The first industrial revolution occurred from 1760 to 1880 in Great Britain, Europe, and America. It brought about significant advancements in agriculture and manufacturing. Science played a vital role during this period, especially in the development of steam power and chemical inventions. By 1880, Western society had experienced a major transformation into an advanced industrial and economic state, resulting in global connections among regions, ideas, and cultures.
The second phase of the industrial revolution started around 1880 until 1950. It was driven by four interconnected factors.
- Industrialization outside the west.
- Redefinition of the west's industrial economy.
- Growing involvement of non-industrial parts of the world
- Intensification of international impact (Stearns, 89).
Industrialization in countries beyond the western regions, including Japan and Russia, propelled them into a new phase of industrial develop
...ment. This resulted in labor politics and business practices that were influenced by and reacted to existing industrial practices in the west. The redefinition of the industrial economy in western countries led to significant expansion in this sector and the establishment of urban systems. It also created new demands for materials and services that surpassed what was achieved during the initial industrial revolution. Consequently, groundbreaking technologies such as electricity, internal combustion engines, communication devices, and airplanes emerged, profoundly transforming society. The extensive use of steel and cement played a crucial role during this second phase of industrial revolution. Furthermore, non-industrial areas became increasingly involved in providing essential raw materials like petroleum, coal,lumber,minerals,and other resources which further fueled Europe's and other regions' industrial growth (Stearns,96).
The second phase of the Industrial revolution involved an expansion of the revolution'
territorial scope due to increased international interaction. This resulted in the USA and Germany surpassing Britain in technological development and utilization. Additionally, industrial systems were remodeled based on corporate trends, significantly increasing available capital for the expensive phases of the second phase. Out of these four factors, redefining the West's industrial economy was the most important as it recognized the limitations of advancements made in the first industrial revolution and necessitated a second phase to ensure a smooth and uninterrupted technological transition. The first revolution primarily used machines to assist manual workers, whereas the second phase focused on replacing labor with machines and rapid industrial production.
The second phase of the industrial revolution had a significant impact on modernizing the world and establishing a strong basis for subsequent revolutions in computer technology, information technology, genetics, and agriculture. These revolutions have been key markers of human progress and still play a defining role in our world today.
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