Chapter 8 AP Human Geography – Flashcards
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Stateless nations
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Have no national territory Ex Palestinian Arabs Ex Kurds
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Nation states
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Ideal built on homogeneity of culture Government Sovereignty: final authority over a territory's political and military affairs Ex Japan
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Geographic characteristics of states
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Territory size- micro vs macro Greater labs area= greater sources Could also lead to problems with regulating communication and transportation
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Landlocked states
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Lacks direct outlet to sea because it is completely surrounded by other countries Most common in Africa Remnant off colonial era when Britain and France confirmed so much Built railroads to sea
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Compact States
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The distance from any point of the country to its center is about the same Supposed to provide the most geographic stability
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Examples of Compact States
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Poland, Iceland, and ZIMBABWE
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Fragmented States
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Consisting of 2+ pieces Can make some interactions within the country more difficult
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Examples of Fragmented States
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Philippines and Tanzania
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Elongated States
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Can create separatist areas due to distance from center to core
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Examples of Elongated States
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Vietnam, Chile, Norway
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Prorupt States
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An area that extends from a compact area Can create room for geography
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Examples of Prorupt States
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Southern Thailand
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Perforated State
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Broken by another country
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What are the two types of Perforated States?
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Exclave and Enclave
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Exclave
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separated from the state by another state
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Examples of Exclaves
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Azerbaijan
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Enclaves
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Surrounded by another state
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Examples of Enclaves
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Lesotho
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Problems with Boundaries
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Lack knowledge of underground resources when boundaries were created
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Kuwait vs Iraq
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1990- Romaylah oil reserves. -Created International conflict
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What is a Boundary?
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a vertical plane that cuts through airspace and ground to determine ownership
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Antarctica National Claims
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Several countries claim portions of it
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How are Boundaries created?
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Defined, Delimitation, and Demarcation
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Defined Boundary
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written legal definition
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Delimitation
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Mapped
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Demarcation
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Marked with posts, walls, fences, etc.
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Types of Boundaries
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Straight Line
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Straight Line Boundary
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Boundary totally matching to a line of latitude -US/Canada
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Who defined the 4 types of Boundaries?
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Richard Hartshorne
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What are the 4 types of Boundaries?
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Antecedent boundary Subsequent Boundary Superimposed Boundary Relic Boundary
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Antecedent Boundary
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some boundaries were established before are was populated ex: Malaysia
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Subsequent Boundary
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boundaries which developed according to cultural landscape ex: Vietnam/China
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Superimposed Boundary
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forcibly drawn boundaries across a culturally unified landscape ex:Papua New Guinea/ Indonesia
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Relic Boundary
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border that has ceased to function imprints still evident in cultural landscape
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What are the 4 types of Boundary Disputes?
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Territorial/Definitional Positional/Locational Functional/Operational Allocational Bored Dispute
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Territorial/Definitional
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focus on legal language of agreement
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Positional,Locational
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The interpretation of the definition is the dispute -Saudi Arabia vs. Yemen (oil rich border not covered in treaty)
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Functional/Operational
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Border Dispute -way boundary should function ex:Border migration
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Allocational Border Dispute
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-dispute over boundary due to location of resources -ex: Colorado River
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Systems of Government
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Unitary and Federalism
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Unitary
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Power rests with central government Works in countries with few cultural conflicts and a strong sense of national identity ex: Nation Sates in Europe
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Federalism
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Power is shared between the central and regional government Advantage-suitable for large countries Ex:US, Canada
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Municipal Government
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City Government Council Manager-most common type
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Capitalism
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People own the means of production
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Socialism
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Government owns the important industries ex: Western Europe
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Communism/Marxism
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Government owns all all means of productions
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Fall of Communism
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Began in Poland (solidarity-Labor Union) Soviet Leader Gorbachev's plan to reform communism snowballed out of control
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Reasons for the Fall of the Soviet Union
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1) overspending on the military 2)Problem with command economy 3)Glasnost-openness
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Legacy of Cold War
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War on Terrorism Globalization Supranationalism More economic and military cooperation
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Devolution
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the process when regions within a state demand and gain autonomy at the expense if the state ex: Scotland and England
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Shatter Belts
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state that exists within a sphere of competition between larger states ex: Poland is between Soviet Union and Germany in WW2 ex:Ukraine
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Measuring Development
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-economic(GDP and types of works) -social(education/literacy and health/welfare) -demographic(life expectancy/infant mortality rate)
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Development
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the single most important geographic fact of development is its striking unevenness
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Primary
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agriculture, fishing, mining, and forestry
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Secondary
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manufacturing
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Tertiary
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goods and services to people in exchange for payment-retailing, banking, law, education, and government
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Quaternary
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includes service jobs concerned with research and development, management and administration, and spreading information
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What does Development reflect?
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Development generally reflect a North-South split in the world called a Brandt Line.
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Brandt Line
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Development is a characteristic of the rich "North" -the mid latitudes Poverty and underdevelopment are tropical conditions
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Self Sufficiency of Balanced Growth Model
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Country should spread investment as equally as possible across all sectors of its economy Benefits-fair because residents throughout the country share the benefits of development
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Disadvantages of Self Sufficiency of Balanced Growth Model
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1.)Sets barriers(like an import license) to protect companies 2.)Protects inefficient businesses 3.)Need for a large bureaucracy 4.)Products are more expensive
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Examples of Self Sufficiency of Balanced Growth Model
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Mexico India
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International Trade of Economic Growth
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Concentrate on expanding only in certain areas -Rostow's Model
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Examples of International Trade of Economic Growth
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Saudi Arabia 4 Dragons (South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong.) India(1990s)
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5 Stages of Rostow's Model
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traditional society, preconditions of takeoff, takeoff, drive to maturity, age of mass consumption
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Traditional Society
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a high percentage of people are involved in farming. High percentage of national wealth allocated to "nonproductive" activities like military and religion
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Preconditions of Takeoff
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elite group of initiates economic innovations, leads to productivity(invest in infrastructure-schools, roads, ports)
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Take off
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rapid growth in a number of specific economic activities , technical advancement(labor forces starts to shift to factory work)
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Drive to Maturity
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modern technology diffuses to a wide variety of industries
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The Age of Mass Consumption
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economy shifts from heavy industry to consumer goods
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What stages of Rostow's Model are MDCs and LDCs in?
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MDCs- 4 or 5 LDCs- 1,2, or 3
