question

Acculturation

answer

The cultural modification or change resulting from one culture group or individual adopting traits of a more advanced or dominant society.

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Universalizing Religion

answer

A religion that claims global truth and applicability and seeks the conversion of all humankind.

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Tribal Religion

answer

An ethnic religion specific to a small, localized, preindustrial culture group.

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Adaptation

answer

The process of survival and reproductive success of individuals or groups best adjusted to their environment, leading to the perpetuation of their genetic qualities.

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Amalgamation

answer

In human geography, the concept that multi-ethnic societies become a merger of the culture traits of their member groups.

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Toponym

answer

The place-names of a region or, especially, the study of place-names.

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Technological Subsystem

answer

The complex of material objects together with the techniques of their use by means of which people carry out their productive activities.

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Syncretism

answer

The development of a new form of, for example, religion or music, through the fusion of distinctive parental elements.

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Standard Language

answer

A language substantially uniform with respect to spelling, grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary and representing the approved community norm of the tongue.

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Spatial Diffusion

answer

The outward spread of a substance, a concept, a practice, or a population from its point of origin to other areas.

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Assimilation

answer

The social process of merging into a composite culture, losing separate ethnic or social identity, and becoming culturally homogenized.

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Creole

answer

A language developed from a pidgin to become the native tongue of a society.

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Cultural Ecology

answer

The study of the interactions between societies and the natural environments they occupy.

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Material Culture

answer

The tangible, physical items produced and used by members of a specific culture group and reflective of their traditions, lifestyles, and technologies.

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Ethnicity

answer

The social status afforded to, usually, a minority group within a national population.

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Language Family

answer

A group of languages thought to have descended from a single, common ancestral tongue.

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Cultural Integration

answer

The interconnectedness of all aspects of a culture.

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Culture

answer

A society's collective beliefs, symbols, values, forms of behavior, and social organizations, together with its tools, structures, and artifacts.

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Culture Complex

answer

An integrated assemblage of culture traits descriptive of one aspect of a society's behavior or activity.

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Lingua Franca

answer

Any of the various auxiliary languages used as common tongues among people of an area where several languages are spoken. .

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Culture Hearth

answer

A nuclear area within which an advanced and distinctive set of culture traits develops and from which there is diffusion of distinctive technologies and ways of life.

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Ethnoburb

answer

A suburban ethnic enclave.

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Folk Culture

answer

he body of institutions, customs, dress, artifacts, collective wisdoms, and traditions of a homogeneous, isolated, largely self-sufficient, and relatively static social group.

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Genetic Drift

answer

A chance modification of gene composition occurring in an isolated population and becoming accentuated through inbreeding.

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Innovation

answer

Introduction into an area of new ideas, practices, or objects; an alteration of custom or culture that originates within the social group itself.

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Ideological Subsystem

answer

The complex of ideas, beliefs, knowledge, and means of their communication that characterizes a culture.

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Gender

answer

The socially created, not biologically based, distinctions between femininity and masculinity.

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Ethnic Religion

answer

A religion identified with a particular ethnic group and largely exclusive to it.

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Culture Realm

answer

A collective of culture regions sharing related culture systems; a major world area having sufficient distinctiveness to be perceived as set apart from other realms in its cultural characteristics and complexes.

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Culture Region

answer

A formal or functional region within which common cultural characteristics prevail. It may be based on single culture traits; on culture complexes; or on political, social, or economic integration.

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Culture System

answer

A generalization suggesting shared, identifying traits uniting two or more culture complexes.

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Culture Trait

answer

A single distinguishing feature of regular occurrence within a culture, such as the use of chopsticks or the observance of a particular caste system.

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Dialect

answer

A regional or socioeconomic variation of a more widely spoken language

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Environmental Determinism

answer

The view that the physical environment, particularly climate, molds human behavior and conditions cultural development.

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Nonmaterial Culture

answer

The oral traditions, songs, and stories of a culture group along with its beliefs and customary behaviors.

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Pidgin common to a culture or subculture

answer

An auxiliary language derived, with reduction of vocabulary and simplification of structure, from other languages.

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Popular Culture

answer

The constantly changing mix of material and nonmaterial elements available through mass production and the mass media to an urbanized, heterogeneous, nontraditional society.

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Possibilism

answer

The philosophical viewpoint that the physical environment offers human beings a set of opportunities from which (within limits) people may choose according to their cultural needs and technological awareness.

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Race

answer

A subset of human population whose members share certain distinctive, inherited biological characteristics.

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Sociological Subsystem

answer

The totality of expected and accepted patterns of interpersonal relations

question

A group of languages thought to have shared the same origin is A) Hindi, Ukrainian, and Chinese. B) Chinese, Japanese, and Australian. * C) Hindi, Russian, and Spanish. D) Arabic, Hindi, and Tibetan.

answer

* C) Hindi, Russian, and Spanish

question

_________ is an amalgam of languages, usually a simplified form of one of them, such as English or French, with borrowing from another, perhaps non-European local language. A) Pidgin B) Creole C) Lingua franca D) Standard language

answer

* A) Pidgin

question

Which religion was spread largely through dispersions and persecutions? B) Christianity C) Confucianism D) Hinduism

answer

A) Judaism

question

Which one of the universalizing religions originated in India and was brought by missionaries into China, Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, Tibet, and Mongolia, where it became the dominant religion? A) Buddhism B) Hinduism C) Islam D) Shintoism

answer

A) Buddhism

question

Which one of the following religions is not monotheistic? A) Judaism B) Christianity C) Islam D) Hinduism

answer

D) Hinduism

question

A language may be defined as A) a literary tradition developed in a specific geographic area. B) a cultural constant of the sociological subsystem. C) the necessary basis of national identity. D) an organized system of speech communication.

answer

D) an organized system of speech communication.

question

Which one of the following groups of areas was among the world's earliest centers of plant and animal domestication? A) British Isles, Scandinavia, United States B) Northeast Asia, Eastern Europe, South Africa C) Australia, New Zealand, Greenland D) Southwest Asia, West Africa, Andean South America

answer

D) Southwest Asia, West Africa, Andean South America

question

A primary basis for the partition of the Indian subcontinent following British rule was to A) reduce tension and conflict between speakers of Indo-European Hindi and Dravidian Tamil tongues. B) recognize the existence of distinctive regional religious concentrations and animosities. C) adhere to a demand voiced by Mohandas Gandhi. D) recognize the territorial rights of Buddhist Bangladesh.

