AP European History Study Guide Complete 602 terms

alex

602 terms

Preview

AP European History Study Guide Complete

question

Nicholas II

answer

Last tsar of Russia, he went to the frontlines in WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate after his wife made horrible decisions under the influence of Rasputin.

question

Alexandra

answer

Last Tsarist of Russia, had a son who was a hemophiliac, and was put under the influence of Rasputin, where he exploited her. Ended up causing the collapse of the Tsars

question

Grigori Rasputin

answer

a Siberian preacher who became friends of the Tsars, but hated by the public, twisted and cheated and exploited Alexandra.

question

Alexander Kerensky

answer

An agrarian socialist who became prime minister. He refused to confiscate land holdings and felt that continuation of war was most important.

question

Anton Denikin

answer

Lieutenant General of the Imperial Russian Army and foremost general for the White Russians in the Russian civil war.

question

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)

answer

opponent of Tsarist Russia, began to immerse himself in Marxian socialist ideas as a law student. He then went on to form the Bolsheviks, and tried to start a revolution in July 1917. It failed, he went into hiding, but regrouped in Petrograd, where he and his partner Trotsky gained power. He then moved on government buildings, and was declared the head of the new Bolshevik government.

question

Leon Trotsky

answer

Supporter of Lenin who helped in the takeover of Petrograd and the Bolshevik revolution

question

Nikolai Bukharin

answer

Bolshevik revolutionary and political and intellectual thinker for Stalin. Supported the NEP

question

Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin)

answer

Dictator of Russia, named man of steel. Was of lowly backgrounds but rose to power. Only in it for himself. Created 5 year plans.

question

Sergei Kirov

answer

A Political opponent of Stalin's who was executed for being more popular that Stalin

question

Benito Mussolini

answer

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

question

Victor Emmanuel III

answer

King of Italy who gave Mussolini legitimacy as dictator

question

Heinrich Brüning

answer

The German chancellor during the Weimar Republic who convinced the president to accept rule by decree

question

Adolf Hitler

answer

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

question

Karl Lueger

answer

Mayor of Vienna whom Hitler idolized

question

Hermann Göring

answer

A Nazi politician and president of the Reichstag

question

Rudolf Hess

answer

Deputy to Hitler in the Nazi party person who dictated Mein Kampf

question

Joseph Goebbels

answer

Chief minister of the Nazi propaganda, and organizer of Kristallnacht

question

Paul von Hindenburg

answer

President of the Weimar Republic of Germany who appointed Hitler Chancellor in 1933

question

Franz von Papen

answer

Chancellor of Germany who succeeded Bruning

question

Heinrich Himmler

answer

Inhumane and cruel leader of the SS in Germany, appointed by Hitler

question

Neville Chamberlain

answer

Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement

question

Francisco Franco

answer

Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini

question

Antonio de Oliveira Salzar

answer

served as the Prime Minister and dictator of Portugal from 1932 to 1968. He founded and led the Estado Novo (\"New State\"), the authoritarian, right-wing government that presided over and controlled Portugal from 1932 to 1974.

question

Josef Pilsudaski

answer

was the authoritarian ruler of the Second Polish Republic. From mid-World War I he was a major influence in Poland's politics, and an important figure on the broader European political scene. He is considered largely responsible for Poland regaining independence in 1918, after a hundred and twenty-three years of partitions

question

Béla Kun

answer

was a Hungarian Communist politician who ruled Hungary as leader of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919

question

Elie Halévy

answer

was a French philosopher and historian who wrote Era of Tyrannies, which talked about the different kinds of government and how they all stemmed out of nature of modern war.

question

Henri-Philippe Pétain

answer

French leader of the Vichy republic of France, which was essentially Nazi France. He is seen as a traitor to his people by some Frenchman.

question

Reasons for Russian weakness

answer

These were the reasons of bad leadership, and lack of organized or effective army

question

Duma

answer

Russia's lower house of politics

question

Relationship between Alexandra & Rasputin / Rasputin's assassination

answer

He used her to gain politically and to gain money for sex and drugs. He was then \"assassinated\" aka tried to be killed something like 8 times, then thrown in a river.

question

Russian (March) Revolution/ Provisional Government

answer

The revolution of the unplanned overthrowing of the Tsarist government, and the government that followed the revolution.

question

Petrograd Soviet

answer

the political party with whom the Provisional Government had to share power with

question

Army Order Number 1

answer

Given by the Provisional Government, this stripped the army officers of power, and placed it in hand of elected committees. This collapsed army discipline

question

Bolsheviks/Mensheviks

answer

The two rival communists groups. One weree true revolutionary Marxists, and the other were revisionist socialists.

question

Bolshevik (October) Revolution

answer

Replaces the Provisional Government with Lenin's forces

question

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

answer

Document that announced the withdrawal of Russia from WWI

question

\"White\" forces

answer

The opposition to the Bolsheviks and the Red army after the October rebellion and the Russian Revolution

question

Reasons for Bolshevik victory

answer

Three reasons anarchy was about and any person could create power; the Bolsheviks had better leaders; the Bolsheviks appealed to many workers

question

War Communism

answer

The political idea that applied the total war concept on a civil conflict

question

Cheka

answer

The old Tsarist secret police

question

Totalitarianism

answer

is a concept used to describe political systems whereby a state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private life. These regimes or movements maintain themselves in political power by means of an official all-embracing ideology and propaganda disseminated through the state-controlled mass media, a single party that controls the state, personality cults, control over the economy, regulation and restriction of free discussion and criticism, the use of mass surveillance, and widespread use of state terrorism. These states always have to be at war with something

question

Conservative Authoritarianism

answer

Traditional form of antidemocratic government

question

Radical Dictatorships

answer

leaders who violently rejected parliamentary restraint and liberal values, as well as exercised unprecedented control over masses and sought to mobilize them for war.

question

Kronstadt Rebels

answer

Unsuccessful uprising of sailors, soldiers, and civilians against Russian government (against Bolsheviks)

question

New Economic Policy

answer

Lenin's economy reform that re-established economic freedom in an attempt to build agriculture and industry

question

Stalin's rise

answer

He was totally focused on himself, double and tripled crossed, rose by gaining support of party

question

Five Year plans - objectives, methods & success

answer

Objectives were to increase industrial output by 250% and agriculture output by 150% and have 1/5 of Russian peasants on collective farms. The methods were forced farming and scare tactics like gulags. The success was that of industry, which produced 4 times as much as before

question

Soviet quality of life

answer

Life was hard, there was no improvement in the average standard of living, but unemployment was unknown and communism had real appeal

question

Collectivization

answer

Putting smaller farms together into one large farm so as to increase productivity

question

Kulaks

answer

The well off peasants who were starved or shipped to the gulags

question

Ukrainian Famine

answer

The forced famine of Ukraine by Stalin over not producing enough grain

question

Stalinization of culture

answer

The acceptance of Stalin though propaganda

question

Great Purges

answer

Stalin's mass systemic murder of millions to instill fear and to have someone to fight against

question

\"Socialism in one country\"

answer

Idea that the Soviet Union had the ability to build socialism on its own

question

Women in totalitarian states

answer

They were given more rights and had complete equality of rights

question

Comintern

answer

was an international Communist organization founded in Moscow in March 1919. The International intended to fight \"by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State.\"

question

Fascism

answer

is a radical, authoritarian nationalist ideology that aims to create a single-party state with a government led by a dictator who seeks national unity and development by requiring individuals to subordinate self-interest to the collective interest of the nation or race.

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Mussolini's Rise - role of Black Shirts

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These were Mussolini's bullies who pushed socialist out of Northern Italy

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Lateran Agreement

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In this, Mussolini recognized the Vatican as an independent state, and gave it heavy financial support

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Hitler's Rise

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Gained power through feeding off others, and promoting racist nationalist ideals. Gained control of the German Worker's Party, built his way up from there

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Beer Hall Putsch

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An armed uprising in Munich of maybe 50 people at most, crushed, Hitler's idea

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Mein Kampf

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Hitler's book in which he outlined his ideas on race, living space, and the Fuhrer

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Hitler's goals

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He wanted to declare the superiority of Aryan race, create more living space for them, and make himself eternal supreme dictator for life

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Lebensraum

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(German for \"habitat\" or literally \"living space\") served as a major motivation for Nazi Germany's territorial aggression. In his book Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler detailed his belief that the German people needed Lebensraum (for a Grossdeutschland, land, and raw materials), and that it should be taken in the East. It was the stated policy of the Nazis to kill, deport, Germanize or enslave the Polish, and later also Russian and other Slavic populations, and to repopulate the land with reinrassig Germanic peoples. The entire urban population was to be exterminated by starvation, thus creating an agricultural surplus to feed Germany and allowing their replacement by a German upper class.

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Nazi racial theories

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Felt that Aryan white people were most superior, Scandinavian were 2nd best, French were 3rd, and the slavs, jews, and pretty much the rest were the worst

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Reichstag fire & fallout

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Hitler used this to launch his dictatorship and used this to give him power. It was a fire of a capital building

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Enabling Act

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Gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for 4 years

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Nuremburg Laws

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Laws that classified a jew as someone having one or more jewish grandparent

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Kristallnacht

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A night of violence and vandalism against Jews

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Hitler's Popularity - how popular & why

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Hitler was popular for promising economic recovery and delivering

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Goldhagen Thesis

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This said that ordinary Germans not only knew about, but also supported, the Holocaust because of a unique and virulent \"eliminationist\" anti-Semitism in the German identity, which had developed in the preceding centuries

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Rhineland remilitarization

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when Germany moved into the Rhineland and beefed up the military, Britain and France still wanted appeasement and did nothing

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Appeasement

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The idea that Britain could pacify Germany and make sure there was no war at any cost.

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Austrian Anschluss

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The forceful union of Austria into Germany

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Hitler's Foreign Policy

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Made friends with Italy, did stuff behind the table with Russia, and hated everyone else.

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Sudetenland

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The area near Czechoslovakia that was mainly German ethnicity that Germany took.

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Munich Conference

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An agreement/conference that gave Germany the Sudetenland

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Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis

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The three countries of Italy, Germany, and Japan allied together

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Polish Corridor

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The strip of Poland that the Germans wanted to take, specifically Danzig

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Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

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A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other

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Grand Alliance - members & goals

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The members of the Grand alliance were America, Britain, and the Soviet Union; their goals were to Smash the aggressors, Europe first, then Asia

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Course of WWII

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First war in Europe, then war in Asia

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Dunkirk

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A mass flee of British troops of the coast of France, disaster, lost thousands of machines and vehicles

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Stalingrad

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Decisive battle in German invasion of Russia, the Germans were surrounded and systemically destroyed

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El Alamein

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Combined German and Italian forces were beaten near Alexandria, which lead to the Allied taking of Morocco and Algeria

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Sicily

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An important invasion that lead to the removal of Mussolini from government, only to have him put back later

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D-Day

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The most important battle in the European part of the war, allies stormed beaches and made it through to the mainland, landing in France and moving towards Germany

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Midway

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An important battle in the Asian part of the war, the Americans sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers

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Iwo Jima

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One of the Bloodiest battles in the war, a fight to the death for Japanese soldiers, as the Americans were coming closer to Japan

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Final Solution / Holocaust

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was Nazi Germany's plan and execution of its systematic genocide against European Jewry during World War II, resulting in the final, most deadly phase of the Holocaust

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A-bombs - Hiroshima, Nagasaki

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The final straw for the Japanese, resulting in millions of civilian and military death. Little Boy and Fat Man were used here. These flew on the plane \"The Enola Gay\"

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One man, one plan, one mustache

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The amazing movie that dictates the life and failure of Hitler

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Paul Valéry

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French poet and critic that spoke of a \"crisis of the mind,\" and \"a dark future for Europe\"

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Friedrich Nietzsche

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German philosopher who said that \"God is dead,\" that lackadaisical people killed him with their false values. Said that Christianity and all religion is a \"slave morality.\" He also said that the only hope for mankind was to accept the meaninglessness of human life, and to then use that meaninglessness as a source of personal integrity and liberation. Also stated that from this meaninglessness people called Supermen would exert their mind on other and rise to power. he appealed to people who liked totalitarianism.

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Georges Sorel

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A French socialist who thought there socialism would come from a general strike of all workers that would cripple the capitalist system. Thought that socialism was an improbable religion rather than accepted truth. Thought that the new socialist governments would not be democratic, rather controlled by a small revolutionary elite. He did not like democracy.

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Ludwig Wittgenstein

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Was an Austrian philosopher and a logical empiricist who argued in Essay on Logical Philosophy that great philosophical questions like god freedom and morality were \"quite literally senseless.\"

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Henri Bergson

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A French philosophy professor who said that personal experiences and intuition were more important than rational thought and thinking

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Jean Paul Sartre

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A French existentialist who said that people just \"turned up\" and that there was no God to help honest people. Also said \"man is condemned to be free\" and people had to choose their actions.

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Søren Kierkegaard

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Danish religious philosopher who made a total religious commitment to a remote and majestic god, after rejecting formalistic religion

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Karl Barth

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A Swiss Protestant theologian who said people were sinful and that religious truth was made know to humans only through God's grace, and people just had to accept God as true and be obedient.

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Gabriel Marcel

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Leading existential Christian thinker, thought catholic church was \"hope, humanity, honesty, and piety,\" after broken world and WWI, also advocated closer ties with non-Catholics

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Marie Curie

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A Polish physicist who, with French husband Pierre, discovered radium emits subatomic particles

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Albert Einstein

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German-Jewish physicist that undermined Newtonian physics and developed theory of relativity

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Max Planck

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German physicist who proved that subatomic energy was emitted from particles, he called them \"quanta\"

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Werner Heisenberg

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A German physicist that speculated that there was no real certainty in where an electron was, and only tendencies. This broke down Newton's dependable laws to only probabilities.

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Sigmund Freud

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The love of my life. Said that there were three points were man was stripped of his specialness. Copernicus said that man was not center of universe; Darwin said that man is not God's special creation; and Freud said that man is savage. Freud said that there was conscious, which you could control, and the subconscious. He said that the Id was living in the subconscious was just had primordial desires that wanted stuff like food and sex. Then there was the Superego that did not want pleasures of love, and was just pure intellect and rationality. The ego is the middle ground, the referee between the two different things, Id and Superego. All of this is going on the subconscious. His most controversial idea was that all humans are sexual beings and have sexual desires. Then he said there were three phases of human development the Oral phase, the Anal phase, and the Oedipal phase. After WWI it became ok to talk about Freud's ideas.

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James Joyce

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An Irish novelist who wrote Ulysses, a stream of consciousness book that mirrored Homer's book

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Oswald Spengler

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an obscure German high school teacher who wrote Decline of the West, said the west was about to be conquered by Asians.

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Walter Gropius

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German architect who broke form previous design with light, airy, bright buildings of glass and iron

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Claude Monet

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a French painter who used a impressionism called \"super-realism,\" capture overall impression of the thing they were painting

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Pierre Auguste Renoir

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a French painter who used a impressionism called \"super-realism,\" capture overall impression of the thing they were painting

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Vincent Van Gogh

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A Dutch expressionist who painted a \"moving visions in his mind's eye\"

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Paul Gaugin

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French stockbroker turned painter, pioneered expressionist techniques and fled to South Pacific

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Paul Cézanne

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A postimpressionist and expressionist who had a profound impact on 20th century art and committed to form

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Henrí Matisse

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An extreme abstract expressionist, leader of \"the beasts,\" focused on arrangement of color, line and form

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Pablo Picasso

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a Spanish artist, founder of Cubism, which focused on geometric shapes and overlapping planes

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Wassily Kandinski

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Russia painter who \"turned away from nature\" and focused on nonrepresentational, abstract art

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Igor Stravinsky

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composer, wrote Rite of Spring, expressionist ballet, shocked crowds because of music and scenes

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Alban Berg

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composer of opera Wozzeck, atonal music with half spoken, half sung dialogue, violence and expression

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Arnold Schönberg

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Viennese founder of 12 tone music and turned back on conventional tones

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John Maynard Keynes

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Young English economist who denounced Treaty of Versailles and said that people needed to revise treaty and help German econ. He Wrote Economic Consequences of the Peace. Said Britain needed Germany, and if the German market went under, Britain econ would go under. His book was one of the major reasons that the British were sympathetic towards Germany.

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Raymond Poincaré

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French Prime Minister who moved and occupied into the Ruhr to collect war reparations

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Gustav Stresemann

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German Foreign Minister who assumed leadership of government and got the French to move out of the Ruhr

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Leon Blum

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Leader of the French socialist party Popular Front, made first and real attempt to deal with the economic and social problems

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Psycho-social impact of WWI

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Social Impact was impact on social class structures and breakdown of aristocracy and other inter class structures. After the war more people did not have servants. The Psycho impact was that people viewed humanity as both savage and pointless, because they just fought a pointless war

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Logical Empiricism

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The philosophical ideology that simply rejected the concerns of modern philosophy, like god and morality. Mainly started with Austrian philosopher Wittgenstein.

