Chemistry Exam Terms – Flashcards
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| Chemical |
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| Any substance that has a defined composition |
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| Chemical Reaction |
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| The process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances |
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| States of Matter |
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| The physical forms of matter, which are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma |
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| Reactant |
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| A substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction |
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| Product |
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| A substance that forms in a chemical reaction |
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| Matter |
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| Anything that has mass and takes up space |
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| Volume |
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| A measure of the size of a body or region in three-dimensional space |
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| Mass |
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| A measure of the amount of matter in an object; a fundamental property of an object that is not affected by the forces that act on the object, such as the gravitational force |
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| Weight |
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| A measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object; its value can change with the location of the object in the universe |
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| Quantity |
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| Something that has magnitude, size, or amount |
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| Unit |
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| A quantity adopted as a standard of measurement |
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| Conversion factor |
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| A ratio that is derived from the equality of two different units that can be used to convert from one unit to the other |
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| Physical Property |
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| A characteristic of a substance that does not involve a chemical change, such as density, color, or hardness |
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| Density |
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| The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance; oftem expressed as grams per cubic centimeter for solids and liquids and as grams per liter for gases |
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| Chemical Property |
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| A property of matter that describes a substance's ability to participate in chemical reactions |
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| Atom |
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| The smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element |
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| Pure Substance |
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| A sample of a matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite chemical and physical properties |
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| Element |
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| A substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic number |
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| Molecule |
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| The smallest unit of a substance that keeps all of the physical and chemical properties of that substance; it can consist of one atom or two or more atoms bonded together |
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| Compound |
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| A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |
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| Mixture |
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| A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined |
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| Homogeneous |
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| Describes something that has a uniform structure or composition throughout |
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| Heterogeneous |
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| Composed of dissimilar components |
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| Energy |
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| The capacity to do work |
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| Physical Change |
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| A change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties |
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| Chemical Change |
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| A change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties |
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| Evaportation |
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| The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas |
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| Endothermic |
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| Describes a process in which heat is absorbed from the environment |
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| Exothermic |
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| Describes a process in which a system releases heat into the environment |
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| Law of Conservation of Energy |
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| The law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another |
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| Heat |
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| The energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures; energy is always transferred from high-temperature objects to lower-temperature objects until thermal equilibrium is reached |
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| Kinetic Energy |
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| The energy of an object that is due to the object's motion |
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| Temperature |
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| A measure of how hot (or cold) something is; specifically, a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object |
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| Specific Heat |
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| The quantity of heat required to raise a unit mass of homogeneous material 1 K or 1 C in a specified way given constant pressure and volume |
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| Scientific Method |
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| A series of steps followed to solve problems, including collecting data, formulating hyopothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions |
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| Hypothesis |
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| A theory or explanation that is based on observation and that can be tested |
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| Theory |
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| An explanation for some Phenomenon that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning |
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| Law |
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| A summary of many experimental results and observations; a law tells how things work |
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| Law of Conservation of Mass |
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| The law that states that mass cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes |
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| Accuracy |
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| A description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured |
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| Precision |
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| The exactness of a measurement |
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| Significant Figure |
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| A prescribed decimal place that determines the amount of rounding off to be done on the precision of the measurement |
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| Chemistry |
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| The study of matter and the changes it undergoes |
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| Quality |
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| An essential or distinctive characteristic, property, or attribute; how good something is |
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| Electron |
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| A subatomic particle that has a negative charge |
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| Proton |
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| A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom; the number of protons of the nucleus is the atomic number, whic determines the identity of an element |
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| Neutron |
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| A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom |
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| Atomic Mass |
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| The mass of an atom expressed in atomic units |
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| Orbital |
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| A region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons |
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| Electromagnetic Spectrum |
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| All of the frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation |
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| Mole |
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| The SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance whose number of particles is the same as the number of atoms of carbon in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12 |
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| Avogadro's Number |
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| 6.02x1023, the number of atoms or molecules in 1 mol. |
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| Group |
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| A vertical column of elements in the periodic table; elements in a group share chemical properties |
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| Period |
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| In chemistry, a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table |
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| Alkali Metal |
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| One of the elements of Group 1 of the periodic table (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium) |
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| Alkaline Metal |
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| One of the elements of Group 2 of the periodic table (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium) |
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| Transition Metal |
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| One of the metals that can use the inner shell before using the outer shell to bond |
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| Lanthanide |
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| A member of the rare-earth series of elements, who atomic numbers range from 58 (cerium) to 71 (lutetium) |
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| Actinide |
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| Any of the elements of the actinide series, which have atomic numbers from 89 (actinium, Ac) through 103 (lawrencium, Lr) |
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| Valence Electron |
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| An electron that is found in the outermost shell of an atom that determies the atom's chemical properties |
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| Octet Rule |
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| A concept of chemical bonding theory that is based on the assumption that atoms tend to have either empty valence shells of full valence shells of eight electrons |
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| Ion |
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| An atom, radical, or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge |
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| Cation |
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| An ion that has a positive charge |
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| Anion |
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| An ion that has a negative charge |
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| Polyatomic Ion |
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| An ion made of two or more atoms |
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| Covalent Bond |
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| A bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
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| Ionic Bond |
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| A bond formed when cations and anions attract |
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| Empirical Formula |
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| A chemical formula that shows the composition of a compound in terms of the relative numbers and kinds of atoms in the simplest ratio |
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| Molecular Formula |
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| A chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the atoms |
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| Coefficient |
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| A small whole number that appears as a factor in from of a formula in a chemical reaction |
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| Combustion |
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| The oxidation reaction of an organic compound, in which heat is released |
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| Yields |
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| The measured amount of a product of a reaction |