answer

B) recognize the existence of distinctive regional religious concentrations and animosities.

question

Which of the following languages belongs in the Romance language subfamily with French? A) English B) German C) Welsh D) Spanish

answer

D) Spanish

question

Which of the following religions has remained dominant in its area of origin? A) Christianity B) Islam C) Buddhism D) Nihilism

answer

B) Islam

question

Which of the following statements about purchasing power parity is NOT true? A) It takes into account price levels in different countries. B) By this measure, the difference between rich and poor countries is less pronounced. C) By this measure, the difference between rich and poor countries is more pronounced. D) It is an alternative measure to per capita gross national income.

answer

C) By this measure, the difference between rich and poor countries is more pronounced.

question

What is the Koran? A) the geography and history of the Middle East in ancient times B) the Hindu book of holy scriptures C) the sayings of Allah revealed to Mohammed D) the life and teachings of prophets who followed Mohammed

answer

C) the sayings of Allah revealed to Mohammed

question

When a social group does not adopt a useful innovation, it is said to display A) contradiction. B) dissonant resistance. C) social retardation. D) cultural lag.

answer

D) cultural lag.

question

Which language is the most dominant in terms of number of speakers who use it as their primary or secondary tongue? A) Spanish B) Mandarin (China) C) English D) Arabic

answer

B) Mandarin (China)

question

Which of the following is NOT considered a "universalizing" religion? A) Islam B) Buddhism C) Judaism D) Christianity

answer

C) Judaism

question

Which of the following religions did NOT arise in Southwestern Asia? A) Judaism B) Buddhism C) Christianity D) Islam

answer

B) Buddhism

question

A religion that teaches that a person's status in this life is determined by his/her existence in previous lives is A) Shintoism. B) Islam. C) Confucianism. D) Hinduism.

answer

D) Hinduism.

question

Acculturation is the term applied to A) the rise of a social group from savagery to civilization. B) the curriculum objective of U.S. public schools. C) the process by which one culture group adopts the characteristics of another dominant group. D) the process of melding traits or traditions of two different cultures into a composite acceptable to both originating groups.

answer

C) the process by which one culture group adopts the characteristics of another dominant group.

question

Cultural convergence implies that A) distinctive cultures will disappear. B) world populations increasingly share a common technology. C) all cultures can be traced back to a common ancestor group. D) world trade reduces the importance of national borders.

answer

B) world populations increasingly share a common technology.

question

The study of place-names as evidence of past cultural presence and change is called A) topography. B) topology. C) toponymy. D) toposcopy.

answer

C) toponymy.

question

The top four languages spoken by the greatest number of people worldwide are A) Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, and Russian. B) English, French, German, and Spanish. C) Mandarin, Japanese, English, and Spanish. D) Mandarin, English, Hindi/Urdu, and Spanish.

answer

D) Mandarin, English, Hindi/Urdu, and Spanish.

question

The three subsystems of a culture are A) ideas, beliefs, and knowledge. B) religious, political, and educational. C) culture trait, culture complex, and cultural landscape. D) technological, sociological, and ideological.

answer

D) technological, sociological, and ideological.

question

The term referring to socially created distinctions between masculine and feminine roles in society is A) sexuality. B) bimorphism. C) dualism. D) gender.

answer

D) gender.

question

The Indo-European language family A) is made up of separate languages collectively spoken by about one-half of the world's population. B) is spatially confined to the area extending from southeastern Europe eastward to northern India. C) despite dialect differences has retained an essentially common vocabulary shared by all. D) was strongly affected during its formative period by English colonization and the defeat of the Spanish armada.

answer

A) is made up of separate languages collectively spoken by about one-half of the world's population.

question

Ethnic communities are composed of populations with distinguishing A) cultural heritages. B) citizenship and political affiliations. C) racial characteristics. D) music and food preferences.

answer

A) cultural heritages.

question

Racial classifications A) are based on detailed genetic analyses. B) group people into categories such as Irish, Hispanic, and Asian. C) have been dismissed by most anthropologists and geneticists. D) are based on ethnicity and/or nationality.

answer

C) have been dismissed by most anthropologists and geneticists.

question

Religions are important keys to human geographic understanding because A) with their emphasis upon charity and the afterlife, religions play a universal pacifying role. B) they are one of the very few aspects of human culture totally divorced from the environments they occupy. C) each major world religion is identified with a specific parent language. D) religious beliefs intimately affect all facets of a culture.

answer

D) religious beliefs intimately affect all facets of a culture.

question

Shiites and Sunnis are two major religious sects of _______. A) Islam B) Shinto C) Buddhism D) Hinduism

answer

A) Islam

question

The rejected theory that cultures are controlled by the physical geography of their surroundings was A) environmental determinism. B) cultural divergence imitation. C) cultural convergence legislation. D) possibilism elementary school.

answer

A) environmental determinism.

question

The smallest distinctive item of culture is called a A) culture norm. B) culture complex. C) culture trait. D) cultural landscape.

answer

C) culture trait.

question

The spread of culture traits from one area to other areas is called A) diffusion. B) innovation. C) civilization. D) modernization.

answer

A) diffusion.

question

The spread of English as a worldwide language was the result of A) the success of England and the United States in World Wars I and II. B) international agreements upon a common language to avoid the confusion of multiple European tongues. C) the connection between use of English and receipt of foreign aid by developing countries. D) the establishment of overseas colonies and former English dominance in world trade.

answer

D) the establishment of overseas colonies and former English dominance in world trade.

question

Examples of the worldwide diffusion of English include all of the following EXCEPT A) over 70 percent of internet pages are in English. B) it is one of two working languages at the United Nations. C) it is the accepted language for international air traffic control. D) it is the official language of 60 countries, including the United States.

answer

D) it is the official language of 60 countries, including the United States.

question

It is believed that the Indo-European protolanguage originated about 5,000 years ago in A) the Ganges Valley of northern India. B) the ancient hearth region of Mesopotamia. C) Eastern Europe or central Turkey. D) southern France or northern Iberia.

