Correlation And Causation Flashcards, test questions and answers
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Correlation And Causation
Environmental Science
Introductory Sociology
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Protestant Reformation
Sociology
Science as a Social Institution – Flashcards 16 terms
16 terms
Preview
Science as a Social Institution – Flashcards
question
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of modern science?
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Of interest only to a small segment of society
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A paradigm, as described by Thomas S. Kuhn,
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determines the topics of scientific inquiry and shapes the interpretations of data.
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Science is an impure and biased field.
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False
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What is the Matthew effect?
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A tendency for honors and recognition to go to those scientists who have already achieved recognition
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Medical sociologist careers involve investigating social factors that affect health care.
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False -
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Science fiction depicts how science, both real and imaginary, affects individuals and society.
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True (?)
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The four factors that contributed to the rebirth of science are the decline of the Roman empire, the influence of the Catholic church, the Protestant Reformation, and the invention of the printing press.
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False
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The central ideal of industrialization was maintaining "status quo."
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False
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Science emerged as a recognizable system of study in 800s B.C.
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False
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The belief that all scientific knowledge should be made available to everyone in the scientific community.
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Communalism
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The pursuit of knowledge through systematic methods.
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Science
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An objective and systematic way of collecting information and arriving at conclusions.
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Scientific Method
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Scientists should seek truth, not personal gain.
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Disinterestedness
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Idea that scientific research should be judged solely on the basis of quality.
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Universalism
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The set of shared concepts, methods, and assumptions that make up scientific reality at any point in time.
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Paradigm
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The Age of Enlightenment supported
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reason over religiious beliefs
Applied Philosophy
Black And White Thinking
Correlation And Causation
Linguistics
Post Hoc Fallacy
Public Speaking
Communications Exam #1 (Quiz 13) – Flashcards 45 terms
45 terms
Preview
Communications Exam #1 (Quiz 13) – Flashcards
question
Drawing a conclusion based on too few unrepresentative samples is called a hasty generalization. 1) True 2) False
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1) True
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Basing a claim on popular opinion is called: 1) sufficiency 2) relevance 3) ad populum fallacy 4) ad hominem fallacy
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3) ad populum fallacy
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"He looked like a deer with head lice" is an example of 1) antithesis 2) metaphor 3) mixed metaphor 4) synecdoche
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3) mixed metaphor
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"He had a face like a doormat, trampled and dirty" is an example of 1) a metaphor. 2) alliteration. 3) a simile. 4) none of the above
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3) a simile.
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Surveys using a self-selected sample 1) are unrepresentative 2) is sufficient to generalize 3) attracts partisan respondents 4) can be improved by increasing the number of respondents 5) both a and c
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5) both a and c
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The words a speaker chooses to express his/her thoughts and the ways he/she uses language to bring his/her thoughts to life for an audience is the speaker's 1) outline 2) goal 3) style 4) manuscript
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3) style
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Requirements for a competent introduction include which of the following? 1) Make a specific topic statement 2) Gain attention 3) Establish the significance of your topic for the audience. 4) Preview your main points before giving the purpose statement 5) both b and c
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5) both b and c
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Antithesis is the repetition of the same sound, usually a consonant sound, starting several words in a sentence. 1) True 2) False
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2) False
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"Imagine that you have just entered the on-ramp of a busy freeway" is the beginning of a hypothetical example to illustrate a point. 1) True 2) False
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1) True
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From a historical viewpoint, feminine and masculine speaking styles compare in which of the following ways? 1) They are identical. 2) Feminine style is more personal and ornamental. 3) Masculine style is more factual, analytical, and organized. 4) both b and c
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4) both b and c
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Ways to gain and maintain attention during your speech include which of the following? 1) Make a novel appeal 2) Use any kind of humor that makes you laugh 3) Startle an audience in any way that you can 4) Appeal to the vital concerns of your audience 5) both a and d
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5) both a and d
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"A staggering total of 22,304 readers of Sports Today magazine filled out a survey and sent it to the magazine that included the question, "Should Pete Rose be voted into the baseball Hall of Fame?' A resounding 69% said No! Based on these results, Rose should never be inducted into the Hall of Fame." This example includes which of the following fallacies? 1) Ad populum 2) Ad hominem 3) Self-selected sample 4) Both a & c
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4) Both a & c
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Suggestions for using statistics appropriately in your speech include all of the following EXCEPT 1) statistics should be accurate 2) the speaker should use an accurate statistic accurately 3) make a technical statistic meaningful by comparing it to a statistic more familiar to the audience 4) never use a statistic alone, always stack statistics for maximum impact
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4) never use a statistic alone, always stack statistics for maximum impact
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Credibility of a statistic used to support a claim in a speech is enhanced by 1) citing a credible source for the statistic 2) citing a source for the statistic that is objective (no special interest in an outcome) 3) citing a source for the statistic that has a history of accuracy 4) all of the above
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4) all of the above
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Oral and written style are virtually the same, so writing your speech word for word and reading it to your audience is an effective way to present a speech. 1) True 2) False
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2) False
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Unpleasant, intense examples used to arouse audience interest are always inappropriate and should be avoided. 1) True 2) False
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2) False
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"I am now going to take this razor sharp knife and throw it over your heads, hitting the bull's-eye on the target next to Mary" is an example of 1) an effective attention strategy for a speech introduction 2) startling an audience but using poor judgment 3) using a vital appeal to gain attention 4) gaining attention that probably detracts from, rather than enhances, the speech
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2) startling an audience but using poor judgment
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The conclusion to your speech should be approximately ______ of your total speech. 1) 20% 2) 15% 3) 12% 4) 5%
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4) 5%
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When the outrageous, shocking, graphic, and gruesome event galvanizes our attention and distorts our perception of the facts, this is called the vividness effect. 1) True 2) False
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1) True
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Testimony cited on the Internet is usually reliable and credible evidence. 1) True 2) False
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2) False
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James is asked to give a 5-minute eulogy at his friend's funeral. He gives a 25-minute eulogy, notes with admiration that his friend had the ability to consume enormous quantities of alcohol at one sitting, and comments that his deceased friend's wife is a terrific spouse because she "didn't nag like most wives about his drinking." This eulogy is probably inappropriate for which of the following reasons? 1) It is too long. 2) It likely offends many women in the audience. 3) Bragging about consumption of alcohol at a funeral is probably inappropriate for the occasion. 4) all of the above
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4) all of the above
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An ad hominem fallacy is: 1) a personal attack on the messenger to avoid the message 2) a diversionary tactic 3) occurs whenever there is a personal attack 4) all of the above 5) both a and b
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5) both a and b
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There are virtually no differences between oral and written style. That is, a speech is essentially an essay read aloud to an audience. 1) True 2) False
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2) False
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In evaluating the quality of evidence, validity means the same as accuracy. 1) True 2) False
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1) True
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A claim based on belief or opinion of the majority is: 1) ad hominem 2) ab surdem 3) ad nausium 4) ad populum
answer
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Which of the following is/are guideline(s) for using a humorous appeal to gain the audience's attention: 1) Use humor relevant to the speech topic 2) Use humor appropriate to the context 3) Use self-deprecating humor 4) all of the above 5) both a and b
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4) all of the above
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"Tomorrow we begin our quest; tomorrow we embark on a new adventure; tomorrow we grab for the golden ring" is an example of 1) antithesis 2) simile 3) parallelism 4) alliteration
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3) parallelism
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Samuel Johnson wrote: "Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful." This quotation from Johnson is an example of: 1) metaphor 2) simile 3) mixed metaphor 4) antithesis
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4) antithesis
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A complete citation of the source of your information 1) can add credibility to your argument if the sources is perceived as qualified by the audience. 2) includes at a minimum the name of the source and the specific publication in which the evidence is found. 3) includes at a minimum the name of the source and the specific title or expertise of the source 4) includes at a minimum the name of the source, the title or expertise of the source, and the specific publication and date in which the evidence is found 5) both a and d
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5) both a and d
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In terms of speech style, sexist language should be eliminated because it 1) is too vivid 2) is imprecise 3) can turn off your audience 4) both b and c
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4) both b and c
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The credibility of evidence used to support claims is determined by its 1) reliability 2) validity 3) warrants 4) all of the above 5) both a and b
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5) both a and b
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The preview of a speech should 1) explain each of the main points of the speech in some detail 2) provide definitions of all significant terms that may be unclear to listeners 3) establish the significance of the purpose statement for listeners 4) state the main points of the speech clearly and concisely
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4) state the main points of the speech clearly and concisely
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In The Bonfire of the Vanities, Tom Wolfe wrote: "All at once he was alone in this noisy hive with no place to roost." This quote is an example of: 1) metaphor 2) alliteration 3) parallelism 4) mixed metaphor
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4) mixed metaphor
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Samuel Johnson wrote: "Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful." This quotation from Johnson is an example of: 1) metaphor 2) simile 3) mixed metaphor 4) antithesis
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4) antithesis
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Implied comparison of two seemingly dissimilar things is a/an 1) antithesis 2) metaphor 3) simile 4) all of the above 5) both b and c
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5) both b and c
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antithesis:
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a contrast or opposition between two things
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During the 2008 presidential election, when candidate John McCain stated: "Homeowners are the innocent bystanders in a drive-by shooting by Wall Street and Washington," he was using a/an: 1) metaphor 2) alliteration 3) parallelism 4) mixed metaphor
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1) metaphor
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A claim based on belief or opinion of the majority is: 1) ad hominem 2) ab surdem 3) ad nausium 4) ad populum
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4) ad populum
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4) ad hominem:
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personal attack on the speaker to avoid the message
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Testimony cited on the Internet is usually reliable and credible evidence. 1) True 2) False
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2) False
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An ad hominem fallacy is: 1) a personal attack on the messenger to avoid the message 2) a diversionary tactic 3) occurs whenever there is a personal attack 4) all of the above 5) both a and b
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5) both a and b
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You are asked to accept a claim by a speaker because a huge majority of the 1,000 individuals randomly chosen in a national survey supported the speaker's claim. The speaker has committed a fallacy called: 1) self-selected sample 2) testimonials 3) correlation as causation 4) ad populum
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4) ad populum
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The ad hominem fallacy and the ad populum fallacy fail the test of: 1) credibility 2) relevance 3) sufficiency 4) reliability
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2) relevance
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Using rhetorical questions as an attention-getting device in the introduction to your speech 1) is never advisable 2) violates the requirement that purpose statements be declarative sentences 3) is effective if they are meaningful questions 4) can be used as a commonplace device to open a speech
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3) is effective if they are meaningful questions
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Proving that there is a correlation between two events is the same thing as proving that one of the events causes the other. 1) True 2) False
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2) False
AP Economics
Correlation And Causation
Other Things Equal Assumption
Principles Of Economics: Macroeconomics
Production Possibilities Curve
McConnell Macroeconomics 20th edition Chapter 1 Multiple Choice – Flashcards 13 terms
13 terms
Preview
McConnell Macroeconomics 20th edition Chapter 1 Multiple Choice – Flashcards
question
What statement would be complete a short definition of economics? Economics Studies a) how business produce goods and services b) the equitable distribution of society's income and wealth c) the printing and circulation of money throughout the economy d) how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal choices under conditions of scarcity.
