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Florence Nightingale

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Defined Nursing as both an Art and a Science, differentiated nursing from medicine, created free-standing nursing education, published books about nursing and healthcare, is regarded as the founder of modern nursing.

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Clara Barton

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Volunteered to care for wounds and feed Union soldiers in the Cival War, served as the supervisor of nurses for the Army of James, organizing hospitals and nursing, established the Red Cross for the US in 1882.

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Dorothea Dix

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Served as superintendent of the Female Nurses of the Army during the Cival War, Was given the authority and responsibility for recruiting and equipping a corps of army nurses, was a pioneering crusader for the reform of the treatment of the mentally ill.

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Mary Ann Bickerdyke

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Organized diet kitchens, laundries, and an ambulance service and supervised nursing staff during the civil war

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Louise Schuyler

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A nurse during the Civil War; returned to New York and organized the New York Charities Aid Association improve care of the sick in Bellevue Hospital; recommended standards for nursing education

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Linda Richards

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Graduated in 1873 from New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston, Massachusetts, as the first trained nurse in the US: became the night superintendent of Bellevue Hospital in 1874 and began the practice of keeping records and writing orders.

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Jane Addams

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Provided Social Services within a neighborhood setting, a leader for women's rights, recipient of the 1931 Nobel Peace Prize.

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Lillian Wald

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Established a neighborhood nursing service for the sick poor of the Lower East Side in New York, The founder of public health nursing.

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Mary Elizabeth Mahoney

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Graduated from the New England Hospital for women and children in 1879 as America's First African American Nurse.

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Harriet Tubman

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A nurse and an abolitionist, active in the underground railroad movement before joining the Union Army during the Civil War.

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Nora Gertrude Livingston

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Established a training program for nurses at the Montreal General Hospital: the first 3 year program in North America.

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Mary Agnes Snively

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Director of the nursing school at Toronto General Hospital and one of the founders of the Canadian Nurses Association

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Sojourner Truth

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Provided nursing care to soldiers during the Civil War and worked for the women's movement.

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Isabel Hampton Robb

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A leader in nursing and nursing education; organized the nursing school at Johns Hopkins Hospital; initiated policies that included limiting the number of hours in a days work and wrote a textbook to help student learning; the first president of the Nurses Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada (now American Nurses Association).

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Mary Adelaide Nutting

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Became the first professor of nursing in the world as a faculty member of Teacher's College, Columbia University, with Lavinia Dock; Published the four-volume History of Nursing.

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Lavinia Dock

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A nursing leader and women's right activist, instrumental in the Constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote.

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Mary Breckenridge

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Established Frontier Nursing Service and one of the first Midwifery Schools in the United States.

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Margaret Sanger

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Founder of Planned Parenthood.

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Definition of a Nurse

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a person who nourishes, fosters, and protects and who is prepared to take care of sick, injured, and aged people.

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Caregiver

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The provision of care to patients that combines both the art and the science of nursing in meeting physical, emotional, intellectual, sociocultural, and spiritual needs. As a caregiver the nurse integrates the rolls of communicator, teacher, counselor, leader, researcher, advocate, and collaborator to promote wellness through activities that prevent illness, restore health, and facilitate coping with disability or death. The role of caregiver is the primary role of the nurse.

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Communicator

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The use of effective interpersonal and therapeutic communication skills to establish and maintain helping relationships with patients of all ages in a wide variety of healthcare settings.

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Teacher/Educator

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The use of communication skills to assess, implement, and evaluate individualized teaching plans to meet learning needs of the patients and their families.

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Counselor

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The use of therapeutic interpersonal communication skills to provide information, make appropriate referrals, and facilitate the patient's problem-solving and decision-making skills.

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Leader

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The assertive, self-confident practice of nursing when providing care, effecting change, and functioning with groups.

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Researcher

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The participation in or conduct of research to increase knowledge in nursing and improve patient care.

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Advocate

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The protection of human or legal rights and the securing of care for all patients based on the belief that patients have the right to make informal decisions about their own health and life.

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Collaborator

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The effective use of skills in organization, communication, and advocacy to facilitate the functions of all members of the healthcare team as they provide patient care.

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Nursing Organizations

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are important to establish nursing as a profession. Being in an organizations helps to network with other nurses, having a voice in legislation, and keeping current.

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International Council of Nurses (ICN)

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Founded in 1899, First international organization of professional women, provides a way for national nursing organizations to work together.

