Radio for Education in Bd Essay Example

to its ability to withstand signal strength variations.

Modulating a signal can be accomplished by superimposing the audio signal onto the carrier's amplitude. However, another method available is frequency modulation (FM), which involves altering the signal's frequency for modulation.

The voltage of the modulating signal determines the changes in the signal frequency, highlighting the significance of frequency modulation. The deviation, typically measured in kiloHertz, represents the extent of these frequency variations. For example, a ±3 kHz deviation causes the carrier to oscillate within a range of 3 kHz.

Community Radio stations are distinct because they are owned and operated by the community they serve. These stations cater to specific localized geographic communities or communities with shared interests such as minorities, religious groups, and universities. What sets community radio apart is its community-driven approach to station management.

Community stations are owned and managed by the people they serve. The management is usually a small team of paid staff, while volunteers conduct the programming. Unlike commercial stations, community stations are not allowed to operate for profit. They must be established as voluntary associations, not-for-profits, or trusts. The station's constitution must state that any profit will be used to further develop the station. To prevent making a profit, community stations are typically subjected to strict advertising controls.

The regulator commonly requires that advertising content should be limited to a maximum of five minutes per hour of programming. New stations typically begin with a public meeting where members of a community, whether geographic or based on shared interests, come together as a working group. Their goal is to create a vision for the station, plan programming, and develop facilities. As time progresses, more community

members are recruited and trained (FETAC training is available). This helps them contribute behind the scenes, produce and present programs that reflect their community and experiences. The BAI grants 100-day broadcasting licenses, allowing groups to establish a track record in programming, operations, and community involvement. Eventually, a multi-year license can be obtained. To qualify for full licenses, groups become cooperatives or limited companies with no share capital. A board is elected from the community to transparently manage the station and ensure accountability in the best interests of all.

Community Radio plays a vital role in reinforcing and improving Irish Society. It empowers individuals, groups, and communities to share their diverse stories and experiences. In a world saturated with media, Community Radio encourages active participation and contribution rather than passivity. It provides a unique platform for collaboration between the community and voluntary sector, civil society, agencies, NGOs, and citizens to create tangible impact. Community Radio offers rare media access for all perspectives in our communities and allows for innovation through non-profit, community-owned, and operated media. It also addresses the need for diverse programming in cases where the commercial sector lacks profit incentives or the public service sector faces high costs.

The text highlights the potential of local media in revitalizing itself by focusing on local issues, opinions, and voices. This is in contrast to mainstream media's centralized content production. By actively involving community members in creating and delivering media, it provides them with skills and resources while also promoting social inclusion. Moreover, it serves as a platform for outcome-driven training and development, benefiting individuals personally and professionally. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in supporting disadvantaged and marginalized

communities by offering services and support. It also contributes to democracy, human rights, and sustainability. Through reinforcing local identities and fostering integration and inclusion, it challenges the uniformity of global media.

Public broadcasting refers to broadcasting that is created for the public using public taxes as funding. It is controlled by the public through parliament, making inclusiveness its defining characteristic.

Public broadcasting plays a crucial role in ensuring equal access to diverse and appealing content. Unlike state broadcasting, which focuses on government interests, public broadcasting serves the entire public in all its forms. Public service broadcasters (PSBs) are protected from political and commercial influences, allowing them to safeguard the public's right to freedom of expression and information. This makes public broadcasting vital for democratic societies. Key features of public service broadcasting include accessibility for everyone, serving the public interest in multiple ways, prioritizing quality, balance, and impartiality, catering to minority groups, promoting education for the public, enabling the creation of challenging and controversial content, operating independently from political and commercial interference, and acting as a platform for expressing national cultural identity. Independence is crucial for a successful public broadcaster as it ensures both board independence and editorial autonomy.

Securing independence in the realm of public service broadcasting means overcoming the prevailing mindset among those in power that the airwaves belong solely to the state. In order to ensure the independence of a public service broadcaster in Swaziland, MISA asserts that it must be legally guaranteed. MISA advocates for a law that includes certain key elements:

• A defined composition of the PSB board that reflects the diversity of the public and excludes individuals holding governmental positions or those
  

with financial interests in broadcasting.

For a more comprehensive understanding of public service broadcasting law, refer to Article 19's Model Public Service Broadcasting Law under Law Reform.

MISA is calling on the government to pass legislation to establish a public broadcasting entity that is fully independent and dedicated to serving the public. They are also advocating for an organizational restructuring that would allow for the merging of television and radio, overseen by an independent board responsible for policy development. The goal is to implement editorial policies that reflect the unique responsibilities of public broadcasting. MISA further emphasizes the importance of training management and staff on the values and mission of public broadcasting. In addition, they are pushing for reliable funding mechanisms to support program diversity and innovation. On a related note, campus radio, known as college radio or student radio, refers to radio stations managed by students at educational institutions like colleges or universities. These stations may feature solely student-run programming or include contributions from community members. Campus radio stations serve various purposes, such as providing training for future radio professionals, offering educational programming, or serving as alternatives to commercial or government broadcasters.Radio stations on college campuses are regulated and licensed by national governments, leading to varying qualities depending

on the country. However, all these stations have one thing in common: they are willing to play non-commercial music, which is sometimes required by law in certain nations.