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Existentialism

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The idea that human beings simply exist, have no higher purpose, and must exist and choose their actions for themselves. Existentialism mainly influenced by Nietzsche. Existentialism sustain popularity in Germany with Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers who appealed to university students.

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Christian Revival

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Was a reaction to the loss of faith in humans, which came from the war, and lead to renewed interest in Christian view of the world. Major people were Kierkegaard, Barth, and Marcel.

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The New Physics

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Pioneered by the Curies, Plank and Einstein, a new view of physics that shattered the perfect world of Newtonian physics and made the world seem much more random and not as much certainty.

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Uncertainty Principle

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The idea that we do know no anything for certain and all we know is possibilities, probabilities, and tendencies. Put forth by German physicist Heisenberg.

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Id, Ego, Superego

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Freud said that there was conscious, which you could control, and the subconscious. He said that the Id was living in the subconscious was just had primordial desires that wanted stuff like food and sex. Then there was the Superego that did not want pleasures of love, and was just pure intellect and rationality. The ego is the middle ground, the referee between the two different things, Id and Superego. All of this is going on the subconscious.

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Oedipal Complex

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A Freudian physiological idea that if you did not get over loving your parent of the opposite sex, you would have this complex where you hated your other parent and have issues with parental relations.

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Stream-of-Consciousness

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Literary technique that explored the psyche through different idea randomly bubbling up in a story.

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Functionalism

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A new principle of building design that focused on buildings being functional which means serving the purpose it was made for best

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Bauhaus

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A Weimar (German) architectural school created by Walter Gropius which combined the fine arts and functionalism

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Impressionism

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An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing

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Post-Impressionism

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An artistic movement that expressed world that could not normally be seen, like dreams and fantasy.

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Cubism

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An Artistic movement that focused on geometric shapes, complex lines, and overlapping planes.

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Abstract-Expressionism

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An artistic movement that focused on expressing emotion and feelings through abstract images and colors, lines and shapes.

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Dadaism

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An artistic movement that had a purposely nonsensical name, expressing its total rejection of previous modern art.

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Surrealism

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An artistic movement that displayed vivid dream worlds and fantastic unreal images

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British-French Tensions

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differences between French and British were over the treatment of the Germans, specifically on the payment of reparations

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The Little Entente

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The French alliance between the smaller countries of Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia.

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Ruhr Crisis 1923

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When France occupied the Ruhr coal fields to demand that the German pay their reparations

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Hyperinflation

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When the German economy tried to print bills to pay off their debt, inflation rates of 40% a day

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Dawes Plan

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The American plan to loan money to Germany, who would pay their reparations to France and Britain, who would pay back their debt to America, which created a win-win for everyone, and made they people happy and thought that peace was possible

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Locarno Pact / Spirit of Locarno

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The pact was an agreement to define the border between France and Germany, and in which Britain and Italy would gang up on the aggressor if the treaty was broken. The spirit was this feeling that war could be stopped again by peace talks that settled in Europe after the pact

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Kellogg-Briand Pact

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Was a pact that said that just said was bad, but did not outline any method for preventing war.

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Labor-Liberal-Conservative Cooperation in Britain

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The three party system that makes sure that both the conservative and the labor party don't get too radical.

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Great Depression - Causes, efforts to deal with

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The immediate cause was the American using margin buying to buy shares of stock that they could not pay back, and forced a mass selloff of shares, which collapsed the stock market and the economy. The efforts to deal was the New Deal in America, and different stances of social programs and socialism in Europe.

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Social Democrats

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The largest political party in Sweden, who pushed for social reform legislation, and drew support from community and socialist and capitalist working together.

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Popular Front

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was the French political alliance that allied the Communists, the Socialists, and the Radicals together.

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The Middle Way

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The Scandinavian system of in the middle of socialism and capitalism, an ideology that you can have some of your own things and keep some of your money, and have higher tax rates.

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\"Conquistadors\"

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This was the name given to the Spanish explorers who would conquer the land they discovered and utilize the resources they found there for Spain

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\"Crown from the gutter\"

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This was the expression used after the Revolutions of 1848 where Friedrich Wilhelm refused to just take the throne of Prussia

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\"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity\"

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The motto of the French Revolution and the demands of the popular people

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\"Separation of powers\"

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This was the theory developed by Montesquieu that political power should not be divided and share by a variety of classes and legal estates holding unequal rights and privileges

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\"Spanish Armada\"

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This was the vast amount of ships sent by Phillip II to attack England because of the conflicts between Phillip II and Mary, Queen of Scots

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\"Universal Man\"

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This was the term given to those in the Renaissance who were able to excel in more than one subject matter

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19th century class structure

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Aristocracy > Middle Class (Upper > Middle > Lower) > Working Classes (Labor Aristocracy > Semiskilled > Unskilled)

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Alexander I

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This czar of Russia wanted to restore the kingdom of Poland, which he wanted to bestow the benefits of his rule

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An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

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This was the work that started the tabula rasa theory where the human mind is blank until it is filled with experiences that allow a person to think differently

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Anabaptists

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These were the \"radicals\" in Reformation in which someone would choose if they wanted to be baptized

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Bacon

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This scientist spread the word about the experimental method and formalized the empirical method and combined his thinking with Descartes to form the scientific method

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Banking Families

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These were the major families in Europe that had the most power and control of the wealth in a state

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Battle of Austerlitz

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This massive victory by the French caused Russia and the Austrians to suspend their support against France

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Battle of Waterloo

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This was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler

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Bentham (Utilitarianism)

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This man believed that the moral worth of an action is determined by its contribution to happiness as summed among all persons

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Botticelli

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The artist shows the ideal for female beauty in the Renaissance in this work slender, pale skin, a high forehead, red-blond hair, and sloping shoulders

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Boyle

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This was the physicist who said nothing can be known beyond all doubt

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Brumaire Coup and The Consulate

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This is the act in which Napoleon ended the Directory by ousting the Directors and disbanding the legislature. He then established a strong military dictatorship in place of the weak Directory

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Brunelleschi

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He was an architect who designed a hospital for orphans and foundlings set up by the silk-workers guild in Florence

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Cabral

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This explorer first saw the mainland of Brazil and claimed it for Portugal while sailing to set up trading posts in India

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Carbonari

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These were groups of secret revolutionary societies in Italy

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Cardinal Mazarin

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This was the man who served under Cardinal Richelieu and laid the foundations for Louis XIV's expansionist policies

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Cardinal Richelieu

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This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy

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Catherine the Great

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This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia

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Causes of the French Revolution

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1) The economic and financial crisis that led to the calling of the Estates General. 2) The political incompetence of Louis XV and XVI. 3) The unfair taxation between the three estates

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Cervantes

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This man was a poet, playwright and novelist and wrote one of the best known novels ever (Don Quixote)

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Charists

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Their demand was universal male suffrage

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Charles Darwin

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This was the scientist who published the theory of evolution after his travels to the Galapagos Islands

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Charles II

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This was the king that took the throne during the Restoration and peacefully had agreements with the Parliament until he made secret agreements with Louis XIV to relax the laws against the English Catholics and eventually a Catholic became the next king

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Charles Talleyrand

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This was the French supporter of Metternich's balance of power idea

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Charles V

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This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation

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Columbus

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This was the man who discovered Americas while originally looking for a faster and all-sea route to the East but instead landed in the West Indies.

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Combination Acts

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These were the laws passed by the Parliament that prohibited the English people from forming a union

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Commercial revolution

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This was the period of economic and political expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism that occurred in Europe

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Committee of Public Safety

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This was the group that carried out the Reign of Terror

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Concert of Europe (Congress System)

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This was the system set up by the Quadruple Alliance to meet periodically to talk about common issues

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Concordat of 1801

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This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power

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Congress of Vienna

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This was the meeting between the Quadruple Alliance in order to formulate a peace agreement and to balance the victories of the Napoleonic wars

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Conservatism

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This was the political idea in which the people regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions and the proper state and society remained those before the French Revolution which rested on a judicious blend on monarchy, bureaucracy, aristocracy, and respectful commoners

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Copernicus

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This was the man who first theorized that the celestial bodies all revolved around a fixed sun

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Corn Laws

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These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially

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Cosmo deMedici

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One of the members of the banker family of Florence that ruled behind the scenes of the government

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Cottage industry

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This was the way form of work of the rural classes in which the costumer would give the worker materials and the worker would create the desirable product

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Council of Trent

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This was the meeting called by Pope Paul III that secured reconciliation with the Protestants

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da Gama

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This was the first explorer to round the Cape of Good Hope and sail into the Indian Ocean trade

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Da Vinci

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One of the best examples of a Renaissance man. He painted, wrote, sculpted, invented, among his philosophical ideas

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Dante

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First comedy writer that wrote 100 verses that described the realms of the next world

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Danton

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One of the leaders of The Mountain

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

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This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law

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Deism

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This was a way of thinking that God exists, but does not intervene in daily life, for he already has a plan for the universe that cannot be altered

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Descartes

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This thinker developed a philosophy of two different worlds a material world and a world of the mind. This was called Cartesian dualism. He combined his ideas with Bacon to form the scientific method

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Dialectics

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This was the philosophical belief that for every thesis ever, there is an opposing antithesis that creates a synthesis

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Diaz

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This was the first explorer who rounded the southern tip of the Cape of Good Hope but was never able to go all the way around

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Diet of Worms

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This was the conference that Charles V called to bring Martin Luther to speak

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Doge

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The ruler of Venice

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Donatello

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One of the first and best Renaissance sculptors. He was also one of the first artists to sell his works

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Dutch Revolt

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This was the revolt by the Netherland against the Spanish in order to create their independent state

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Edict of Nantes

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This was the document published by Henry IV that granted liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to the Huguenots

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Edward VI

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During his short reign of England, Protestant ideas exerted a significant influence on the religious life of the country

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Edwin Chadwick

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This was a public health official who wrote reports on the poor living conditions of the cities and believed that poverty was caused by illnesses

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Effects of the Scientific Revolution

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This involved the beginning of using reason to solve problems in the community by using inductive and deductive reasoning

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El Cid

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This was the Spanish equivalent to the Knights of the Round Table

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Eli Whitney

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This man invented the cotton gin which allowed for the faster picking of cotton in the Americas

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Elizabeth I

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This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England

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Emile

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This work advocated breast feeding and natural dress and that boys' education should have plenty of fresh air and exercise and he said a women's nature was a life of marriage and child rearing

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Emile Zola

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This was an influential French writer who wrote about naturalism and was often criticized

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Enclosure movement

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This was the way that the English landowners would now organize their land so that the farmers would become more productive in their work

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Encyclopedia

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This was the first publication of different essays about the culture and society of France which was put on the Index of Forbidden Books because it dealt with controversial issues

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English Civil War

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This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished

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Erasmus

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This man was a writer who would plea for simple Christian faith and would criticize the complexity of Catholic faith

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Estates-General

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This was the group of people called by Louis XVI that would keep the king in check like the English Parliament

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Evolutionary Socialism

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This was the work that suggested that socialists should combine with other progressive forces to win gradual evolutionary gains for workers through legislation, unions, and further economic development

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Favorable balance of trade

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This was the ideology that most states used to gain the most money from their exports by increasing the amount of finished materials while decreasing the amount of raw materials

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Ferdinand and Isabella

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This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition

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Francesco Sforza

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The Duke of Florence and the old ruler of the city-states of Italy

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Francis I

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This was the French king who reached an agreement with Pope Leo X and allowed the French king to select French bishops and abbots

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Francis Xavier

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This was a man who helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries he went on to promote Christianity

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Francois Guizot

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This man was an active player in the French Revolution of 1848 who helped in the overthrow of Charles X

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Franz Liszt

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This was a pianist in the Romanticism era that was a star in his day

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Frederick Elector of Saxony

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This was the man who supported and hid Luther after the Diet of Worms

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Frederick the Great

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This was the Prussian king who embraced culture and wrote poetry and prose. He gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler

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Frederick William (The Great Elector)

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This was the man who starting absolutism in Prussia by uniting the three provinces of Prussia under one ruler.

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Frederick William IV

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This king of Prussia was the king who gave into Prussia's constitution

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Galileo

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This scientist formulated the experimental method and using this, came up with the law of inertia, among several discoveries related to the moon

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Georg Hegel

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This man believed that each age is characterized by a dominant set of ideas, which produces opposing ideas and a new synthesis

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Georges Haussmann

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This was the man who planned the reconstruction of Paris

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Ghibeleines

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This is the political faction in Italy that supported the Holy Roman Empire

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Giotto

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An artist who led the way into realism; his treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body

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Girondists

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These were the liberals of France who did not want to execute Louis XVI, but The Mountain did anyway

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Giuseppe Mazzini

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This early Italian nationalist believed that doing labor for the principles of one's country is labor for humanity

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Glorious Revolution

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This was the \"revolution\" that replaced James II with William and Mary that also recognized the supremacy of the Parliament with minimum bloodshed

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Gold Glory and God

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This was the motto of the age of exploration. The explorers were looking for money, glory, or to convert non-Christians

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Greek revolution

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The Greeks revolted against the Ottomans for their independence, to which the Concert generally opposed to this

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Guelph

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This is the political faction in Italy that supported the pope

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Habeas Corpus Act

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This was act in which any people unlawfully detained could be prosecuted

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Hapsburgs

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This was the royal dynasty of Austria that ruled over a vast part of Central Europe while battling with the Turks over Hungary

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Harvey

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This was the man who first detailed the accounted for the circulation of blood flow

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Henry Bessemer

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This man revolutionized the way to manufacture steel by making the process quicker and more efficient

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Henry IV of France

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This was the king who issued the Edict of Nantes

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Henry VIII

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This was the man who started the Church of England because he needed a reformation in Catholicism which would allow him to divorce his wife

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Hohenzollerns

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This was the royal dynasty of electors in Prussia

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Holy Alliance

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This was the alliance between Austria Prussia and Russia on the crusade against the ideas and politics of the dual revolution.

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House of Orange

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This was the house that took over the English throne after the Glorious Revolution

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Huguenots

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These were the French Calvinists that were often persecuted until the Edict of Nantes

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Humanism

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The philosophy of the liberal arts that emphasized human beings and their achievements

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Hus

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A man who helped to shed some light on the church's problems with hurting the people that follow the religion. He was seen as a radical and was not allowed to study John Wycliffe's publications yet was executed after he was tried for heresy

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Ignatius of Loyola

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This was the man who started the Jesuit movement to help people to find God around the world

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Index of Prohibited Literature

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This was the list of books that were prohibited by the papacy in order to stop more religious thinkers

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Institutes of the Christian Religion

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This was the work by John Calvin that described to the world the ideology of John Calvin

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Jacobins

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This was the group of people in the National Assembly that met to discuss the political questions of the day

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James Hargreaves

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This was the man who created the spinning jenny which began the actual Industrial Revolution and the beginning of machines doing a man's work

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James II

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This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

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Jean Bodin

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This was the man who created the theory of sovereignty in which a state becomes sovereign by claiming a monopoly over the instruments of justice

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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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This man developed the first cohesive theory of evolution after his studies of biology

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Jesuits

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This was the group of people that was important in converting Asians and Latin Americans to Catholicism which allowed for the mass spread of Christianity

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Johann Gutenberg

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Man who created the printing press and changed the production and reading of books

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Johann Tetzel

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This was the man who was hired by Archbishop Albert of Mainz to sell indulgences, which he did extremely successfully

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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

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This German Romantic poet influence Walter Scott

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John Calvin

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This was another leader in the Reformation who believed in a simple faith and a simple method of worship

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John Constable (The Haywain)

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This man was a Romantic painter

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John Kay

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Man who revolutionized the one-hand loom and increased the production done by one worker

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John Knox

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This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops

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Joseph II

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This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom

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Joseph Lister

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This man promoted the idea of sterilizing medical equipment before operating

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July Decrees

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These decrees limited the voting rights of the wealthy and censored the press

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June Days

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These were the French workers' revolts in 1848 after the closure of the National Workshops

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Kant

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This philosopher showed the overall attitude of the Enlightenment by saying \"have the courage to use your own understanding\"

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Karl Marx

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This man came up with the idea of communism/dialectic socialism that said that two classes have always battled against each other to form another class that will battle against its antithesis until the synthesis is one equal class working with each other for each other

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Karlsbad Decrees

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These decrees required the thirty-eight German member states to root out subversive ideas in the universities and newspapers an established a permanent committee with spies and informers to investigate and punish any liberal or radical organizations

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Kepler

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This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun

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Klemens von Metternich

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This was Austria's foreign minister who wanted a balance of power in an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression

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Labor aristocracy

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This was the union of skilled workers in the working classes that had a set behavioral code. They were usually run by construction bosses and factory foremen

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Laissez-faire capitalism

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This was the style of capitalism in which the government had no interference with the economy

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Lajos Kossuth

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This man was a Hungarian nationalist leader who demanded independence and a constitution

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Liberalism (Classical Liberalism)

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This was the political idea in which the government did not intervene in the economy and liberty and equality were stressed

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Liberty Leading the People (Delacroix)

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This work of art shows the glory of the French Revolution

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Line of Demarcation

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This was the line drawn by Alexander VI that gave Portugal most of Brazil and Spain the rest of South America

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Lord Byron

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This English poet joined the Greeks and died fighting so that they may be free

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Lorenzo the Magnificent

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This was an artistic patron that spent vast sums on family chapels, frescoes, religious panels and

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Louis Blanc

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This man urged people to agitate for universal voting rights and to take control of the state peacefully

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Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)

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This was the first French president as a result of the election after the Revolution of 1848

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Louis Pasteur

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This was the man who began studying fermentation to develop a way to avoid spoilage through pasteurization by heating the beverage

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Louis XIII

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This French king appointed Cardinal Richelieu

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Louis XIV

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This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France

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Louis XVIII

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This was the king of France before and after Napoleon's exile

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Luddites

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These were the angry old cottage industry workers who lost their jobs and costumers to machines and as a result, they began to secretly destroy the machines

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Ludwig van Beethoven

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This pianist was considered the master of Romanticism music

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Magellan

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This was the first person to lead an expedition that circumnavigated the world

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Malthus (On Population)

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This man said that population would always grow faster than the food supply and the only hope of warding o war, famine, and disease was that young men and women had to limit the growth of population by marrying late

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Maria Theresa

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This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs

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Martin Luther

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This was the most famous and one of the first concrete reformer who began to reject some of the more obscure and selfish laws of the Catholic Church

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Mary I

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This was the queen who reverted back to Catholicism in England for five years and during this reign, she executed many Protestants

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Mary Wollstonecraft

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This was an English feminist who supported the women's revolution in France

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Masaccio

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He used light and dark imagery to illustrate different feelings and emotions

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Meeting at Marburg

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This was the meeting that tried to settle the dispute between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli over the presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper.