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d)
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The idea in economics that " there is no such thing as a free lunch" means that a) the marginal benefit of such a lunch is greater than its marginal cost b) business cannot increase their market share by offering free lunches c) scare resources have alternative uses d) consumers are irrational when they ask for a free lunch
answer
c)
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The opportunity cost of a new public stadium is the a) money cost of hiring guards and staff of the new stadium b) cost of constructing the new stadium in a future year c) change in the real estate tax rate to pay off the new stadium d) other goods and services that must be sacrificed to construct the new stadium.
answer
d)
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From the economic perspective, when a business decides to employ more workers, the business decision maker has most likely concluded that the marginal a) cost of employing more workers have decreased b) benefits of employing more workers have increased c) benefits of employing more workers are greater than the marginal costs d) costs of employing more workers are not opportunity costs for the business because more workers are needed to increase production
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c)
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The combination of economic theories or principles into a simplified representation of reality is referred to as an economic a) fact b) model c) assumption d) hypothesis
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b)
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Which would be studied in microeconomics? a) the output of the entire U.S. economy b) the general level of prices in the U.S. economy c) the output and price of wheat in the United States d) the total number of workers employed in the United States
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c)
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When we look at the whole economy or its major aggregates, our analysis would be at the level of a) microeconomics b) macroeconomics c) positive economics d) normative economics
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b)
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Which is a normative economic statement? a) The consumer price index rose 1.2 percent last month b) The unemployment rate of 6.8 percent is too high c) The average rate of interest on loans is 4.6 percent d) The economy grew at an annual rate of 3.6 percent
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b)
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Sandra states that " there is a high correlation between consumption and income." Arthur replies that the correlation occurs because " people consume too much of their income and don't save enough." a) Both Sandra's and Arthur's statements are positive. b) Both Sandra's and Arthur's statements are normative. c) Sandra's statement is positive and Arthur's statement is normative. d) Sandra's statement is normative and Arthur's statement is positive.
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c)
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Tools, machinery, or equipment used to produce other goods would be examples of a) public goods b) capital goods c) social goods d) consumer goods
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b)
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An entrepreneur innovates by a) making basic policy decisions in a business firm b) following government regulations to make a product c) coming up with a business idea d) commercializing a new product for a market
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d)
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When a production possibilities scheduled is written ( or a production possibilities curve is drawn) in this chapter, four assumptions are made. Which is one of those assumptions a) The state of technology changes b) More than two products are produced c) The economy has full employment of available resources d) The quantities of all resources available to the economy are variable, not fixed.
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c)
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The under allocation of outsources by society to the production of a product means that the a) marginal benefit is greater than the marginal cost b) marginal benefit is less than the marginal cost c) opportunity cost of production is rising d) consumption of the product is falling
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d)
AP Psychology
Correlation And Causation
Introductory Psychology
Making Eye Contact
Psychology
General Psychology Exam 1 Review – Flashcards 62 terms
62 terms
Preview
General Psychology Exam 1 Review – Flashcards
question
Ryan notices that a lot of people he sees avoid making eye contact while they walk by him on their cell phones. He develops a tentative explanation that people are too focused on their conversation to be distracted by an outside passerby. Ryan's observation is an example of a
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hypothesis
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The most accurate definition of psychology is the scientific study of
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the mind and behavior
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An idea that is supported by a large body of evidence is a
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Theory
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_ is the name for Wundt's approach of asking patients to look inward and describe their feelings in order to understand consciousness
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Introspection
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The focus on how mental activities help a person adapt to his or her environment is known as
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Functionalism
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Functionalism focused on
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how mental activities help a person adapt to his or her environment
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Using recording devices to measure behavior is an example of ________ analysis.
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Empirical
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William James is best known for
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Functionalism
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According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following is a way to access the unconscious mind?
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Dream Analysis
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The rational, conscious, and reasonable part of personality is known as the
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Ego
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The unconscious part of personality responsible for drives like sex and aggression is the
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Id
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A person's conscience and voice of reason and goodness is the
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SuperEgo
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Kurt Koffka is known for saying "the whole is other than the sum of its parts," this is an example of ______ psychology.
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Gestalt
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The Sea World animal trainers use rewards (reinforcements) to teach whales, sea lions and dolphins to perform tricks, this is an example of:
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Behaviorism
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Pavlov trained a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell, this is called:
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Conditioning
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Which perspective within psychology emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all people?
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Humanism
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Maslow made a pyramid representing human needs called:
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The Hierarchy of Human Needs
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Our thoughts are just as important as our behavior. This is an example of:
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Cognitive Psychology
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Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences.
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The unconscious
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Which school of thought emphasized the use of introspection to categorize and break down sensations into basic elements?
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Structuralism
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Which school of thought emphasized how people process information?
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Cognitive Psychology
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Which school of thought emphasized the unconscious influences on thought and behavior?
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Psychoanalytic Psychology
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Which psychological domain would include a study of memory and intelligence?
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Cognitive Psychology
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Which of the following is NOT a main psychological domain?
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Psychoanalytic Theory
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Which type of psychologist may be involved in analyzing criminal behavior?
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Forensic
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What is the first step of the scientific method?
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Make an Observation
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What is the second step in the scientific method?
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Ask a question
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What is the third step in the scientific method?
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Form a Hypothesis
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What is the fourth step in the scientific method?
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Make a Prediction
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What is the fifth step of the scientific method?
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Conduct an Experiment
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What is the sixth step in the scientific method?
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Analyze the Results
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Which of the following topics are included in the biological domain of psychology?
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Neuroscience
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Which school of thought emphasized the development of a healthy and effectively-functioning person?
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Humanism
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Jade plans to major in business then continue on to study ________ so that she can work as a consultant for businesses interested in improving employee motivation and increasing productivity
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1/O Psychology
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If two different variables are not related at all, they have a correlation coefficient of
answer
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If Y goes up as X goes up, they have a _________ correlation
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positive
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If Y goes down as X goes up, they have a _________ correlation.
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negative
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In order to study relationships between two variables without assuming causality, a researcher must perform what type of study?
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correlational
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Preliminary, non-experimental, research that gathers information about behavior is called ________ research.
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Descriptive
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Which organization reviews research conducted using animal subjects?
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IACUC
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Informed consent means clearly explaining all of the following EXCEPT
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explaining the hypothesis to the participants.
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In order for an experiment to be considered fair
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all data must be considered
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If I want to make a causal statement about a relationship, I need to do __________ research
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Experimental
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In order to study cause and effect, a researcher must perform _________ research.
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Experimental
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If Marco is interested in changes in reasoning and thinking that occur during adolescence, he should specialize in ________ psychology.
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Developmental
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Jenny's softball team always came close to winning, but seemed to give up during the 6th inning. Her coach scheduled an appointment with the ________ to discuss performance anxiety.
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Sports Psychologist
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Who is a famous psychologist associated with the cognitive revolution?
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Noam Chomsky
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Who was the first psychologist to publish a book on cognitive psychology?
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Ulric Neisser
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________ was a prominent therapist who advocated for client-centered therapy.
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Carl Rogers
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was the first african american to receive a PhD in psychology
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Cecil Sumner
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The famous "doll study" showing that social factors had an impact on how children perceive race was conducted by
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Kenneth Clark
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_________ are features of people in an area that psychologists use to group populations.
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Demographics
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Who came up with Structuralism?
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Gestalt psychology was popularized by
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Max Wertheimer
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When an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion, this is called
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Debriefing
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The process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment is called
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Informed Consent
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The Stanford Prison experiment is a famous experiment in the area of
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Social Psychology
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What is a consistent pattern of thought and behavior studied by personality psychology?
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A trait
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_______ is the scientific study of development across a lifespan
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Developmental Psychology
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Positive Correlation
answer
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Negative Correlation
answer
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No Correlation
answer
none!
Correlation And Causation
Hobbies
Look For Patterns
Questions
Into The Wild-Chapter 13, Virginia Beach – Flashcards 6 terms
6 terms
Preview
Into The Wild-Chapter 13, Virginia Beach – Flashcards
question
Important Q & A and some tricky questions
answer
• Describe the love triangle that exists in Twelfth Night. o The love triangle is between Orsino, Olivia and Cesario/Viola. • What 3 couples come together in the play? o Viola and Orsino, Olivia and Sebastian, Sir Toby and Maria. • What are 3 elements common to Elizabethan comedy that Twelfth Night possesses? o The 3 elements are disguises (cause confusion), dramatic irony (audience knows something that actor doesn't) and a happy ending. • Apart from her brother, who in Olivia's family has just died? o Her father • Viola tries to convince Orsino that women can feel love by: o Telling him of her "sister's" love • How long does Olivia pledge to mourn her dead brother? o Seven years • In Act II, Orsino compares women, somewhat unfavorably, to: o Roses • In Act III, Viola says that Feste is: o A wise fool • Antonio is wanted in Illyria because of: o "Piracy"-like activities • Sebastian and Viola are from: o Messaline • Within the play, Feste pretends to be a: o Curate • In Act V, how long does Antonio claim Sebastian has been with him? o 3 months • The chorus of the ending song that Feste sings is: o "the rain it raineth every day" • Feste calls Olivia a fool because: o She mourns her brother, when he's in heaven • What is the setting of the play? o Across the Adriatic Sea in Illyria. • "If music be the food of love, play on" The first lines of the play are very famous. Why do you think many people find this metaphor appropriate? o People enjoy this line because music/songs are always about love. Most songs out there deal with love, where it is love of a family member, country, or significant other (spouse, girlfriend, etc) • Why would Viola disguise herself as a young man while in Illyria. What specifically did she disguise herself as? o Viola would do this to find work in Illyria, as you can only find work if you are a man. She disguises herself as a eunuch (high voice, no pubic hair, no balls). • What is the purpose to the Sir Toby/Andrew/Malvolio subplot? o The subplot adds humor and engages the audience. It is a funny side to the seriousness of the play, and puts the audience in a better mood. • How does Valentine feel about Cesario? o Valentine envies Cesario because he is likely to be promoted and has only been in the Duke's household for 3 days. Cesario will go far because Orsino likes him. • What does Cesario mean when he says "Disguise, I see, thou art a wickedness,/Wherein the pregnant enemy does so much?" What theme does Cesario repeat in this soliloquy (monologue)? o Viola means that her disguise as Cesario is wicked because it is making her go against her master, and she is angry the disguise has gotten Olivia to fall in love with her. Cesario repeats the theme of unrequited love. • Explain Sir Toby's allusion to Penthesilea. o First of all, an allusion is a reference to a popularly known thing (work of art, fictional character, historical event/figure). Penthesilea is the queen of the Amazons, a tribe of tall warrior women. Sir Toby calls Maria this, making a joking reference to her height. • What does Shakespeare foreshadow at the end of Act 3? o He foreshadows that Viola and Sebastian will meet again, and all the truth will therefore come out.