answer

C) Eastern Europe or central Turkey.

question

The chief centers for plant and animal domestication include all of the following EXCEPT A) West Africa. B) North America. C) Meso-America. D) Southern and Southeast Asia.

answer

B) North America.

question

The cultural landscape A) summarizes the nonmaterial aspects of a society. B) is equivalent to a culture realm or a single-trait social region. C) represents the real extent of a hearth region. D) includes house types, cities, agricultural fields, transportation networks, parks, and cemeteries.

answer

D) includes house types, cities, agricultural fields, transportation networks, parks, and cemeteries.

question

It is estimated that about 10% of the cultural items in a society are attributable to _____ by its members and 90% to __________. A) creativity; cultural spontaneity B) spatial diffusion; diffraction C) innovation; implementation D) innovation; spatial diffusion

answer

D) innovation; spatial diffusion

question

Most of the people in the Middle East speak A) Hindi. B) Arabic. C) Turkish. D) Persian.

answer

B) Arabic.

question

Of the following major world religions, the newest is A) Buddhism. B) Islam. C) Judaism. D) Hinduism.

answer

B) Islam.

question

Pidgin and creole languages are distinguished from one another by the fact that pidgin A) may be based on any European language; creole is always a French dialect. B) is always a second language for all its speakers; creole has become a distinctive first language of a society. C) is a simplified European language taught to native populations; creole is a simplified native language. D) is any invented language of Asia and the Pacific; creole is based on French and found in the Caribbean.

answer

B) is always a second language for all its speakers; creole has become a distinctive first language of a society.

question

The most distinctive contrast between folk and popular culture is that A) folk culture is, in general, authoritarian and repressive; popular culture reflects progressive, democratic influences. B) folk culture is limited in geographical range and only spreads through hierarchical diffusion. C) folk cultures are restricted to primitive, pre-literate territories of developing countries; popular cultures are universal in developed, industrialized states. D) folk culture reflects the traditional way of life of groups isolated from and resistant to outside influences; popular culture simply implies the general mass of people conforming to ever-changing fads and common modes of behavior.

answer

D) folk culture reflects the traditional way of life of groups isolated from and resistant to outside influences; popular culture simply implies the general mass of people conforming to ever-changing fads and common modes of behavior.

question

The one way in which culture is NOT transmitted to younger generations is by A) imitation. B) mutation. C) instruction. D) example.

answer

B) mutation..

question

The political movement devoted to the creation of a Jewish state is A) Hegira. B) Zionism. C) Nanpur. D) Brahman.

answer

B) Zionism

question

Which one of the following is an example of an ethnic group? A) the Association of American Geographers B) Southerners C) Christians D) Mexican-Americans

answer

D) Mexican-Americans

question

Which one of the following items is an example of a cultural trait? A) race B) eye color C) technology D) climate

answer

C) technology

question

Which one of the following languages belongs to the same language subfamily with English? A) German B) Spanish C) French D) Russian

answer

A) German

question

Agriculture

answer

Cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock; farming.

question

Aquaculture

answer

Producing and harvesting of fish and shellfish in freshwater ponds, lakes, and canals or in fenced-off coastal bays and estuaries; fish farming.

question

Commercial Economy

answer

The production of goods and services for exchange in competitive markets where price and availability are determined by supply and demand forces.

question

Economic Geography

answer

The study of how people earn a living, how livelihood systems vary by area, and how economic activities are spatially interrelated and linked.

question

Extensive Commercial Agriculture

answer

examples include large-scale wheat farming and livestock ranching.

question

Extensive Subsistence Agriculture

answer

examples include nomadic herding and shifting cultivation.

question

Extractive Industries

answer

Primary activities involving the mining and quarrying of nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources.

question

Gathering Industries

answer

Primary activities involving the harvesting of renewable natural resources of land or water; commercial gathering usually implies forestry and fishing industries.

question

Green Revolution

answer

The great increases in food production, primarily in subtropical areas, accomplished through the introduction of very high-yielding grain crops, particularly wheat and rice.

question

Informal Economy

answer

Economic activity that operates without official recognition, government regulation, or tax collection.

question

Intensive Commercial Agriculture

answer

Farming where crops have high yields and high market value.

question

Intensive Subsitence Agriculture

answer

Intensive farming in a subsistence economy; the cultivation of small landholdings through the expenditure of great amounts of labor.

question

Maximum Sustainable Yield

answer

The maximum rate at which a renewable resource can be exploited without impairing its ability to be renewed or replenished.

question

Nomadic Herding

answer

The migratory but controlled movement of livestock solely dependent upon natural forage.

question

Planned Economy .

answer

A system of the production of goods and services, usually consumed or distributed by a government agency, in quantities and at prices determined by government programs

question

Plantation

answer

A large agricultural holding, frequently foreign-owned, devoted to the production of a single export crop.

question

Primary Activity

answer

The part of the economy involved in making natural resources available for use or further processing; includes mining, agriculture, forestry, fishing or hunting, and grazing.

question

Secondary Activity

answer

The part of the economy involved in the processing of raw materials derived from primary activities; includes manufacturing, construction, power generation.

question

Subsistence Economy

answer

A system in which goods and services are created for the use of producers or their immediate families. Market exchanges are limited and of minor importance.

question

Swidden

answer

Crop production of forest clearings kept in cultivation until their quickly declining fertility is lost. Cleared plots are then abandoned and new sites are prepared.

question

Tertiary Activity

answer

The part of the economy that fulfills the exchange function and that provides market availability of commodities; includes wholesale and retail trade and associated transportation, government, and information services.

question

Transition Economy

answer

Economies in formerly communist countries that are in the process of shifting away from central planning towards free market exchange.

question

Von Thunen

answer

Agricultural land use theory.

question

Agglomeration

answer

The spatial grouping of people or activities for mutual benefit.

question

Business Services

answer

The portion of the tertiary (services) sector of the economy engaged in providing services to other businesses.

question

Flexible Production

answer

Production systems that use computer information technology and just-in-time manufacturing to produce smaller runs of customized products.

question

Ecotourism

answer

Tourism to relatively pristine natural environments that attempts to conserve the quality of the environment and improve the local quality of life.