Campus radio has gained recognition for being associated with various emerging musical trends such as punk, New Wave, alternative rock, indie rock, and hip hop, even before these genres reach the mainstream music industry. Additionally, campus radio stations frequently support and promote local artists who are new or gaining popularity. These stations offer diverse programming that incorporates local news, campus-related sports coverage, spoken word content, and a wide range of music genres. The radio format is often described as freeform, as it encourages creativity and individualism among the disc jockeys and show hosts.

Many of these radio stations have received critical acclaim for their programming and are viewed as important media outlets by their respective communities. While the term "campus radio" typically refers to AM or FM broadcasting, some stations utilize low-power broadcasting, closed circuit systems, or carrier current systems that primarily reach on-campus listeners. Certain radio stations are also distributed through cable television on cable FM or as a secondary audio program on a TV radio station. In addition to traditional campus radio, some universities and colleges have started broadcasting one or more Internet radio feeds, which may have significantly different formats from licensed campus radio. Internet radio is a technological achievement that involves digitizing audio and transmitting it in small pieces over the Internet.

The ultimate effect of Internet Radio is to create the illusion of traditional "radio". The audio is "streamed" through the Internet from a server and reassembled on the listener's end using a

software player or Internet Radio receiver. While Internet Radio may not fit the traditional definition of radio, it is an incredible simulation. This term also encompasses the collection of streaming audio available on the Internet, which can be listened to through a software player or streaming audio-supported browser. In essence, Internet Radio is an audio broadcasting service transmitted via the Internet.

Internet radio and Internet broadcasting (also known as webcasting) are alike in terms of their nature. Listeners of the continuous audio broadcast on Internet radio have no control over the stream, similar to traditional radio broadcasting. Numerous radio stations across the globe provide their broadcasts via Internet radio, reaching a worldwide audience. Nowadays, dedicated hardware devices called Web radio or Internet radio appliances can be bought. These devices connect to a home network and then to the Internet, allowing users to play live audio streams. Internet radio is also referred to as e-radio.

An internet radio offers numerous benefits, including access to a wider array of stations compared to FM or DAB digital radio. This includes foreign language stations. It also allows you to explore new stations based on genre, helping you find ones that play the music you love. Additionally, it enables you to listen to podcasts from both BBC and commercial stations and provides the option to catch up on shows through an internet radio, similar to using listen again on BBC iPlayer or Radio player on your computer.

Internet radios typically have an integrated music player which enables you to stream music from devices connected to your home network. By using the radio's screen, you can choose and play music directly from your computer

collection, with the audio being emitted through the radio's speakers. In contrast to conventional radios that rely on DAB reception, internet radio depends on your internet connection instead. Consequently, you can still access digital radio even in regions with limited DAB reception. The educational system in Bangladesh comprises three primary stages: primary education, secondary education, and higher education.

Primary education spans 5 years, while secondary education extends to 7 years. Secondary education comprises of three sub-stages: junior secondary for 3 years, secondary for 2 years, and higher secondary for 2 years. Additionally, private schools receive considerable financial support from the state.

Tertiary education is provided by universities (31 public and 51 private) and affiliated colleges overseen by the University Grants Commission. The duration of tertiary education typically ranges from 3 to 5 years. Notably, there has been significant growth in the establishment of private universities in recent times.

At all educational levels, students have the choice between Bangla or English as their medium of instruction.

The Ministry of Education in Bangladesh oversees education in the country, with various directorates for each educational level and different development projects such as Education Projects and Technical projects. As per Article 17 of the Constitution, all children in Bangladesh have the right to receive a complete and free education until they reach secondary level. Secondary and higher secondary schools are affiliated with ten education boards that administer two public examinations: the Secondary School Certificate (SSC) Examination and the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) Examination. Higher secondary schools are commonly referred to as colleges. Additionally, there are Madrasah schools with a religious focus under the Madrasah Education Board, and English medium schools falling under the

Foreign Education Board.

In addition to this, the vocational training schools at the post-secondary level in Education Board are administered by a Technical Education Board. The National Curriculum and Textbook Board is responsible for developing, approving, and managing the curriculum and textbooks for primary, junior, secondary, and higher secondary levels. The Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics (BANBEIS) was established by the government to keep educational information at all levels. The Bangladesh Government has also published an Education Policy based on inputs from various education commissions. Non-profit organizations, supervised by the Bureau of Non-formal Education, provide informal and semi-formal education for underprivileged children. The use of CR technology is most effective for non-formal education for adults, awareness programs, youth development programs, local community knowledge sharing, recycling of knowledge, ethnic community preservation programs, sparse population areas such as char and hilly areas that make school access difficult, isolated places with limited access to roads or other forms of communication, and places with a scarcity of qualified teachers.