question
Important Q & A and some tricky questions
answer
• Describe the love triangle that exists in Twelfth Night. o The love triangle is between Orsino, Olivia and Cesario/Viola. • What 3 couples come together in the play? o Viola and Orsino, Olivia and Sebastian, Sir Toby and Maria. • What are 3 elements common to Elizabethan comedy that Twelfth Night possesses? o The 3 elements are disguises (cause confusion), dramatic irony (audience knows something that actor doesn't) and a happy ending. • Apart from her brother, who in Olivia's family has just died? o Her father • Viola tries to convince Orsino that women can feel love by: o Telling him of her "sister's" love • How long does Olivia pledge to mourn her dead brother? o Seven years • In Act II, Orsino compares women, somewhat unfavorably, to: o Roses • In Act III, Viola says that Feste is: o A wise fool • Antonio is wanted in Illyria because of: o "Piracy"-like activities • Sebastian and Viola are from: o Messaline • Within the play, Feste pretends to be a: o Curate • In Act V, how long does Antonio claim Sebastian has been with him? o 3 months • The chorus of the ending song that Feste sings is: o "the rain it raineth every day" • Feste calls Olivia a fool because: o She mourns her brother, when he's in heaven • What is the setting of the play? o Across the Adriatic Sea in Illyria. • "If music be the food of love, play on" The first lines of the play are very famous. Why do you think many people find this metaphor appropriate? o People enjoy this line because music/songs are always about love. Most songs out there deal with love, where it is love of a family member, country, or significant other (spouse, girlfriend, etc) • Why would Viola disguise herself as a young man while in Illyria. What specifically did she disguise herself as? o Viola would do this to find work in Illyria, as you can only find work if you are a man. She disguises herself as a eunuch (high voice, no pubic hair, no balls). • What is the purpose to the Sir Toby/Andrew/Malvolio subplot? o The subplot adds humor and engages the audience. It is a funny side to the seriousness of the play, and puts the audience in a better mood. • How does Valentine feel about Cesario? o Valentine envies Cesario because he is likely to be promoted and has only been in the Duke's household for 3 days. Cesario will go far because Orsino likes him. • What does Cesario mean when he says "Disguise, I see, thou art a wickedness,/Wherein the pregnant enemy does so much?" What theme does Cesario repeat in this soliloquy (monologue)? o Viola means that her disguise as Cesario is wicked because it is making her go against her master, and she is angry the disguise has gotten Olivia to fall in love with her. Cesario repeats the theme of unrequited love. • Explain Sir Toby's allusion to Penthesilea. o First of all, an allusion is a reference to a popularly known thing (work of art, fictional character, historical event/figure). Penthesilea is the queen of the Amazons, a tribe of tall warrior women. Sir Toby calls Maria this, making a joking reference to her height. • What does Shakespeare foreshadow at the end of Act 3? o He foreshadows that Viola and Sebastian will meet again, and all the truth will therefore come out.
question
Important Q & A and some tricky questions
answer
• Describe the love triangle that exists in Twelfth Night. o The love triangle is between Orsino, Olivia and Cesario/Viola. • What 3 couples come together in the play? o Viola and Orsino, Olivia and Sebastian, Sir Toby and Maria. • What are 3 elements common to Elizabethan comedy that Twelfth Night possesses? o The 3 elements are disguises (cause confusion), dramatic irony (audience knows something that actor doesn't) and a happy ending. • Apart from her brother, who in Olivia's family has just died? o Her father • Viola tries to convince Orsino that women can feel love by: o Telling him of her "sister's" love • How long does Olivia pledge to mourn her dead brother? o Seven years • In Act II, Orsino compares women, somewhat unfavorably, to: o Roses • In Act III, Viola says that Feste is: o A wise fool • Antonio is wanted in Illyria because of: o "Piracy"-like activities • Sebastian and Viola are from: o Messaline • Within the play, Feste pretends to be a: o Curate • In Act V, how long does Antonio claim Sebastian has been with him? o 3 months • The chorus of the ending song that Feste sings is: o "the rain it raineth every day" • Feste calls Olivia a fool because: o She mourns her brother, when he's in heaven • What is the setting of the play? o Across the Adriatic Sea in Illyria. • "If music be the food of love, play on" The first lines of the play are very famous. Why do you think many people find this metaphor appropriate? o People enjoy this line because music/songs are always about love. Most songs out there deal with love, where it is love of a family member, country, or significant other (spouse, girlfriend, etc) • Why would Viola disguise herself as a young man while in Illyria. What specifically did she disguise herself as? o Viola would do this to find work in Illyria, as you can only find work if you are a man. She disguises herself as a eunuch (high voice, no pubic hair, no balls). • What is the purpose to the Sir Toby/Andrew/Malvolio subplot? o The subplot adds humor and engages the audience. It is a funny side to the seriousness of the play, and puts the audience in a better mood. • How does Valentine feel about Cesario? o Valentine envies Cesario because he is likely to be promoted and has only been in the Duke's household for 3 days. Cesario will go far because Orsino likes him. • What does Cesario mean when he says "Disguise, I see, thou art a wickedness,/Wherein the pregnant enemy does so much?" What theme does Cesario repeat in this soliloquy (monologue)? o Viola means that her disguise as Cesario is wicked because it is making her go against her master, and she is angry the disguise has gotten Olivia to fall in love with her. Cesario repeats the theme of unrequited love. • Explain Sir Toby's allusion to Penthesilea. o First of all, an allusion is a reference to a popularly known thing (work of art, fictional character, historical event/figure). Penthesilea is the queen of the Amazons, a tribe of tall warrior women. Sir Toby calls Maria this, making a joking reference to her height. • What does Shakespeare foreshadow at the end of Act 3? o He foreshadows that Viola and Sebastian will meet again, and all the truth will therefore come out.
question
Important Q & A and some tricky questions
answer
• Describe the love triangle that exists in Twelfth Night. o The love triangle is between Orsino, Olivia and Cesario/Viola. • What 3 couples come together in the play? o Viola and Orsino, Olivia and Sebastian, Sir Toby and Maria. • What are 3 elements common to Elizabethan comedy that Twelfth Night possesses? o The 3 elements are disguises (cause confusion), dramatic irony (audience knows something that actor doesn't) and a happy ending. • Apart from her brother, who in Olivia's family has just died? o Her father • Viola tries to convince Orsino that women can feel love by: o Telling him of her "sister's" love • How long does Olivia pledge to mourn her dead brother? o Seven years • In Act II, Orsino compares women, somewhat unfavorably, to: o Roses • In Act III, Viola says that Feste is: o A wise fool • Antonio is wanted in Illyria because of: o "Piracy"-like activities • Sebastian and Viola are from: o Messaline • Within the play, Feste pretends to be a: o Curate • In Act V, how long does Antonio claim Sebastian has been with him? o 3 months • The chorus of the ending song that Feste sings is: o "the rain it raineth every day" • Feste calls Olivia a fool because: o She mourns her brother, when he's in heaven • What is the setting of the play? o Across the Adriatic Sea in Illyria. • "If music be the food of love, play on" The first lines of the play are very famous. Why do you think many people find this metaphor appropriate? o People enjoy this line because music/songs are always about love. Most songs out there deal with love, where it is love of a family member, country, or significant other (spouse, girlfriend, etc) • Why would Viola disguise herself as a young man while in Illyria. What specifically did she disguise herself as? o Viola would do this to find work in Illyria, as you can only find work if you are a man. She disguises herself as a eunuch (high voice, no pubic hair, no balls). • What is the purpose to the Sir Toby/Andrew/Malvolio subplot? o The subplot adds humor and engages the audience. It is a funny side to the seriousness of the play, and puts the audience in a better mood. • How does Valentine feel about Cesario? o Valentine envies Cesario because he is likely to be promoted and has only been in the Duke's household for 3 days. Cesario will go far because Orsino likes him. • What does Cesario mean when he says "Disguise, I see, thou art a wickedness,/Wherein the pregnant enemy does so much?" What theme does Cesario repeat in this soliloquy (monologue)? o Viola means that her disguise as Cesario is wicked because it is making her go against her master, and she is angry the disguise has gotten Olivia to fall in love with her. Cesario repeats the theme of unrequited love. • Explain Sir Toby's allusion to Penthesilea. o First of all, an allusion is a reference to a popularly known thing (work of art, fictional character, historical event/figure). Penthesilea is the queen of the Amazons, a tribe of tall warrior women. Sir Toby calls Maria this, making a joking reference to her height. • What does Shakespeare foreshadow at the end of Act 3? o He foreshadows that Viola and Sebastian will meet again, and all the truth will therefore come out.
question
Important Q & A and some tricky questions
answer
• Describe the love triangle that exists in Twelfth Night. o The love triangle is between Orsino, Olivia and Cesario/Viola. • What 3 couples come together in the play? o Viola and Orsino, Olivia and Sebastian, Sir Toby and Maria. • What are 3 elements common to Elizabethan comedy that Twelfth Night possesses? o The 3 elements are disguises (cause confusion), dramatic irony (audience knows something that actor doesn't) and a happy ending. • Apart from her brother, who in Olivia's family has just died? o Her father • Viola tries to convince Orsino that women can feel love by: o Telling him of her "sister's" love • How long does Olivia pledge to mourn her dead brother? o Seven years • In Act II, Orsino compares women, somewhat unfavorably, to: o Roses • In Act III, Viola says that Feste is: o A wise fool • Antonio is wanted in Illyria because of: o "Piracy"-like activities • Sebastian and Viola are from: o Messaline • Within the play, Feste pretends to be a: o Curate • In Act V, how long does Antonio claim Sebastian has been with him? o 3 months • The chorus of the ending song that Feste sings is: o "the rain it raineth every day" • Feste calls Olivia a fool because: o She mourns her brother, when he's in heaven • What is the setting of the play? o Across the Adriatic Sea in Illyria. • "If music be the food of love, play on" The first lines of the play are very famous. Why do you think many people find this metaphor appropriate? o People enjoy this line because music/songs are always about love. Most songs out there deal with love, where it is love of a family member, country, or significant other (spouse, girlfriend, etc) • Why would Viola disguise herself as a young man while in Illyria. What specifically did she disguise herself as? o Viola would do this to find work in Illyria, as you can only find work if you are a man. She disguises herself as a eunuch (high voice, no pubic hair, no balls). • What is the purpose to the Sir Toby/Andrew/Malvolio subplot? o The subplot adds humor and engages the audience. It is a funny side to the seriousness of the play, and puts the audience in a better mood. • How does Valentine feel about Cesario? o Valentine envies Cesario because he is likely to be promoted and has only been in the Duke's household for 3 days. Cesario will go far because Orsino likes him. • What does Cesario mean when he says "Disguise, I see, thou art a wickedness,/Wherein the pregnant enemy does so much?" What theme does Cesario repeat in this soliloquy (monologue)? o Viola means that her disguise as Cesario is wicked because it is making her go against her master, and she is angry the disguise has gotten Olivia to fall in love with her. Cesario repeats the theme of unrequited love. • Explain Sir Toby's allusion to Penthesilea. o First of all, an allusion is a reference to a popularly known thing (work of art, fictional character, historical event/figure). Penthesilea is the queen of the Amazons, a tribe of tall warrior women. Sir Toby calls Maria this, making a joking reference to her height. • What does Shakespeare foreshadow at the end of Act 3? o He foreshadows that Viola and Sebastian will meet again, and all the truth will therefore come out.
question
Important Q & A and some tricky questions
answer
• Describe the love triangle that exists in Twelfth Night. o The love triangle is between Orsino, Olivia and Cesario/Viola. • What 3 couples come together in the play? o Viola and Orsino, Olivia and Sebastian, Sir Toby and Maria. • What are 3 elements common to Elizabethan comedy that Twelfth Night possesses? o The 3 elements are disguises (cause confusion), dramatic irony (audience knows something that actor doesn't) and a happy ending. • Apart from her brother, who in Olivia's family has just died? o Her father • Viola tries to convince Orsino that women can feel love by: o Telling him of her "sister's" love • How long does Olivia pledge to mourn her dead brother? o Seven years • In Act II, Orsino compares women, somewhat unfavorably, to: o Roses • In Act III, Viola says that Feste is: o A wise fool • Antonio is wanted in Illyria because of: o "Piracy"-like activities • Sebastian and Viola are from: o Messaline • Within the play, Feste pretends to be a: o Curate • In Act V, how long does Antonio claim Sebastian has been with him? o 3 months • The chorus of the ending song that Feste sings is: o "the rain it raineth every day" • Feste calls Olivia a fool because: o She mourns her brother, when he's in heaven • What is the setting of the play? o Across the Adriatic Sea in Illyria. • "If music be the food of love, play on" The first lines of the play are very famous. Why do you think many people find this metaphor appropriate? o People enjoy this line because music/songs are always about love. Most songs out there deal with love, where it is love of a family member, country, or significant other (spouse, girlfriend, etc) • Why would Viola disguise herself as a young man while in Illyria. What specifically did she disguise herself as? o Viola would do this to find work in Illyria, as you can only find work if you are a man. She disguises herself as a eunuch (high voice, no pubic hair, no balls). • What is the purpose to the Sir Toby/Andrew/Malvolio subplot? o The subplot adds humor and engages the audience. It is a funny side to the seriousness of the play, and puts the audience in a better mood. • How does Valentine feel about Cesario? o Valentine envies Cesario because he is likely to be promoted and has only been in the Duke's household for 3 days. Cesario will go far because Orsino likes him. • What does Cesario mean when he says "Disguise, I see, thou art a wickedness,/Wherein the pregnant enemy does so much?" What theme does Cesario repeat in this soliloquy (monologue)? o Viola means that her disguise as Cesario is wicked because it is making her go against her master, and she is angry the disguise has gotten Olivia to fall in love with her. Cesario repeats the theme of unrequited love. • Explain Sir Toby's allusion to Penthesilea. o First of all, an allusion is a reference to a popularly known thing (work of art, fictional character, historical event/figure). Penthesilea is the queen of the Amazons, a tribe of tall warrior women. Sir Toby calls Maria this, making a joking reference to her height. • What does Shakespeare foreshadow at the end of Act 3? o He foreshadows that Viola and Sebastian will meet again, and all the truth will therefore come out.