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American Nurses Association (ANA)

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Professional organization for RN's in the United States, involved in public education, clinical nursing standards, and lobbying state and federal lawmakers to advance the profession of nursing. It addresses ethics, public policy, and the economic and general welfare of nurses.

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National League for Nursing (NLN)

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an organization open to all people interested in nursing including nurses, nonnurses, and agencies. Established in 1952. Objective is to foster the development and improvement of all nursing services and nursing education. Conducts one of the largest professional testing services in the US including pre-entrance testing for potential students and achievement testing to measure a student's progress.

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American Association of Colleges in Nursing (AACN)

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The national voice for baccalaureate and higher degree nursing education programs. Focus on establishing quality educational standards, influencing the nursing profession to establish healthcare, and promoting public support of baccalaureate and graduate education, research, and nursing practice.

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National Student Nurses Association (NSNA)

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Established in 1952 with the assistance of the ANA and the NLN. A national organization for students enrolled in nursing education programs. Through voluntary participation students practice self-governance, advocate for student and patient rights, and take collective, responsible action on social and political issues.

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ANA Standards of Nursing Practice

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allow nurses to carry out professional roles, serving as protection for the nurse, the patient, and the institution in which healthcare is given.

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Nurse Practice Acts

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laws established in each state in the U.S. to regulate the practice of nursing. They vary among the states.

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The Nursing Process

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a major guideline in nursing practice. The nursing process integrates the art and science of nursing. This allows nurses to use critical thinking to define the areas of care that are within the nursing field.

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Current Trends in Nursing?

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Nursing Shortage, Evidence-based Practices, Community-based nursing, Decreased length of hospital stay, Aging population, More chronic health conditions, Culturally competent care, Independent nursing practices.

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Nursing Shortage (Current trend in nursing)

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nurses are the largest group of healthcare providers in the U.S. The nursing workforce is aging and retiring.

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Evidence Based Practices (Current trend in nursing)

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scientific evidence used as guidelines for clinical practices that are useful nationally and internationally.

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1. Which phase best describes the science of nursing? a. The skilled application of nursing. b. The knowledge base for care. c. Hands-on care such as giving a bath. d. Respect for each individual patient.

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b. The science of nursing is the knowledge base for care that is provided. In contrast, the skilled application of that knowledge is the art of nursing.

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2. Which nurse in history is credited with establishing nursing education? a. Clara Barton b. Lillian Wald c. Lavinia Dock d. Florence Nightingale

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d. Florence Nightingale established nursing education.

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3. What historic event in the 20th century led to an increased emphasis on nursing and broadened the role of nurses? a. Religious reform b. Crimean War c. World War 2 d. Vietnam War

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c. During World War 2, large numbers of women worked outside of the home. There was an increased emphasis on education and a knowledge explosion in medicine and technology, broadening the roles of nurses.

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4. Which of the following phrases describes one of the purposes of the ANA's Nursing's Social Policy Statement? a. To describe the nurse as a dependent caregiver. b. To provide standards for nursing educational programs. c. To regulate nursing research. d. To describe nursing's values and social responsibility.

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d. The Nursing's Social Policy Statement describes the values and social responsibility of nursing.

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5. A school nurse is teaching a class of junior-high students about the effects of smoking. This educational program will meet which of the aims of nursing? a. Promoting health b. Preventing illness c. Restoring health d. Facilitating coping with disability or death

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b. Educational programs can reduce the risk of illness by teaching good health habits.

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6. Which of the following nursing degrees prepares a nurse for advance practice as a clinical specialist or nurse practitioner? a. LPN b. ADN c. BSN d. Master's

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d. A master's degree prepares advanced practice nurses.

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7. Which nursing organization was the first international organization of professional women? a. ICN b. ADN c. NLN d. NSNA

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a. The ICN, founded in 1899, was the first international organization of professional women.

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8. What is the purpose of the ANA's Scope and Standards of Practice? a. To describe the ethical responsibility of nurses b. To define the activities that are special and unique to nursing c. To establish nursing as an independent and free-standing profession d. To regulate the practice of nursing

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b. The ANA's Scope and Standards of Practice define the activities of nurses that are specific and unique to nursing.

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9. What type of authority regulates the practice of nursing? a. International standards and codes b. Federal guidelines and regulations c. State nurse practice acts d. Institutional policies

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c. Nurse Practice Acts are established in each state to regulate the practice of nursing.

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10. Who are the largest group of healthcare providers in the United States? a. Registered nurses b. Physicians c. Physical Therapists d. Social Workers

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a. Registered Nurses are the largest group of healthcare providers in the United States.

Chapter 1 Introduction to Nursing – Flashcards

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