question

One of the tools of modern humans in the Americas was the ______.

answer

Folsom fluted point.

question

When did modern humans migrate into North America?

answer

15,000 ya

question

The Hobbit skeleton found on the Indonesian island of Flores has been interpreted as a new species based on what characteristic?

answer

The morphology of the wrist bones.

question

Fossils found in a cave at Gran Dolina, Spain, show evidence of _______.

answer

Cannibalism

question

A valid critique of the Out-Of-Africa model of human evolution based on recent research is that ___________.

answer

There was gene flow between Neanderthals and modern H. sapiens.

question

A valid critique of the Multiregional Continuity model of the origin of modern humans can be found in the fossil record, which shows that modern variation originated in ______ based on _______.

answer

Africa, Herto skeleton

question

Your roommate hears that mtDNA analysis found two dozen base pairs were different between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans, indicating that we are not related to Neanderthals. Your roommate asks you if this is true, and you reply that......

answer

The mtDNA analysis is true but testing of nuclear DNA has found some similarities between Neanderthals and modern humans.

question

The wear pattern on the teeth of Shanidar 1 Neanderthal indicates what?

answer

That he used his teeth like a third hand.

question

Which tool indicates that H. sapiens began eating a new type of food?

answer

Harpoon

question

Neanderthal remains from Shanidar cave in northern Iraw provide the first evidence of what?

answer

Care for the injured.

question

The Assimilation model of the origin of modern humans states that _______.

answer

Modern humans evolved in Africa and spread to Europe and Asia, where they interbred with Neanderthals.

question

How many years ago did modern H. sapiens begin creating art?

answer

30,000 ya

question

The Out-Of-Africa model of modern human origins states that modern humans _________.

answer

spread from Africa and replaced all other populations with NO gene flow.

question

How did modern humans likely migrate to the Americas?

answer

Via walking across the Bering land bridge.

question

What characteristics are not found in modern European men?

answer

A robust face and jaws.

question

The Multiregional Continuity model of the origin of modern humans states what?

answer

Gene flow is the key to evolution, turning archaic H. sapiens into modern humans in various parts of the world.

question

The earliest modern humans in Australia, dating to 40,000 ya, were found where?

answer

Lake Mungo, Australia

question

How many years ago were the earliest modern humans found in Australia?

answer

40,000 ya

question

During your internship with the Medical Examiner's office, you observe the medical examiner to attempt to identify an unknown individual based on skeletal remains. The medical examiner asserts confidently that the deceased was of Asian or Native American ancestry. How does she know this, based only on the skeleton?

answer

The individual has shovel-shaped incisors, a heritable trait often found in East Asians and their descendants.

question

What is an occipital bun?

answer

a cranial feature of Neanderthals in which the occipital bone projects substantially from the skull's posterior.

question

How are archaic H. sapiens different from modern H. sapiens?

answer

-longer, lower skull -larger browridge -a bigger and more projecting face -wider nasal aperture -more projecting occipital bone (occipital bun) -larger teeth -no chin -postranial bones are thicker than modern people's

question

How do the Skhul 5 (Israel) and Herto skull (Ethiopia) share archaic and modern features?

answer

Skhul 5 has some archaic features, which include a projecting face and pronounced browridges, as well as modern features, such as a distinctive chin and no occipital bun. The Herto skulls also have a combination of archaic and modern features, although the modern features dominate over the archaic ones.

question

Describe the Out-of-Africa hypothesis.

answer

Modern H. sapiens first evolved in Africa and then spread to Asia and Europe, replacing the indigenous archaic H. sapiens spopulations living on these two continents. NO GENE FLOW.

question

Describe the Multiregional hypothesis.

answer

H. erectus evolved into modern H. sapiens in various geographci regions. African archaic H. sapiens gave rise to African modern H. sapiens, Asian archaic H. sapiens gave rise to Asian modern H. sapiens, and European archaic H. sapiens gave rise to European modern H. sapiens. GENE FLOW = IMPORTANT.

question

How long ago did the earliest forms of H. sapiens emerge?

answer

around 350,000 ya

question

Describe the characteristics of the skeleton found in the Kabwe lead mine in Zambia, Africa.

answer

-enormous browridges -facial bones and muscle attachment areas on back of neck are quite small compared to H. erectus in Africa -1,300 cc -both the Zambian and European skulls have erectus-like characteristics (large face, large browridges, and thick cranial bones)

question

Some of the best-known fossils representing early archaic H. sapiens are from where in Asia?

answer

Ngandong site, on the island of Java in Indonesia

question

Describe the characteristics of the Ngandong 11 skull.

answer

-1,100 cc -skull is long and low -browridge is massive (not as large as H. erectus) -cranium is large and robust

question

What do some people divide the early archaic H. sapiens into?

answer

Homo heidelbergensis and/or Homo antecessor

question

Describe the anatomical characteristics of early archaic H. sapiens.

answer

-overall larger brains, avg cranial capacity 1,200 cc -increase in body and brain size relative to body size -sloping forehead, low skull (but higher than erectus) -face is large and prognathic -no chin -back teeth smaller, some have larger front teeth

question

Where is one of the most significant fossils for each archaic H. sapiens and for all of human evolution from?

answer

the Sime de los Huesos cave site in Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain.

question

What is so significant about the Atapuerca 5 skull?