AP Biology
Biology
Correlation And Causation
Gdp Per Capita
Men And Women
Small Sample Size
Introduction to sociology midterm exam 38 terms
38 terms
Preview
Introduction to sociology midterm exam
question
In a controlled experiment high correlations prove that a change in one variable has caused a change in another variable. • True • False
answer
false
question
A student research team asks all students on campus to complete and mail back a survey that questions them about their sexual practices. Based on all of the responses that it receives, the team writes a report called the sexual preferences of LVC students. The team has conducted its project using a random sample approach. • True • False
answer
false
question
Validity refers to the degree to which a research study can expect to obtain the same results every time the study is performed • True • False
answer
false
question
A critical skill in using sociological imagination is the ability to view one's own society from the perspective of an insider. • True • False
answer
false
question
The discipline of sociology was given its name by the French theorist Harriet Martin and Martin is therefore referred to as the father of sociology • True • False
answer
false
question
In Karl Marx's analysis, society was fundamentally divided between the religious and the nonreligious who clash in pursuit of moral values. • True • False
answer
false
question
Which sociological perspective would view society as being like a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival and stability? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. all of these
answer
Functionalist perspective
question
Which sociological perspective emphasizes everyday forms of social interaction as the \"key\" to understanding society? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. all of these
answer
Interactionist perspective
question
Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that use A. questionnaires and interviews. B. participant observation. C. publicly accessible information and data, or data collected by another. D. control groups.
answer
C. publicly accessible information and data, or data collected by another
question
Socialization is the process A. of surrendering one's values and in order to become accepting of the perspective of others B. of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. C. whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. D. whereby people normally being socialized are at the same time socializing their socializers
answer
C. whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture
question
The relative importance of cultural and biological factors in the socialization process is referred to as the debate over a. nature versus nurture. b. role versus status. c. manifest versus latent functions
answer
a. nature versus nurture
question
The looking-glass self is the a. sum total of a person's conscious perception of his or her identity as distinct from others. b. child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole. c. phrase used by Charles Horton Cooley to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with others. d. person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior
answer
c. phrase used by Charles Horton Cooley to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interactions with others.
question
Gender roles are a. expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females. b. the biologically determined patterns of behavior that are appropriate for males and females. c. universally consistent learned behaviors of males and females. d. the biological characteristics of males and females such as genital organs, hormones, body hair
answer
a. expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females
question
Which of the following is considered a total institution? a. a high school b. military boot camp c. a Girl Scout troop d. the New York Mets
answer
b. military boot camp
question
An inmate enters prison and is stripped of his/her clothing and advised that from this point on he/she will be referred to only by number. This is an example of a. anticipatory socialization. b. a rite of passage. c. a degradation ceremony. d. ascription.
answer
c. a degradation ceremony
question
The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others is called a. culture shock. b. cultural awareness. c. ethnocentrism.
answer
c. ethnocentrism
question
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to maintain that the laws of a society are created by the groups in power to help those groups maintain their superior status? a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. global perspective
answer
b. conflict perspective
question
An example of a positive, formal tool of social control is a a. salary bonus. b. demotion. c. threat to break up the relationship unless romance improves d. frown.
answer
a. salary bonus
question
The term \"social control\" refers to A. justifications for deviant behavior. B. penalties and rewards for conduct related to a social norm. C. techniques and strategies for punishing deviant human behavior in any society. D. behavior that violates the norms of a group
answer
C. techniques and strategies for punishing deviant human behavior in any society
question
Which of the following has a role in maintaining social control? A. the family B. the government C. the peer group D. all of these
answer
D. all of these
question
Being imprisoned for theft would be an example of a (an) A. formal sanction. B. value. C. informal sanction. D. norm.
answer
A. formal sanction
question
Social control carried out casually by people through means such as laughter, smiles, and joking ridicule is known as A. neutralization. B. conformity. C. informal social control. D. formal social control.
answer
C. informal social control
question
Which of the following cultures is a case study of a lifestyle that has endured and maintained its traditions despite wide changes in U.S. modern life? a. Native Americans in New Mexico c. the Amish in Pennsylvania b. Italian Americans in New York d. polygamous families in Utah
answer
c. the Amish in Pennsylvania
question
Andy hypothesized that the stress created during economic downturns would increase the probability of spousal abuse. Stress would be considered the ____________ variable, and spousal abuse would be considered the ____________ variable dependent; independent c. moderating; dependent key; affected d. independent; dependent.
answer
d. independent; dependent.
question
Of the following options, Sociology is the study of: a. how urges, drives, and the mind can account for human behavior. b.. group-level dynamics and social structures. c. the underlying variation or causal mechanisms within the biological nature of individuals.
answer
a. how urges, drives, and the mind can account for human behavior
question
Deviance is behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. • True • False
answer
true
question
In general, people of higher/more powerful social class positions are less likely to be imprisoned for crimes they commit than people of lower class/less powerful positions. • True • False
answer
true
question
Having a grandmother who sits on the board of trustees for your college is an example of social capital. • True • False
answer
true
question
A hypothesis describes a proposed relationship between two variables • True • False
answer
true
question
Groups make better decisions than one person working alone as multiple perspectives are almost always better than one. • True • False
answer
true
question
A prison is an example of a total institution • True • False
answer
true
question
Another term for \"sociological imagination\" is the \"sociological perspective.\" • True • False
answer
false
question
Role strain is the process by which people internalize the beliefs, values, and behaviors of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society. • True • False
answer
false
question
Hegemony can be defined as a process in which a dominant group, by virtue of its moral and intellectual leadership in society, secures the voluntary \"consent\" of the masses. • True • False
answer
true
question
Which theory states that people subconsciously notice how others see them and over time use that to form the basis of their self-identity? A) Stigma B) Broken Windows Theory C) Labeling theory D) Deterrence theory
answer
C) Labeling theory
question
All of the following are described as golden rules of ethical conduct in social research EXCEPT: A. voluntary participation. B. never debrief. C. informed consent. D. do no harm.
answer
B. never debrief
question
What is the difference between a small group and a party? A). A party involves alcohol B). A party is multifocal while a small group is unifocal C). A party is a group of 3 or more people whereas a small group can be 2 people D. A party is a group that has a formal structure that mediates interaction and status differentiation
answer
B). A party is multifocal while a small group is unifocal
question
What type of individual rejects both traditional goals and traditional means and wants to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he or she is alienated? A). Rebel B). Ritualist C. Innovator D. Conformist
answer
A). Rebel
Cause And Effect Relationship
Correlation And Causation
Psychology
Test 1 Chapter 1 – Flashcards 46 terms
46 terms
Preview
Test 1 Chapter 1 – Flashcards
question
What is social psychology?
answer
Social psychologists study social behavior (e.g., attitudes and beliefs, conformity and independence, love and hate) in terms of how it is shaped by other people our attitudes and personality, and our biology.
question
What do we do to our social reality?
answer
We construct our social reality
question
Our beliefs (attitudes and behaviors) are shaped by external social forces
answer
• Locality • Educational level • Subscribed media • Culture • Ethnicity
question
Social behavior is influenced by...
answer
Our internal forces: • Inner attitudes about specific situations • Personality dispositions • Different people may react differently while facing the same situation.
question
Myers points out that our social behavior is shaped by...
answer
Other people, our attitudes, personality, and our biology.
question
The attrition a person makes for his or her spouse's acid remarks depends upon the happiness of the marriage. What concept does this portray?
answer
Social behavior is a function of both the objective situation and how it is construed.
question
Social Psychology is the study of:
answer
1. Social thinking 2. Social influence 3. Social relation
question
Objective Reality...
answer
is filtered by people's perceptions and beliefs
question
We are bio-psycho-social organisms, which means...
answer
We reflect the interplay of our biological, psychological and social influences.
question
Culture...
answer
The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
question
Social Representations...
answer
A society's widely held ideas and values, including assumptions and cultural ideologies. Our social representations help us make sense of our world.
question
Hindsight Bias...
answer
The "I knew it all along" phenomenon. The tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome, one's ability to have foreseen how something turned out.
question
The problem with hindsight bias is that..
answer
It can make people overconfident.
question
Theories...
answer
Integrated set of principles/ideas that organize and explain observed events, and imply testable hypothesis.
question
Hypothesis...
answer
Testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events and allow us to test a theory.
question
Correlational Research
answer
Naturally occurring relationships among variables, or detecting natural associations.
question
Experimental Research
answer
Seeks clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more variables while controlling others.
question
There are two types of research
answer
1. Correlational 2. Experimental
question
Two Locations for Research
answer
1. Laboratory 2. Field
question
Laboratory
answer
Location that holds a controlled situation.
question
Field Study
answer
Research done in a natural, real-life settings, exploring everyday situations.
question
Positive Correlation
answer
Two factors rise and fall together. "The more the more; the less the less"
question
Negative Correlation
answer
As one factor goes up the other goes down and vice versa. "The less the more; the more the less"
question
Strength of Correlational Research
answer
• It occurs in real world settings and it allows us to predict.
question
Weaknesses of Correlation Research
answer
• Causation often ambiguous. • It does not tell us whether changing one variable will cause changes in another.
question
Standing in the campus courtyard with a clipboard to record your observation of university students' usage of cellular phones in an example of what type of research?
answer
Field research
question
Correlation DOES NOT equal....?
answer
Causation
question
The direction of causality problem
answer
Did A cause B or did B cause A?
question
The third variable problem
answer
Perhaps variable C is really responsible for the relationship between A and B?
question
Random Sample
answer
One in which every person in the population being studied has an equal choice of inclusion.
question
Why is random sampling important?
answer
• Because this helps get non bias results • Helps researchers generalize to a population
question
Question Order
answer
The order of questions in a survey. F. ex: Americans' support for civil unions of gays and lesbians rises if they are first asked their opinion of gay marriage.
