Social Psychology 14_16 – Flashcards
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clinical psychology
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The study, assessment, and treatment of people with psychological difficulties.
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Social Psychology in Clinic,Judgments intuition ?
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1) illusory correlations 2) hindsight bias 3) judgment overconfidence 4) self conforming diagnoses.
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illusory correlations
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A perception that two facts or observations tend to occur together, even though they do not. ex; all accountants are introverted.
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hindsight bias
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I know it all long phenomenon ex:
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judgment overconfidence
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thinking you know more than you actually do
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self conforming diagnoses.
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patients may supply more information that fulfills clinicians' expectations' to get rude of this use researches,scientific method
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clinic VS. statistic prediction
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people would make much better decisions if they paid the most attention to statistical information 1 . look past behaviors 2- psychological test 3. use researches,scientific method
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Implications for better clinical practice
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-be mindful than clients verbal agreement with what you say does not prove it validity -be aware of the tendency to see relationship that you expect to see -rely more your nots, that on your memory
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major depression disorder
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-negative out look -depresse mood -concentration issue -sleep changes -concentration issue
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Depressive realism
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The tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate rather than self-serving judgement, attributions, and predictions.
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Explanatory style
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-One's habitual way of explaining life events. A negative, pessimistic, depressive explanatory style attributes failure to stable, global and internal causes. locus control _Internal : more positive, I can change my life _External: more depressive , is not my fails the other control it.
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Psychology of the Courts: Eyewitness testimony
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Penny demonstration (?), can be very persuasive, and almost equally as persuasive even when the eyewitness is discredited!
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Psychology of the Courts: Loftus (1974, 1979) study
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In case of whiteness testimony = 18% voted guilty. Circumstantial evidence + eyewitness = 72% voted guilty. Circumstantial evidence + discredited eyewitness = 68% voted guilty.
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confident witness
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seem more credible
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What may further corrupt eyewitness memories?
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strong emotions & trauma
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judgment over confidence
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perception & memory imperfections influenced by change blindness, exception belief,current knowledge -75% uncertain
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misinformation effect
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incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it. 1) 40% false confession why:the way ques ask 2) complaint conf , because a person tired wants to go 3) intrealiz conf,this mean reconstructive memory
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retelling events
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-pleasing audience - (plaintiff and defendant) -tone of voice -choice words
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Reducing Error of misinformation
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-train police interviews -minimize false lineup identifications -education jurors about pitfalls of EW test memory
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Defendant's Characteristics
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-physical attractiveness -Similarity to Jurors: jurors do exhibit some tendency to treat racial out-groups less favorably
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Judge's Instructions
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ignoring inadmissible evidence -Reluctance: motive to protect sense of freedom; -Arise when freedom threatened our freedom of action- -more difficult w/emotional info -pretrial publicity: jurors deny effect
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Additional Factors for judge"s Influnce
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-severity of potential sentence -characteristics of victim, Is a person look like crimanal or not
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Juror Comprehension
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-understanding instructions, most don't understand legalese. -Understanding stat info (EX: -Blood typing, 1__200 shire blood type - DNA) 1__170 million DNA -Understanding statistic Information -increase juror understanding
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Increasing juror understanding
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- give access to transcripts insted of relying on memories -have more effective ways to present , vido, simpes lanuges -tell juror about punishment in simpten a way
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Influences on Individual Juror
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-Juror comprehension -Jury selection: scientific selection -Death-Qualified Jurors
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Death-Qualified Jurors
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-are you for death partiality or not -concern about crime control
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Group Influences on Juries
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-minority influence -group polarization -leniency
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Minority Influence
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Jurors in minority will be most persuasive when consistent, persistent and self-confident
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group polarization
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deliberation may make initial leaning stronger 1)authoritarian go form 56 years sentence after del__to 68 years 2) non-Anth form 38 years sentence after del__to 29 years
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leniency
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When majority does not prevail, it usu shifts to acquittal
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12 heads better than 1?
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-groups recall info frm trial better than 1 -deliberation tends to cancel certain biases -greater chance of diversity
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6 heads as good as 12?
