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The Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century

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although an innovative phase in western thinking, was based upon the intellectual and scientific accomplishments of previous centuries.

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All of the following are considered possible influences and causes of the Scientific Revolution except

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the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by sixteenth-century universities.

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Which of these ancient authorities was not relied on by medieval scholars?

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Galileo

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According to Leonardo da Vinci, what subject was the key to understanding the nature of things?

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Mathematics

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Scholars devoted to Hermeticism

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saw the world was a living embodiment of divinity where humans could use mathematics and magic to dominate nature.

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The general conception of the universe before Copernicus was that

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the earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it.

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The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas?

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Astronomy, medicine, and mechanics

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The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as

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the geocentric conception.

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Copernicus preferred the heliocentric model because

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it made the planetary orbits easier to calculate

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Copernicus's major book was titled

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On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

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The immediate reaction of the clerics to the theories of Copernicus was

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condemnation, initially by Protestant leaders like Luther who condemned the discovery as contrary to their literal interpretation of the Bible.

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The ideas of Copernicus were

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nearly as complicated as those of Ptolemy

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Following upon Copernicus's heliocentric theories

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Johannes Kepler used data to derive laws of planetary motion that confirmed Copernicus's heliocentric theory but showed that the orbits were elliptical

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Tycho Brahe contributed to the advance of astronomy by

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making accurate observations of the planets

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Johannes Kepler was the first astronomer to show that

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planetary orbits are elliptical

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Galileo wrote

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The Starry Messenger.

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The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was

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Galileo.

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Galileo was convicted of heresy and sentenced to house arrest for life in 1633 for

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ridiculing the Ptolemaic model in print.

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Galileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems was really an attempt to

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suppport copericus through a publication in italian accessible to a wide audience

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What actions did the Catholic Church pursue concerning Galileo and his ideas?

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foreced to recant them in a trial before the inquisition

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Galileo's ideas on motion included the

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principle of inertia

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Isaac Newton's scientific Discoveries

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although readily accepted in his own country, were resisted on the continent

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Newton's contribution to astronomy was to prove that

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the planets obey the same laws as do objects on earth.

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Newton invented

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the calculus.

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Newton's major work was

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Principia

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Paracelsus revolutionized the world of medicine in the sixteenth century by

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advocating the chemical philosphy of medicine

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Among the following, who is not associated with major changes in sixteenth and seventeenth-century scientific research?

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Galen

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On the Fabric of the Human Body

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was Andreas Vesalius' masterpiece on anatomical structure.

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William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of

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the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood.

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The scientist whose work led to the law that states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted upon it and who argued that matter is composed of atoms, later known as the chemical elements, was

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Robert Boyle.

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Antoine Lavoisier

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is regarded as the father of modern chemistry.

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The role of women in the Scientific Revolution is illustrated by

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Margaret Cavendish, who participated in her era's scientific debates.

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The overall effect of the Scientific Revolting on the argument about women was to

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generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove male dominance.

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Margaret Cavendish attacked the belief

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that humans through science were masters of nature.

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Maria Winkelmann

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a German astronomer.

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Benedict Spinoza believed that women

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were "naturally" inferior to men.

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The philosophy of Rene Descartes

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stressed a separation of mind and matter.

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What was the name of Descartes' book that expounded his theories about the universe?

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Discourse on Method

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Descartes believed that the world could be understood by

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the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking.

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The Foundation of Francis Bacon's methodology was

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inductive reasoning.

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Organized religions in the seventeenth century

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rejected scientific discoveries that conflicted with the Christian view of the world.

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Benedict de Spinoza

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claimed that God was not just the creator the universe - God was the universe.

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For Spinoza, the failure to understand God led to

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people using nature for their own self-interest.

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In his work Pensees, Pascal

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attempted to convince rationalists that Christianity was valid by appealing to their reason and emotions.

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For Blaise Pascal, humans

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could not understand infinity, only God could.

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Concerning the first important scientific societies, the French Academy differed from the English Royal Society in the former's

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corporal and capital punishment were on the decline

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During the seventeenth century, royal and princely patronage of science

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became an international phenomenon.

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The scientific societies of early modern Europe established the first

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scientific journals appearing regularly.

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Science became an integral part of Western culture in the eighteenth century because

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it offered a new means to make profits and maintain social order.

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Which one of the following comments best summarizes impact of the Scientific Revolution on Western Civilization?

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It was a major turning point.

Ch 16 AP Euro Review – Marsh – Flashcards

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