question
Response Options/Question Wording
answer
The precise wording of questions and response choices may influence answers. F. ex: most people favor cutting "foreign aid" and increasing spending to "help hungry people in other nations."
question
Framing
answer
The way a question or an issue is posed can influence people decisions and expressed opinions.
question
Two essential ingredients in a psychological experimental are:
answer
1. Control • Independent • Dependent 2.Random Assignment
question
Control
answer
Manipulating variables, such as independent and dependent.
question
Independent Variable
answer
Experimental factor that a researcher manipulates.
question
Dependent Variable
answer
Variable being measured; depends on manipulations of the independent variable.
question
Random assignment (RA)
answer
Process of assigning participants to the conditions/group of an experiment (treatment vs control) such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition/group.
question
Why is RA this important?
answer
It is important because it eliminates any extra any extraneous factors (family status, intelligence, education) and thus creates equivalent groups before the experiment begins.
question
Strength of Experimental Research
answer
• Lab is a simplified, controlled reality • Can explore cause and effect by controlling variables and by random assignment
question
Weaknesses of Experimental Research
answer
• It is not realistic. • The artificiality of the lab vs the real world. • The lab has everything controlled when the real world nothing is actively controlled. • Most participants are WEIRD. • Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic - that represent only 12% of humanity.
question
Is Random Sampling is the same as Random Assignment?
answer
Nope.
question
An experimenter exposed participants to different room temperatures to determine their effects on aggression. Room temperature was the...
answer
Independent Variable
question
An experimenter exposed participants to different room temperatures to determine their effects on aggression. Aggression was the...
answer
Dependent Variable
question
You are interested in finding out the effects that crowding has on people's moods. You conduct a study in a psychology research lab using two types of participants. One group that has to wait in a crowded room before answering questions and one group that doesn't have to wait in a room. This is...
answer
Both experimental and lab research.
Abnormal Psychology
Carl Rogers
Correlation And Causation
Cross Sectional Research
Life Span Development
Psychology
Theories Of Development
Human Growth Development: Chapter 2 – Flashcards 20 terms
20 terms
Preview
Human Growth Development: Chapter 2 – Flashcards
question
A systematic statement of principle and generalization that provides a framework for understanding how and why people change over time is
answer
developmental theory
question
The approach taken by most developmentalists, in which they apply aspects of each of the various theories of development rather than adhering exclusively to one theory, is referred to as the
answer
eclectic
question
Any consequences that follow a behavior and makes the person likely to repeat that behavior is called a
answer
reinforcement
question
Behaviorists believe that psychologists should focus on
answer
observable behaviors
question
According to Piaget, when new experiences are interpreted to fit into old ideas it is called
answer
assimilation
question
The foundation of cognitive theory is
answer
a person's thoughts and expectations
question
Social learning theory indicates that learning occurs from
answer
observing and imitating others
question
According to evolutionary theory, people
answer
are driven to survive and reproduce
question
Theory
answer
a possible way of explaining behavior.
question
Psychoanalyic Theory
answer
unconscious factors influence behavior
question
Cognitive Theory
answer
intellectual development
question
Assimilation
answer
try to fit new experiences into an already existing scheme
question
Accommodation
answer
change your thinking to fit the new experience
question
Classical Conditioning
answer
learning through associations
question
Operant Conditioning
answer
learn through consequences
question
Social Learning
answer
learn by watching
question
Negative Reinforcement
answer
do something to get rid of an unpleasant event
question
Sociocultural Theory
answer
guided participation
question
Evolutionary Theory
answer
survival and reproduction
question
Any consequences that follow a behavior and makes the person likely to repeat that behavior is called a
answer
reforcement
Correlation And Causation
Good And Bad
Psychology
Psychology 201 study guide for midterm – Flashcards 314 terms
314 terms
Preview
Psychology 201 study guide for midterm – Flashcards
question
Which of the following is most closely associated with surgical removal of parts of the brain? (Hint: Avalanche can cause you to have brain surgery)
answer
ablation
question
Your instructor announces a "pop" test. You have not read the chapter yet. Your heart and breathing rate increases, and your mouth becomes dry. Which nervous system was responsible for this reaction? (The teacher won't give you "sympathy")
answer
sympathetic
question
The brain structure that is part of the forebrain and acts as a relay to sort and send sensory information to the cerebral cortex is the Hint: my "thigh" can sense fat
answer
thalamus
question
Involuntary changes in heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and sweating are controlled by the You can't go on "auto" pilot when this happens
answer
autonomic system
question
The branching fibers of the ____ end in ____ and link with parts of other neurons. To link to my family after a flight I need to go to the terminal
answer
axon; axon terminals
question
The brain consists of approximately 100 billion nerve cells called Jimmy neutron has a lot of these
answer
neurons
question
Communication between neurons is considered to be a(n) ____ change involving ____. Hint: When something changes in your body is changes this way and you transmit to a new person
answer
chemical; neurotransmitters
question
Megan suffers from a phobia of kittens and cats. Even though she consciously understands that she does not have to be afraid of such small creatures, she still exhibits nervousness as she watches her daughter petting a neighbor's gentle cat. Which part of the limbic system causes this fear response that Megan does not understand? "I'm sure Amy doesn't like this"
answer
amygdala
question
Scientists destroyed a tiny area of a cat's limbic system by inserting a tiny electrode into this target area and then passing an electric current through the electrode. The technique used is known as
answer
deep lesioning
question
Weeks after an automobile accident, a friend continues to have difficulty maintaining balance and movements. You should suspect that damage may have occurred to the Can't walk in a circle
answer
cerebellum
question
Zelda is experiencing more and more blind spots in her vision as her inoperable brain tumor increases. The brain tumor would be in her
answer
occipital lobe
question
In the nervous system, the inactive neuron is said to be in a(n)
answer
resting potential
question
The ____ is a network of fibers and cell bodies that lie inside the medulla and brainstem and is associated with attention, alertness, and some reflexes, such as sneezing and coughing.
answer
reticular formation
question
The "all or nothing event" refers to the fact that
answer
action potentials occur completely or not at all
question
A psychologist may
answer
teach, do therapy, or conduct research. have a doctorate or a master's degree. serve as a consultant to business, schools, and social agencies.
question
The founder of psychoanalytic psychology was
answer
Sigmund Freud.
question
Brain mechanisms involved in hunger and thirst would most likely be studied by a
answer
biopsychologist.
question
The functionalists were interested in how thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and habits help people and animals
answer
adapt and survive.
question
Which of the following is NOT one of the six elements of the scientific method?
answer
common sense
question
Latoya is using a reading strategy that has been shown to improve learning and grades because it promotes active learning and information processing. Latoya is using the ____ method.
answer
SQ4R
question
The ____ view is considered reductionistic and mechanistic and seeks to explain behavior through the principles of natural selection.
answer
evolutionary
question
____ is important in psychological research in order to disseminate results to the scientific community
answer
Publishing
question
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic ethical guidelines for psychological researchers?
answer
Never use deception
question
After reading a small amount of material in her textbook, Juanita pauses and rehearses what she has just read and tries to mentally answer the question, "What is the main idea here?" Juanita also jots down brief notes on what she has just read. Juanita is engaged in which of the six steps of the SQ4R method?
answer
recite
question
Meridian Community College has a total of 4,000 students. One hundred of these students are surveyed about the programs offered at the college. The 100 students surveyed would constitute the
answer
sample
question
John recently took what he thought was a pain reliever and reports less shoulder pain. However, the pill he took was only a sugar pill. This best illustrates the
answer
placebo effect.
question
A researcher determines that the crime rate in a large city is related to the phases of the moon. He concludes that the gravitational pull of the moon influences human behavior. He has committed what error?
answer
the difference between correlation and causation
question
An experiment is performed to test the effects of sleep deprivation on rote memory. In this experiment, the dependent variable is the
answer
rote memory scores
question
Which of the following is characteristic of a humanistic approach to the study of behavior?
answer
emphasis on the importance of subjective factors, such as one's self-image
question
Wundt observed stimuli of various kinds and then used a process called ____ to probe his own reactions to the stimuli. He was spectating his own inside
answer
introspection
question
You discuss your feelings of loneliness with the psychologist, who responds by having you consider how your own behaviors contribute and reinforce your loneliness, how your early childhood relationship with your parents influences current relationships, and how your distorted self-image may inhibit you from seeking new relationships. This psychologist is most likely It's called being a human
answer
a humanist
question
As gas prices increase we see a decline in the number of travelers on the highway. This is an example of ____ correlation.
answer
negative
question
Critical thinkers
answer
gather and evaluate evidence. may constantly revise their understanding of the world. analyze the quality of the evidence, not just the quantity.
question
The town of Indianola, Mississippi, wants to know what the community thinks about building a high-tech movie theatre. Increased taxes will be used to pay for the new theatre. Therefore, elected officials are mailing out questionnaires to determine public opinion about the theatre and the use of increased taxes to pay for it. Which type of research method are they using?
answer
survey
question
Decreases in one measure are matched by increases in the other measure in a
answer
negative correlation.
question
Psychology is
answer
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
question
If you read an article comparing the value of breastfeeding versus formula feeding on the physical growth of infants, the psychologist who would have written this article is probably a(n)
answer
developmental psychologist.
question
The chief function of the control group in an experiment is that it
answer
provides a point of reference against which the behavior of the experimental group can be compared.
question
A(n)____ is any condition that can change and that might affect the outcome of the experiment
answer
variable
question
The autonomic nervous system contains two branches called the
answer
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
question
neurotransmitters are released at the
answer
axon teminals
question
a person will "hear" a series of sounds when which area of the cortex is electrically stimulated
answer
temporal lobe
question
the reflex control centers for vital life functions like heart rate and breathing are found in the
answer
medulla
question
nerves that leave the brain directly are called
answer
cranial nerves
question
in response to experience, new synapses form between neurons, and other connections grow stronger. these changes in the brain due to experience illustrate the brain's?
answer
plasticity
question
A sleepy driver rounds a bend and sees a deer standing in the road. the driver anspas to attention and applied brakes because his
answer
reticular activating system (RAS)
question
In a car accident a person sustain major trauma to his brain and the spinal cord region of his neck. Damage, in this case, was mainly to areas of the
answer
central nervous system.
question
The tiny gaps separating neurons from one another and across which information must be transmitted are known as
answer
synapses.
question
Aaron flexes his muscles as he shoots a basketball into the basket. His voluntary use of his muscles is controlled by which nervous system?
answer
somatic
question
The electrically charged molecules that are involved in a nerve impulse are called
answer
ions
question
According to Izard and other emotional researchers, which of the following statements is FALSE?
answer
Izard believes that infants can express several basic emotions as early as two weeks of age.
question
Regarding the grasping reflex, which of the following statements is FALSE?
answer
The grasping reflex is elicited for the first time as a baby attempts to stand by holding onto objects.
question
Loud noises can increase the fetus' heart rate and movement, which illustrates that outside conditions can affect the unborn in the the __________ environment.
answer
intrauterine
question
Regarding Piaget and Vygotsky's views of cognitive development, which of the following statements is FALSE?
answer
Piaget gave too little credit to the effects of the learning environment on cognitive development.
question
A person's developmental level refers to that person's
answer
Current stat of physical, emotional and intellectual development.
question
Vygotsky realized that some tasks are just beyond a child's reach. However, children receiving sensitive guidance from skilled partners could make rapid progress. Interactions like this are most helpful when they take place within a child's
answer
zone of proximal development.
question
Tony has resolved his struggle with dying and is neither happy nor sad, but at peace. At this point, all he desires is the companionship of his family and friends. Tony is exhibiting which emotional reaction to impeding death?