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Methodism

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This movement said that all men and women who sought salvation might be saved, giving the people a message of hope

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Miasma Theory / Germ Theory

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These were the theories of the spread of disease. The miasma theory said that disease was spread by a bad odor. The new germ theory developed by Louis Pasteur said that diseases were spread by bacteria called germs

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Michelangelo

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This was an artist who led the way for Renaissance masters from his David sculpture and his painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling

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Middle class values

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The middle class frowned upon heavy drinking and the women were fond of fashion. Education was necessary and sexual purity was considered a virtue

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Modern imperialism

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This was the start of the building of foreign empires for trade and military advantages over other states

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Modern liberalism

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This was new thought that the governments should be subject to change. This was the counterpart to conservatism

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Napoleonic Code

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This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy

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National Workshops

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This was the group that gave work to the unemployed

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Nationalism

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This was the new feeling of pride for one's country after the Napoleonic era

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Natural laws

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These were conclusions reached by the philosophes against which debate was impossible

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Nepotism

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This was the other common crime in which the members of the church would give positions to relatives

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Newton

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This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science

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Ninety-five Theses

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This was the letter Martin Luther wrote to Archbishop Albert which explained that indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance

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Northern Humanism

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This humanism philosophy interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity, individualism, and humanism in terms of their own traditions

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Northwest Passage

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This is the passage that many European explorers attempted but never succeeded to navigate to reach other nations more quickly

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Oligarchy

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The rule of a nation or state by a few people

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Oliver Cromwell

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This was the dictator who ruled over England after the English civil war. His death provided the military government collapse of England

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On Liberty (John Stuart Mill)

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This work advocated economic and moral freedom of individuals from the state. This work is enormously influential to politics today

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Paris Reconstruction

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This was planned by Georges Haussmann, who was assigned by Napoleon III, to provide employment, improved living conditions, and to show the glory of the French empire

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Partition of Poland

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This was the splitting up of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria

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Peace of Augsburg

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This was the treaty that was reached that ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars which also made Charles V recognize Lutheranism as a legitimate following

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Peace of Utrecht

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This was the treaty that ended the War of the Spanish Succession

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Peace of Westphalia

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This was the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War that recognized the independent authority of over three hundred German principalities

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Peasants' War

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This was the revolt that occurred in Germany where the peasants rebelled alongside the new Protestant thought. They were viciously quashed and the public appeal to the Reformation went substantially down

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Peninsular War

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This war was the beginning of the end of Napoleon's Grand Empire after the Spanish rebelled against France for its independence

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Peter the Great

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This was the czar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army. He also was interested in building grand cities like those in Western Europe

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Peterloo

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This was the extremely lopsided victory by English army over the protestors as a result of the Corn Laws

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Petrarch

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The man who began the humanism movement and he believed that he was living the start of new era

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Phalansteries

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These were the types of buildings designed by Charles Fourier for a utopian society

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Philip II of Spain

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This was the king who started the success of Spain's foreign colonies

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Philosophes

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These were the French philosophers

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Philosophy of the Enlightenment

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This dealt with skepticism, the government, and the role of reason in everyday life

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Physiocrats

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This was the group of economists who believed that the wealth of a nation was derived solely from the value of its land

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Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

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This socialist man believed that property is theft

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Pietism

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This was a movement within Lutheranism that revived Protestantism that called for an emotional relationship, allowed for the priesthood of all believers, and the Christian rebirth in everyday affairs

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Pope Alexander VI

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This was the pope that granted power to Ferdinand and Isabella to appoint bishops to the Spanish territories and also settled the argument between Spain and Portugal over South America

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Pope Leo X

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This was the pope that used the sale of indulgences to rebuild a basilica and he was also the pope who challenged Martin Luther

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Pope Paul III

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This was the Pope that called the Council of Trent

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Potato Famine

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This was the famine that occurred in Ireland that killed of thousands of people because the main potato crop could not grow because of bad soil that year

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Pragmatic Sanction

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This was the act passed by Charles VI that stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided, in order to allow his daughter to be ruler

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Predestination

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One of the main points of Calvinism that said that God had already determined if you were damned or saved

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Prince Henry the Navigator

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This was the Portuguese Prince that gave steadfast financial and moral support to the navigators

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Proletariat

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This was the working class in that was constantly battling against the bourgeois factory owners

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Protestantism

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This was caused by the strictness and the incompetence of the Catholic Church.

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Puritan

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This was one of the reforms in England in which the leaders wanted all Catholic elements in the Church of England eliminated

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Quadruple Alliance

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This was the alliance between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia after the Napoleonic era

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Quakers

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A form of Protestantism in which the believers were pacifists and would shake at the power of the word of the Lord

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Rabelais

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He was a major French Renaissance writer, doctor and humanist. He is regarded as an avant-garde writer of fantasy and satire

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Raft of the Medusa (Géricault)

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This Romantic work shows a crew shipwrecked

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Realism

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This was the new style of literature that focused on the daily lives and adventures of a common person. This style was a response to Romanticism's supernaturalism and over-emphasis on emotion

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Reform Bill of 1832

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This bill gave representation to most people in England

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Regulatory Legislation (Factory, Mines & 10 Hours Acts)

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These acts all started to regulate and ameliorate the conditions of work in the factories and helped make the Industrial Revolution better and the living conditions in the urban areas better

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Reign of Terror

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This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed

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Renaissance Popes

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These were general title given to the popes that would convince the Renaissance artists to work for them in order to enhance the majesty of the churches

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Revolutions of 1830

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The French Revolution of 1830 occurred because Louis XVIII only granted a small percentage of people the right to vote and Charles X attack of Algeria and as a result, he censored the press and limited the voting rights of the wealthy

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Revolutions of 1848

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These revolutions occurred in 1)France, because of the depression and rising unemployment rates caused starvation in France in which they then overthrew the bourgeois monarchy 2)Austria, because the Hungarians rebelled against the Austrian Empire and were joined by the urban poor looking for employment, and 3) Prussia, because the artisans and factory workers joined with the middle-class liberals to rebel against the monarchy and eventually, Prussia became a constitutional monarchy

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Ricardo (Iron Law of Wages)

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This man stated that because of population growth, the wages would always sink to subsistence level

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Robert Castlereagh

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This British foreign minister was a supporter of Metternich

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Robert Koch

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This was the first man to isolate a bacterium and a virus and as a result h could create new vaccines for the disease

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Robert Owen

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This man both helped to lead the first national union in England and advocated the use of children in factories

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Robespierre

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The main leader of The Mountain and the man who ruled France after the First Revolution

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Role of reason

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The Enlightenment thinkers used reason to deduct conclusions about everyday life

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Romanovs

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This was the ruling class of Russia after the Cossack Rebellion

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Romanticism

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This was the response to the Enlightenment in which they believed that not everything could be measured, because of the passion of emotion

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Roundheads and Cavaliers

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These were the two sides of the English civil war. The Roundheads were the Puritan supporters of the Parliament and the Cavaliers were the supporters of Charles I

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Rousseau

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This man's work was extremely influential for the Romantic Movement

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Rump Parliament

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This was the Parliament after Oliver Cromwell dismissed the Cavaliers

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Saint-Simon

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This man was one of the early and influential socialist thinkers who proclaimed the tremendous possibilities of industrial development

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Sale of Indulgences

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This was the way that many people were granted salvation. This was a common method of the church to gain power and money

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Salons

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These were meeting places for philosophical discussion that were for the upper and middle class citizens who would talk about different doctrines

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Savonarola

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A Dominican friar that predicted the French invasion of Florence from the paganism and the moral vice of the city

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Seditious Meetings Act

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This act made it illegal to meet with a group of more than fifty people

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Seven Years' War

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This war was began as a follow-up of the War of Austrian Succession when Prussia invaded Austria

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Shakespeare

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This man wrote several plays and poems and is regarded as one of the best writers of all time

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Simony

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The common crime of paying for holy offices for the position of power

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Spanish Inquisition

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This was the harsh and violent conversion of Spain back into Catholicism. They used several versions of torture and fear tactics to convert people back to Catholicism

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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

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This was the massacre that occurred during the wedding of a Catholic and Huguenot that would resolve the conflict between the two conflicting parties

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Stadholder

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This was the name given to the person appointed by the States General to carry out ceremonial functions in a province in the Netherlands

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Sturm und Drang

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This was what the early German Romantics called themselves

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Surplus Value

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This is the value of the unpaid surplus labor performed by the worker for the capitalist for profit

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Tennis Court Oath

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This is the oath that the representatives of the third estate took when they swore that they would never disband until they had proper representation

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Test Act of 1673

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This was the bill passed that those who did not receive the Eucharist of the Anglican Church had little rights

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The Commonwealth of England

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This was the name that England took on after the civil war and the kingship was abolished

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The Courtier

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A treatise that sought to train, discipline, and fashion the young man into the courtly ideal, the gentleman

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The Decameron

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A work that portrays an acquisitive, sensual, and worldly society through descriptions of merchants, friars, and husbands

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The Prince

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A short political treatise about political power how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it. Machiavelli explores the problems of human nature and concludes that human beings are selfish and out to advance their own interests

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The Protectorate

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This was the name of the military dictatorship that England took on during the reign of Oliver Cromwell

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The Restoration

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This was the re-establishment of the monarchy in England under Charles II. Both houses of Parliament were restored but the religious tensions still were present in England

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The Stuarts

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This was the Scottish royal family that ruled England after Elizabeth I

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Theory of Class Struggle

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This was the theory that two opposing classes have always battled against eachother to form another class that will battle against its antithesis until the synthesis is one equal class working with each other for each other

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Theory of Evolution

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This theory stated that animals could evolve from other animals in order to adapt to their environments. This theory was not widely accepted for it could possibly account for humans which would defeat the whole purpose of creationism

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Thermidorian Reaction and The Directory

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This was the reaction to the despotism after the Second Revolution which led to the establishment of the five-man executive that supported the French military which was not popular with the French people

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Thirty Years' War

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This was the international war between the Protestants and Catholics that eventually ended religious conflicts in Europe

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Thomas Hobbes

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This was the philosopher that believed that a strong central government was needed to avoid rebellion and civil war

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Three Estates

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The clergy made up a very small percentage but owned 10% of the land; the nobles made up another small percentage but also owned most of the land; and the rest of the people made up 97% of France and owned very little land

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Titan

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A Venetian man who created the style of mannerism in which artists sometimes distorted figures to express emotion and drama

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Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

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This was the treaty that ended the War of Austrian Succession by giving the Prussians land, taking land away from Maria Theresa, but still allowing her to rule

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Treaty of Paris (1763)

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This treaty ended the Seven Years' War

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Troppau Conference

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This was the conference at which the Troppau Protocol was signed in which any country that underwent a revolution was no longer part of the European Alliance

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Two Treatises on Government (John Locke)

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This was the document that stated that if a ruler steps over its proper function to protect the natural rights of life, liberty, and property, than that ruler was a tyrant and must be overthrown

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Ulrich Zwingli

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This was a man who believed that Christian life rested on the Scriptures and a prominent leader in the Swiss Reformation. He went on to attack indulgences, the Mass, the institution of monasticism, and clerical celibacy

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Urban living conditions

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These were awful in the 19th Century as a result of poor sewage treatment, water conditions and bad foundations for buildings

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Urban planning and public transit

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This was the act of planning out a city and building it from the blueprints. This caused in increase in public transit that millions of people used a day instead of their own transportation or walking

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Utopia

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A work that presents a revolutionary view of society and describes an ideal socialistic community on an island somewhere off the mainland of the New World. He created the name utopia as a good place which is no place

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Valois

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This was a German dynasty that often had conflicts with the Habsburgs that often involved other countries and papal troops

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Varieties of Socialism

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There were the early French socialists who believed in economic planning and argued that the government should rationally organize the economy and not depend on destructive competition to do the job. There was also dialectic socialism in which the followers believed that eventually, the proletariat will battle against the bourgeois to create one single class

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Vesalius

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This was the scientist who began to study anatomy in depth. He is referred as the father of anatomy

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Vespucci

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This was the man who first said that the Americas were completely separate from Asia, thus the continent was named after him

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Victor Hugo

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This was a Romantic writer who wrote prose and poetry

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Voltaire

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This was a playwright and a philosophe who said that the best that one could hope for in a government is a good monarch and he even often criticized the Catholic Church and government in his plays

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Walter Scott

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This Scottish Romantic poet used history to write his poems

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Wanderer in the Clouds (Friedrich)

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This work of art shows the insignificance of the human and the supremacy of nature

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War of Austrian Succession

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This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely ruling the state

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War of Spanish Succession

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This was the war between France and Spain in order to unite the two states under one ruler, Phillip V

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War of the Three Henrys

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This was the last of the wars that occurred over the religious differences in France, between the Catholics (Henry III of France and Henry of Guise) and Protestants (Henry IV)

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Wealth of Nations

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This work criticized mercantilism by saying that it meant a combination of stifling government regulations and unfair privileges for state-approved monopolies and government favorites

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Whigs and Tories

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These were the two parties in the Parliament. The Whigs were mostly liberal and wanted change while the Tories wanted to keep the government as it was

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William and Mary

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These people were the king and queen of England after the Glorious Revolution that recognized the supremacy of the English Parliament

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William Wordsworth

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Leader of English Romanticism who published works in the countryside

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Women's March on Versailles

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This was the march by the women of Paris to the home of Marie Antoinette in order to demand action for the ridiculous raise in the price of bread

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Working class leisure

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The working class still enjoyed drinking, although it was discouraged, they started to enjoy sports and music halls, although blood sports declined

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Wycliffe

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This was one o the original men to challenge the church. His writings became \"scriptures\" for other reformers to follow.

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Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)

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France's first elected president by universal male suffrage, and developed strong nationalism like his cousin

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Giuseppe Mazzini

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a radical idealistic patriot who wanted a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and will of the people in Italy

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Vincenzo Gioberti

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A catholic priest who called for a federation of existing states under the presidency of a progressive pope in Italy

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Victor Emmanuel

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Sardinia's monarch who helped unite Italy

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Pius IX

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Pope who denounced unification and published the Syllabus of Errors

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Camillo di Cavour

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The political mastermind behind all of Sardinia's unification plans, he succeeded in creating a Northern Italian nation state

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Giuseppe Garibaldi

answer

A \"super patriot\" of Italy, he helped unify southern Italy with the help of his Red Shirts

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Frederick William IV

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A king and leader of Prussia who was unable to unify Germany \"from above,\" he was replaced by William I

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William I

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The Leader of Prussia who wanted military expansion, and hired Bismarck to further his goals

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Otto von Bismarck

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German Political mastermind who spearheaded Prussian expansion

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Alexander II

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A Russian Tsar who implemented rapid social change and general modernization of Russia.