question

Cosumer Services

answer

The portion of the tertiary (services) sector of the economy engaged in providing services to individuals and households.

question

Comparative Advantage

answer

A region's profit potential for a productive activity compared with alternative areas of production of the same good or with alternative uses of the region's resources.

question

Commodity Chain

answer

The set of activities involved in the production of a single good. A commodity chain encompasses the relationships between buyers and suppliers and the flows of materials, finance, and knowledge.

question

Fordism

answer

The manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods. Named after Henry Ford, who innovated many of its production techniques.

question

Foreign Direct Investment

answer

The purchase or construction of foreign factories and other fixed assets by transnational corporations; also the purchase of or merging with foreign companies.

question

Infrastructure

answer

The basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other economic development.

question

Just in Time

answer

Systems of manufacturing that rely on fast response and quick delivery of raw materials and component parts just as they needed for final assembly, rather than maintaining large stockpiles and warehouse inventories.

question

Least Cost Theory

answer

Weberian analysis) The view that the optimum location of a manufacturing establishment is at the place where the costs of transport and labor and the advantages of agglomeration or dispersion are most favorable.

question

Offshoring

answer

The relocation of business processes and services to a lower-cost foreign location; the offshore outsourcing of, particularly, white-collar technical, professional, and clerical services.

question

Outsourcing

answer

Producing abroad parts or products for domestic use or sale.

question

Transnational Corporation

answer

A large business organization operating in at least two separate national economies.

question

Variable Costs

answer

In economic geography, the costs of production inputs that change as the level of production changes

question

A city has a total of 200,000 workers, with 100,000 engaged in nonbasic activities. What is the basic/nonbasic ratio? A) 1 : 1 B) 1 : 2 C) 2 : 1 D) 1 : 1.5

answer

A) 1 : 1

question

A common locational feature associated with the growth of large cities is A) a location in the deep interior of continents, in accordance with the heartland theory. B) a location north of the 60th parallel. C) a break-in-bulk location. D) great distances from hubs of transportation routes.

answer

C) a break-in-bulk location.

question

According to Christaller's model of central places, towns are surrounded by A) circular shaped trade areas. B) square shaped trade areas. C) pentagonal shaped trade areas. D) hexagonal shaped trade areas.

answer

D) hexagonal shaped trade areas.

question

According to the concentric zone model, land uses are arranged in which order, moving outward from the center of the city? A) CBD, zone of transition, zone of industrial workers, commuter zone, zone of better residences B) zone of industrial workers, zone of transition, zone of better residences, CBD, commuter zone C) CBD, zone of transition, zone of industrial workers, zone of better residences, commuter zone D) CBD, zone of industrial workers, zone of transition, zone of better residences, commuter zone

answer

C) CBD, zone of transition, zone of industrial workers, zone of better residences, commuter zone

question

All of the following fostered suburbanization after World War II in the United States EXCEPT A) major improvements to public transit systems. B) construction of the interstate highway system. C) pent-up housing demand created during World War II. D) suburbanization of industry in the 1970s and 1980s.

answer

A) major improvements to public transit systems.

question

All of the following statements about primate cities are true EXCEPT that they A) are often the national capital. B) are more than twice as large as the second largest city in the country. C) are located close to the geographic center of the country. D) attract low-income migrants from rural areas.

answer

C) are located close to the geographic center of the country.

question

Before the middle part of the nineteenth century, all major cities in the United States were located adjacent to A) major airports. B) railroads. C) paved highways. D) navigable waterways.

answer

D) navigable waterways.

question

Central place theory assumes A) consumers will purchase goods and services from the nearest store. B) demand for goods and services is insatiable. C) only motor transport is available. D) the terrain includes mountains and valleys.

answer

A) consumers will purchase goods and services from the nearest store.

question

Central place theory assumes A) everyday goods such as groceries have a low threshold while specialized goods have a larger threshold. B) there is a decline in land values with increasing distance from the peak value intersection. C) that the rural population is unevenly dispersed. D) that people have different tastes, demands, and incomes in different places.

answer

A) everyday goods such as groceries have a low threshold while specialized goods have a larger threshold.

question

Central place theory is concerned with A) the relation between site and topographic features. B) the location, size, and spacing of population centers. C) the land use of major metropolitan areas. D) land uses in central areas of cities.

answer

B) the location, size, and spacing of population centers.

question

Central place theory predicts all of the following EXCEPT A) there will be more small towns than larger towns. B) larger towns will have larger market areas than smaller towns. C) towns of the same size will be evenly spaced. D) all towns and cities offer the same products and services.

answer

D) all towns and cities offer the same products and services.

question

Compared to U.S. settlements, Canadian urban areas of equal population size tend to A) be less compact. B) have fewer apartments in the CBD. C) have less public transportation. D) have a higher population density.

answer

D) have a higher population density.

question

Gentrification is associated with all of the following EXCEPT A) restoration of deteriorated housing and rising property values in the inner-city. B) displacement of poor residents of the inner-city. C) accessibility to high-tech and executive jobs. D) rearing children.

answer

D) rearing children.

question

Zoning regulations serve all of the following legitimate purposes EXCEPT A) to provide for the creation in appropriate locations of government buildings. B) to exclude undesirable land uses, such as waste disposal sites, from residential neighborhoods. C) to insure homogeneity of ethnicity in keeping with already existing neighborhood characteristics. D) to provide land for certain private uses, such as shopping centers.

answer

C) to insure homogeneity of ethnicity in keeping with already existing neighborhood characteristics.

question

What is the name used to describe a city with over 10 million in population? A) Suburban metropolis B) Metropolitan area C) Megalopolis D) Megacity

answer

D) Megacity

question

World cities are noted for their A) nationally prominent financial activities. B) control over international production and marketing. C) place at the top of high-density metropolitan areas. D) economic and social complexity.

answer

B) control over international production and marketing.

question

In central place theory, threshold refers to A) the number of people in a central place. B) the minimum number of consumers necessary for the supply of a product or service. C) the number of people in a hinterland region. D) the population of a central place multiplied by the per capita income of the place.

answer

B) the minimum number of consumers necessary for the supply of a product or service.

