History of Medicine Final – Flashcards
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when towns and cities grew
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1: Rickets is a form of malnutrition that became common
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an ancient surgical operation practiced in many parts of the world
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1: when towns and cities grew
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the science of the diseases that can be demonstrated in human and animal remains of ancient times
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1: Paleopathology is
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-the presence of infectious diseases -the presence of parasitic worms -schistosomiasis
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1: What can studying the tissues of mummies reveal?
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-pregnancy -lactation -the use of teeth and jaws as tools
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1: The analysis of ancient human remains has shown that dental disorders were often worse in women because of
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-patterns of tooth wear -growth disruption -the effect of workload on the structure of bone
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1: Scanning electron microscopy is used to determine
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possibly as early as the Paleolithic Era
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1: At what stage did human beings begin to administer care that would be recognized as a form of medicine or surgery?
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healers
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1: Shamans are best described as
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the transition to a pattern of food production through farming and animal husbandry
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1: The Neolithic Revolution refers to
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an ancient surgical operation practiced in many parts of the world
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1: Which is the best definition of trepanation
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a guiding principle in folk medicine
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1: The doctrine of signatures refers to
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Fossilized human feces
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1: Coprolites are
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-performed vivisection on condemned criminals -tortured 600 human beings to death -conducted the first anatomical dissections of the human body
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4: The infamous Alexandrian anatomists, Herophilus and Erasistratus, were thought to have
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a philosopher
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4: Galen believed that the best physician was
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a disturbance affecting the whole person
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4: For Hippocrates, disease was
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-air -the breath of the cosmos -a substance that when modified in the liver became the nutritive soul
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4: Galen defined pneuma as
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prognosis
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4: The primary concern of the Hippocratic doctor was
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a menial task suitable only for slaves and women
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4: The Romans regarded the practice of medicine as
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diseases that might be fatal
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4: Hippocratic doctors generally avoided
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-it rejected the role of gods in causing disease -it developed a body of medical theory associated with natural philosophy -it represented a strong secular tradition of free enquiry
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4: Why was classical Greek medicine unique?
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nature itself has strong healing forces
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4: What is the most important principle in Hippocratic medicine?
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Plato's notion of a threefold division of the soul
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4: Galen's system of physiology rested on
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-they are theoretically related to the four elements -they can be observed in the human body -they are determined by the five senses
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4: Which is true of the four humors?
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resulting from parents who are phlegmatic
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4: Hippocrates understood epilepsy to be
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mild and simple remedies
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4: Hippocratic medicine preferred
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a natural process
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4: The Hippocratic physician understood disease to be
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an Athenian woman who disguised herself as a man to study medicine
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4: Agnodice was
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at least do not harm
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4: The Hippocratic motto is
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Was determined by the fee status of the patient
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4: The doctor's fee
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-the son of Apollo -the god of medicine -trained in the secret of drugs by Chiron
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4: Asclepius was
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The human body and the environment
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4: In Hippocratic medicine, the principle of microcosm-macrocosm holds that a relationship exists between
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The dissection of other species
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4: Galen's understanding of human anatomy was based on
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Plato's notion of a threefold division of the soul
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4: Galen's system of physiology rested on
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Sanitary engineering
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4: When compared to the ancient Greeks, the Roman excelled in
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Malaria
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4: The greatest killer in all of the human history and a major factor in the decline of ancient Greek science, art and literature was
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The liver, heart and brain
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4: According to Galenic physiology, the most important organ(s) in the body are
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-an acceptable practice -necessary for population control -illicit if the fetus was surgically removed
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4: The ancients viewed abortion as
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Helpful for providing insight into a patient's physiological state
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4: Hippocrates regarded dreams as
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He taught medicine for a fee
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4: Which of the following statements about Hippocrates is true
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-differences between arteries and veins -differences between tendons and nerves -a detailed description of the heart
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4: The major discoveries of Herophilus and Erastistratus include:
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-temple sleep -an ritual of healing -an ancient practice of seeking divine dreams of guidance
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4: In the temples of Asclepius, incubation refers to
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writing a great medical treatise or 'Canon' that became the standard medical textbook in European universities
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5: Ibn Sina or Avicenna is best known for
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a compendium of women's medicine which includes writings on gynecology, obstetrics, women's diseases and cosmetic
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5: The Trotula was
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-rare in Europe before the fall of Rome -spread rapidly during the period of the Crusades as pilgrims returned from the Holy Land -disappeared from all of Europe by the fourteenth century
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5: Leprosy was
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-the opening up of medical faculties within universities -the development of a standardized medical curriculum -medical licensing
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5: Which process(es) led to the establishment of medicine as a profession?
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Hippocratic dietetic medicine was accepted so long as ultimate credit for any cures was attributed to God
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5: Was Hippocratic medicine accepted in medieval Europe?
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warned Muslims to fly from the leper as if from a lion
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5: Islamic teachings on leprosy
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a disease that was caused by improper sexual acts, such as intercourse with a menstruating woman
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5: Medical authorities viewed leprosy as
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-was the first medieval woman to write a book on the therapeutic virtues of plants, animals and metals -relied mostly upon traditional humoral theory when suggesting treatments for diseases -recommended using a unicorn liver and lion heart to cure leprosy
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5: Hildegard of Bingen
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-was introduced into Arab countries in the ninth century -was the system of medical ideas and practices widely transmitted with the Arab conquests -is a living system still studied and practiced by traditional healers
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5: Islamic medicine
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Cosmas and Damian
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5: Who were the patron saints of physicians and pharmacists during the Middle Ages?