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Alexander III

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A determined reactionary Tsar who nevertheless sped forward with economic modernization

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Sergei Witte

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A tough finance minister who thought that Russia's industrial backwardness was threatening Russia's power and greatness

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Nicholas II

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Russia's last tsar, he witnessed the fall of Russia from great power, to the entering into WWI and total collapse

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William II

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This new German emperor opposed Bismarck, fired him, and ended up being less successful than Bismarck anyway

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Adolphe Thiers

answer

Leader of the National Assembly in France, he ordered the Paris Commune to be crushed. He also declared the Third Republic of France, because it \"divided France the least\"

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Leon Gambetta

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A successful politician in France, he was a moderate republican who helped stabilize government

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Alfred Dreyfus

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A Jewish military captain in the French Army, he was falsely accused of treason, and his affair split France apart

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Benjamin Disraeli

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A British politician who extended the vote to the rich middle class in order to broaden the political base of the conservative party

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David Lloyd George

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Member of the Liberal party in Great Britain who helped raise taxes on the rich, and reform in general

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William Gladstone

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A Liberal British Prime Minister who gave concessions to various parties and ultimately introduced bills for Irish self-governance

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Karl Lueger

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The fiery mayor of Vienna who preached anti-Semitism and appealed to lower middle class

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Theodor Herzl

answer

German Jewish Politician who advocated the policy of Zionism and the creation of a nation state for all Jewish people.

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Edward Bernstein

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A revisionist social who advocated the gradual gain of socialism and looked towards Darwin's doctrines as a measure for a change in socialism's tactics

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Jean Jaures

answer

French revisionist socialist who repudiated revisionist doctrines to achieve a unified socialist state

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Modernization

answer

An occurrence in Russia that lead to the increase of its stature in world power standings and revitalized the economy and industry

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Louis Napoleon's rise & ideas on gov't

answer

He thought that the Government should be powerful and that there should be strong nationalism, but mainly guided by the people's interests

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Reasons for and against Italian unity

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People wanted Italian unity because it would unify Italy, and they wanted a different government. People did not want unification because it went against the church, there were very different areas in the north and the south, and because they wanted to just keep things the same

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Syllabus of Errors

answer

A document by the pope in which he denounced rationalism, socialism, religious liberty, and separation of the church and state.

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Cavour's program

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Cavour's plan was to first modernize the econ, and model it off of Britain, then modernize the military, with lots of railroads to move the troops around to country

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Austro-Sardinian War

answer

Austria invades Italy and the French come in to help the Italians. The Italians and the French are very successful and gain Lombardy.

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1859 Garibaldi's invasion

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An energized movement of radicals from Sicily to the mainland and gaining land for unification

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Reasons for and against German unity

answer

Upper class and Conservatives did not want unification because they would have less power, but the rest of the people wanted it because of nationalism and German identity

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Zollverein

answer

A German customs union founded to increase trade and stimulate revenues of its members

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Bismarck's plans and maneuvers

answer

He wanted to unify Germany, but played it safe, with many alliances and pacts, and ends up being amazing

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\"Blood and Iron\"

answer

Bismarck's idea of always preparing and waging war, and those things can only be done with war

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Schleswig-Holstein crisis

answer

A desire for success abroad lead to this. It was a short war against Denmark to gain these providences

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Austro-Prussian War - Causes & Outcomes

answer

The Germans needed a way to make the Austrians on their side, and they had the superior army. The Germans won, and were able to make sure that Austria stayed out of German affairs

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North German Confederation Constitution

answer

This stated that local government had some power, but that ultimate power rested in the hands of Bismarck and William

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Franco-Prussian War - Causes & Outcomes

answer

The reason behind the war was because a war would bring the Southern German states into the Prussian state, and the French wanted to teach Germany a lesson. It ended up that the Germans kicked butt, and the French were humiliated, and the German plan worked completely

question

Ems Telegram

answer

A telegram which the French gave to the Germans in anger over the Succession of the Throne in Spain, but the Germans altered it to look like the French were rude and evil. The French declared war.

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Crimean War - impact in Britain & Russia

answer

This war showed that the Russian were way behind the rest of the world, and needed reform.

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Russian Modernization

answer

The most of these were economical and not political, and even then were mostly only halfway efforts

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Witte's reforms

answer

He \"used the west to catch up to the west\" in Russia, by having foreigners build factories and making new transport lines.

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Zemstvo

answer

A local coulcil of politicians to deal with local problems in Russia

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Trans-Siberian Railroad

answer

A railroad that went across Siberia

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Russo-Japanese War - impact in Russia

answer

This war showed that Russia was still not strong, and it caused revolution back at home.

question

\"Bloody Sunday\" (1905) - Causes, actions, effects

answer

The cause was people wanted to present a petition to the Tsar, the action was people getting shot, the effect was people disliking the Tsar and turning on him

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October Manifesto

answer

This granted full civil rights to people and opened up the Duma

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Duma

answer

This was a legislative parliament in Russia with real political power

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Decline of Ottoman Empire

answer

They fell behind in industrialization, in education, and in general compared to the west

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Tanzimat

answer

This was a short ottoman parliament designed to model the western model of an empire

question

Young Turks

answer

Young rebellious people in the Ottoman Empire who forced the Sultan to reform

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Structure of German government

answer

They had a strong top government and they had a Reichstag, or the lower house of parliament

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Kulturkampf

answer

Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church

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German social legislation

answer

Bismarck placed high tariffs on imported goods, and tried to stop socialism with government measures that banned the socialist party

question

Paris Commune

answer

The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government

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French educational reforms

answer

The Dreyfus affair lead to the separation of church and state, and lead to more people in government backed schools that were no longer catholic schools but republican schools.

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Dreyfus Affair

answer

Incident in France where a Jewish captain was tried for treason because they military was anti-Semitic, and it divided the country

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Extension of suffrage in Britain

answer

suffrage was extended to more middle class men in Britain so that they conservatives would get a stronger base

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Liberal v. Conservative Parties in Britain

answer

The conservative party in Britain was put down when the king threatened to make more liberal seats to pass bills that the conservatives were vetoing

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People's Budget

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A plan in British parliament that increased spending on social services

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Irish Home Rule

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A desire of some people in Ireland to not be ruled by England

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Dual Monarchy

answer

The joining of Austria and Hungary under two different crowns

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Magyar policies

answer

The Magyar pushed through bills that changed voting laws to help the elite and to force through the teaching of Hungarian in schools. They created the nationalism that would tear them apart

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Anti-Semitism

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A mindset that people of Jewish heritage were inferior to other races

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Zionism

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A movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine

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Socialists and Nationalism

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The socialist opposed nationalism and thought that the German worker had more in common with the French worker than the German boss

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Second International

answer

A group of socialist national parties that met and discussed Marx, and planned action

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Revisionism

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The socialist idea that we should embrace socialism in a gradual advance, with no bloody war

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Muhammad Ali

answer

Egyptian army general who stepped into power after the French left. He reformed the army, the land, and the communication of Egypt

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Ismail Ali

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Khedive of Egypt, he was a westernizing autocrat and grandson of the first leader

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Leopold II

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Belgian king who ruthlessly exploited the natives on his African land for personal gain.

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Matthew Perry

answer

This American naval officer was the driving factor in Japan's opening by using gunboat diplomacy

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Dowager Empress Tzu Hsi

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Chinese leader who used conservative forces to maintain her power

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John A. Hobson

answer

This man wrote Imperialism, a critique of imperalism

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Cecil Rhodes

answer

British military commander who believed in expansion and founded the De Beers Mining Company

question

Joseph Conrad

answer

This man wrote Heart of Darkness, where he criticized the Europeans in their civilizing

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Henry Labouchière

answer

A member of British Parliament who mocked Rudyard Kipling's poem

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Robert Clive

answer

This man was a British soldier who established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in Southern India and Bengal. He is credited with securing India, and the wealth that followed, for the British crown.

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Warren Hastings

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This man was the first governor of British Bengal

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Ranjit Singh

answer

This man was the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire in India

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Rudyard Kipling

answer

British writer who wrote of \"the white man's burden\" and justified imperialism

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Sun Yatsen

answer

This man was a radical Chinese reformer who sought to overthrow the government

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Income inequality / Standard of Living

answer

There was an large inequality of income and standard of living between Europe and the non-industrialized world because industrialization itself opened the gap

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World Markets / European foreign investment

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Europe mainly invested most of its money back into Europe, and then into the US

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Isolation & \"Opening\" of China and Japan

answer

Isolation to protect against the corruptive west, and a forced opening for reasons of trace

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British Opium Trade / Opium Wars

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The British had a war with the Chinese to make sure they could sell their opium to china

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Treaty of Nanking

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A treaty with Britain and China that gave Hong Kong to Britain and opened 4 cities for trade

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1842 Western penetration of Egypt

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This was when the French left, and the British moved in and invaded and captured Egypt

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Khedive

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This was the equivalent of a king in Egypt

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Suez Canal

answer

An important canal to the British in Egypt

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Egyptian Nationalist Party

answer

A political party in Egypt that was formed under Ahmed Arabi

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Migration: Who went where, and why? (demographics)

answer

1/3 of European migrants came from British Isles; less that ½ went to the US; most often a small peasant landowner/village craftsman; left because they were threatened by industrialization; many returned to their homelands

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Swallows / Repatriation

answer

These were people who migrated to new lands, but then came back to either farm, or to stay

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Great White Walls

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This was a policy of discriminatory laws designed to keep Asians out of countries

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Scramble for Africa

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This was an event where Europe tried to claim Africa as quickly as it could

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Boers / Afrikaners

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These were Dutch settlers in south Africa

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Congo exploitation

answer

This event was where king Leopold of Belgium exploited Congo for his personal gain

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Berlin Conference of 1884-5

answer

This event happened to set laws for colonization and claiming land in Africa

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\"Effective Occupation\"

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This was the idea of occupying land so that a country could claim it

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Fashoda Crisis of 1898

answer

This event occurred when both Britain and France wanted the town of Fashoda; in the end, the British gained control of the town, because the French gave up

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Omdurman

answer

A battle between Muslim warriors and British machine gunners, a bloody massacre

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\"New Imperialism\"

answer

The new idea that revitalized the period of expansion and gathering of colonies

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Justifications for Imperialism

answer

People justified imperialism by the concept of \"white man's burden,\" which stated that European should govern other because it was right and better for the people

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Social Darwinism

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The twisted social idea that used the theory of evolution and applied to people

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\"The White Man's Burden\"

answer

The justification of imperialism, this was created in Kipling's work

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Responses to Imperialism: Traditionalist v. Modernist

answer

Some people thought that we should accept and learn from the people who were taking over our land, these being the modernists; and other thought that we should completely try to get rid of them, these people being the traditionalists

question

Founding of the British empire in India

answer

Britain gained this territory by slowly asserting influence and putting people in charge

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Great Rebellion (Indian Mutiny)

answer

This was a insurrection of Muslim and Hindi army officers that spread through northern India before it was crushed. It was because of people trying to send out the white army officers

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Meiji Restoration of 1867

answer

This was a replacement of the Japanese government with the emperor, done so by samurai

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Japanese \"opening\" of Korea

answer

The Japanese had a war with China and ended up gaining Korea, which they opened to trade; Japan became an imperialist power

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Sino-Japanese War

answer

A war between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory

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Russo-Japanese War

answer

A war between Russia and Japan for Port Arthur, and for more influence in CHina

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Qing Dynasty

answer

The two hundred year old Chinese dynast that was the last emperors of China

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Boxer Rebellion

answer

A rebellion of traditionalist Chinese people who wanted to throw the foreigners out

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China's Hundred Days of Reform

answer

A period of reform for china in the attempt to meet the foreign challenge

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Open Door Policy

answer

A policy in which US made formal annexation of China

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Lawrence of Arabia

answer

British military officer who incited the Arabs in Arabia to revolt against their Turkish lords

question

Georges Clemenceau

answer

An effective and almost dictator-like leader of France, who would not take defeat as an answer

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Nicholas II

answer

Last Tsar of Russia, he involved the Russians in WWI

question

Theobald von Bethman-Hollweg

answer

German chancellor who hoped for WWI to happen, but without Britain

question

Wilhelm II Mustafa Kemal

answer

the so called \"father of the Turks,\" he founded what is now known as Turkey and defended against British attack

question

Alfred von Schlieffen

answer

German who concocted the plan of \"France for breakfast, Russia for dinner\"

question

Franz Joseph

answer

The old leader of Austria in the years before WWI

question

Gravrilo Princip

answer

A Serbian nationalist in the Black hand who killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand

question

Walther Rathenau

answer

was a German industrialist, politician, writer, and statesman who served as Foreign Minister of Germany during the Weimar Republic.

question

Paul von Hindenburg

answer

This German, along with his partner Ludendorff, essentially ran Germany during the end of the war

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Erich Ludendorff

answer

This German, along with his partner Hindenburg, essentially ran Germany during the end of the war

question

Erich von Falkenhayn

answer

He was chief of the general staff during WWI for the Germans

question

Henri Pétain

answer

French military leader who assumed control of France and lead it out of the war successfully

question

Douglas Haig

answer

was a British soldier and senior commander (field marshal) during World War I. He commanded the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from 1915 to the end of the War. Most notably he was commander during the Battle of the Somme, the 3rd Battle of Ypres and the series of victories leading to the German surrender in 1918.

question

Robert Nievelle

answer

He took command of one of the main French armies engaged in the Battle of Verdun, leading it during its successful counter-strokes against the Germans, but was accused of wasting French lives during some of his attacks. He became Commander-in-Chief of the French armies on the Western Front in December 1916, and was criticised in that capacity for not exploiting good opportunities to attack the Germans. He was responsible for the Nivelle Offensive, which faced a very large degree of opposition during its planning stage. When the offensive failed to achieve a breakthrough on the Western Front, Nivelle was replaced as Commander-in-Chief in May 1917.

question

Woodrow Wilson

answer

American president at the time of WWI who came up with 14 points

question

Rosa Luxembourg

answer

German socialist revolutionary who was assassinated after the war

question

Serbian nationalist movement

answer

This was a movement to create a Serbian state and break from Austria Hungary

question

First, Second, Third Balkan War

answer

All of these were wars for nationalistic purposes, the third creating WWI

question

Pan-Slavism

answer

A movement to create a nation state of Slavic people

question

Alliances 1873-1914 & German isolation

answer

Germany became more and more isolated because it was aggressive and France had pursued many alliances against Germany, leaving Germany only with Austria

question

Moroccan Crisis & Algeciras Conference 1906

answer

This event showed that Germany was war hungry and turned the British onto the side of the French

question

Development of Anglo-German rivalry & Naval arms race

answer

This rivalry developed because of the increasing naval race, and because Germany was becoming increasingly militaristic

question

Triple Entente & Triple Alliance

answer

The triple Entente was an alliance between France, Britain and Russia, the Triple alliance was an alliance between Germany, Austria and Russia

question

Revanchisme

answer

The French idea of revenge for what Germany did in the Franco-Prussian war

question

the Schlieffen Plan

answer

The plan that Germany would attack France quickly and then move towards Russia

question

Why war was seen as a good thing in 1914

answer

War was seen as a good thing because it would cover up all of the problems that every country involved had going on at home

question

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand -- the Black Hand

answer

the serbs assassinated the archduke to make a statement, and the Austrians got really pissed, because he was the next in line for the throne and the guy on the throne then was old

question

Austrian \"anti-nationalism\"

answer

The Austrians tried to stop the nationalism of different people in their country from tearing them apart, but it did not work

question

July Diplomacy - the Blank Check

answer

This was given to Austria form Germany that guaranteed full military backing in any war

question

Why war preparations were \"unstoppable\"

answer

War preparations were unstoppable because once you started to prepare, you knew that your enemies were doing the same, and you could not stop, because if you did, your enemies could attack you

question

Progress of the War

answer

WWI progressed so the Germans were winning at first, and then the Americans came and kicked butt. It also was so pointless and full of death

question

Importance of Germany's campaign through Belgium

answer

When Germany moved through Belgium, it caused Britain to go on the side of the war with France.