question

In general, which of these units has the largest area? A) urbanized area B) metropolitan area C) suburbs D) central city

answer

B) metropolitan area

question

In the competitive bidding for land, which type of use usually obtains the most accessible sites? A) commercial B) industrial C) single-family residential D) multiple-family residential

answer

A) commercial

question

In the competitive bidding for urban land, A) the most accessible parcels command the highest price. B) land rents are uniform throughout the urban area. C) all potential bidders have equal rent paying ability. D) schools, parks, and civic buildings must also participate in the bidding process.

answer

A) the most accessible parcels command the highest price.

question

In the social area analysis of cities, social status is based on all the following factors EXCEPT A) education. B) occupation. C) race/ethnicity. D) income.

answer

C) race/ethnicity.

question

In what part of the world do cities commonly have a historic core area contained within the remains of walls and a greenbelt on the periphery? A) Asia B) Latin America C) Europe D) Africa

answer

C) Europe

question

Land use types, in order of increasing land values per unit of land, are A) residential, commercial, and agricultural. B) commercial, industrial, and residential. C) agricultural, residential, and commercial. D) residential, agricultural, and commercial.

answer

C) agricultural, residential, and commercial.

question

Manufacturing cities in the United States are most heavily concentrated in the A) Northeast to Midwest. B) Pacific Coast. C) South. D) Great Plains.

answer

A) Northeast to Midwest.

question

Population density in U.S. central cities is A) greatest at the center and gradually decreases toward the suburbs. B) gradually increases from the center to the suburbs. C) low at the center, highest in the zone just outside the center, and decreases gradually toward the suburbs. D) relatively uniform and related to economic base.

answer

C) low at the center, highest in the zone just outside the center, and decreases gradually toward the suburbs.

question

Social areas of large, complex American and Canadian cities show residential segregation based upon A) social status, income, and ethnicity. B) educational levels, family status, and ethnicity. C) race, income status, and family status. D) social status, family status, and ethnicity.

answer

D) social status, family status, and ethnicity.

question

The basic sector of an urban area's economy consists of A) the activities that bring in money from outside the area. B) its schools and city government. C) an efficient transportation system. D) retail functions that serve local customers.

answer

A) the activities that bring in money from outside the area.

question

The continuously built-up landscape with no reference to the political boundaries that limit the legal city of which it is the extension is called the A) central city. B) urbanized area. C) Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. D) metropolitan area.

answer

B) urbanized area.

question

The estimated urban share of the world population today is approximately A) 25 percent. B) 50 percent. C) 75 percent. D) 90 percent.

answer

B) 50 percent.

question

The main shopping and financial heart of a city is called the A) concentric zone. B) Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. C) central business district. D) point of accessibility.

answer

C) central business district.

question

The movement of middle-class people to deteriorated portions of the inner city and restoration of deteriorated housing is called A) displacement. B) exurbanization. C) gentrification. D) homelessness.

answer

C) gentrification.

question

Which one of the following types of employees is most representative of a basic worker? A) city government official B) grocery store clerk C) steel worker D) subway conductor

answer

C) steel worker

question

Which of the following U.S. cities has no zoning regulations? A) Miami B) Dallas C) Houston D) Phoenix

answer

C) Houston

question

Which of the following statements regarding basic and nonbasic activities is true? A) The percentage of jobs in the basic sector tends to decrease as the size of the city increases. B) Basic activities must occur in the central business district. C) Nonbasic activities are heavily dependent upon rail and barge transportation. D) Non-basic activities bring in money from outside the town.

answer

A) The percentage of jobs in the basic sector tends to decrease as the size of the city increases.

question

The urban share of the total population is highest in A) China. B) India. C) Africa. D) North America and Latin America.

answer

D) North America and Latin America.

question

The multiplier effect means that A) new non-basic jobs will generate additional basic jobs. B) new basic jobs will generate additional non-basic jobs. C) service sector jobs will replace manufacturing sector jobs. D) regardless of city size, there is a constant ratio of basic to non-basic jobs.

answer

B) new basic jobs will generate additional non-basic jobs.

question

The rank-size rule tells us that the fourth largest urban area in a region will be _______________ the size of the largest urban area. A) one-quarter B) one-half C) one-eighth D) twice D) Latin America

answer

A) one-quarter

question

The three largest cities in the world in 2007, listed in order, were A) New York, London, and Tokyo. B) Tokyo, Delhi, and Mumbai. C) Mexico City, New York, and Los Angeles. D) Tokyo, Mexico City, and New York.

answer

D) Tokyo, Mexico City, and New York.

question

The three largest metropolitan areas in the U.S. listed in order are A) New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago. B) New York, Los Angeles, and Miami. C) Los Angeles, New York, and Boston. D) Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco.

answer

A) New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago.

question

The three most dominant world cities are A) New York, Paris, Shanghai. B) Tokyo, Mexico City, Mumbai (Bombay). C) London, Tokyo, New York. D) Los Angeles, Tokyo, Berlin.

answer

C) London, Tokyo, New York.

question

C) United States

answer

Which of the following areas of the world reflects the greatest dominance of the automobile in shaping the land use of cities? A) Europe B) East Asia C) United States

question

Basic Sector

answer

Those products or services of an urban economy that are exported outside the city itself, earning income for the community.

question

Central Business District

answer

The center, or "downtown," of an urban unit, where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated and where land values are high.

question

World City

answer

One of a small number of interconnected, internationally dominant centers (e.g., New York, London, Tokyo) that together control the global systems of finance and commerce.

question

Urbannized Area

answer

A continuously built-up urban landscape defined by building and population densities with no reference to the political boundaries of the city

question

Urban Influence Zone

answer

An area outside of a city that is nevertheless affected by the city.

question

Urban Hierarchy

answer

The step like series of urban units (e.g., hamlets, villages, towns, cities, metropolises) in classes differentiated by size and function.

question

Situation

answer

The location of something in relation to the physical and human characteristics of a larger region.

question

Suburb

answer

A functionally specialized segment of a large urban complex located outside the boundaries of the central city.

question

Town

answer

A nucleated settlement that contains a central business district but that is smaller and less functionally complex than a city.

question

Metropolitan Area

answer

A large, functional entity, perhaps containing several urbanized areas, discontinuously built up but operating as a coherent economic whole.

