Test Answers on Final Exam Review – Flashcards
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| ultimate source of energy |
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| sun |
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| products of photosynthesis |
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| oxygen and glucose |
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| 2 phases of photosynthesis |
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| light independent light dependent |
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| ____ photosynthesis nedds energy from the ___ and is a ___ raction (____). ____ caryy the energy from the sun to P____. _____ gets excited and realeses ___. This causes ___ (H binds to O and now have H2O) and the _____ are now sent to P_____. The hydrogens are pumped out and so creating an electrochemical gradient. ATP synthase makes ATP which is sent to the Calvin Cycle with NADPH. |
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| LD, sun, catabolic, photons, 680, magnesium, electrons, photolysis, electrons, 700 |
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| Light independent |
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| does not have to have light but rather uses NADPH and ATP from the LD reaction. The products resulting are oxygen and glucose. |
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| Fermentation uses only ___. |
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| glycolysis |
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| How many ATP are produced per glucose molecule during fermentation? Is oxygen involved? |
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| 2 NO |
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| Would aerobes or anaerobes be in a fermented environment? |
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| anaerobes |
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| Aerobes or anaerobes lack oxygen? |
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| anaerobes |
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| Aerobes or anaerobes NEED oxygen? |
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| aerobes |
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| Explain Glycolysis |
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| glucose converted to pyruvic acid, each step catalyzed by enzyme, no oxygen used, 2 pyruvics, 2 ATP, 2 NADH/substrate phosphorylation |
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| Explain Kreb's cycle |
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| happens in mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes, happens in the cytoplasm of bacteria, pyruvic acid is decarboxylized to Acetyl CoA-2 NADH, 2 cycles per glucose with never Ending.. 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP |
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| Explain Electron Transport Chain |
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| major production of ATP which is made by ATP synthase, oxygen is the final electron acceptor, NADH and FADH2 both donate electrons, Eukaryote Electron transport chain performed on mitochondrial membrane and on cell membrane of prokaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation, and proton motive force gradient is set in motion by the pumping of hydrogen ions 38 ATP |
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| T or F RNA polymerase will unwind DNA itself |
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| TRUE |
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| T/F mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are made in transcription |
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| TRUE |
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| T/F sigma factors makes the promoter recognizable by RNA polymerase |
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| TRUE |
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| What are the steps of transcription? |
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| Initiation, elongation, termination. |
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| T/F Termination is a process that takes place in only one way in transcription |
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| FLASE----> |
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| T/F Bases used are GUAC |
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| TRUE |
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| What are the steps for translation? |
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| Initiation, elongation, termination. |
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| Can translation and transcription occur at the same time? WHy or why not? |
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| Yes. Due to location being in the nucleoid region |
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| T/F mRNA has the anticodon series |
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| FALSE |
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| T/F tRNA has the start codon series AUG |
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| FALSE |
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| When does termination occur? |
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| when a stop codon is recognized and the 50s subunit releases ribozyme that severs the bond b/t amino acid and the tRNA |
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| what is ribozyme? |
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| only enzyme that is not PROTEIN!!! |
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| What is an operon? |
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| specific to bacteria. has a promoter region- a series of genes and an operator that control the movement RNA polymerase |
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| lays down RNA primer |
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| primase |
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| For the tRNA strand, 3 paired bases |
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| anticodon |
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| promoter of RNA synthesis |
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| RNA polymerase |
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| DNA to RNA |
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| Transcription |
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| seals together the Okazaki fragments of the DNA |
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| ligase |
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| RNA to protein |
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| translation |
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| used for the addition of nucleotides |
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| DNA polymerase |
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| In bacteria ___ breaks up DNA, releases tension, and puts it back together |
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| Topoisomerase |
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| unwinds DNA |
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| Helicase |
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| Prokaryote |
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| Archaea and Bacteria. No organelles or nucleus. One chromosome and 1 or more plasmids that care traits witht he genome contained in nucleoid region. Ribosomes, appendages, cell walls/membranes (enveloped), with all energy performed on the cell membrane, ETC. |
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| Eukaryotes |
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| protozoa, algae, helminthes, fungi |
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| Protozoa |
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| unicellular, lack cell wall, 2 layer cytoplasm, heterotrophs |
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| Algae |
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| photosynthesis- cuz of chlorophyll, unicellular, cell wall of cellulose, colonial and filamentous |
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| Fungi |
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| chitin cell walls, either micro or macro, Nutrition: ALL heterotrophs/some saprobes (obtain organic material from dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats)/some parasitic. Have enzymes that allow them to break down almost anything. |
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| Helminthes |
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| Flatworms- very thin segmented body Round worms- elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented body |
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| what are the basic characteristics of life? |