question

Why the Western Front became stalemated

answer

The western front became stalemated because it was full of trench warfare and needless death

question

Innovations in weaponry zeppelins, airplanes, gas, machine guns, tanks

answer

these things were new ideas that really did not work very well

question

Lusitania and Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

answer

This ship was sunk with Americans on it, and this action by the Germans was what ultimately caused the Americans to enter the war

question

\"total war\" & measures to prosecute it

answer

This was the effort to completely involve every person and aspect of the economy into the war

question

Problems of trench life

answer

the trench was dirty, wet, smelly, and full of death, and you waited to die at any moment

question

Battles of the Marne

answer

This battle was a French/British victory, because they stopped the German offensive

question

Battle of Tannenberg

answer

This battle was a German victory against the Russian, the Russians were crushed

question

Battle of Verdun

answer

one of the costliest battles in WWI, was mainly useless and just people died

question

Battle of the Somme

answer

Failed allied offensive that resulted in a lot of loss of life

question

Gallipoli

answer

A failed British offensive in Ottoman empire

question

Passchendaele

answer

a COMPLETELY worthless battle that resulted in millions dead

question

Nievelle's Offensive

answer

French offensive that resulted in an almost mutiny by the French military

question

German 1918 Offensive

answer

A last ditch attempt to beat the allies after the Germans defeated the Russians

question

Strains of the war on the Great Powers

answer

The strains lead to millions of people dead, and many revolutions and restructuring

question

Costs of the war -- monetary & human

answer

the war lost 15 million lives and cost 196 billion in today's money

question

The \"Big Four\"

answer

The big 4 were US, Britain, France and Italy

question

Fourteen Points

answer

These were part of Wilson's plan to end conflict

question

reparations

answer

Germany had to pay billions of dollars in war reperations

question

national self-determination

answer

The idea that people should determine who and what they want leading them

question

Treaty of Versailles terms

answer

These terms said that Germany had to pay money, that Germany had to give up land, and that Germany had to keep its army size down

STUDY

Challenges And Opportunities Five Factor Model History of Russia Sport Psychology The Environment World History

Top 10 Qualities of a Great Teacher – Flashcards 12 terms

Marguerite Castillo

12 terms

Preview

Top 10 Qualities of a Great Teacher – Flashcards

question

Engaging Personality

answer

Holds kids attention

question

Students understand what they are about to learn

answer

Clear objectives

question

promotes positive behavior in the classroom

answer

Effective Discipline skills

question

Students understand expectations within the learning environment

answer

Classroom Management

question

Sharing info such as curriculum, expectations & discipline

answer

Communication with Parents

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Teaches how to reach the highest level

answer

High expectations

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Content Expert & willingness to change

answer

Knowledge of Curriculum and Standards

question

Excited about influencing students lives

answer

Passion for Children and Teaching

question

Establishing trusting relationships

answer

Strong Rapport

question

Collaborative professional dialogue

answer

PLC

question

Serial positioning of instruction

answer

APL

question

All brains can grow

answer

Eric Jensen

STUDY

A Level History Civil War Economic Policy History of Russia Modern World History New Economic Policy World History World History And Geography

World History Chapter 20 Assessment – Flashcards 14 terms

Cindy Krause

14 terms

Preview

World History Chapter 20 Assessment – Flashcards

question

After Alexander 2 liberated the serfs, many peasants were

answer

disappointed by emancipation

question

All of these led to the Revolution of 1905 EXCEPT

answer

Russia's crushing defeat in the Russo-Japanese war

question

Under the New Economic Policy, Lenin

answer

Relaxed the policies of war communism

question

Which statement BEST describes who the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks were

answer

They supported the war at first but protested it after economic hardships.

question

serf

answer

an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.

question

autocracy

answer

a system of government by one person with absolute power.

question

entrepreneur

answer

a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.

question

censorship

answer

the practice of officially examining books, movies, etc., and suppressing unacceptable parts.

question

surveillance

answer

close observation, especially of a suspected spy or criminal.

question

middle class

answer

the social group between the upper and working classes, including professional and business workers and their families.

question

nobles

answer

a person of noble rank or birth.

question

aristocracy

answer

the highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices.

question

crimean war

answer

was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to March 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia.

question

emancipation

answer

the proclamation issued by President Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freeing the slaves in those territories still in rebellion against the Union.

STUDY

History of Europe History of Russia Hope For The Future Modern World History Silver And Gold The House Of Commons World History

World History – Unit 7 Test Review – Flashcards 51 terms

August Dunbar

51 terms

Preview

World History – Unit 7 Test Review – Flashcards

question

Liberal

answer

Supports change within the existing system; reform-minded.

question

Conservative

answer

Generally opposed to change and works within the existing system. This person wants to maintain the status quo.

question

Reactionary

answer

Will use violence to oppose change and wants to return things to policies of the past.

question

Moderate

answer

Will support or oppose change based on individual issues. Works within the existing system.

question

Radical

answer

Uses violence to bring about swift and complete change in the existing system of government.

question

Old Regime

answer

The social and political system of pre-revolutionary France.

question

Status Quo

answer

To keep things the way they are is to maintain the...

question

Estates

answer

The social classes of France prior to the revolution.

question

Bourgeoisie

answer

The middle class of France made up of merchants, professionals, and intellectuals who served as the leaders of the French Revolution. Mainly lived in the urban areas.

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Nobles

answer

Made up the Second Estate

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Clergy

answer

Made up the First Estate

question

Third Estate

answer

Made up of the bourgeoisie, artisans, and peasants.

question

Peasants

answer

The largest and most heavily taxed group in France.

question

Estates-General

answer

The representative body of pre-revolutionary France divided into three houses that met in separate locations.

question

National Assembly

answer

Was formed by the Third Estate to speak for all the people of France. It wrote France's first constitution and was replaced by more radical elements in 1792.

question

National Convention

answer

Created by the radicals in 1792; governed and wrote France's second constitution.

question

Directory

answer

The government created by the Constitution of 1795 with a five member executive committee and a bicameral legislature.

question

Committee of Public Safety

answer

Created to run France until a new constitution could be written. It was a ten member executive committee that carried out the Reign of Terror.

question

Danton, Marat, and Robespierre

answer

Leading members of the Committee of Public Safety

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Legitimacy, Compensation, and Balance of Power

answer

The guiding principles of the Congress of Vienna

question

Artisans

answer

Craftsmen and members of the third estate who were generally not wealthy and lived in urban areas.

question

Jacobins

answer

Were the radical "political club" of France that claimed to be the voice of the common people of France; they formed the National Convention.

question

Louis XVIII

answer

Was restored to the throne of France by the Congress of Vienna following the revolution and the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte.

question

Emigres

answer

French nobles who left France for Austria; they planned to return and retake control of the government at some future time.

question

Louis XVI

answer

The French Monarch at the start of the revolution; he was faced with extreme economic difficulties and a crop failure. After attempting to escape France, he was arrested, tried for treason and executed.

question

Marie Antoinette

answer

The wife of the French King and the daughter of Maria Theresa of Austria; a symbol of the greed of the Second Estate and the crown, she was executed.

question

July 14, 1789

answer

Date of Bastille Day

question

Moscow

answer

Where Napoleon invaded in 1812 to punish it for violating the Continental System which proved to be his largest military mistake.

question

Austria, Prussia, Russia, and England

answer

The "Big Four" countries at the Congress of Vienna that set policy.

question

Elba

answer

Island that Napoleon was first exiled to (off the coast of Italy).

question

St. Helena

answer

Island that Napoleon was exiled to after his final defeat (in the South Atlantic)

question

Continental System

answer

Napoleon's plan to destroy the economy of Great Britain by restricting trade.

question

Hundred Days

answer

The period of Napoleon's return to France from exile prior to his defeat at Waterloo.

question

Coup d'etat

answer

A seizure of the state taking control of a government by force.

question

Reign of Terror

answer

The Committee of Public Safety carried out mass executions of French citizens over a 10 month period.

question

Tennis Court Oath

answer

A vow of the National Assembly not to leave its building until a Constitution has been written.

question

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

answer

Part of the French Constitution of 1792, gaurenteeing civil liberties to the French people.

question

Bastille

answer

The castle attacked at the beginning of the French Revolution.

question

Plebiscite

answer

A vote of the people to answer a question.

question

Consulate

answer

The name of Napoleon's government.

question

Waterloo

answer

The location of Napoleon's last battle when he was defeated by a combined European force in 1815.

question

Leipzig

answer

Napoleon's first major battlefield defeat in 1813 in Germany.

question

Congrss of Vienna

answer

The "peace conference" following the Napoleonic Wars. IT used reactionary policies to return Europe to the politics of pre-revolutionary France.

question

Duke of Wellington

answer

Led the European Army during the Battle of Waterloo

question

Alexander I

answer

The Czar of Russia who rejected the Continental System and would represent his country at the Congress of Vienna

question

Prince Metternich

answer

The reactionary minister of Austria who represented his country in Vienna and was influental in setting policy.

question

Horation Nelson

answer

the British Admiral that destroyed the French fleet removing the threat of a French invasion of England.

question

Battle of Trafalgar

answer

The naval battle in 1805; in the Mediterranean where the French Navy was vitually destroyed by the British.

question

Nationalism

answer

The feeling of belonging to a nation of people who share a common culture and history. This feeling ignored in Viennna will lead to further revolution as people will fight to unite or to break away a country they were forced to belong to.

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Liberalism

answer

The political movement to reform government and make it more answerable to the people. This democratic movement ignored by the Congress of Vienna will cause several revolutions in the 19th century.

question

German Confederation

answer

Created from the "Old" Holy Roman Empire, dividing Germany into 39 states under the control of Austria.

STUDY

AP World History History of Russia Ivan The Great

Chapter 29 AP World History Vocabulary – Flashcards 50 terms

James Hopper

50 terms

Preview

Chapter 29 AP World History Vocabulary – Flashcards

question

Alexander Kerensky

answer

Headed the Provisional Government in 1917. Refused to redistribute confiscated landholdings to the peasants. Thought fighting the war was a national duty.

question

Red Army

answer

Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background.

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Council of People's Comissars

answer

Bolsheviks replace the Provisional Government; Lenin= head; Trotsky= foreign affairs; and Stalin= commissar for nationalities; they make peace in WWI with Germany with the treaty of Brest Litovsk; soon Lenin establishes dictatorship of the Proletariat

question

Congress of Soviets

answer

Lenin's parliamentary institution based on Soviets under Bolshevik domination; replaced the Social Revolutionary Party.

question

Francisco Madero

answer

Early leader in the Mexican Revolution; in 1911 became president of Mexico; wanted land ownership and free, honest elections.

question

Corridos

answer

Narrative song and poetry form, a ballad, of the mestizo Mexican cultural area.

question

Mexican Revolution

answer

(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

question

Mariano Azuela

answer

Wrote fictional stories about the Mexican Revolution; tried to inspire others to take part. Famous work: Los de Abajo

question

Ba Jin

answer

A modern Chinese author born in 1904 who wrote multiple short stories/ novels, including the trilogy Family, Spring, and Autumn, which portrayed a family who's younger members try to break away from the elder's Confucian ideas; he sometimes isolated himself in his study for a year

question

Long March

answer

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek.

question

Twenty-One Demands

answer

Name for Japan's demands to the U.S., including its threat to close China to European and American trade. Resolved by the 1917 Lansing-Ishii Agreement, a treaty which tried to settle differences between the U.S. and Japan.

question

Pablo Picasso

answer

A Spaniard in Paris who formed a movement in 1907 called Cubism. Cubism concentrated on a complex geometry of zigzagging lines and sharply angled, overlapping plane.

question

John Dewey

answer

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."

question

Syndicalism

answer

The French trade-unionist belief that workers would become the governmental power through a general strike that would paralyze society.

question

New Economic Policy

answer

Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Joseph Stalin ended the N.E.P. in 1928 and replaced it with a series of Five-Year Plans.

question

Communist Party

answer

A political party practicing the ideas of Karl Marx and V.I Lenin originally the Russian Bolshevik. Thought that one class would evolve, property would all be held in common, and there would be no need for government; the central government directs all major economic decisions.

question

USSR

answer

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or Soviet Union, formed in 1922 by the communists and officially dissolved in 1991. Russia.

question

Pancho Villa

answer

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. Mexican Robin Hood.

question

Lazaro Cardenas

answer

President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry.

question

Eva Duarte

answer

Also known as Evita Perón; first wife of Juan Perón; became public spokesperson for Perón among the poor until her death in 1952. Argentina.

question

Diego Rivera

answer

Mexican Muralist who created artworks in Mexico and the U.S. focusing on political messages.

question

Guomindang

answer

Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement.

question

Mao Zedong

answer

This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life.

question

May Fourth Movement

answer

Chinese protest movement triggered by opposition to the Treaty of Versailles; a major step in the path leading to the creation and victory of CCP.

question

Francisco Franco

answer

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975)

question

Kellogg-Briand Pact

answer

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another. Signed by the Great Power Nations: France, Itlay, Germany, etc...

question

Interwar Period

answer

1918-1939, rise of Hitler. Germany undergoes resentment of Versailles conditions, hyperinflation of Reichsmark, unemployment. War devastated Europe leaves a power vacuum. Great Depression occurs in US and Europe causing US isolationism and protectionism. The League of Nations exists but doesn't do much.

question

Collectivization

answer

System in which private farms were eliminated, instead, the government owned all the land while the peasants worked on it. Was a major fail in Russia.

question

Joseph Stalin

answer

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953).

question

October Revolution

answer

The seizure of power by force by the Bolsheviks from the Provisional Government in November of 1917. After the forceful seizure of power, Lenin set himself up as the first head of a Marxist state with aspirations to change the country, making several decrees in his effort use socialist ideas.

question

MVD

answer

Ministry of Internal Affairs in Imperial Russia, later USSR, the secret police.

question

Indigenism

answer

The concern for the indigent peoples and their contribution that was below many reforms after indianization Rivera and Orozco.

question

Cristeros

answer

Conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; most active in central Mexico; attempted to halt slide toward secularism; movement resulted in armed violence.

question

Mexican Constitution of 1917

answer

Promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution.

question

Emiliano Zapata

answer

Leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, which lasted 10 years; 1910-1920; faught for farmers' rights; gathered army in southern Mexico and urged farmers to join; Liberation Army of the South.

question

Chiang Kai-Shek

answer

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

question

Sun Yat-Sen

answer

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

question

Korekiyo Takahashi

answer

Minister of finance in Japan during the 1930s; increased government spending to provide jobs; created export boom and elimination of military spending.

question

Fascism

answer

A system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator. First found in Italy by Mussolini.

question

Henry Ford

answer

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

question

Comintern

answer

Was an international communist organization founded in March of 1919 by Lenin, this thing wanted to overthrow the international Bourgeoisie and create a socialist state.

question

Red Scare

answer

Two periods of time, in the 1920s and 1950s, in which Americans feared the growth of communism. These suspicions led to tests of the civil liberties of people under the Constitution.

question

Lenin

answer

Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

question

Bertrand Russell

answer

English philosopher and mathematician who collaborated with Whitehead (1872-1970).

question

PRI

answer

Institutional Revolutionary Party which dominated Mexican politics and claimed to represent all groups.

question

Descamisados

answer

Term meaning "the shirtless ones," popularized by Juan and Evita Perón to refer to the working-class masses and dispossessed.

question

Revolutionary Alliance

answer

Sun Yat-Sen's organization of radical groups across China.

question

Zaibatsu

answer

The large family-controlled banking and industrial groups that owned many companies in Japan before World War II.

question

Mussolini

answer

Founded fascism and ruled Italy for almost 21 years, most of that time as dictator. He dreamed of building Italy into a great empire, but he led his nation to defeat in World War II (1939-1945) and was executed by his own people.

question

Roaring Twenties

answer

Nickname for the 1920's because of the booming economy and fast pace of life during that era.