question

Situation

answer

The location of something in relation to the physical and human characteristics of a larger region.

question

Site

answer

The place where something is located; the immediate surroundings and their attributes.

question

Sector Model

answer

A description of urban land uses as wedge-shaped sectors radiating outward from the central business district along transportation corridors. The radial access routes attract particular uses to certain sectors.

question

Rank Size Rule

answer

An observed regularity in the city-size distribution of some countries. In a rank-size hierarchy, the population of any given town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy.

question

Primate City

answer

A country's leading city, much larger and functionally more complex than any other; usually the capital city and a center of wealth and power.

question

Multiple Nuclei Model

answer

The idea that large cities develop by peripheral spread, not from one central business district but from several nodes of growth, each of specialized use.

question

Central Place theory

answer

A deductive theory formulated by Walter Christaller (1893-1969) to explain the size and distribution of settlements through reference to a competitive supply of goods and services to dispersed rural population.

question

Multiplier Effect

answer

The expected addition of nonbasic workers and dependents to a city's total employment and population that accompanies new basic sector employment.

question

Hinterland

answer

An outlying region that furnishes raw materials or agricultural products to the heartland; the market area or region served by a town or city.

question

Non Basic sector

answer

The economic activities of an urban unit that supply the resident population with goods and services.

question

Peripheral Model

answer

A model describing metropolitan area land uses in the circumferential belt around a city.

question

Megalopolis

answer

An extensive, heavily populated urban complex with contained open, nonurban land, created through the spread and merging of separate metropolitan areas.

question

Gentrification

answer

The process by which middle- and high-income groups refurbish and rehabilitate housing in deteriorated inner-city areas, thereby displacing low-income populations.

question

Central City

answer

That part of the metropolitan area contained within the boundaries of the main city around which suburbs have developed.

question

City

answer

A multifunctional nucleated settlement with a central business district and both residential and nonresidential land uses.

question

Concentric Zone Model

answer

A model describing urban land uses as a series of circular belts or rings around a core central business district, each ring housing a distinct type of land use.

question

Economic Base

answer

The manufacturing and service activities performed by the basic sector of the labor force of a city to satisfy demands both inside and outside the city and earn income to support the urban population.

question

Edge City

answer

A distinct modal concentration of retail and office space situated on the outer fringes of a metropolitan area.

question

Gated Community

answer

A restricted-access subdivision or neighborhood, often surrounded by a barrier, with entry permitted only for residents and their guests.

question

A temperature inversion A) occurs when air temperature decreases with height above the earth's surface. B) typically lasts for several weeks. C) decreases the effects of air pollution through dilution. D) can trap air pollutants near the surface, causing serious human health effects.

answer

D) can trap air pollutants near the surface, causing serious human health effects.

question

Acid rain A) can cause problems hundreds of kilometers downwind of its source. B) occurs when heated wastewaters are returned to the environment. C) occurs because water expands as its temperature increases. D) refers to oxygen-deficient water.

answer

A) can cause problems hundreds of kilometers downwind of its source.

question

Acid rain has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT A) a decline in fish populations in thousands of lakes and streams. B) global warming. C) reduced rates of forest growth. D) the corrosion and discoloration of buildings and statues.

answer

B) global warming.

question

Air pollution A) is caused primarily by burning fossil fuels. B) is not a significant problem in developing countries. C) first occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution and the use of fossil fuels by factories. D) may have serious consequences for human health but rarely affects plant life.

answer

A) is caused primarily by burning fossil fuels.

question

All of the following statements about decomposers are true EXCEPT that they A) feed on the remains of other organisms. B) break down radioactive wastes. C) release nutrients for reuse in the food chain. D) play an essential part in the cycle of life.

answer

B) break down radioactive wastes.

question

All of the following statements about eutrophication are true EXCEPT A) symptoms of a eutrophic lake include prolific weed growth and fish kills. B) it occurs naturally when nutrients in the surrounding area are washed into the water. C) acid rain is a chief contributor of excess nutrients to water bodies. D) accelerated eutrophication often results from agricultural runoff.

answer

C) acid rain is a chief contributor of excess nutrients to water bodies.

question

All of the following statements about pesticides are true EXCEPT A) long term effects of their usage is not known. B) they are most effective on resistant, as opposed to high-yielding, varieties of plants. C) very few of their ingredients have been reviewed for safety by the EPA. D) they can leach into aquifers long after the chemicals are no longer used.

answer

B) they are most effective on resistant, as opposed to high-yielding, varieties of plants.

question

All of the following statements about the greenhouse effect are true EXCEPT that it A) occurs when there is a low level of carbon dioxide in the air. B) is caused by the burning of fossil fuels and the accumulation of other gases in the air. C) could result in a global warming trend. D) slows down the reradiation of heat from earth back into space.

answer

A) occurs when there is a low level of carbon dioxide in the air.

question

All of the following statements about photochemical smog are true EXCEPT that it A) is associated with respiratory problems. B) is more severe in the winter than in the summer months. C) results chiefly from oxides of nitrogen. D) characterizes the Los Angeles basin much of the year.

answer

B) is more severe in the winter than in the summer months.

question

All of the following statements about soil erosion are true EXCEPT that it is A) exacerbated by population growth. B) caused by both wind and running water. C) accelerated when land is cleared of its natural vegetative cover. D) on a worldwide basis balanced by the continuous soil-forming processes.

answer

D) on a worldwide basis balanced by the continuous soil-forming processes.

question

An example of a point as opposed to a non-point source of water pollution is A) an animal feedlot. B) an agricultural field. C) a sewage plant. D) a highway.

answer

C) a sewage plant.

question

Channelization refers to A) the addition of arsenic to water. B) the construction of dikes and embankments to control floodwaters and improve navigation. C) the depletion of atmospheric ozone. D) soil erosion in mountain streams.

answer

B) the construction of dikes and embankments to control floodwaters and improve navigation.

question

Human introductions and extinctions of plant and animal species A) have reduced to insignificance the floral and faunal differences between continents. B) may result in unforeseen alterations to the original natural environment and to the economic potential of an area. C) are, in relation to the immense natural diversity of plant and animal life, insignificant and easily matched by naturally occurring changes. D) are the immediate cause of locally serious desertification and salinization problems.