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| growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, metabolism |
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| What is an enzyme |
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| a biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy |
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| What is metabolism |
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| all chemical and physical workings of a cell |
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| WHat are the 2 parts of metabolism? |
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| Catabolism and Anabolism |
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| What is Catabolism? |
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| large molecule broken down into smaller molecule; releases energy |
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| What is Anabolism? |
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| building of a large molecule form the smaller ones; energy is used |
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| What is the cell wall of a prokaryote mad of? |
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| peptidoglycan |
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| what polymers are found in gram positive cell wall? |
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| teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid |
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| What 2 components are found in a gram negative cell wall? |
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| lipoproteins and lipopolysacharides |
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| Name the 7 categories of microbes |
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| viruses, archaea, bacteria, protozoa, algae, helminthes, fungi (yeast/mold!!) |
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| List the microorganisms in order from smallest to largest |
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| viruses....prokaryotes...eukaryotes |
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| Which organism is acellular? |
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| viruses |
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| Describe viral genomes... |
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| ssDNA, ssRNA, dsDNA, dsRNA |
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| List the 5 steps of replication |
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| attachment entry replicate assemble exit |
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| Explain the difference between lysogeny and the lytic cycle? |
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| In lysogeny, the genome integrates with the cell's DNA and replicates in daughter cells. It will eventually go through the lytic cycle. In the lytic cycle, immediate destroys cell's DNA and lysis cell. |
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| What organisms are prokaryotes? |
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| Bacteria and archaea |
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| What organisms are Eukaryotes? |
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| fungi, protozoa, algae, helminthes |
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| Eukaryotic means they have a _____? |
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| NUCELUS |
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| Which 2 types of microorganisms belong to the kingdom Protista? |
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| Algae and protozoa |
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| Gram ++++ |
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| purple thick peptidoglycan LTA/TA |
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| Gram ---- |
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| Pink thin peptidoglycan outer membrane LPS |
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| Prokaryotic DNA |
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| circular haploid 30, 50, 70 |
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| Eukaryotic DNA |
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| linear diploid 40, 60, 80 |
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| Prokaryotic structures |
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| nucleoid plasmids ribosomes |
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| What structures are in photosynthetic prokaryotes? |
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| chlorophyll |
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| Eukaryotic structures |
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| nucleus mitochondria Golgi apparatus ER lysosomes vacuoles |
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| What structures are in photosynthetic eukaryotes? |
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| chloroplasts |
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| Explain the difference b/t DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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| Pro- in cytoplasm, topoisomerase, bidirectional, semiconservative |
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| Which nutrient is limiting? |
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| Nitrogen |
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| What are growth factors? |
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| pH temp pressure nutrients osmolarity |
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| organism that obtains its energy from the oxidation of organic compounds |
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| chemotroph |
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| organism that obtains carbon from organic molecules, such as sugars, obtained form the environment |
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| autotroph |
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| organism that acquires energy through the oxidation of reduced organic or inorganic compounds |
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| heterotroph |
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| organism that captures light energy, or photons, through the process of photosynthesis to generate chemical energy, such as ATP |
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| Phototroph |
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| People are ___? |
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| chemoheterotrophs |
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| Plants are ____? |
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| photoautotrophs |
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| grows in LOW pH environments |
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| Acidophile |
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| grows at temps greater than 80*C |
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| Hyperthermophile |
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| grows in HIGH pH environments |
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| Alkalinophile |
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| requires high salt levels for growth |
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| Halophile |
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| grows under HIGH pressure |
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| Barophile |
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| grows at temps b/t 15*C-40*C |
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| Mesophile |
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| grows at temps greater than 55*C |
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| Thermophile |
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| grows at temps less than 15*C |
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| psycrophile |
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| What is conjugation? |
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| the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via direct cell contact |
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| What is transduction? |
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| the transfer of bacterial DNA from one cell to another by a bacteriophage |
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| What is transformation? |
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| gene transfer in which a piece of DNA is taken up by a cell |
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| What is transfection? |
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| putting the vector into a human or animal |
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| What does CHONPS stand for? |
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| carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorus sulfur |