answer
acceptance
question
In which parental style do parents enforce rigid rules and demand strict obedience to authority?
answer
authoritarian
question
Jimmy is trying to get his infant son's attention. So, he talks in a higher pitched voice and repeats short simple sentences like, "Daddy's big boy." Jimmy is using
answer
parentese
question
The bedtime distress that occurs when babies are left alone at night can sometimes be eased with the presence of a stuffed animal or favorite blanket, which are known as
answer
security objects.
question
The study of changes in behavior from conception to death encompasses the field known as
answer
developmental psychology.
question
The pleasant, reassuring feeling infants get from touching something soft and warm, especially their mother, is referred to as
answer
contact comfort
question
Regarding identity formation
answer
Problems of identity occur at other stages of development besides adolescence. After adolescents have attained the stage of formal operations, they are better able to form an identity. Identity formation is a key task of adolescence.
question
Regarding the research on happiness
answer
Happiness is related to good and bad life events, but the impact is smaller than expected. People who are good at dodging life's hard knocks tend to create their own "luck" and tend to be happier. Subjective well-being is affected by one's goals, choices, emotions, values, and personality.
question
Which psychologist believed that all children pass through a series of distinct stages in their intellectual development?
answer
Jean Piaget
question
In the human growth sequence, a child who is between the ages of 15 to 18 months and two to two and half years old would be
answer
referred to as a toddler.
question
The dying individual asks, "Why me?" in which emotional reaction?
answer
anger
question
In talking to an infant, an adult may use exaggerated or musical voice inflections during a type of speech known as
answer
parentese or motherese.
question
Regarding fluid abilities, which of the following statements is TRUE?
answer
Fluid abilities include vocabulary and stored-up facts
question
Through such games as "I'm-Going-To-Get-You," adults and babies come to share similar rhythms and expectations that help to create a system that includes touching, vocalizing, gazing, and smiling, which are referred to as shared
answer
signals
question
Which of the following is NOT good advice when visiting a person who is dying?
answer
Be lively and keep the conversation going at all times.
question
Eleven-year-old Jason wants to go to the movies with his friends, but his parents say that he can't. When he asks why, his parents respond that as long as he's living under their roof, he will do what he's told and not ask any questions. This style of parenting will most likely lead Jason to be a(n)
answer
emotionally stiff, withdrawn, and apprehensive child, lacking in curiosity.
question
Defects that originate during prenatal development in the womb due to environmental conditions are known as
answer
congenital problems
question
Regarding smiling, which of the following statements is FALSE?
answer
The social smile does not appear until around 16 to 24 months of age.
question
After being adopted, the children who were raised in severely overcrowded orphanages where they got little attention, showed all of the following characteristics EXCEPT for
answer
wanting to be constantly held by their adoptive parents.
question
A hallucination is
answer
a perception of objects or events that have no external reality.
question
The direct flow of charged atoms into the tips of the taste buds explains which two tastes?
answer
salt and sour
question
Visual problems such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism are the result of
answer
physical abnormalities in the structure of the eye.
question
Obtaining additional information as a check on the accuracy of one's perceptions is called
answer
reality testing.
question
A dog whistle can be heard by dogs but not by humans. This whistle takes advantage of a characteristic of sensory systems known as
answer
the absolute threshold.
question
Converting important features of the world into neural messages understood by the brain is called
answer
sensory coding
question
If you work in a noisy environment or enjoy loud music, motorcycling, snowmobiling, hunting, or similar pursuits, you may be at risk for developing which type of hearing loss?
answer
sensorineural
question
Most of the focusing is done at the front of the eye by the cornea, with additional, smaller adjustments being made by the
answer
lens
question
Which theory of color vision explains what happens in the optic pathways and in the brain after information leaves the eye?
answer
opponent-process
question
Jeremy who sits in the back of the seventh grade classroom, has no trouble reading the words in his textbook, but he is having difficulty reading the words that the teacher is writing on the board or seeing the images on the projection screen. Jeremy most likely has which vision problem?
answer
myopia
question
The somesthetic senses include
answer
touch, the vestibular sense, and the kinesthetic sense
question
The ears of bats can transduce and hear sound waves that humans cannot. This allows them to fly in complete darkness by using
answer
echolocation.
question
The physical "height" of a sound wave that tells how much energy the wave contains is called
answer
amplitude.
question
Regarding inattentional blindness, we are more likely not to perceive something when
answer
our attention is narrowly focused.
question
A researcher is using an apparatus that consists of a glass-topped table with one side having a checkered surface that lies directly beneath the glass with the other checkered surface being four feet below the glass surface causing the appearance of a drop-off. This apparatus is known as
answer
a visual cliff.
question
Which one of the following sequences is the correct one for audition?
answer
eardrum, ossicles, cochlea, hair cells
question
When you are traveling in a wide open space with clean air, very distant mountains often appear to be closer than they really are. This occurrence is due to a decrease in
answer
aerial perspective
question
The cones of the retina
answer
number about five million in each human eye.
question
Bifocal lenses are used to correct
answer
both near vision and distance vision.
question
When our attention is narrowly focused, we may experience
answer
inattentional blindness.
question
Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding sleep sex?
answer
The official name for sleep sex is sexsomnia. Sleep sex involves someone who is actually sleeping attempting to have sex with another person. It is not uncommon for sexual assault charges to be laid against a person who attempts to have sleep sex.
question
Jeffery has just taken a substance that alters his sensory impressions. Which type of drugs did he most likely consume?
answer
hallucinogen
question
The mental exercise known as meditation
answer
is characterized by all of these.
question
Amphetamine is very similar in its effects to
answer
cocaine
question
The safest sleep position for most infants in order to prevent SIDS is
answer
on their backs
question
Most stage hypnotists get people to do strange things because
answer
all of these factors are involved.
question
One's natural sleep need
answer
is indicated when one can wake without an alarm clock and feel rested.
question
A substance capable of altering attention, judgment, perception, and emotions
answer
is classified as a psychoactive drug.
question
Brief ____ appears to be one of the surest ways to induce deep relaxation.
answer
sensory deprivation
question
REM is the acronym that stands for
answer
rapid eye movement.
question
Kyanna sometimes stops breathing for more than 20 seconds while sleeping. This can happen hundreds of times per night. She has
answer
sleep apnea
question
A person suffering from insomnia has a sleep problem characterized by
answer
difficulty in going and staying asleep
question
Nicotine is classified as a
answer
stimulant
question
Drugs with names like Xanax, Halcion, and Valium are
answer
tranquilizers
question
Smoking leads to an increased risk of
answer
several types of cancer. cardiovascular diseases. reproductive disorders.
question
Physical cravings for a drug and unpleasant reactions when the drug is withheld are signs of
answer
physical dependence.
question
Ashley seems to fall asleep in the middle of a conversation. She has even suffered one of these sleep attacks while standing. She is likely to suffer from the sleep disturbance referred to as
answer
narcolepsy
question
According to your text, sensory deprivation is defined as
answer
any major reduction in the amount or variety of sensory stimulation.
question
The two major forms of meditation are
answer
concentrative and mindfulness
question
Confusion, disorientation, delusions, and hallucinations are characteristic of
answer
sleep deprivation psychosis
question
Sleep
answer
is an innate biological rhythm. is necessary for life. may give way temporarily in times of great danger.
question
While you are watching TV, your mind begins to drift and you become increasingly drowsy. You know the television is on, but you cannot distinguish which program is on. Then, your friend says, "You're asleep." You quickly state, "No, I'm not," but you really were. The sleep stage described would be
answer
question
Rohypnol is
answer
question
Margo dreams of stealing her friends' wedding ring and placing it on her hand. According to Freud, Margo's dream probably represents
answer
question
Superstitious behavior
answer
is based upon an apparent connection between a response and a reinforcer.
question
A linked series of actions that lead to reinforcement is the definition of which of the following concepts?
answer
response chaining
question
Jason's parents reward him with a play break after he has worked on his homework for 20 minutes. After 20 more minutes of study, Jason receives another play break. Jason is on a ____ schedule of reinforcement.
answer
fixed interval
question
____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded operant reinforcement.
answer
Operant stimulus generalization
question
A puppy has begun to cry and bark in order to be let into the house. To extinguish this response, you would
answer
ignore the crying, letting the puppy in when quiet.
question
The learned ability to respond differently to various stimuli is known as
answer
stimulus discrimination.
question
To produce extinction in the traditional Pavlovian experiment, an experimenter would
answer
present the bell alone.
question
A(n) ____ is a dependable, inborn stimulus-and-response connection.
answer
reflex
question
One thing that reinforcement and punishment have in common is that both
answer
are less effective if they are delayed.
question
Pavlov's most famous experiment involved teaching dogs to ____ to a new stimulus
answer
salivate
question
To be effective, punishment should be
answer
immediate.
question
___ is given only when a particular response is made
answer
Response-contingent reinforcement
question
Advertisers often try to use higher order conditioning by
answer
pairing images that evoke good feelings with pictures of their products.
question
The concept that best explains persistence at gambling is
answer
partial reinforcement.
question
The basic tools available to control simple learning work best when used
answer
in combination
question
In a self-management program, self-recording
answer
provides feedback and lets you know if you are reaching your goal
question
Psychologists define learning as
answer
a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
question
The brief return of an operant response after extinction is known as
answer
a spontaneous recovery.
question
In the textbook example regarding "Shaping the Teacher," psychology students looked really interested in her lecture when she was standing on the right side of the room, and they looked bored when she was standing on the left side. The students were shaping the teacher's behavior using
answer
social reinforcers
question
According to the ____, learning is strengthened each time a response is followed by a satisfying state of affairs
answer
law of effect
question
Teaching your cat to turn on the living room lights would best be accomplished by
answer
shaping
question
People prone to repression tend to
answer
be extremely sensitive to emotional events.
question
If two brain cells become more active at the same time, the connections between them grow stronger. This process is called
answer
long-term potentiation.
question
State-dependent learning is a term which refers to the fact that
answer
bodily states can be strong cues for later memory.
question
Regarding the ways to improve memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?
answer
There is very little you can do to improve your brain's ability to store long-term memories.
question
A member of your favorite study group from last semester is walking toward you in the mall, but you cannot remember her name. You are sure you would be able to remember her name if you were back on campus in the library room where the group met to study. Maybe when you hear her voice, her name will come back to you. You are experiencing
answer
cue-dependent forgetting.
question
Which of the following types of memory is most often stored phonetically (by sound)?
answer
short-term
question
In which memory system will information be quickly "dumped" unless the process of maintenance rehearsal takes place?
answer
short-term memory
question
Smelling apple pie causes you to have vivid and detailed memories of the happy times that you spent in your grandmother's kitchen. This process is called
answer
redintegration.
question
The worst that happens when hypnosis is used as an aid to memory in solving a crime is that
answer
additional memories are produced that are largely false.
question
A history exam that requires students to "Discuss economic factors that contributed to World War I" is measuring
answer
recall
question
Extremely traumatic experiences, such as military combat, can result in memories and "flashbacks" that leave a person emotionally handicapped because they produce so much activation in which part of the brain?
answer
limbic system
question
After memorization, most forgetting tends to occur
answer
immediately
question
Regarding the use of hypnosis, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?
answer
If a questioner asks misleading or suggestive questions, a hypnotized person tends to weave this information into his or her memories.
question
Information in long-term memory is generally stored on the basis of
answer
meaning and importance.