STUDY

History of Russia March Modern World History Russia Timeline World History And Geography

Section 1 chapter 30 World History – Flashcards 33 terms

Carol Rushing

33 terms

Preview

Section 1 chapter 30 World History – Flashcards

question

Who succeeded Alexander II

answer

Alexander III

question

Who clung to the principles of autocracy

answer

Alexander III and Nicholas II

question

man who imposed strict censorship codes, had secret police and sent prisoners to Siberia, and targeted Jews for persecution

answer

Alexander III

question

who became the czar in 1894

answer

Nicholas II

question

How did Russia finance Russian modernization

answer

raising taxes, finding foreign investors

question

Why did workers start to organize strikes

answer

the government outlawed trade unions

question

Proletariat

answer

workers

question

what did the Marxist revolutionaries believe

answer

working class would overthrow the czar

question

one group of Marxist revolutionaries that wanted a broad base of popular support for the revolution

answer

Mensheviks

question

group of Marxist revolutionaries that were willing to sacrifice everything for change

answer

Bolsheviks

question

man who was the major leader of the Bolsheviks, waited in Europe until he could return to Russia safely, was snuck back in to Petrograd to fuel revolution

answer

Lenin

question

event where people protested outside Czars house and soldiers open fired and killed over 1000 people

answer

Bloody Sunday

question

happened on January 22, 1905

answer

Bloody Sunday

question

what was Russias Firs parliament

answer

the Duma

question

why did Nicholas dissolve the Duma after ten weeks

answer

they wanted a constitutional monarchy, he was unwilling to give up power

question

what happened in 1914 in Russia

answer

Nicholas II dragged Russia into world war I where over 4 million people died

question

Who ran the government while Nicholas was away and fell under the spell of rasputin

answer

Czarina Alexandra

question

man who was a self proclaimed holy man and was murdered by nobles in 1916

answer

Rasputin

question

workers led a citywide strike which forced the Czar to step down and then he was executed

answer

March revolution (1917)

question

Provisional Government

answer

Temporary government

question

who led the provisional government in Russia and decided to continue fighting in World War I

answer

Alexander Kerensky

question

Soviets

answer

local councils consisting of peasants, workers and soldiers that had more influence than the provisional government

question

What was Lenins slogan

answer

"peace, Land, bread"

question

who stormed the Winter palace in Petrograd in November 1917 and arrested the leaders of the provisional government

answer

the Bolshevik Red Guards

question

why did many Russians object to the Bolsheviks

answer

the signing of the Treaty or Brest-litovsk

question

what groups made up the White Army

answer

groups who supported the czar, or wanted democracy or socialists who opposed Lenin

question

Who led the Bolshevik Red Army and crushed all opposition which showed that they could seize power and maintain it

answer

Leon Trotsky

question

what revolution was the Russian one similar too because it attempted to destroy existing social and political structures

answer

French Revolution

question

What did the NEP allow

answer

peasants to sell surplus of crops, government keep control over major businesses but some could be private, encouragement of foreign investment

question

What was Russia named in 1922

answer

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

question

what did the Bolsheviks rename themselves because of the writings of karl marx

answer

Communist party

question

man who was cold, hard, and impersonal. "man of steel". was in complete control of Communist party after lenin died and banished Trotsky, held absolute power

answer

Joseph Stalin

question

man who led the workers protests outside the Winter palace before soldiers were ordered to open fire on them in Russia

answer

Father Gapon

STUDY

AP Human Geography History of Russia

Social Science 1: Early Russian History – Flashcards 116 terms

Joan Grant

116 terms

Preview

Social Science 1: Early Russian History – Flashcards

question

How many square kilometers does the Russian Federation (Russia) have presently?

answer

17.1 Million

question

What countries lie along Russia's Western Border?

answer

Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, and Ukraine

question

What countries lie along Russia's Southern Border?

answer

China, Mongolia, North Korea, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan

question

Which mountain range serves as the natural boundary between Europe and Asia?

answer

Ural Mountains

question

Why does Russia have limited access to international waters?

answer

The way through the Mediterranean is dependent on who controls the straits, the Northern Arctic coast is frozen, and the Pacific access to the East is temperamental

question

How is Russia limited in farming?

answer

Their growing season is much shorter and only 7% of their land is usable

question

In what four important ways has Russia's geography affected its history?

answer

1. The lack of natural boundaries leaves it open to attacks and raids 2. The lack of usable coasts for International waters drives leaders into expansion 3. The massive size has caused problems with defense, comms, travel, and ethnicity 4. The encompassing of both European and Asian territory exhibits both familiar and exotic elements in Russian culture

question

What time period did Slavic tribes first settle along the Russian rivers?

answer

About 800 B.C.

question

Who wiped out the first Russian settlers, the Cimmerians, in 700 B.C.?

answer

The Scythians, a nomadic tribe of horseriders

question

Who took over control from the Scythians of the Russian area in 200 B.C.?

answer

The Sarmatians

question

Who took over Russia after the Sarmatians in 200 A.D.?

answer

Germanic Goths

question

Who pushed the Germanic Goths out of the Russian area in 370 A.D.?

answer

The Huns

question

Who finally defeated the Huns in 451 A.D.?

answer

The Franks

question

After the fall of which dominating power did the Slavs in Russia have their first chance at self-governance in 453?

answer

The Huns

question

What tribe took control of the Slavs in Russia around 560 A.D.?

answer

The Avars

question

What did the rule of the Avars prompt in the Russian area?

answer

A mass migration of Slavs into the Baltic region

question

Who took over the Russian area after the Avars around 650 A.D.?

answer

Turkish Khazars, who were much less brutal and more cosmopolitan, establishing a Eurasian trade center

question

Who was the last group to enter the Russian area in the early times?

answer

The Scandinavian Varangians, in 800 AD

question

How did the Varangians expand their influence in the Russian area?

answer

They connected the Baltic and Black seas with a trade route

question

According to what document, did Kiev invite the Varangian Rus to impose order in 862 AD?

answer

The Russian Primary Chronicle

question

How many brothers does Rurik have?

answer

question

What do historians consider the event that constitutes the founding of Russian civilization?

answer

Oleg's capturing of Kiev as a critical overland juncture

question

What resulted in the founding of Kievan Rus in 882 AD?

answer

The intermingling of Varangian traders and Slavs in the 9th century

question

During what century was Kievan Rus at its zenith of political, cultural, and economic development?

answer

11th century

question

In what century did Kievan Rus fall to the Mongols?

answer

13th century

question

What strengthened the early Rus identity?

answer

increased wealth, linguistic development, and cultural enrichment

question

What constituted most of the Kievan market?

answer

Furs, wax, honey, flax, hemp, burlap, hops, sheepskin, and other hides

question

What led to the first development of decentralization in Kievan Rus?

answer

The peaceful acquiring of land

question

In what century was Kievan Rus first considered a recognizable force?

answer

10th century

question

What city became the rival of Kiev , politically, economically, and in terms of power

answer

Novgorod

question

Where was Rurik thought to have been born?

answer

Novgorod

question

In what century did Novgorod win religious independence from Kiev?

answer

12th century

question

In what period was Novgorod absorbed by the Moscow state?

answer

The Appanage period

question

Under what prince of Kiev was the state's political power consolidated?

answer

Prince Sviatoslav

question

What two marketable products were injected into the market increasingly as a result of new technology under the rule of Prince Sviatoslav?

answer

Crops and timber

question

Who was responsible for the introduction of Christianity in Russia in 988?

answer

Prince Vladimir

question

What two saints developed the written language of Kiev and served as apostles to the Slavs?

answer

Cyril and Methodius

question

Whose wealth did that of the clerics in Kiev rival?

answer

The princes

question

In what century did Yaroslav the Wise rule?

answer

11th century

question

Who was responsible for the ending of the civil war after Prince Vladimir's death?

answer

Yaroslav the Wise

question

Who firmly established the laws of Kievan Rus?

answer

Yaroslav the Wise

question

Who moved the metropolitan to Kiev and saw the rise of the first Slav to that position?

answer

Yaroslav the Wise

question

Under whose rule of Kiev did iconographic art originate?

answer

Yaroslav the Wise

question

What led to the demise of all of Yaroslav the Wise's contributions to Kievan Rus?

answer

He split up his state into kingdoms ruled by his sons

question

What fraction of the time between Yaroslav's death and Mongol invasion was spent in civil war in Russia?

answer

1/2

question

What caused the rise of serfdom in Russia?

answer

The infighting, uneven application of the law, and disregard for social structure after Yaroslav's death

question

What city's downfall led to Kievan Rus' downfall?

answer

Constantinople

question

What is Appanage(udel)?

answer

A method of giving power, titles, offices, and land to extended family

question

Who benefited from the disunity of Kievan princes after Yaroslav?

answer

The boyars

question

In what two centuries did Genghis Khan live/conquer?

answer

12th & 13th centuries

question

Under whose control was the Mongol empire, then called the Golden Horde, solidified for the next two centuries?

answer

Batu Khan

question

What caused a Mongol invasion of Russian villages and settlements in 1237 AD?

answer

Prince Yuri II refused to pledge allegiance to Batu Khan

question

What cities did Batu Khan level in 1238?

answer

Ryazan, Koloma, Moscow, and Vladimir-Suzdal

question

What saved Novgorod from the Mongols?

answer

The coincidence of spring and a quick surrender

question

What kept the Russian settlements from a post-invasion rebellion against the Mongols?

answer

The Mongols used quick and intense attacks

question

Who first ruled Novgorod during the Mongol occupancy?

answer

Prince Alexander Nevsky

question

Why was Novgorod treated with more leniency?

answer

It was an important trading center, and the ruler was loyal to the Mongols

question

What kept the Mongols from being expelled quickly from Russia?

answer

They gave power to the Appanages, who always fought among themselves

question

What title was bestowed on Princes that were in the favor of the Mongols, and what did it allow them to do?

answer

Grand Prince, allowed them to call Mongolian armies to fight foreign enemies and Appanages that did not pay tribute

question

Why did the Orthodox Church grow wealthy at the time of the Mongol occupancy?

answer

They were exempt from taxes and could collect tithes from the Russian elite

question

What city became established as the most important political, economic, social, and military city in Russia toward the end of the Mongol occupancy?

answer

Moscow

question

What began the disintegration of Mongol rule in Russia?

answer

The fracturing of the Golden Horde

question

On what year was the occupation by Mongols thought to come to an end?

answer

1452

question

What negative effects do some historians attribute to the Mongol invasion?

answer

The prevention of a Russian Renaisance and hindrance of social, political, and economic growth

question

What effect did Mongol control of Russia have on its resources?

answer

They drained much of Russia's money, material, and resources, and crippled the artisan and skilled laborer class

question

How did the Mongol invasion affect the class divisions?

answer

It made them worse, and allowed a form of feudalism to take over afterward

question

What is the only cultural influence of the Mongolians in Russia?

answer

Linguistic, and only with some terms in trade

question

What year was Moscow first destroyed by the Mongolians?

answer

1237

question

Under whose leadership did Moscow rebuild and rebound?

answer

Daniel

question

Under who did Moscow secure its position at the center of Russian power?

answer

Vasili I

question

What undermined nearly a century's worth of progress after Vasili I's death?

answer

The unclear rules of succession

question

What caused the longest civil conflict in Russia?

answer

Vasili II's claim to the rule of Moscow being contested by his brothers

question

How many years long was the longest civil conflict in Russia?

answer

20 years

question

Who was responsible for hastening the end of Mongol rule?

answer

Vasili II

question

Whom did Vasili II offer a princedom to in the 15th century?

answer

Kasimov, a direct descendant of Genghis Khan

question

In what century did the Mongols unsuccessfully attempt to invade Moscow?

answer

15th century

question

Who came to power after Vasili II?

answer

Ivan III, or Ivan the Great

question

How did Ivan the Great consolidate power in Russia?

answer

He bought, seized, and inherited as many principalities as possible

question

What was the most important of Ivan the Great's acquisitions?

answer

Novgorod

question

What was the last major holdout from Ivan the Great's state?

answer

Tver

question

What title did Ivan the Great take on after finally defeating the Mongols?

answer

Sovereign of All Russia

question

Who completed the absorption of all the Russian Appanages?

answer

Vasili III

question

In what ways is Moscow similar to Kiev?

answer

It lays on the crossroads of trade routes, provides easy access to waterways, and has a central location

question

How was Moscow able to expand its power without being apprehended by the Mongolians?

answer

They kept excellent relation with the Mongols while expanding

question

In what year did Moscow become the religious capital of Russia?

answer

1326

question

What two conflicts did the close ties between church and state in Russia lead to?

answer

1.The Novgorodian Nil Sorsky tried to relax the treatment of heretics, butt was refuted by the central Church 2. Sorsky allied himself with monks called non-possesors who opposed the vast territory of the Church, and were backed by the aristocracy

question

What has Sorsky's legacy led to after his death?

answer

His canonization by the Orthodox Church

question

Who succeeded Vasili III?

answer

Ivan IV (The Terrible)

question

What happened after Ivan IV's mother died, while he was still 8?

answer

The boyars took over, and used their power to their own ends

question

How did Ivan IV reassert the power of the royal bloodline?

answer

He had the metropolitan crown him Tsar of All Russia

question

What century did Ivan IV rule during?

answer

16th century

question

What led to the Time of Troubles in Russia?

answer

Ivan IV's unchecked power and mental instability

question

Who did Ivan IV marry?

answer

Anastasia Romanova

question

What did Ivan IV do for the power of the Tsardom?

answer

He reorganized the military, garnered support from the ends of his empire, and eliminated corruption

question

How did Ivan IV regulate the affairs of the Church?

answer

He established the Council of Hundred Chapters

question

What changes did Ivan IV enact on the military?

answer

He organized the army by rank and merit, and modernized their equipment

question

How big was Russia at the end of Ivan IV's reign compared to modern day Russia?

answer

1/4 the size

question

What victory inspired Ivan IV to build St. Vasily's in Moscow?

answer

the victory over Kazan

question

What military campaign of Ivan IV's was not successful, and ended up costing him more than it was worth?

answer

the campaign against Livonia

question

Who did Ivan IV think was behind the political resistance to his Livonia campaign?

answer

The boyar aristocracy

question

What is seen as the initial cause of Ivan IV's mental instability?

answer

His wife's death

question

What were Ivan IV's demands, if he were to be ruler again?

answer

A separate government, or oprichnina, in the Russian state

question

What was Ivan IV's army of political police known as?

answer

oprichniki

question

What were most of the orders Ivan IV gave his oprichniki after creating the army?

answer

orders to destroy who Ivan thought were his enemies

question

Before Ivan IV disbanded the Oprichniki in 1572, how many people had been killed by his campaign of terror?

answer

tens of thousands

question

What was the size of the Russian empire under Ivan IV compared to modern Russia's size?

answer

1/3

question

Who inherited the throne after Ivan IV?

answer

Tsar Theodore

question

Who was regent to Tsar Theodor, and the actual ruler of Russia?

answer

Boris Godunov

question

What heritage did Boris Godunov have?

answer

Tatar

question

Why did Boris Godunov secure the position of Patriarch in Moscow?

answer

To gain favor from Tsar Theodor

question

What is the period of time between 1598 and 1613 known as?

answer

The Time of Troubles

question

What wiped out nearly a third of the Russian population during the Time of Troubles?

answer

Widespread Famine

question

Who was the first non-Rurikov Tsar?

answer

Boris Godunov

question

Who was impersonated at least three times during the Time of Troubles?

answer

Dmitri, Theodor's son

question

What was the first semblance of a Parliament in Russia?

answer

The zemskii sobor

question

Who was elected to start a new dynasty for Russia, and end the Time of Troubles?

answer

Micheal Romanov

STUDY

Great Northern War History of Russia Ivan The Terrible Modern World History Peter The Great Western Civilization World History

Dance History Exam2 – Flashcards 34 terms

Matthew Carle

34 terms

Preview

Dance History Exam2 – Flashcards

question

how ballet got started in Russia.

answer

Peter & Catherine the Great, Czars owned the companies,

question

the relationship of the dance companies to the government.

answer

...

question

What are the two major ballet companies in Russia?

answer

Imperial Ballet School & The Ballet Russe

question

Know about the early choreographers in Russia.

answer

Marius Petipa - Father of Classical ballet, Lev Ivanov - spotting, Michel Fokine - Expressivness in every movement

question

Know lots about Marius Petipa, his innovations, his style of working.

answer

Father of classical ballet 1847- st petersburg "premeur danseur 1869- Director of St. Petersburg Ballet Success: Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, Don Quixote

question

Know the dance styles that influenced Russian Classical Ballet.

answer

Detailed Research :Entre, Adagio, Solos, Coda Crisp and Sharp AnachronisDivertigments Amalgamation of french, danish, and italian

question

Know about Petipa's assistant.

answer

Lev Ivanov

question

Spotting

answer

Focusing on one spot to avoid dizziness

question

The early ballet revolutionaries.

answer

Michael Fakine Leonid Massine George Balanchine Vaslav Nijinski Branislava Nijinska

question

Story line of "Don Quixote".

answer

...

question

Who was Sergei Diagilev?

answer

Organizer,Artistic taste, Collaboration, Russian Nobility, Editor of Art magazine Impresario

question

Who were the choreographers of the Ballet Russe?

answer

Michel Fokine Vaslav Nijinski Leonid Massine Branislava Nijinska George Balanchine

question

Why was Anna Pavolva so popular?

answer

She was the first ballerina to tour ballet around the world and created the point ballet shoe.

question

Know about dance in early American history.

answer

...

question

Know the beginnings of classical dancing in America.

answer

...

question

Who was Lincoln Kirstein? Why is he important?

answer

Established the New York City Ballet Company and served as its as general director.

question

Know lots about George Balanchine, his early attempts with ballet in the US, his work on Broadway, his style of ballets, his eventual successes.

answer

Imperial Ballet School, Experimental choreography, soviet state dancers, 10 Ballets in 4 1/2 yrs, 1933 came to America, choreographed on "union time", Distorts technique 300+ Ballets

question

How did the American Ballet Theatre get started?

answer

San Francisco Ballet, after Russian Revolution

question

Why was "Oklahoma" so important?

