question

The Inuit subsist mostly on __________ because __________ do not exist in large numbers at their northerly latitude.

answer

meat/plants

question

When people grow foods using simple tools in the absence of permanently cultivated fields, we call this __________.

answer

horticulture

question

Of the following, which is not a consequence of horticulture?

answer

strict

question

Of the following, which is not a consequence of intensive agriculture?

answer

smaller population groups

question

Most pastoralists get their animal protein

answer

from the milk and blood

question

The subsistence strategy that characterized most of human history was

answer

food collection

question

By "food collection," anthropologists mean the obtaining of food from

answer

wild plants and animals

question

Which of the following is not characteristic of food-collecting societies?

answer

recognition of individual rights to land

question

For food, most recent food-collectors depend primarily on

answer

fish

question

Which of the following characterizes horticulture?

answer

a land worked for short periods and then left idle for some years

question

Compared to food-collectors, horticulturalists generally

answer

get more food from a given area

question

Anthropologists have concluded that the physical environment by itself has a __________, rather than a __________, effect on the major types of subsistence.

answer

restraining/determining

question

In which of the following regions would you NOT expect to find pastoralists?

answer

tundra

question

Individual families in pastoral societies are most likely to own

answer

animals

question

Food collection is the way humans have gotten food for most of human history. It includes

answer

all of the above (gathering, hunting, fishing)

question

Foragers have a nomadic lifestyle because

answer

they have to go where the food is in season

question

Horticulture is distinguished from intensive agriculture mainly because

answer

in horticulture simple tools and methods are used

question

Intensive agriculture is said to be more technologically complex than horticulture because

answer

plows are used instead of digging sticks

question

"Market foraging" exists in the U.S. and other industrial societies. This includes

answer

all of the above

question

People in North America get most of their food from stores. These people do not know here their food comes from originally. This is because

answer

relatively few people are directly involved in food-getting

question

Variation between human populations may be the result of

answer

all of the above

question

_____________ results in more favorable genes becoming more frequent in a population over time.

answer

Natural Selection

question

_______________ are genetic changes that give their carriers a better chance of survival and reproduction than individuals without the genetic change who live in the same environment.

answer

Adaptations

question

_________________ involves physiological adjustments in individuals to environmental conditions.

answer

Acclimatization

question

The most notable physical variations among human populations are those that are

answer

external

question

The amount of melanin in the skin seems to be related to the ___________ where a person lives.

answer

climate

question

An abnormality of the red blood cells is known as

answer

sickle-cell anemia

question

Racism is the belief that

answer

some races are innately inferior to others

question

Regarding human beings, race is a _________ category.

answer

social

question

A major reason for the European domination of colonized peoples was

answer

susceptibility of colonized

question

The exact reproduction of an individual from cellular tissue is called

answer

cloning

question

Which of the following is an acclimatization?

answer

all of the above

question

Adaptation occurs because

answer

natural selection results in more favorable genes becoming more frequent

question

Humans are influenced by their environment, but at the same time humans can dramatically change their environment. Examples of this include

answer

all of the above

question

Height, in a population, is determined by two major influences,

answer

heredity and environment

question

Skin color has often been considered an indicator of "race." However, there are problems with this because

answer

all of the above

question

Racism is a belief that some "races" are inferior to others and develops when

answer

population sees themselves as better than other populations

question

Some people use the word "race" as an explanation of the quality of a culture. Their argument is

answer

the "developed" nations are "white", while the "underdeveloped" nations are not

question

The connection between "race" and intelligence is weak because

answer

all of the above

question

There is discussion lately of creating the "perfect human." One major problem with this is

answer

such a "perfect human" might be detrimental to the human species

question

Why do members of food-collecting societies not own land individually?

answer

land has no intrinsic value to collectors

question

Of the following economic activities, which finds the individual ownership of land most important?

answer

intensive ag

question

Of the following economic activities, which has the need for the higher level of technology?

answer

intensive ag

question

In general, which type of economic activity provides the most leisure time?

answer

food-collecting

question

An indirect form of __________ is taxation.

answer

forced labor

question

All societies divide labor by __________ and __________.

answer

gender/age

question

__________ assumes that individuals seek to maximize the return (in calories and nutrients) on their labor in deciding which animals and plants to hunt or collect.

answer

optimal foraging theory

question

When goods or services are given to another without any apparent expectation of a returned gift, we call it

answer

generalized reciprocity

question

__________ is the accumulation of goods by a particular person, or in a particular place, for the purpose of subsequent distribution.

answer

Redistribution

question

__________ occurs when prices are subject to supply and demand and do not necessarily involve money.

answer

commercial exchange

question

The concept of private ownership of land is least likely among

answer

food collectors

question

In contrast to food collectors, horticulturalists

answer

generally grant individual families the exclusive right to land while in use.

question

Among pastoral nomads, wealth is usually measured in

answer

animals

question

Compared to horticulturalists, nomadic pastoralists

answer

own relatively few personal goods

question

In all of the societies studied by anthropologists, people are assigned different tasks based on their

answer

age/gender

question

The giving of gifts without any immediate return or conscious thought of return is most common in

answer

societies of food collectors and horticulturalists

question

Generalized reciprocity is most likely between

answer

close kin

question

Every society has access to natural resources and cultural rules for determining who has access to particular resources and what can be done with them. These include

answer

land division into measurable units

question

Why don't foragers have private ownership of land?

answer

it's a collective ownership and allows all people access to the resources.

question

In intensive agriculture, individual ownership of land resources exists because

answer

of using the land season after season.

question

A society is practicing which form of stratification when the members of the society have equal access to economic resources but not to prestige?

answer

rank

question

Modern industrial societies are noted for having disparate access to economic resources and prestige. What type of stratification exists in these societies?

answer

class

question

A __________ is a category of persons who all have about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige.

answer

class

question

The probability that an individual will change class levels in an open class system is

answer

extremely low

question

A __________ is a ranked group in which membership is determined at birth and marriage is restricted to members of one's own group.

answer

caste

question

__________ are persons who do not own their own labor, and as such they represent a class.

answer

slaves

question

If all social groups in a society have equal access to wealth, prestige, and power, then anthropologists call that society

answer

egalitarian

question

A society with equal access to wealth and power, but unequal access to prestige, is called

answer

ranked

question

In egalitarian societies, people may differ in prestige, but these differences are not related to

answer

the economic status of one's parents

question

In ranked societies, chiefs are never

answer

set off from the others by special markings or clothes

question

Racial classifications are

answer

social categories

question

Slavery

answer

has existed in various forms in many times and places.

question

Anthropologists are reasonably certain that social stratification

answer

emerged relatively recently in human history

question

There are actually three types of advantages in society. They include

answer

all of the above

question

Egalitarian societies imply equality, but it actually does not mean that all people within such societies are the same. This is because

answer

there are always differences in people such as gender and age

question

In ranked societies the position of chief is very important. A person becomes a chief

answer

at least partly through heredity

question

Class societies may have social problems related to economics because

answer

groups of people have substantially greater or lesser access to economic resources or power

question

In the U.S. many people deny the existence of social classes because

answer

we have an ideology that hard work and strong character can transform anyone into a success.

question

Caste systems are the most rigid of class systems because

answer

all of the above

question

ethnicity

answer

is defined by common origins, shared history

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