question
After a long flight, a very tired Mark rented a car at the airport and drove to a nearby motel. The next morning, when he went to the parking lot, he could not remember what make, model, or color car he had rented. Mark's forgetting illustrates
answer
encoding failure.
question
A strategy or a device that acts as a system or aid to improving memory is called a(n)
answer
mnemonic.
question
Déjà vu experiences feel familiar but yet strange because
answer
a past memory was retrieved but was too weak to yield adequate details.
question
According to the network model of memory, the time required to answer questions about objects, events, or individuals depends on
answer
the length of the chain of associations that connects them.
question
If you can link information in short-term memory to knowledge already stored in long-term memory, the information will
answer
gain meaning and be easier to remember.
question
Regarding episodic memories, which of the following statements is TRUE?
answer
Unless episodic memories are important, they are more easily forgotten than semantic memories.
question
Which of the following psychologists pioneered the scientific study of forgetting using nonsense syllables and plotted the curve of forgetting?
answer
Herman Ebbinghaus
question
Regarding electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and consolidation
answer
Recent memories are more easily disrupted by ECS than older memories. If enough time is allowed to pass between learning and ECS, the memory will be unaffected because consolidation is already complete. The part of the brain known as the hippocampus plays an important role in consolidation.
question
Trisomy-21 results in which condition?
answer
Down syndrome
question
Which of the following types of intelligence tests minimizes language skills and consists mainly of items that require the student to match patterns or choose the figure that completes a sequence?
answer
culture-fair tests
question
An idea representing a category of related objects or events is called a(n)
answer
concept
question
Which of the following represents a mixture of convergent thinking, intelligence, reason, creativity, originality, openness, and tolerance?
answer
wisdom
question
Compared to routine problem solving, creative thinking involves
answer
fluency, flexibility, and originality
question
On a creativity test, you are asked to list all the uses of a paper clip. The more unusual or novel your answers the higher will be your __________ score.
answer
originality
question
A person who gets "hung up" on using a familiar object only in one certain way is exhibiting
answer
functional fixedness.
question
In the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), an intellectual disability is also referred to as a(n)
answer
intellectual developmental disorder.
question
Regarding "reverse vision," which of the following statements is TRUE?
answer
"Reverse vision" occurs when one forms any mental image
question
Billy has a mental age of eight and a chronological age of ten. Billy's IQ is
answer
80.
question
The items actually selected for an intelligence test provide which type of definition of intelligence?
answer
operational
question
Regarding Terman's study of the 1,500 intellectually gifted he called the "Termites,
answer
Terman found that the gifted tend to be well adjusted psychologically. A majority of the "Termites" finished college, earned advanced degrees, or held professional positions. Many of the "Termites" had written books or scientific articles.
question
Semantic problems would be LEAST likely to occur
answer
when one includes the word's denotative meaning.
question
Down syndrome results from flaws in the parents' egg or sperm cells, a condition called
answer
Trisomy-21.
question
For the last 30 years, Duane Rumbaugh and Sue Savage-Rumbaugh have taught a chimp named Kanzi to communicate using
answer
a computer keyboard with lexigrams.
question
In a study of how language affects one's thoughts, individuals who spoke different languages were asked to arrange a set of cards that depicted a series of events, such as a meal being cooked and eaten. Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding the findings of this study?
answer
All the subjects regardless of the language they spoke arranged the cards from left to right
question
Average intelligence is usually defined as any score from
answer
90 to 109.
question
Which of the following is based on the fact that many tasks can be reduced to a set of rules applied to a body of information?
answer
artificial intelligence
question
A 10-year-old child with a mental age of 10 would have an IQ of
answer
100
question
IBM's Watson supercomputer, which outperformed even expert humans at playing the television game Jeopardy, and the computer Deep Blue that beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997 are examples of
answer
expert systems
question
The fact that the sentence, "Samantha kissed Trevor," has a very different meaning from "Trevor kissed Samantha," demonstrates the importance of
answer
syntax
question
A diet of cheese, peanut butter, cookies, bananas, marshmallows, and chocolate is referred to as a(n) ____ and tends to encourage ____,
answer
"supermarket diet"; overeating
question
The National Academy of Sciences recently concluded that polygraph tests
answer
should not be used to screen employees.
question
When asked a series of questions with critical items mixed among them by a skilled polygraph examiner, an innocent person
answer
may respond emotionally to the whole procedure, while only a guilty person is supposed to respond more to relevant questions.
question
After eating a salty fish dinner you are very thirsty for plain water, a condition described as
answer
intracellular thirst.
question
The human sex drive
answer
is not necessary for individual survival, but is necessary for the survival of the human species.
question
Many of the physiological changes during emotion are caused by the activity of the ____ nervous system.
answer
sympathetic
question
Taste aversions are a type of classical conditioning, and if there is a long delay between the CS and US, conditioning is usually prevented. The fact that people and animals can develop taste aversions, even though sickness occurs long after eating, indicates that
answer
there is a biological tendency to associate sickness with any food eaten earlier.
question
If the ventromedial hypothalamus of a rat's hypothalamus is destroyed, the rat will
answer
eat until it becomes obese.
question
A cat caged in complete darkness learns to press a lever to briefly turn on a light. In terms of the cat's motivation, the light serves as a(n)
answer
stimulus motive.
question
You are driving cross-country and stop in at a fast food restaurant. You eat several cheeseburgers and a gargantuan-mound of fries. After eating this food, you find yourself very thirsty. Your thirst would be best quenched by drinking
answer
plain water.
question
The psychological state or feeling we call thirst or hunger corresponds to which element of motivation?
answer
drive
question
Curiosity and exploration are ____ motives, while thirst and hunger are ____ motives.
answer
stimulus; primary
question
There is a rare genetic defect in which a person has reduced ____ levels in his or her body, leading to obesity.
answer
leptin
question
The perception of an emotion in any situation can depend on what a person thinks has caused his or her feelings of physical arousal. This illustrates which theory of emotion?
answer
attribution theory
question
You are about to make a speech. Your hands tremble, your posture tenses, and your voice has a slight quiver as you begin. These outward signs represent which component of emotions?
answer
emotional expressions
question
Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding diets and dieting?
answer
a. Restaurant foods in the U.S. are higher in fat and calories than meals made at home. b. Food portions at restaurants in the United States are 25 percent larger, or more, than they are in France. c. Far fewer people are obese in France because they eat less and take longer to eat a meal. d. All of these statements are true.
question
According to Martin Seligman, ____ can be cultivated by using the strengths we already possess, including kindness, originality, humor, optimism, and generosity.
answer
happiness
question
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the suppression of emotions?
answer
Suppressing emotion can enhance thinking and memory because one remains in control.
question
Which theory of emotion BEST explains how "putting on a happy face" can actually make you feel better?
answer
facial feedback hypothesis
question
Which statement concerning stimulus drives is FALSE?
answer
Stimulus drives are observed only in humans.
question
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are
answer
serious health threatening problems.
question
Frequent changes in diet and weight can
answer
lead to a risk of heart disease and premature death.
question
Regarding the dimensions of sex, which of the following statements is FALSE?
answer
Hormonal sex involves the thyroid glands in the female and the parathyroid glands in the male.
question
Over the past 20 years, extreme gender role stereotyping has been
answer
declining
question
The two structures that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus are the
answer
fallopian tubes.
question
Within a healthy sexual relationship, according to McCarthy, there are four important elements including
answer
valuing one's sexuality
question
Recent research with the Scholastic Assessment Test indicates that the differences in verbal and math abilities that do exist between men and women are based on
answer
averages
question
Dr. Armond is investigating what role genetics play in homosexuality. His research centers on how genes are expressed during development. Dr. Armond's field is called
answer
epigenetics
question
The word androgyny refers to having both masculine and feminine traits and literally means
answer
"man-woman."
question
Regarding research on the effects of sexual arousal and testosterone levels on behavior, which of the following statements is FALSE?
answer
In a study, the men correctly predicted that being sexually aroused would influence their sexual choices
question
Regarding the after-effects for rape victims, which of the following statements is FALSE?
answer
Most women have overcome their fear, anxiety, and sexual dysfunctions a year after being raped.
question
Which of the following reflects all the subtle pressures from parents, peers, and cultural forces that urge boys to "act like boys" and girls to "act like girls"?
answer
gender role socialization
question
In recent years, an increasing trend has been
answer
that people today spend as much of their adult lives (on average) alone as they do in marriage.
question
Regarding forcible rape, which of the following statements is FALSE?
answer
Most rapists feel remorse or guilt about their deed.
question
Achieving sexual arousal by wearing clothes of the opposite sex is known as __________ disorder.
answer
transvestic
question
Regarding current trends in the sexual behavior among young people, which of the following statements is FALSE?
answer
Friends with benefits is a more casual sexual script than the sexual script known as the hook-up script.
question
According to Sandra Bem, a person who is cheerful, compassionate, gentle, understanding, loyal, soft spoken, and sympathetic would be considered
answer
feminine
question
Regarding gender stereotypes, which of the following statements is FALSE?
answer
Extreme gender stereotyping has increased somewhat in the last 20 years
question
Overall, for every dollar earned by men in North America, women tend to earn __________ cents.
answer
77
question
A person who desires sexual activity but does not become sexually excited is suffering from a(n) __________ disorder.
answer
arousal
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The belief that a woman who is raped by an acquaintance actually wanted to have sex is an example of
answer
a rape myth.
question
Heredity influences
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a. one's body type. b. one's intelligence. c. one's behavioral tendencies. d. all of these.
question
Mark is very hungry. After class, he leaves the building and sees the signs of the fast food restaurants near the college. After seeing the signs, he gets in his car to satisfy his hunger. Dollard and Miller would describe Mark's hunger as a
answer
drive
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Which region of the mind holds repressed memories and emotions, plus the instinctual drives of the id?
answer
unconscious
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Based on the research to date, most psychologists would argue that personality is
answer
a combination of genetics and environment.
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The dimensions of the "Big Five" factor model of personality are
answer
extroversion, agreeableness, conscientious, neuroticism, and openness to experience.
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The "amazing similarities" of identical twins may be a result of
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the fallacy of positive instances
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The four approaches to personality theories covered by the text include all of the following EXCEPT
answer
transactional analysis.
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The concept of traits is used for
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stable qualities a person shows in most situations.
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According to ____, personality is acquired through classical and operant conditioning, observational learning, reinforcement, extinction, generalization, and discrimination.
answer
behavioral personality theorists
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A personality type is
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a style of personality defined by a group of related qualities.
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Temperament refers to
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hereditary emotional traits.
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According to Freud, when impulses from the id overwhelm the ego, the person experiences
answer
neurotic anxiety.
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To assess personality, psychologists tend to use
answer
a. interviews. b. observation. c. questionnaires and projective tests. d. all of these in combination.
question
The MMPI-2 was primarily designed
answer
to identify people with particular psychological problems.
question
According to Freud, the ego is governed by the
answer
reality principle
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According to Freud, children from age six to puberty experience a quiet, settled time when psychosexual development is dormant. This is the ____ period.
answer
latency
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In the five-factor theory of personality, the dimension of ____ measures whether a person is self-disciplined, responsible, and achieving or irresponsible, careless, and undependable.
answer
conscientiousness
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Marla believes herself to be hardworking, conscientious, and a team player; but when she received her job evaluations from her employer and peers, she was shocked to learn that she was not viewed as hardworking or as a team player. According to Rogers, Marla is experiencing
answer
incongruence.
question
In Freudian theory, ____ refers to a preschool boy's attraction to his mother and feelings of rivalry with his father.
answer
the Oedipus complex
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If we describe Dan as being sociable, orderly, and intelligent, we are referring to his
answer
personality traits.