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| H+ ion is ___? |
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| pH.... |
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| what microscope do we use in lab? |
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| compound bright-field light microscope |
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| How do you arrive at total magnification? |
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| objective x ocular lens (10x) |
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| Explain contrast |
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| the difference in intensity of two objects |
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| Explain resolution |
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| the ability to distinguish two objects as separate, distinct objects |
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| What is magnification and what is it dependent on? |
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| the apparent increase in size curvature of lens/speed of light/thickness of lens |
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| What is oil immersion? |
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| increases magnification and resolution and enables the lens to capture scattered light better |
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| Darkfield |
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| LIVE specimens, NO direct background light, specimens appear light against the black background |
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| phase contrast |
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| simple, sharp, defined, can see fine structures such as cilia and flagella |
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| Fluorescent |
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| uses antibodies tagged with fluorescent molecules that bind to their specific antigens and allow the structures containing those antigens to be detected by the fluorescence |
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| Confocal |
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| increase resolution and use UV to take optical slices of different planes to create a 3D image |
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| In this microscope, have a very high resolving power and a light beam is not used, but beams of ____ are used. |
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| electrons 10,000-100,000 and viruses can be seen |
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| What are 2 examples of probe microscopy? |
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| scanning tunneling microscopy atomic force microscopy |
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| Transmission electron microscopy |
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| must occur in a vacuum, contrast and resolution can be enhanced with staining, electrons will pass through the thin slice of the specimen |
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| Scanning electron microscopy |
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| only see surface structures as a 3D image |
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| Scanning tunneling microscopy |
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| must be electronically conductive, and the metallic probe will be slightly above the surface |
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| Atomic Force microscopy |
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| specimen can be alive, probe touches the surface of it and laser is aimed at the probe tip |
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| what does staining mean? |
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| color a microorganism with a dye to make structure more visible |
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| What does a simple stain use? |
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| a single basic dye |
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| what are simple stains used for? |
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| to make the cellular shape, size and arrangement apparent |
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| acid fast stain |
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| targets a specific bacteria that has a lipid material called myolic acid in their cell walls (EX: mycobacgterium and nocardia) |
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| Negative Stain |
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| used to make the capsules on microbes visible |
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| Endospore Stain |
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| used to make the endospore visible |
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| Flagellar stain |
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| used to visualize specific structures in bacterial cells |
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| complex life cycle |
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| undergo sexual reproduction in the definitive host and asexual reproduction/differentiation in the intermediate host |
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| simple life cycle |
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| completes its life cycle entirely within a single species |
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| Example on complex life cycle |
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| Plasmodium falciparum- Female ANOPEHELES mosquitoes serve as definitive host. Mosquitoes then transfer the parasites to a human, the intermediate host |
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| example of simple life cycle |
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| Giardia lamblia- ingestion cysts present in contaminated water/foods, excystation releases trophozoites, trophozoites replicate in small intestine, encystation occurs in the large intestine, cysts are eliminated in the feces |
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| definitive host |
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| sexual reproduction occurs |
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| intermediate host |
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| asexual replication occurs |
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| Ascaris lumbrioides |
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| a roundworm that causes Ascariasis= 1.5 billion people worldwide, affects the body's ability to absorb nutrients (kids failure to rhive/blockage of intestine). |
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| female worms |
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| larger than males...can get up to 12 inches |
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| male worms |
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| smaller than female worms |
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| What is a problem with Ascaris lumbrioides? |
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| autoinoculation |
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| phytopathogenic fungi |
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| cause disease in plants |
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| What do pathogenic fungi secrete and what do these do? |
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| secrete: cellulases, pectinases, various proteases. degrade the plant cell wall |
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| xylanase |
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| degrades hemicellulose |
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| Magnaporthe grisea |
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| RICE BLAST appressoria- penetrate cuticle |
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| penetration plug (peg?) |
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| invasion and acquisition of nutrients |
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| Pneumocystis jirovecii |
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| yeast (fungus?), AIDS-related, many asymptomatic carriers, grows into alveolar spaces, fatal w/out treatment |
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| amanita phalloides |
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| alpha-amanitin, kidney/liver cellular destruction/organ failure, binds to RNA polymerase II (not I or III, blocks mRNA (not tRNA or rRNA) |
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| what is saxitoxin? |
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| toxin produced by dinoflagellate, it's a sodium channel blocker, HABs or "red tide", paralytic shellfish poisoning, flaccid paralysis, respiratory distress |