answer

B) may result in unforeseen alterations to the original natural environment and to the economic potential of an area.

question

In the food chain, the only organisms that produce their own food are A) carnivores. B) herbivores. C) bacteria. D) plants.

answer

D) plants.

question

In the process of biological magnification, the most threatened trophic level is the A) decomposer. B) ultimate consumer. C) herbivore. D) initial consumer.

answer

B) ultimate consumer.

question

Of the landforms produced by excavation, which has probably had the greatest environmental impact? A) canals B) surface mining C) underground mining D) chalk pits

answer

B) surface mining

question

Ozone layer depletion is believed to be caused chiefly by A) ultraviolet (UV) radiation. B) buildup of carbon dioxide. C) particulate pollution. D) chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions.

answer

D) chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions.

question

Places where thermal pollution causes fish to die are typically A) near the equator. B) in the vicinity of warm ocean currents. C) in areas of bright sunlight and shallow waters. D) near electric power plants.

answer

D) near electric power plants.

question

Pollutants that chemically react with oxygen and water in the atmosphere to form strong acids that contaminate rain include A) hydrocarbons and inert gases. B) PCB's and DDT. C) oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. D) halogens and halons.

answer

C) oxides of sulfur and nitrogen.

question

Projected increasing levels of water consumption pose potential problems of A) overload of disposal systems and shift of industrial activity to seacoast locations. B) overload of groundwater supplies and growing demand for bottled water. C) regional water shortages and limitations on agricultural and urban expansion. D) reduction in precipitation and increased desertification.

answer

C) regional water shortages and limitations on agricultural and urban expansion.

question

Sulfurous emissions emitted in __________ are carried by prevailing winds and cause acid rain in ________. A) California / Rocky Mountains B) The Lower Mississippi River Valley / Florida C) California / Pacific Northwest D) The Lower Great Lakes and Ohio River Valley regions / New England

answer

D) The Lower Great Lakes and Ohio River Valley regions / New England

question

The agreement that calls for global efforts to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases is known as the A) 1979 Convention on Transboundary Air Pollution. B) Montreal Protocol of 1987. C) Clean Air Act of 1990. D) Kyoto Protocol of 1997.

answer

D) Kyoto Protocol of 1997.

question

The Aral Sea has lost much of its water to A) evaporation. B) global warming. C) thermal pollution. D) irrigation.

answer

D) irrigation.

question

The biosphere is composed of A) the troposphere, hydrosphere, and the upper portions of the earth's upper crust. B) the stratosphere, the living organic world, and the absorbable minerals of the earth's crust. C) water, phosphorus, and carbon. D) solar energy, the earth's crust, and living organisms.

answer

A) the troposphere, hydrosphere, and the upper portions of the earth's upper crust.

question

The construction of dams, canals, and reservoirs A) does not affect stream flow. B) reduces the sediment load downstream. C) decreases the salinity of the soil. D) increases the amount of nutrients available for crops and fish.

answer

B) reduces the sediment load downstream.

question

The gradual accumulation of nutrients in lakes is called A) nutrification. B) biocidification. C) fertilization. D) eutrophication.

answer

D) eutrophication.

question

The largest volumes of transboundary shipments of hazardous wastes are exported from _______ to ________. A) Africa/the United States B) developing countries/developed countries C) developed countries/developing countries D) Europe/the United States

answer

C) developed countries/developing countries

question

The Montreal Protocol of 1987 called for global efforts to A) reduce acid rain. B) control ocean pollution. C) halt global warming. D) stop the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer.

answer

D) stop the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer.

question

The most common method of disposing of municipal solid waste in the United States is A) by incineration. B) in open dumps. C) by recycling. D) in sanitary landfills.

answer

D) in sanitary landfills.

question

The most critical concern regarding the disposal of radioactive wastes is that A) dumping wastes at sea has resulted in contamination of the oceans. B) injecting the waste into deep wells can trigger earthquakes. C) no country has constructed a safe, permanent method of disposal. D) burying wastes on land has led to contamination via leaks from the barrels.

answer

C) no country has constructed a safe, permanent method of disposal.

question

The number of people worldwide who lack access to adequate water supplies is estimated to be A) nearly zero due to technological advances. B) over 500 million. C) over 2 billion. D) over 5 billion.

answer

C) over 2 billion.

question

The Ogallala Aquifer is A) a vast system of canals in the Everglades. B) a source of groundwater in Florida that is being depleted faster than it is naturally renewed. C) a source of groundwater in the Great Plains that is being depleted faster than it is naturally renewed. D) a geologic formation that is ideal for storage of high-level hazardous waste.

answer

C) a source of groundwater in the Great Plains that is being depleted faster than it is naturally renewed

question

The specific place of an organism in an ecosystem is called its A) biome. B) environment. C) niche. D) trophic level.

answer

C) niche.

question

Water pollution is widespread because A) water has a very low tolerance to either natural or artificial contaminants. B) once a stream or lake is polluted; there is no way to restore it to usable quality. C) increasing world aridity limits the number of water sources that can be used for waste disposal. D) water so easily receives the wastes of agriculture, industry, and cities.

answer

D) water so easily receives the wastes of agriculture, industry, and cities.

question

What gas in the stratosphere prevents dangerous intensities of ultraviolet radiation from reaching the earth's surface? A) ozone B) hydrogen C) argon D) nitrogen

answer

A) ozone

question

Which of the following is NOT an exotic species that has caused unforeseen ecological disruption where it has been introduced, whether accidentally or deliberately? A) zebra mussels B) Asian gypsy moth C) rabbits D) all of the above have caused ecological disruption

answer

D) all of the above have caused ecological disruption

question

Which of the following is NOT a primary source of air pollutants? A) ammonia B) carbon dioxides C) hydrocarbons D) nitrogen oxides

answer

A) ammonia

question

Which of the following is NOT an effective means of reducing the impact of solid waste on the environment? A) reducing the volume of waste that is generated B) recycling household solid waste C) reusing materials rather than discarding them D) all of the above are effective means of reducing the environmental impact of solid wastes

answer

D) all of the above are effective means of reducing the environmental impact of solid wastes

question

Which one of the following is an example of a non-point source of water pollution? A) sewage treatment plant B) road salt C) power generating plant D) coal mine

answer

B) road salt

question

Which of the following statements about solid waste is NOT true? A) Recycling has little effect on the volume of solid waste that must be land filled or incinerated. B) Because of high collection costs, recycling is rarely practiced in developing countries. C) Society has always been faced with problems of discarding materials that are no longer needed. D) Every method of disposing of solid waste has an impact on the environment.

