Test Questions on Ch 9
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Which of the following statements are true about nonexperimental designs? A. In nonexperimental studies, the independent variable is manipulated. B. Nonexperimental designs are used to test relationships among variables. C. Nonexperimental designs can be used to construct a picture of a phenomenon at one point in time. D. In nonexperimental studies, subjects are randomly selected.
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b, c
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What is another name for longitudinal studies? (Select all that apply. A. Prospective studies B. Cohort studies C. Repeated measures studies D. Ex post facto studies
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a, b, c
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What are potential disadvantages of longitudinal studies? A. Subject loss as a result of attrition B. Loss of a control group C. The Hawthorne effect D. Superficiality of data
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a, c
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What is another name for retrospective studies? A. Repeated measures studies B. Case-control studies C. Cohort studies D. Ex post facto studies
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b, d
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In one retrospective study, a researcher demonstrated that cigarette smoking appeared to be a determinant of lung cancer. Why was the researcher unable to conclude a causal relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer? (Select all that apply.) A. The independent variable was not manipulated. B. Subjects were not randomly assigned to groups. C. The researcher did not have a high level of control. D. The causal event did not occur before the effect event.
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a, b
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Nonexperimental studies provide what type of evidence? A. Level II B. Level III C. Level IV D. Level V
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c
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A study was designed to assess whether motion had an effect on the mood of elderly residents in a nursing home. The researcher examined whether residents who ambulated for an hour every day were more engaged in their environments than those who did not ambulate. This is an example of which type of study? A. Prospective B. Comparative C. Ex post facto D. Correlational
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b
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What is an advantage of using surveys for data collection? A. Causation can be determined. B. Information can be collected in great depth. C. Large-scale surveys are relatively inexpensive. D. A relatively small number of subjects can provide accurate information.
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d
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What is the role of an investigator in a correlational study? A. Examines the relationship between two or more variables. B. Evaluates data-collection instruments. C. Determines a cause-and-effect relationship among variables. D. Uses each subject as his or her own control
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a
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Why are nonexperimental correlational studies used frequently in nursing research? A. Findings of nonexperimental correlational studies can be generalized to larger populations. B. Independent variables can be manipulated very precisely in correlational studies. C. Many of the phenomena of clinical interest do not lend themselves to manipulation, control, or randomization. D. To determine the best clinical practices, nurses must be aware of cause-and-effect relationships.
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c
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Which of the following types of studies is concerned specifically with a time perspective? A. Developmental studies B. Cross-sectional studies C. Descriptive studies D. Causal modeling studies
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a
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Graduates of nursing programs were surveyed 6 months postgraduation to determine their perspectives on the adequacy of their nursing education. What type of study is this an example of? A. A cross-sectional study B. A prospective study C. An ex post facto study D. A longitudinal study
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a
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How are predictive models used? A. To synthesize findings from randomized clinical trials to test the effectiveness of an intervention B. To develop measurement techniques to establish causal relationships C. To generalize findings from nonexperimental studies D. To explain the relationships among variables to establish predictive or causal links
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d
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How are psychometrics used? A. To interpret research data to determine cause-and-effect relationships B. To use the research process to develop tools or techniques for use in measurement C. To combine data from multiple research studies and summarize their findings D. To analyze data collected for another purpose
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b
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What type of evidence is provided by meta-analysis? A. Level I B. Level II C. Level III D. Level IV
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a
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A researcher explored the nursing practice of new graduates to measure the frequency of medical errors they made over time. A cohort of new graduates was surveyed at 6 months, 9 months, and 1 year postgraduation. Which of the following designs best describes this study? A. Correlational predictive B. Retrospective correlational C. Descriptive longitudinal D. Comparative descriptive
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c
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Which studies would be considered survey studies? (Select all that apply). A. Descriptive B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Exploratory E. Comparative F. Cross-sectional
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a, d , e
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Which study would be considered a relationship-difference study? (Select all that apply). A. Descriptive B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Exploratory E. Comparative F. Cross-sectional
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b, c, f
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Which study would be considered a developmental study? A. Descriptive B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Exploratory E. Comparative F. Cross-sectional
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f
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Which type of study is a longitudinal study? A. Survey B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Experimental
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c
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Which type of study is an ex post facto study? A. Survey B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Experimental
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c
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Which type of study is a comparative study? A. Survey B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Experimental
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a
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Which type of study is a prospective study? A. Survey B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Experimental
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c
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Which type of study is a case-control study? A. Survey B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Experimental
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c
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Which type of study is a cohort study? A. Survey B. Correlational C. Developmental D. Experimental
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c
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The nurse researcher has decided to assess patient and provider responses to a computerized symptom assessment system. Which design of types would be applicable? (Select all that apply). A. Exploratory B. Descriptive C. Longitudinal with retrospective D. Longitudinal medical records review
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b, c, d
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The nurse researcher has decided to determine factors predictive of parenting self-efficacy at 12 to 48 hours after childbirth and at 1 month postpartum. Which design of types would be applicable? (Select all that apply). A. Cohort B. Descriptive C. Longitudinal with retrospective D. Prospective
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a, d