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____ people have personality traits that increase their chance of suffering a heart attack, while ____ people take a more laid-back approach to life.
answer
Type A; Type B
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During the first year of life, a child goes through the ____ stage, while between the ages of one and three years, the child is said to go through the ____ stage.
answer
oral; anal
question
In the Freudian view of personality, which part of the personality is totally unconscious and dominated by biological instincts?
answer
id
question
A psychologist is administering a projective test in which his client looks at several pictures and tells a story about each one. The psychologist will interpret the content of his client's stories. For example, he will count the number of times the central figure in each story told by his client is angry, overlooked, apathetic, jealous, or threatened. The projective test being used by this psychologist is most likely the
answer
Thematic Appreciation Test.
question
According to social learning theory, ____ refers to the child's emotional attachment to admired adults, especially those who provide love and care.
answer
identification
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Irrational and very specific fears that persist even when there is no real danger to a person are called
answer
specific phobias.
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Gwendolyn is a 34-year-old, unmarried woman, who relies on her parents to take care of her. She refuses to move out because she has an extreme lack of self-confidence and feels that her parents do a better job of structuring her life than anyone else, including herself. Gwendolyn fits the description of a ____ personality disorder.
answer
dependent
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Although her family is unaware of her feelings of hopelessness and despair, Carmen is very unhappy. Thus, she would be exhibiting psychopathology based on
answer
subjective discomfort
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Depressive, somatic, grandeur, persecution, influence, and reference are types of
answer
delusions
question
The neurotransmitter ____ has been shown to be related to schizophrenia and is also affected by PCP use.
answer
glutamate
question
Medical and psychology students have a predictable tendency to notice in themselves the symptoms of each dreaded disease or psychopathology they study. This is known as
answer
the "medical student's disease."
question
Persons who suffer from paraphilias are categorized as having
answer
sexual disorders
question
Allison believes that her body is "rotting away" on the inside, her hair is falling out, and her skin is completely drying out. Allison is experiencing
answer
somatic delusions.
question
Ben was usually in the hospital at least 15 times a year. He was taking 19 different medications, and his mother said that she desperately wanted him to be healed. The doctors discovered that there was nothing wrong with Ben. However, his mother was eventually diagnosed with ____ because she had a pathological need to seek attention and sympathy from medical professionals by "keeping her child sick."
answer
Munchausen syndrome by proxy
question
Women who are exposed to ____ during the middle of pregnancy have children who are more likely to become schizophrenic.
answer
a flu virus or rubella
question
According to the textbook, abnormal behavior is defined by two core features that are indicative of the person requiring psychological help. These two features are
answer
maladaptive and loss of control over thoughts and behaviors.
question
Aaron has had to reschedule his voice recital four times. Each time on the day before his recital, he loses his voice. Aaron's doctor CANNOT find anything that could physically cause Aaron to lose his voice. Thus, psychological factors appear to underlie Aaron's symptoms, which indicates that Aaron most likely has a(n)
answer
somatoform disorder
question
CT scans and MRI scans both suggest that the brains of schizophrenics have
answer
shrunk (atrophied)
question
Some researchers believe schizophrenia results from brain receptors becoming super-responsive to normal amounts of
answer
dopamine
question
Paula would love to have friends and go to the movies and parties, but she just knows that she would embarrass herself in these situations by not wearing the "right" clothes or not being able to carry on a conversation. Paula would be diagnosed as having a(n) ____ personality disorder.
answer
avoidant
question
Statistical approaches to abnormality define as "abnormal" those who
answer
deviate from typical or average patterns of behavior.
question
Calvin has been on a "pleasure binge" for the last three days. He has cleaned out his bank account spending the money on anything that gains his attention. He would be described as loud, elated, and hyperactive. A week ago he was feeling like a failure and was withdrawn and unhappy. Calvin would most likely be diagnosed with
answer
bipolar disorder
question
Under what circumstances do mental problems represent an elevated risk of violence?
answer
when a person is actively psychotic (currently experiencing delusions and hallucinations)
question
Which of the following mood disorders is characterized by the person being mild to moderately depressed most of the time for at least two years with no psychotic episodes and no mania?
answer
dysthymic disorder
question
Paul is described as irresponsible, reckless, deceitful, and lacking a conscience. Which type of disorder is most likely involved?
answer
antisocial personality disorde
question
Annabelle is in the grocery store when she notices her heart is racing, and she becomes very dizzy. She is shaking so that she is barely able to stand up, and she cannot seem to get enough air and begins to hyperventilate. Annabelle thinks that maybe she is having a heart attack or going insane. She was fine a few minutes ago. Annabelle is exhibiting symptoms of a(n)
answer
panic disorder (without agoraphobia)
question
An obsession is an unwanted ____, while a compulsion is an unwanted ____.
answer
thought; behavior
question
The risk of postpartum depression is increased by
answer
a. the mother experiencing stress and anxiety before birth. b. the mother having negative attitudes toward child rearing. c. a poor marital relationship and lack of support from the father.
question
According to the text, dissociations are often triggered by
answer
traumatic events.
question
According to the textbook, the reason for the gender bias in judging normality is due to
answer
standards for normality being based on males.
question
Which of the following statements regarding media psychologists is FALSE?
answer
Most media psychologists view their work as being as therapeutic as individual counseling sessions.
question
Which of the following is NOT an effective counseling skill?
answer
Selected Answer: providing several solutions to the problem Answers: providing several solutions to the problem active listening focusing on feelings accepting the person's perception of the world
question
"The owner of a chicken ranch ends a pet dog's habit of stealing and eating eggs by allowing the dog to 'find' and eat several eggs laced with Tabasco sauce. The ranch owner's approach is similar to
answer
aversion therapy
question
For what is Philippe Pinel most famous?
answer
changing an asylum in Paris into a mental hospital
question
Freud believed that neuroses
answer
involved all of these. caused people to devote excessive amounts of time and energy to compulsive and self-defeating behaviors. "were caused by repressed conflicts, particularly those stemming from instinctual drives for sex and aggression." forced people to develop rigid ego-defense mechanisms.
question
People with drug addiction may find it nearly impossible to resist the temptations for drug abuse in their daily lives without the use of
answer
hospitalization
question
"____ therapy seeks to uncover a 'true self' hidden behind a screen of defenses, while ____ therapy emphasizes that you can choose to become the person you want to be."
answer
Client-centered; existential
question
Which of the following would be the BEST definition of psychotherapy?
answer
A psychological technique used to facilitate positive changes in a person's personality, behavior, or adjustment
question
Patients are randomly assigned to a therapy treatment group, while the other patients are placed on a waiting list. If members of this control group, who were placed on a waiting list and received no treatment, improved at the same rate as those in the experimental therapy group, we could conclude that ____ was responsible for improvement of the patients."
answer
spontaneous remission
question
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the effectiveness of therapy?
answer
In a national survey, it was found that almost six out of ten people who have sought mental health care say their lives improved as a result of the treatment."
question
Trepanning involves
answer
boring a hole into a person's skull.
question
Analysis of resistances and transference are standard features of
answer
psychoanalysis
question
"To alleviate bed wetting, special sheets connected to an alarm are placed on the child's bed. When the child's full bladder releases the first droplets of urine onto the special sheet, the alarm will sound and awaken the child. Through this pairing of a loud alarm with a full bladder, the child will learn to awaken to the full bladder. This illustrates the use of ____ in alleviating a problem behavior."
answer
classical conditioning
question
"To reduce the time you spend watching TV, you vividly imagine yourself failing an important exam. This technique is called"
answer
covert sensitization
question
"During the Middle Ages, treatments for mental illness in Europe focused on ____, which blamed abnormal behavior on supernatural forces, such as possession by the devil, and on curses from witches and wizards."
answer
demonology
question
____ is the use of learning principles to make constructive changes in behavior and includes aversion therapy, desensitization, and token economies."
answer
Behavior therapy
question
"Problem gamblers suffer from several cognitive distortions related to gambling, including which of the following?"
answer
all of these selective memory attribution errors luck as a trait
question
Which of the following would be a behavior that would help if you were providing support and counseling to a friend?
answer
using open-ended questioning and supportive statements
question
Which of the following is considered the LEAST preferred place to find a psychotherapist?
answer
newspaper advertisements
question
The negative impact of shortening psychiatric hospitalization has been to
answer
discharge many chronic patients into hostile communities
question
"When looking in the yellow pages, counselors are usually found under the heading ____; psychiatrists are generally listed under ____."
answer
Marriage and Family Counselors; Physicians
question
Sharing your own private thoughts and feelings with others is called
answer
self-disclosure.
question
With regard to romantic love, the nearly exclusive attention lovers give to one another is called
answer
mutual absorption
question
You are practicing your guitar alone in your dorm room when your roommate and another student from down the hall walk in and motion for you to keep going. If you are confident in your musical skill, you are more likely to perform better with these two people present, according to the principle of
answer
social facilitation
question
Regarding Jane Elliot's demonstration with blue-eyed and brown-eyed children, which of the following statements is FALSE?
answer
Although the brown-eyed children were being mistreated by Jane Elliot, their academic performance and test scores did not suffer.
question
Acceptable behavior in most situations is defined by society, as a whole, through the broadest set of
answer
norms
question
In his research on stereotype threat, Steele found that when African-American college students were told that a task to be performed was a test of academic ability, their performance was
answer
worse than the European-American college students
question
When we bring our behavior into agreement with the actions, norms, or values of others in the absence of any direct pressure, we are exhibiting
answer
conformity
question
Tony asks his friend Clay how he was able to get his mom to give him $10 for the movies. Clay replies that you first ask for a loan of $25. When she refuses, you then ask if she could at least loan you $10. Clay has learned that which approach works his mom?
answer
door-in-the-face effect
question
A person has fainted and collapsed on the sidewalk. Latané and Darley suggest that if the sidewalk is crowded, few people will even see the person due to
answer
the widely-accepted norms against staring at others in public
question
A friend asks you to bring dip to a party, and you agree. Then, your friend adds that you need to make at least two quarts of it and bring at least three bowls to serve it in and three bags of chips. This party planner has used which compliance strategy on you?
answer
the lowball technique
question
Cognitive dissonance theory is based on the human need for
answer
consistency
question
A selection committee was interviewing applicants for a new position in the media department of the college. The psychologist on the committee found it very interesting that a majority of the committee believed that the applicant who was a former beauty queen was the most intelligent, likeable, and socially skilled of all the applicants, although two of the other candidates had considerably more education and experience with college publications. The majority of the committee is exhibiting
answer
the halo effect.
question
Who is best known for his research on conformity?
answer
Solomon Asch
question
In public areas that are kept clean, people tend to
answer
not litter because there is a norm or standard set for cleanliness in that area.
question
People are more likely to aggress when their goals are blocked, according to the
answer
frustration-aggression hypothesis.
question
Comparing hairstyles, habits of speech, dress, eating habits, and social customs in two or more cultures makes it clear that the members of each society tend to
answer
conform to social norms
question
Abe and Sandy have deep emotional and sexual feelings for each other, which Sternberg referred to as
answer
passion
question
Race is
answer
a social construction.
question
Regarding what people look for when considering potential dating partners, Goode conducted a study in which personal ads were placed in newspapers. The four ads included a beautiful woman who was a waitress, an average-looking female lawyer, an average-looking male lawyer, and a handsome male cabdriver. Results of the study showed that in choosing a potential dating partner, the majority of
answer
men were more influenced by physical attractiveness, while women were more influenced by success.