answer

B) Because of high collection costs, recycling is rarely practiced in developing countries.

question

Which of the following places the greatest demand on freshwater supplies? A) waste disposal B) households and cities C) industrial production D) irrigated agriculture

answer

D) irrigated agriculture

question

Which is NOT true of the Gulf of Mexico dead zone? A) Fish, crabs, and other aquatic creatures cannot survive. B) Its size varies from year to year. C) It is located near the mouth of the Mississippi River. D) It is largely the result of sewage dumping by large cities along the Mississippi River.

answer

D) It is largely the result of sewage dumping by large cities along the Mississippi River.

question

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the type and degree of air pollution found at a given place? A) wind patterns B) ozone layer C) topography D) level of industrialization

answer

B) ozone layer

question

Which of the following is NOT a major consequence of acid rain? A) destruction of limestone statues B) forest damage C) soil erosion D) loss of fish populations in parts of the U.S., Canada, and Scandinavia

answer

C) soil erosion

question

Which of the following statements about mining is NOT true? A) It contributes to both water and air pollution. B) In terms of tonnage, it is the single greatest contributor to solid wastes. C) Its negative affects can be minimized by switching from sub-surface mining to surface mining. D) It disrupts wildlife habitats.

answer

C) Its negative affects can be minimized by switching from sub-surface mining to surface mining.

question

Which of the following statements about sanitary landfills is correct? A) Most landfills produce leachate liquids which must be captured so that it does not contaminate the groundwater. B) Municipal landfills are easy to site, compared to recycling plants. C) Landfill capacity has kept pace with population growth. D) Many landfills have been closed because of concern over air pollution.

answer

A) Most landfills produce leachate liquids which must be captured so that it does not contaminate the groundwater.

question

Which of the following would NOT be an example of how people have disrupted wildlife habitats? A) using a tidal marsh as a landfill B) erecting fences to protect cattle C) killing elephants for their ivory tusks D) burning a forest to plant crops

answer

C) killing elephants for their ivory tusks

question

Which of the following is not part of the biosphere? A) troposphere B) earth's crust C) hydrosphere D) earth's inner core

answer

D) earth's inner core

question

Which of the following laws or treaties focused primarily on the problem of acid rain? A) Montreal Protocol. B) Clean Air Act. C) Kyoto Protocol D) Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution.

answer

D) Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution.

question

Acid Rain

answer

Precipitation that is unusually acidic; created when oxides of sulfur and nitrogen change chemically as they dissolve in water vapor in the atmosphere and return to Earth as acidic rain, snow, fog, or dry particles.

question

Biodiversity Hot Spot

answer

An area with an exceptionally high number of endemic species that are at high risk of disruption by human activities.

question

Biomagnification

answer

The accumulation of a chemical in the fatty tissue of an organism and its concentration at progressively higher levels in the food chain.

question

Channelization

answer

The modification of a stream channel; specifically, the straightening of meanders or dredging of the stream channel to deepen it.

question

Biosphere

answer

The thin film of air, water, and earth within which we live, including the atmosphere, surrounding and subsurface waters, and the upper reaches of the earth's crust.

question

Chloroflurocarbons

answer

A family of synthetic chemicals that have significant commercial applications but whose emissions are contributing to the depletion of the ozone layer.

question

Hazardous Waste

answer

Discarded solid, liquid, or gaseous material that may pose a substantial threat to human health or the environment when it is improperly disposed of, stored, or transported.

question

Food Chain

answer

A sequence of organisms through which energy and materials move within an ecosystem

question

Exotic Species

answer

A plant, an animal, or another organism that has been deliberately or inadvertently introduced into an ecosystem in which it did not evolve; a non indigenous species.

question

Eutrophication

answer

The enrichment of a water body by the addition of nutrients received through erosion and runoff from the watershed.

question

Ecology

answer

The scientific study of how living creatures affect one another and what determines their distribution and abundance.

question

Ecosystem

answer

A population of organisms existing together in a particular area, together with the energy, air, water, soil, and chemicals upon which it depends.

question

E waste

answer

A popular name for discarded electrical or electronic products.

question

Photochemical Smog

answer

A form of air pollution produced by the interaction of hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight.

question

Recycling

answer

The reuse of disposed materials after they have passed through some form of treatment (e.g., melting down glass bottles to produce new bottles).

question

Subsidence

answer

The settling or sinking of a portion of the land surface, sometimes as a result of the extraction of fluids, such as oil or water, from underground deposits.

question

Ozone Layer

answer

A layer of ozone in the high atmosphere that protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

question

Ozone

answer

A gas molecule consisting of three atoms of oxygen formed when diatomic oxygen is exposed to ultraviolet radiation.

question

IPAT

answer

An equation relating the environmental impact of a society to the key issues of population, affluence, and technology.

question

Hydrologic Cycle

answer

The system by which water is continuously circulated through the biosphere by evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.

question

Thermal Pollution

answer

The introduction of heated water into the environment, with consequent adverse effects on aquatic life.

question

Troposphere

answer

The atmospheric layer closest to the earth, extending outward about 11 to 13 kilometers (7 to 8 mi) at the poles to about 26 kilometers (16 mi) at the equator.

question

What are the subsystems of culture and the materials they use?

answer

Technological - artifacts Sociological - sociofacts Ideological - mentifacts

question

What are the methods of change in culture?

answer

Innovation Spatial Diffusion Syncretism Acculturation

question

What are the 4 elements of culture?

answer

Language Religion Ethnicity Gender

question

2 types of barriers of diffusion:

answer

absorbing barriers permeable barriers

question

What is the difference between absorbing and permeable barriers?

answer

absorbing - a complete halt permeable - initially will be a barrier, but eventually with some changes the diffusion will permeate through

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