answer

The use of professional dancers 1st to use dance and music in a musical

question

How do Contemporary Ballets differ from Classical Ballets?

answer

Contemporary - Lacks story line or plot , freedom of movement, no pantomime or gesturing.

question

What is Modern Dance?

answer

A Revolution against ballet " Rigid structure of Ballet"

question

Know about Isadora Duncan, her dancing style.

answer

Limited to variations on basic actions - 1st to present "Modern Dance" , Simple Steps, Free Body Movements

question

Know about Ruth St. Denis, her dancing styles.

answer

exotic influences' like snaking arm movements and mobile hips with popular dance steps and gymnastics

question

Who or what is Denishawn?

answer

School "Dance Company" - Quality training for American Dancers

question

Why did dancers leave Denishawn?

answer

To create their own Dance school

question

Who was Mary Wigman?

answer

German Dancer (expressionist dance, dancing without pointe shoes)

question

Know the early Modern Dancers, Martha Graham & Doris Humphry, and what made them unique.

answer

Graham - Strict family who didn't allow her to dance until dad passed away. Humphrey - one of the partners in the Denishawn company eventually broke off and made own company.

question

What was the role of men in Modern Dance in the early days?

answer

to create an image of a masculine and sportive dancer.

question

How does Post Modern Dance differ from Modern Dance?

answer

Modern - "Rigid structure of Ballet" Post Modern - More free and open not as rigid, open to new ideas.

question

Know about the Post Modern choreographers (Paul Taylor, Merce Cunningham, Alwin Nikolais), and what made them unique?

answer

Taylor - (choreographic chameleon) Variety of styles. Cunningham - (elements of chance) dances with new songs at time of concert. Nikolais - (Did everything) Polygimist

question

Why did Alvin Ailey start his own dance company?

answer

To make a company that was diverse not just all whites or blacks, but a mixture

question

What was "Revelations" about?

answer

s the signature choreographic work of Alvin Ailey

question

Know about the beginnings of England's Royal Ballet.

answer

...

question

What are World Concert/Ritual Dance forms?

answer

Folk Dance - Portray something important to a culture - Tradition Based

STUDY

History of Russia Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels Marriage Modern World History World History And Geography

Russian Revolution – Flashcards 82 terms

Linda Lynch

82 terms

Preview

Russian Revolution – Flashcards

question

Which slogan is associated with the Bolshevik (Russian) Revolution?

answer

"Peace, Land, and bread!"

question

Which leader led the Russians in a second revolution (1917), Promised "peace, land, and bread.", established the New Economic Policy (NEP)

answer

Vladimir I. Lenin

question

The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 in Russia was caused in part by

answer

a shortage of military supplies and food during World War I

question

One reason the Bolsheviks gained peasant support during the Russian Revolution was because the Bolsheviks promised to

answer

redistribute land

question

Which situation resulted from the Russo-Japanese War of 1905?

answer

Dissident groups challenged the power of the Russian czar.

question

Which was a major result of the Russian Revolution of 1917 ?

answer

Russia became a communist nation

question

One of the major causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917 was the

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abuse of political power by Czar Nicholas II

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Which action contributed to the success of Lenin's communist revolution in Russia?

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Peasants were promised land reform.

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A major cause of the Russian Revolution of 1917 was the

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existence of sharp economic differences between social classes.

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Lenin's promise of "Peace, Land, Bread" during the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 was made in an effort to

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gain popular support to overthrow the government

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In 1917, Russian leaders in Russia sought peace with Germany because the new Russian government

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wanted to retain power and avoid German occupation

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Which leader based his rule on the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles?

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Vladimir Lenin

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Under Josef Stalin, life in the Soviet Union was characterized by

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the use of censorship and the secret police

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Which characteristic was common to both Russia under the Czars and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin?

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persecution of political dissenters

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The political reorganization of Russia after the Communist Revolution of 1917 resulted in

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a federation of socialist republics

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Russian peasants supported the Bolsheviks in 1917 primarily because the Bolsheviks pledged to

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redistribute land and make peace

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Which statement best describes a relationship between World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution?

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World War I created conditions in Russia that helped trigger a revolution.

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Under Josef Stalin, the Soviet Union emphasized centralized economic planning and Five-Year Plans primarily to

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develop heavy industry

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Josef Stalin's leadership of the Soviet Union can best be characterized as a period of

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censorship and terror

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The 1917 victory of the communists in Russia was a contradiction of Marxist theory because Russia was

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mainly an agricultural society

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"...the organizations of the revolutionaries must consist first, foremost, and mainly of people who make revolutionary activity their profession...such an organization must of necessity be not too extensive and as secret as possible..." -V.I. Lenin, 1917 This quotation refers to Lenin's plan to

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overthrow the Russian government

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The term that best describes the position of Jews in Czarist Russia is

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persecuted minority

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Which statement best describes the political situation in the Soviet Union immediately after Lenin's death in 1924?

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a power struggle developed among Communist Party leaders

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One action taken by both V.I. Lenin and Joseph Stalin was

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jailing or murdering potential opponents

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A major effect of Josef Stalin's policy of Collectivization on Soviet agriculture was

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a widespread food shortage throughout the nation

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Which is an accurate statement about the Soviet economy under the leadership of Joseph Stalin?

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the Soviet Union increased its industrial output by developing heavy industry

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Stalin's Five-Year Plans and his decision to form collectives are examples of

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strategies to modernize the economy of the Soviet Union through forced communism

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"A group of planners makes all economic decisions. The group assigns natural, human, and capital resources to the production of those goods and services it wants. The group decides how to produce them and to whom to distribute them" This description best applies to the

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command economy of the Soviet Union

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Which is generally a characteristic of a communist economy?

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government agencies are involved in production planning

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Which statement about both the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and the rise of fascism in Germany and Italy is accurate?

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Economic conditions led to political change.

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Under communism in the former Soviet Union, people were required to

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put the interests of the state before individual gain

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A comparison of the actions of the Jacobins during the French Revolution and the actions of the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution indicates that revolutions sometimes

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bring radicals to power

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". . . The replacement of the bourgeois by the proletarian state is impossible without a violent revolution. The abolition of the proletarian state, i.e., of all states, is only possible through 'withering away.' . . ." — V.I.Lenin, State and Revolution, 1917 This quotation is associated with the principles of

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communism

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Which statement describes a similarity between the French Revolution and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia?

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Both revolutions were the result of government denial of basic human rights and stressful economic conditions.

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The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 was a major turning point in history because

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Russia became the first nation with a communist economic system

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Which type of political system did V. I. Lenin, Adolf Hitler, and Benito Mussolini establish in their countries?

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totalitarianism

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Which aspect of the economy was emphasized in Joseph Stalin's five-year plans

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heavy industry

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A major goal of Joseph Stalin' s five-year plans was to

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transform the Soviet Union into an industrial power

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Under Joseph Stalin, peasants in the Soviet Union were forced to

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join collective farms

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Joseph Stalin's rule in the Soviet Union was characterized by the

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establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship

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What was the major goal of Joseph Stalin's five-year plans in the Soviet Union

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encouraging rapid industrialization

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An economic accomplishment of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin was

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increasing production of heavy industrial machinery

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In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin governed by means of secret police, censorship, and purges

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totalitarian

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Checka

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secret police who executed ordinary citizens.

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proletariat

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the growing class of factory and railroad workers, miners, and urban wage earners.

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Raspustin

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illiterate peasant/monk and self-proclaimed "holy man." Czar Nicholas II'S wife allowed to control gov't whiles Nicholas II was in war.

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Nicholas II

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Czar/King of Russia during World War I and the Russian Revolution. (murdered by communists/Bolsheviks)

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Bolshevik

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communist political party that was led by Vladimir Lenin in 1917 (Russia)

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Lenin's N.E.P. (New economic policy)

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It allowed some capitalist ventures. Although the state kept control of banks, foreign trade, and large industries, small businesses were allowed to reopen for private profit. Under the N.E.P- peasants held on to small plots of land and freely sold their surplus crops. Lenin's compromise with capitalism helped the Soviet economy recover and ended armed resistance to the new government. By 1928, food and industrial production climbed back to prewar levels. The standard of living improved too. But lenin always saw the NEP as just a temporary retreat from communism.

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War with Communism

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The communists used terror not only against the Whites, but also to control their own people. The communists also set up a network of forced labor camps in 1919- which grew under Stalin into the dreaded Gulag.

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WAR COMMUNISM

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took over banks, mines, factories, and railroads. Peasants in the countryside were forced to deliver almost all of their crops to feed the army and hungry people in the cities. Peasant labors were drafted into the military or forced to work in factories.

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Trotsky

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A brilliant Marxist thinker, a skillful speaker, and an architect of the Bolshevik Revolution. Turned the Red Army into an effective fighting force. He used former tsarist officers under the close watch of commissars, communist party officials assigned to the army to teach party principles and ensure party loyalty. Trotsky's passionate speeches roused soldiers to fight. He urged support for a world-wide revolution against capitalism. Trotsky fled the country 1929 but continued on building socialism at home first. Stalin isolated Trotsky within the party and stripped him of party membership. Trotsky fled the country in 1929, but continued to criticize Stalin. In 1940, a Stalinist agent murdered Trotsky in Mexico.

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New Gov't, same problems

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In 1922, Lenin's communist government united much of the old Russian empire into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) or Soviet Union. The communists produced a constitution that seemed both democratic and socialist. It set up an elected legislature, later called the Supreme Soviet, and gave all the citizen over 18 the right to vote. All political power, resources, and ,means of production would belong to workers and peasants. The Soviet Union was a multinational state made up of European and Asian peoples. All member republics shared certain equal rights.

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STALIN

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Lenin died in 1924 at the age of 54. He was involved in World War I, Cold War, and Korean War. He turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state controlled by a powerful and complex bureaucracy

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Great Purge

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killed four million people in the soviet union.

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totalitarian state

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type of government in which a one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of the citizens.

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Stalin's Five Year Plans

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Stalin imposed government control over the Soviet Union's economy. In the past, Russia had suffered because of its economic backwardness. In 1928, he proposed the first of several "five-year plans" aimed at building heavy industry, improving transportation, and increasing farm output. He brought all economic activity under government control The government owned all businesses and distributed resources.

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Command economy

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government officials made all basic economic decisions.

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capitalist system

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the free market determine most economic designs. Privately owned businesses compete to win the consumer's choice. This competition regulates the price and quality of goods.

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Stalins five year plan..

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set high production goals, especially for heavy industry and transportation. The government pushed workers and managers to meet these goals by giving bonuses to those who succeeded and by punishing those who did not. Between 1928 and 1939, large factories, hydroelectric power stations, and huge industrial complexes rose across the Soviet Union. Oil, coal, and steel production grew and mining expanded, and new railroads were built.

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collectives

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large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group. on collectives, the gov't would provide tractors, fertilizers, and better seed, and peasants would learn modern farm methods.

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Kulaks

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wealthy farmers- some peasants did not want to give up their land and sell their crops at the states' low prices. they resisted collectivization by killing farm animals, destroying tools, and burning crops. Stalin was furious. He believed the kulaks were behind this and he responded with brutal force. In 1929, Stalin sent them to labor camps. They were killed instantly.

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Terror

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Stalin used terror as a weapon. He perpetrated crimes against humanity and systemically violated his people's individual rights. Police spies did not hesitate to open private letters or plant listening devices.

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Gulag

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a system of brutal labor camps, where many died.

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The Great Purge

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Stalin feared tha rival party leaders were plotting against him. In 1934, he launched the Great Purge. Stalin and his secret police cracked down especially on Old Bolsheviks, or party activists from the early days of the revolution. Between 1936-1938, Stalin staged a series of spectacular public "show trials" in Moscow. Four million people were purged during the Stalin years.

question

What happened in 1941?

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Germany invaded the Soviet Union.

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Propaganda

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Stalin tried to boost morale and faith in the communist system by making himself a godlike figure. He used propaganda as a tool to build up a "cult of personality" around himself. Using modern technology, the party bombarded the public with relentless propaganda. Radios and loudspeakers blared into factories and villages. In movies, theaters, and schools citizens heard about communist successes and the evils of capitalism. Billboards and posters urged workers to meet or exceed production quotas. Headlines in the Communist party newspaper Pravada, or "Truth" linked enemies at home to foreign agents seeking to overthrow the Communist regime.

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socialist realism

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Stalin required artists and writers to create their works in a style called socialist realism. Its goal was to show Soviet life in a positive light and promote hope in the communist future. Allowed to be realistic.

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Soviet union under Stalin

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COMMUNISM. They were often outweighed by continuous shortages and restricted freedoms. The communists destroyed the old social order of landowning nobles at the top and peasants at the bottom. But instead of creating equals as they promised, they created a society where a few elite groups emerged as a new ruling class.

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Women in the soviet union

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they worked for the revolution, spreading radical ideas among peasants and workers. Under the communists, women won equality under the law. They gained access to education and a wide range of jobs. By the 1930's, many Soviet women were working in medicine, engineering, or the sciences. By their labor, women contributed to Soviet economic growth. They worked in factories, in construction, and on collectives Within the family, their wages were needed because men and women earned the same low salaries.

question

Stalin died in 1953

answer

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The Mensheviks

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"Whites-- support czar Nicholas II (nobles and rich) -February Revolution- 1917- bread shortage. no work, russians loosing WWI, and people protested, Russian military, Lenin comes back to Russia to control

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March 1917

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Czar Nicholas II abdicated (to give up) because people want him out. A provisional gov't was set. October 1917, takes over government and Russia is communist.

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The Bolsheviks

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Russian revolution (reds), communist (Karl Marx), end monarchy, Czar Nicholas II, Leader Lenin

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Czar Nicholas II

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decides to go to Eastern Front with his groups to support them. Nicholas II leaves his wife Alexandra is charge of government at home. She highly trusts Raspustin and he gets killed in 1916

question

Factors that led to the Communist Revolution in 1917

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The discontent of the peasants (bound to the land) The discontent of the workers (no jobs) The weakness of Tsar Nicholas II Raspustin and Scandal February Revolution 1917 (start of Russian revolution) The failure of the Duma (Russian parliament) Opposition of the communists Russian failures in the first world war

question

Russia had been fighting since 1914 and suffered worst casualties and debt. Tzar in Russia means king. Nicholas II was in power.

answer

question

Russo Japanese War (1904)

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defeat let to political instability. He believed he was absolute ruler anointed to god. Lost to Japan in 1804 and shows that lack of technology.

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Revolution of 1905

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REALLY BAD. working class extremely angry. famine in russia was widespread that spread throughout Russia. Starvation and death are results of famine

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Duma

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elected national legislature

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Tsars

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Alexander I, Nicholas I, Alexander II, Alexander III, Nicholas II

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Opposing the tsars

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liberals, socialists, nationalists, army officers, workers

STUDY

Economic And Social Problems History of Russia Modern World History Workers And Peasants World History

HINZMAN AP WORLD HISTORY 51-75 – Flashcards 25 terms

Richard Molina

25 terms

Preview

HINZMAN AP WORLD HISTORY 51-75 – Flashcards

question

Alexander II

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(r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.

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Alexander Kerensky

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an agrarian socialist who became prime minister. He refused to confiscate land holdings and felt that continuation of war was most important.

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Alexander the Great

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(356 BCE-323 BCE) He conquered most of the ancient world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India, which began the Hellenistic culture which was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian influences.

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Allies

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An alliance between Britain, France, and Russia- Later joined by Italy, during WWI

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American War of Independence

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13 Colonies war against British rule, fought from 1776 to 1783. 13 Colonies wins and calls itself the United States of America.