According to Sweeney and Parlato (1982, p. 3), radio plays a powerful role in education, whether as the main medium or in combination with print and group support. Therefore, Community Radio holds potential for expanding education and community schools. In addition, Community Radio has the ability to aid in the development and mobilization of social capital. Furthermore, this technology is more affordable.

Interactive Radio Instruction (IRI) is a cost-effective, accessible, and flexible teaching and dissemination method. In Africa, Community Radio has accelerated and broadened the process of sharing information. The second Millennium Development Goal (MDG) aims to achieve universal primary education. Education is crucial for a country's growth and stability. As

Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen asserts, "Development is freedom and education is the royal road of freedom" (Daniel, 2006). To fully harness its potential and importance, many writers propose that educational radio can be most effective when accompanied by trained facilitators, group learning, group discussion, feedback, and the use of multimedia approaches. This enables interactive and independent learning, which fosters the development of social software deemed essential for quality education.

The literature demonstrates the potential of radio in motivating listeners to take action, modifying behavior, and engaging in activities. Education is a crucial element in human development, and everyone has the right to it. Open and Distance Learning (ODL) aims to democratize education by providing a flexible learning system. ODL employs a student-centered teaching approach, where tutors and learners are physically separated within the system. Distance education institutes often utilize technology such as state-owned Radio and Television to disseminate learning materials to learners at specific times. However, this approach may not be accessible or effective for all distance learners due to the limited flexibility in scheduling. Community Radio (CR), on the other hand, covers a smaller geographical area and focuses on local needs, culture, and social events. This makes it more adaptable for incorporating educational and academic programs at any location and time, making it more flexible than national broadcasting.

In addition, distance education institutes have extensive experience using Radio and TV technology. They can utilize this experience for Community Radio (CR) on both a segment and program basis. Most distance learning organizations have various outlets for tutorial and instructional services in remote areas. With their existing infrastructure, these teaching outlets can be transformed into Community Radio Learning

Centers (CRLC) for open and distance learning institutes. These stations can serve as local facilitators for academic programs in both formal and non-formal education. According to Anyanwk (1978, p. 15-16), "Through collective listening, discussion, and the use of audio-visual aids, the radio can significantly contribute to transforming agricultural traditions, as well as social and economic attitudes in general."

The use of radio as a means of education has been widespread in developing countries such as India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, South Korea, Mali, Guatemala, Botswana, South Africa, Zambia, Uganda, Mexico, and the Philippines. It has proven to be effective in various areas including health, agriculture, and overall development. The application of radio-based education by Open University aligns well with the delivery system of open and distance learning (ODL). Over the course of 15 years since the establishment of Bangladesh Open University (BOU), it has amassed significant technological resources, media-oriented human resources, and infrastructure to enable the implementation of community radio. In order to provide education to all, Bangladesh Open University should adopt segmented strategies. This is similar to the statement made by Louw in Paris, France in 2007".

The text highlights the importance of allowing marginalized communities to participate in creating ethical, creative, and responsible radio content. This encourages communication among community members, involvement in decision-making processes, and celebration of their own cultures. The establishment of Bangladesh Open University aligns with this idea, as stated in their 1992 mission statement. The university aims to expand education, knowledge, and science using various methods, including communication technology. They seek to improve the quality of education and provide educational opportunities to the public through mass-oriented approaches. To achieve these goals, it

is essential for BOU to adopt a Community Radio approach. The university is already prepared with a Media Centre that has transmission equipment, radio recording studios, editing suites, portable recorders, and modern broadcasting technology. BOU has also requested government permission for its own frequency allocation. During a discussion on adult education, Dhaka University VC Prof Arefin emphasized the role of mass media in the socio-economic and educational development of developing countries.

According to him, both print and broadcast media have the potential to greatly contribute to education in a developing country. They have the capacity to influence public opinion and bring about change in individuals. Currently, Bangladesh is experiencing a "Media Expansion" phase with numerous TV and radio channels being established on a regular basis. Among these, broadcasting media is the most widespread and well-received platform in our country. In developing countries like Bangladesh, the successful implementation of education relies heavily on the effective utilization of broadcasting media technology.

Both the government and private organizations in Bangladesh are utilizing radio and television to meet the demands of mass education. As a result, significant progress has been made in this area. Various educational programs are offered by all TV and radio channels, which have gained popularity among students. Currently, Bangladesh is experiencing a media expansion, with a substantial portion of the population relying on newspapers and broadcast media for entertainment.

However, the media also plays a significant educational role. Even adult students from rural or urban areas can benefit from watching specific television programs like "BBC Janala."