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-it claimed the lives of nearly 50% of the clergy between 1347-49 -it left derelict many monasteries and churches -it resulted in the ordination of men of lower qualifications
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5: How did the plague impact the medieval Church?
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-originated in central Asia and spread to Europe via the Silk Route -was mainly spread by black rats which infested the harbors of European port cities -spread more rapidly than modern bubonic plague
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5: The Black Death
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-the study, copying and translation of Greco-Roman medical texts -the consultation of medical manuscripts for practical purposes -the practice of hospital charity
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5: Monastic medicine involved
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-the great demand for battlefield surgical expertise -the importance of Italian schools of medicine which maintained high standards of surgery and surgical technique by dissection of animals -the proliferation of technical surgical manuals which reflected a specialization of surgical knowledge
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5: Which factor(s) account for the changing status of surgery in the later Middle Ages?
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none of the above
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5: Which is true of Arab achievements in medicine?
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his theory of pulmonary circulation
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5: Ibn an-Nafis was an Egyptian physician best known for
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-a form of religious medicine -spread through the dismemberment of the mortal remains of saints -amplified during the period of the Crusades
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5: The medieval cult of saints was
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-surgery was a craft-based knowledge transmitted through apprenticeship training -surgery was generally limited to simple emergency procedures such as bloodletting -surgeons included women in their ranks
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5: Which factor(s) account for the separation between medicine and surgery in the earlier Middle Ages?
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-founded in the 8th century -staffed by teams of physicians and female medical personnel -provided doctors with clinical training
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5: Early Islamic hospitals were
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They are found among all the ranks of the medieval medical community - physicians, surgeons, barber-surgeons, apothecaries, leeches, and assorted empirics
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5: Which of the following statement(s) is true of medieval women medical practitioners?
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-the massacre of dogs and cats -long periods of quarantine for those suspected of carrying the contagion, the closure of schools, and the prohibition of festival -games and dances
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5: By the fifteenth century, European cities combatted plague by adopting which of the following public health measures?
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-care of the soul was considered to be more important than the health of the body -medicine as a branch was considered to be inferior and subordinate to theology -pestilence was attributed to divine wrath
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5: How did the transition from Greco-Roman culture to medieval Christianity transform the art of healing?
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-the rebirth of the arts and sciences -intellectual transformations that took place in Europe between 1300 and 1650 -a new age that ushered in a more modern way of thinking
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6: The Renaissance designates
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in universities in southern Europe having medical faculties
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6: Human dissection was first practiced in Europe
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first brought to Europe by Columbus
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6: Syphilis was
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they were medical innovators whose discoveries were likened to religious heresies
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6: Vesalian anatomists were called "Lutherans of Physic" because
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mercurial inunction in a hot tub
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6: What did doctors use to treat syphilis patients in the sixteenth century?
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-the first real advance in anatomical knowledge since the time of Galen -the first anatomical treatise based on the direct observation of the human body -dedicated to Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor
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6: Andreas Vesalius' Fabric of the Human Body was
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William Harvey
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6: Who is largely credited with discovering the circulation of the blood in the seventeenth century?
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studied Galen's writings extensively
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6: Medical humanists
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post-mortem or autopsy
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6: An important medieval forerunner of anatomical dissection was
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the printing press (moveable type) and gunpowder weapons
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6: What two Renaissance inventions profoundly impacted medicine?
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-took place morning to night for three weeks at a time -were scheduled for the winter term to avoid putrefaction -displayed several bodies simultaneously so that different parts could be demonstrated
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6: The dissection-lectures conducted by Andreas Vesalius at the University of Padua
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-invented a weighing chair to study 'insensible perspiration' -conducted experiments to study human metabolism -pioneered quantitative methods to extend medical knowledge
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6: Santorio Santorio was an experimental physiologist of the Italian Renaissance who
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transformed ideas about the nature of the universe and the nature of man
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6: The Scientific Revolution
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-it is otherwise known as 'doctor-chemistry' -it was founded upon a philosophy of nature that stressed astrological correspondences among the planets, metals, and parts of the body -it rejected the Galenic principle of curing by the use of contraries
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6: Which of the following statement(s) is true of alchemy?
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-the death rate was three times the present level -life expectancy was half that of modern Europe -war, famine, and epidemic disease appeared often
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6: The Renaissance was a challenging time for doctors because
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Studied Galen's writings extensively
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6: Medical humanists
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-working in hospitals and battlefields to gain practical surgical knowledge -explaining the deadly effects of gunpowder wounds and the value of ligature in amputations -devising wooden legs suitable for poor amputees
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6: Ambroise Paré was an unlettered Parisian barber-surgeon who is best known for
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-the first real advance in anatomical knowledge since the time of Galen -the first anatomical treaties based on the direct observation of the human body -dedicated to Charles V, the Holy Emperor
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6: Andreas Vesalius' Fabric of the Human Body was
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Transfused animal blood into mentally ill patients in order to cure them
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6: Early blood transfusion experiments
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-opposed the concept of humoral pathology -believed disease was caused by a derangement of chemical functions of the body -prescribed chemical substances as remedies
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6: Paracelsus was a Swiss doctor who
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to study the natural history of untreated syphilis in black men
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6: The Tuskegee Experiment was a study initiated by the U.S. Public Health Service in the 1930s
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