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Amerigo Vespucci

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an Italian navigator who explored south american on several expeditions

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Triple Entente

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A friendly agreement signed by Britain with France and Russia in 1907

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Triple Alliance

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Otto van created this between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy

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Tripartite Pact

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Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US

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Treaty of Versailles

answer

Brought an end to WWI and force Germany to pay war reperations

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Treaty of Verdun

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when Charlemagne's son Louis died in 843, a treaty that divided the holy roman empire among his 3 grandsons

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

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Treaty of Shimonoseki

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a treaty that ended the Sino-Japanese war and it required China hand of control of Taiwan to Japan

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Treaty of Nanjing

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Forcefully signed by China and granted Britain rights to expand trade with china

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Treaty of Kanagawa

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1854 treaty between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships

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Treaty of Cordoba

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Spain declared its 300 year rule on mexico has ended. Mexico gained independence

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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

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Granted a large piece of western Russia to Germany

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Totalitarianism

answer

when a dictator tries to control every aspect of life

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Tokugawa Shogunate

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a strict and rigid government that rule Japan until 1868, established by Tokugawa leyasu. He claimed ownership of all lands between japan

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Timur lang

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a army general for the mongols. He and his warriors destroyed almost everything in sight and killed thousands

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Time of Troubles

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a period in Russia from 1604 through 1613 where Russia's feudal lords battled over who should take over the empire after Ivan IV's death

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Tiananmen Square Massacre

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Occurred in 1989 ,one million demonstrators gathered on Tiananmen Square, where the Chinese govt ordered troops to open fire on demonstrators, killing hundreds

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Three-masted caravels

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Ships that used large sails for easy maneuvering and could hold supplies for larger journeys

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Thomas Paine

answer

an English student of the Enlightenment turned American colonist, urged fellow colonists to support the revolution with his widely distributed pamphlet. Common Sense

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Thomas Hobbes

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an Enlightenment philosopher who wrote Leviathan, put forth his idea that people are inherently avaricious and prone to violent warfare

STUDY

AP European History History of Russia

A History of Western Society: Chapter #17 – Flashcards 82 terms

Rebecca Baker

82 terms

Preview

A History of Western Society: Chapter #17 – Flashcards

question

1050-1300

answer

Was a time of general economic expansion- growth of trade, towns and population. By 1300, serfdom had practically disappeared. Cultural and religious unity was reinforced

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1400-1650

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Nobles established serfdom in Bohemia, Silesia, Hungary and eastern Germany, Poland, Lithuania and Russia

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Post-Black Death Serfdom

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In the west, by 1500 most peasants were free. East of the Elbe River, the landlords won

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Eastern landlords turned the tables on the peasants by

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1- the lords made their kings and princes issue laws that restricted or eliminated the peasants' precious right of free movement 2- Lords steadily took more and more of their peasants' land and imposed heavier labor obligations

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The local lord

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- Was also the local prosecutor, judge and jailor - He ruled in his own favor in disputes with the peasants - No independent royal official to provide justice or uphold the common law - *Gradual erosion of the peasant economic condition is wound up in this

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Serfdom in Poland

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Established 1574. Nobles gained complete control over their peasants after which they could legally inflict the death penalty on their serfs whenever they wished

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Serfdom in Prussia

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Established 1653. Peasants were assumed to be tied to their lords in hereditary subjugation

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Serfdom in Russia

answer

Established 1603. The right of peasants to move from a given estate was "temporarily" (permanently) abolished

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Hereditary subjugation

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Peasants were bound to their lords (and the land) from one generation to the next. Common fate of peasants by the middle of the 17th century

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Spread of serfdom in the east

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Caused by - the growth of estate agriculture - agricultural depression - population decline - prosper of export markets - eastern lords had much more political power than the west - monarchs in the east were weak due to constant war and political chaos

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Power in the German empire

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Lay in the massive variety of 300 separate political jurisdictions, which included the independent cities, small principalities, medium-sized states (Bavaria, Saxony) and some of the territories of Prussia and the Habsburgs

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Bohemian Estates

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The representative body of the different territories in Bohemia. In 1618, they rose up in defense of Protestant rights (Czech majority was Protestant)

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Battle of White Mountain

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Momentous turning point in Czech history. Bohemian Estates' revolt was crushed here

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Ferdinand II

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Reduced the power of the Bohemian Estates. Confiscated the landholdings of the Protestant nobles and gave them to Catholic nobles and aristocratic soldiers. Protestantism is stamped out. Religious unity

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Bohemian nobles

answer

After 1650, a large portion of them were foreign (Catholic) and owed everything to the Habsburgs

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Robot

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A quarter of the Bohemian serfs worked for their lords every day but Sundays and religious holidays

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Ferdinand III

answer

Centralized the government in Bohemia (province such as Austria, Styria and Tyrol). Reorganization of Bohemia was a large step towards absolutism. His reign saw the creation of a permanent standing army

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Landlords undermined the privileges of the towns by

answer

- selling to big foreign capitalists - important of the middle class will decline greatly - westerners portrayed eastern Europe as being more "barbaric" and less civilized, thus expanding eastern Europe's undeniably harsher social and economic conditions

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Absolute monarchy in Austria and Prussia rose

answer

Due to war and threat of war

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Absolute rulers monopolized powers

answer

By - imposing permanent taxes without consent - maintaining permanent standing armies - conducting relations with other states as they pleased

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Ottoman Turks

answer

Military conquerors that had come out of Central Asia, settled in Anatolia, created one of history's greatest military empires. Followers of Islam, they were determined foes of the Catholics

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Suleiman the Great

answer

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire at peak of the 16th century. All property belonged to him

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Slave Tax

answer

Every year, the sultan levied a tax on the one to three thousand male children conquered Christian population in the Balkans. They were raised in Turkey and taught to fight as Muslims. The most talented slaves rose to the top of the bureaucracy, the less were in the janissary corps

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Millet

answer

The Ottomans divided their subjects into these religious communities, which enjoyed religious autonomy and self-government under its religious leaders. Created a power stabilizing bond between the Ottoman ruling class and the different religious leaders, who supported the Sultan

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The death of Suleiman the Magnificent

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Lead to monarchical absolutism giving place to palace intrigue, weak sultans and the emergence of a powerful oligarchy of top officials. The army lost its dedication and lagged

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Siege of Vienna

answer

Turks committed this huge attack in 1683. A mixed force of Habsburg, Saxon, Bavarian and Polish troops save the city last minute. As Russian and Venetian allies attacked on all other fronts, the Habsburgs conquered almost all of Hungary and Transylvania by 1699. The Turkish wars strengthened the Habsburg army and promoted a sense of unity

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The Habsburg state

answer

Composed of three separate and distinct territories, the old "hereditary" provinces of Austria, the kingdoms of Bohemia and then Hungary that were tied to their same ruler

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Pragmatic Sanction

answer

Issued by Charles VI in 1713 which stated that the Habsburg possessions were never to be divided and were always passed in tact to a single heir

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Hungarian nobles

answer

Rose in revolt against Vienna's attempts to impose absolute rule- they never triumphed entirely, but they never failed either. Partially resist because many had remained Protestant (and were given religious toleration by their former rulers, the Turks)

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Prince Francis Rakoczy

answer

Lead the Hungarian nobles in their final revolt in 1703 post War of Spanish Succession. Eventually defeated, but Charles VI had to compromise and restored many of the traditional privileges of the Hungarian aristocracy in return for acceptance of his rule- never fully centralized

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The Hohenzollern family

answer

Ruled Prussia through its senior and junior branches as the electors of Brandenburg and the dukes of Prussia, had little real princely power

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Elector of Brandenburg

answer

Had the right to help choose the Holy Roman Empire with six other electors, but had no military strength whatsoever. Had control of the swampy "sandbox" of the Holy Roman Empire

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Duke of Prussia

answer

Territory was totally separated from Brandenburg; part of Poland. In 1618 this branch died out, and all power resorted to the elector

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Hohenzollern absolutism

answer

The devastation of Brandeburg and Prussia prepared the way for this because foreign armies dramatically weakened the political power of the Estates

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Frederick William the Great Elector

answer

Took a giant step towards absolutism post-weakening of the Estates. Was determined to unite the three separate provinces (Brandenburg, Prussia and scattering holdings along the Rhine). In order to pay for the permanent standing army that he established, he forces the Estates to accept permanent taxation without consent. Uses soldiers as tax collectors. Created a single state by the time of his death - total state revenue triples during his reign - army leaps by 10 times its original size

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Junkers

answer

Nobility that dominated the Estates of Brandenburg and Prussia. They were the landowning class. After the 30 Years War, they zealously reasserted the right of the Estates to vote on taxes, a right the Swedish armies of occupation had ignored- Great Elector still has his way

question

The Great Elector's success

answer

Was contributed to - the ongoing struggle between Sweden and Poland for control of the Baltic and the Wars of Louis XIV creating an atmosphere of permanent crisis + the wild Tartars sweeping through Prussia. War and Invasion softened up the Estates and strengthened the urgency of the Great Elector's demand for more money and soldiers - Great Elector reconfirm nobilities' privileges, he reduced their power but they weren't angry. Nobles cooperate, they are not taxed

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King Frederick I (Frederick III/Frederick the Ostentatious)

answer

Main political accomplishment was winning a prestigious royal title from the Holy Roman Empire as a reward for aiding them in the War of Spanish Succession

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Frederick William I ("The Soldier's King)

answer

- truly established Prussian absolutism and gave it unique character - created the best army in Europe for its size - made a militaristic society - created a strong, centralized bureaucracy- Estates and local gov vanish - turns the Junkers into an officer caste - built a first rate army with third rate resources (4th largest- best army soldier to soldier) - so frugal that he was ironically always at peace - harsh peasant bondage

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Frederick II (Frederick the Great)

answer

Credited for establishing religious toleration and judicial reform. Also was a major supporter of the arts, and compulsory education. Wanted stronger borders and more territory. Involved in the war of Austrian Succession. Was able to keep control of Silesia, a very rich land highly coveted during the war

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Eastern Orthodoxy

answer

Eastern Slavs were converted by missionaries from the Byzantine Empire to this religion. Became the state religion of Kiev (present day Ukraine). Rejects the authority of the pope

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11th century Slavic territories

answer

Were united under a single prince and dynasty. So, too, was the feudal division of the land based into a boyard nobility and common peasantry

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Mongols

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Nomadic tribes from present-day Mongolia. Major conquerors. In 5 years, they subdued all of China and smashed everything in their path until they reached Hungary (1242)

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Chinggis Khan

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United the Mongols. One of history's greatest conquerors

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Golden Horde

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The Mongol army that was extremely savage, often slaughtering entire populations of cities before burning them to the ground

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Mongol Yoke

answer

Rule of the Mongols over the eastern Slavs for over 200 years. - forced all the bickering Slavic princes to submit to their rule - if the people rebelled, they were quickly punished with death and destruction - unified the eastern Slavs, Mongol khan recognized as supreme ruler

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"Great Prince"

answer

Title given to the local princes that were most obedient to the Mongols as either their servants or tax collectors

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Princes of Moscow

answer

Starting with Alexander Nevsky in 1252, this band of princes were particularly adept at serving the Mongols- they loyally put down uprisings. Eventually, they were able to destroy their princely rivals and even replace the Khan as supreme ruler

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Ivan III

answer

Completed the process of consolidating power around Novgorod, almost reaching the Baltic Sea- defeated all rivals to win princely authority

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Absolute power in Russia

answer

Was reinforced by two developments - ceasing to acknowledge the khan as supreme ruler - after the fall of Constantinople, the tsars saw themselves as both the Caesars and beacons of Eastern Orthodoxy- the true tsars (all other Europeans are heretics)

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The Third Rome

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Idea promoted by Orthodox churchmen who spoke of "Holy Russia"

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Peasants in Russia lose freedom of movement

answer

15th century. Resulted in the noble boyars losing their power and influence

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Service nobility

answer

Ivan III confiscated more than half of the land from Novgorod and gave it to these people, who held the tsar's land on the explicit condition that they serve in his army

question

Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)

answer

Under his reign, the rise of the service nobility occurred. Suffered terrible neglect as the hands of the haughty boyars as a little boy, and esp. after his mother mysteriously died when he was 8. At age 16, he pushes the boyars aside and crowned himself tsar. His endless wars and demonic purges left much of central Russia depopulated

question

Kazan and Astrakhan

answer

Site where Ivan IV defeated the faltering khanates between 1552-1556, adding vast new territories to Russia. During these wars, he abolished the old distinction between hereditary boyars' private property and land granted temporarily for service

question

Polish-Lithuanian War

answer

In 1557, Ivan IV turned westward and fought with these peoples in an exhausting and unsuccessful war

question

Muscovite boyars

answer

After the death of his wife Anastasia, Ivan IV blamed this body of people. He vowed to strike down all those who stood in his way, starting with them. Leading members, their relatives and even their peasants were mass-executed. Large estates were confiscated, broken up and handed out to the service nobility

question

Cossacks

answer

As the service nobles demanded more and more from the peasants, many fled east and south. This band of peasants in particular consisted of free groups and outlaw armies

question

Royal monopolization

answer

The tsar assumed that he owned trade and industry as well. If a new commercial activity became important and profitable, he often took it over. This, along with service obligations, checked the growth of the Russian middle classes and stood sharp in contrast with developments in the West

question

The "Time of Troubles"

answer

Ushered in by the death of Ivan IV. an era of confusion and violent struggles for power, especially after Ivan's son died without an heir - Ivan's relatives intrigued against and murdered one another, inviting the invading Swedes and Poles - social upheaval - Cossack rebellions***

question

Ivan Bolotnikov

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Former slave that led the Cossack rebellions. Marched northward, rallying peasants and slaughtering nobles and officials. Him and his bands called for the return of the "true tsar" who would restore their freedom of movement, reduce heavy taxes and lighten the yoke imposed by the landlords. His rebellion was finally quelled at the gates of Moscow

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Michael Romanov

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Ivan's grandnephew who was elected to tsardom in 1613 by the nobles His election was a restoration, and his reign saw a re-established tsarist autocracy. Relaxed obligations on the nobility. Result of his election was mass upheaval- the unity of the Russian Orthodox church will be torn apart

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Nikon

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Dogmatic purist/patriarch that was elected by Romanov who introduced religious reforms that were meant to purify the corrupted Russian practices of worship and bring them into line with the Greek Orthodox model. Church hierarchy went along, but the people resisted- saw him as the Antichrist who was stripping them of the only thing they had- the true religion of Holy Russia

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Old Believers

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The people who left the church and formed illegal communities- hunted down and persecuted. 20,000 burned themselves alive in protest

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Alexis I

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Michael's successor. Also relaxed obligations on the nobles

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Stenka Razin

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Led the Cossacks in another rebellion. Moved up the Volga River and attracted a lot of urban and poor peasants. Killed nobles. Eventually defeated. Holding down the peasants became the principal obligation of the nobility until 1689

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Peter the Great

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Focused mainly in asserting military power. Wanted to redress the army's defeats in the wars against Poland and Sweden. Wanted to territorially expand. Built St. Petersburg. Increased serfdom. Reigned for 36 years- only 1 year of peace

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Ukraine

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After a long war with Poland, Russia gained a large mass of this land from weak and de-centralized Poland (also completed the conquest of Siberia in 1689)

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Azov

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Conquered by Peter in 1696. Part of his campaign against the Turkish forts and Tartar vassals on the Black Sea

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Secret alliance

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Included Peter the Great, the elector of Saxony (Augustus II) King of Poland and Denmark in order to wage a sudden war of aggression against the powerful and strongly centralized Sweden

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Charles XII

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Surprised Peter with his military expertise. Quickly defeated Denmark in 1700. Young and absolutist ruler.

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Battle of Narva

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Charles defeats unsuspecting Russians and Swedes at this battle. Marks the beginning of Great Northern War

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Peter's reforms

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Suffering defeat and faced with a military crisis, Peter responded with a long series of measures to increase state power and strengthen his armies and gain victory. - tightened up Muscovy's old service system and made it work - created schools and universities - 5 years compulsory education away from home for every nobleman (hated) - interlocking civilian-military bureaucracy with 14 ranks; decreed that all had to start at the bottom - searched for talented foreigners and placed them in his service - army grew to 300,000

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Peters and the peasants

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Greatly increased their service requirements. Often drafted into the army for life. Taxation on these peoples increased threefold during his reign. Serfs arbitrarily assigned to work in the growing number of factories and mines with direct accordance to the military. Serfdom becomes more oppressive

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Battle of Poltava

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1706. One of the most crucial battles in Russian history. This will essentially win them the Great Northern War

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Russia Post- Great Northern War

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Eventually annexed Estonia and much of present-day Latvia. Became a dominant power on the Baltic Sea and much a European Great Power. Many Westerners and Western ideas flowed into Russia for the first time. A new class of educated Russians emerged. The split between the enserfed peasantry and educated nobility widened. New idea of state interest took hold

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Baroque palaces

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Petty princes, although their reign in the grand scheme of history was irrelevant, liked to build these in order to stroke their own egos. Many were modeled after Louis' Versailles. Rulers built them as well- extension of the monarch

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Karlsruhe

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Founded in 1715 as the capital city of a German principality, one extreme example of remodeled absolute monarchy baroque city.

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New additions to cities

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Broad avenues, imposing gov buildings, mathematical layout, baroque townhouses, rapid moving carriages, fancy shops

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St. Petersburg

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Peter demanded that the city be built in baroque style, and also intended that it would make it easier to reform the country militarily and administratively. Peter wanted a comfortable, modern city with wide streets, canals, stone-paved avenues, large parks etc

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Building of St. Petersbrg

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The government drafted 25,000-40,000 men each summer to labor for 3 months w/o pay. Households had to pay special tax to feed their workers. Nobles were summarily ordered to built costly stone houses and palaces there and live in them. Huge tax on the wealthy

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Bartolomeo Rastrelli

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Named chief architect by Peter's youngest daughter, Elizabeth. Combined Italian and Russian traditions in a colorful style

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