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-less chance of diversity -there's recent US Supreme Court decisions permitting smaller juries and non unanimous juries
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From Lab to Life
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-simulated and real juries -not real juries, so caution must be used in generalizing research findings to actual courtrooms
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psychology effect of climate change
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1) displacement & trauma -Nurture disasters 2)climate & conflict -global warming which increase aggregation public opinion:- -US 38 % agree of climate change -SK 70% -the house of Representative 240-184 climate change is not big iusse
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lacking of comprehension of climate change
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_personal experience & availability Heuristic _system justification: tendency to believe in and justify the way thing are in your culture, and thus especially when comfortable, to not want to change the familiar status .....
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reduease sustainable living
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-new technologies -reducing consumption -feedback, living green
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Materialism & wealth
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-increasing Materialism between the 1970_ 1980
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Changing materialism graph - survey of students entering college's primary goal
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Went from developing a meaningful philosophy of life to being very well-off financially
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Why does materialism fail to satisfy?
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Adaptation-level phenomenon Social comparison
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Adaptation-level phenomenon
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The tendency to adapt to a given level of stimulation and thus to notice and react to changes from that level
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Social comparison
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Upward comparison --> relative deprivation compared to those better off --> dissatisfaction
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how can improve this ?
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-close supportive relationships -positive thinking habits -experiencing nature -flow
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flow
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An optimal state of well-being in which, absorbed in an activity, we lose consciousness of self and time
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ex: of thought change
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Normal mood -exaggerate -descrip themselves postive & milady Depreive mood -not exaggerate -descrip themselves postive & negtive
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does loneliness cause depressine
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-is a relationships loneliness exaggerate a depressing -loneliness and shyness fed one anther -form 1980_2000 30% of american live alone but that not mean they are depressed
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loneliness negative impacte
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-heart disease -sleep problem -blood pressure -stress harmonies -decreased immune activity -increase risk of death as the same as risk of a smoking
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Anxiety & shyness
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-doubting our ability in social situations -self- presentation theory we feel anxiety when we are motived to impress other but have self -doubts
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over personalizing situations
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tendency that breeds anxious concern and extreme cases paranoia -alcohol abuse -health Illnesses and,death -when you learn about the symptoms you think you have this diseases ((diseases schema)) _Do I need treatment, woman more than men seek treatment
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diseases schama
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when you learn about the symptoms you think you have this diseases
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framing
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the one issue post or framed -better sounds better
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emotion and illness -type of a personality -(((((Anger)))-prone type (A)
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-stress increase harmon -increase plague _rick of hart attract
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stress effect
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-wight gin -brain cell less -increase aging - immune systems response -hart attract
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optimsie, illness and death
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-the more optimism you healthier you going to be -learned helpless -older adult up to 200 (30% died) _ optimism lower 200 (57% died) -pstive nuns = 7 years longer
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change way throgh external behavior
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if we can not directly control our feeling by sheered will power we influence them indirectly through our behavior -CBT: cognitive behavior therapy technique -rational -emotion therapy, like home work ask can you tell me 5 good things about you -assertiveness training -self help groups
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social skills training
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observing & practicing new behavior in self situation one may developed the confidante to behavior more effectively in other situations -ex: some one a fried to talk to girls so he practicing skills in save environment
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Explanatory style therapy or cognitive therapy
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_break ones negative belief about himself and his futures _ minting change through internal attributions for success -one improvement is a changed it endures best if one attributes it to factors under his own control -married ppl tend to live healthier & longer live than unmarried ppl
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close relationship health confounding a health
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experiment confounding the benefit of engine with others than suppressing stressful expers
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poverty inequality and health
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-reduce access to quality -smoke -increase stress -unhealthy and life style
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close relationship & happiness
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friendship foster self_ esteem well being -marital attachments & happiness -less risk for depression
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Enhancing Happiness
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-realize that enduring happiness does not come from ((fake it intile make it )) -give your body sleep it wants -act happy -seek work & leisure -join the movement.