answer

It is one of the few instances ever in which a fossilized individual's skull (including the mandible) was found in direct association with the postcranial skeleton.

question

Describe the characteristics of the Atapuerca 5 skull.

answer

-1,125 cc -large browridge -pronounced facial projection -nasal aperture is quite wide

question

What is the reason for skulls having smaller front teeth?

answer

It is evidence that these hominids used their front teeth as a tool, perhaps as a kind of third hand for gripping materials.

question

When did early archaic H. sapiens exist?

answer

500,000-130,000 ya

question

What are some Neanderthal characteristics>

answer

-wide nasal apertures -a projecting face -an occipital bun -a long, low skull -large front teeth -a wide, stocky body -short limbs

question

What is so significant about the Kebara Neanderthal remains found in Kebara, Israel (Asia)?

answer

Even without a cranium and legs, this is one of the most complete Neanderthal skeletons found to date. The Kebara Neanderthals date to about 60,000 ya.

question

What kind of anatomical characteristics do the Amud and Tabun skulls (Asia) possess that make them similar to the contemporary populations of late archaic H. sapiens in Europe?

answer

-eye orbits are small and round -nasal openings are large and wide -faces project forward -skulls also share modern characteristics: lack of occipital bun and the presence of relatively small teeth

question

What is so significant about the Shanidar 1 skeleton?

answer

This individual's life is written in his bones. A fracture on his upper face may have been severe enougb to cause blindness. Severe arthritis in his feet may have resulted from the constant stresses of traversing difficult, mountainous terrain. His upper incisors are severely worn, probably from his use of the front teeth as a tool for grasping and holding objects. This skeleton tells a life story of injury owing to accidents and violence.

question

What did the evidence found with the Neanderthal skeletons at the Shanidar Cave in Iraq reveal about Neanderthals?

answer

That they intentionally buried their dead and possibly performed some type of burial ceremony.

question

Describe characteristics of the Amud Neanderthal found in Asia.

answer

The large brain size (1,740 cc) suggests that Neanderthals' intelligence was on par with modern H. sapiens'. The exceptionally large cranial capacity of the Amud Neanderthal indicates that this hominid's brain was at least as large as a modern humans.'

question

Describe the characteristics of the Krapina 3 skull that was recovered in Croatia, dating back to 130,000 ya.

answer

TYPICAL NEANDERTHAL CHARACTERISTICS: -round eye orbits -wide space between eye orbits -wide nasal aperture -protruding midfacial region -front teeth are very large

question

What do the location and pattern of cutmarks on the Krapina Neanderthal bones tells us?

answer

These strategically placed cutmarks appear on human and animal bones and strongly suggest that these people at animal AND human tissue (CANNIBALISM).

question

Besides the Krapina Neanderthals, name other sites where evidence of cannibalism has been found.

answer

the Moula-Guercy cave in southeastern France, Gran Dolina cave in Spain.

question

Describe the anatomical characteristics of early archaic H. sapiens.

answer

-increase in cranial capacity -overall larger brains -sloping forehead -low skull (higher than H. erectus) -large and prognathic face -no chin -smaller back teeth, some have larger front teeth -more verticalness present in skull

question

Descibe the anatomical characteristics of later archaic H. sapiens.

answer

-robust individuals -large muscles -large nose -prognathic skull -low forehead -avg cranial capacity 1,500 cc -occipital bun -large browridges -large nasal aperture -large infraorbital foramina -stocky build; short limbs

question

Describe the anatomical characteristics of modern H. sapiens.

answer

-avg brain size 1,500 cc -high forehead -reduced prognathism -presence of chin -reduced robusticity in limbs, teeth, and browridges -lack of occipital bun

question

Describe how a large nose is an adaptation to the cold.

answer

Neanderthal fossils indicate that these people had hugh noses. One of the nose's important functions is to transform ambient air- the air breathed in from the environment- into warm, humid air. Large noses have more internal surface area, thus providing an improved means of warming and moistening the cold, dry air that Neanderthals breathed regularly. The projecting nose typical of Neanderthals placed more distance between the cold external environment and the brain, which is temperature sensitive. These attributes are not uniquely Neanderthal.

question

How is the infraorbital foramina an adaptation to the cold?

answer

The infraorbital foramina- the small holes in the facial bones beneath the eye orbits- are larger in European Neanderthals than in modern people. The foramina's increased size is due to the blood vessels that tracked through them having been quite large. The larger blood vessels may have allowed greater blood flow to the face, preventing exposed facial surfaces from freezing.

question

How was the shape and size of the Neanderthals' bodies an adaptation to the cold?

answer

Compared with modern humans, European Neanderthals were stocky- the body was short, wide, and deep. Neanderthals' limbs were shorter than earlier or later humans'. This combination- stocky trunk and short limbs- is predicted by Bergmann's and Allen's rules. Animals that live in cold climats are larger than animals that live in hot climates. The larger body trunk reduces the amount of surface area relative to the body size, which helps promote heat retention. Animals that live in cold climates have shorter limbs than animals that live in hot climates.

question

What is the Multiregional model based on?

answer

Regional variation.

question

What is the Assimilation Model?

answer

Based on the idea that H. sapiens and Neanderthals interbred to produce viable offspring.

question

What is the Mousterian culture?

answer

The stone tool culture in which Neanderthals produced tools using the Levallois technique, during the Middle Paleolithic time period.

question

What is the Levallois technique?

answer

The Levallois technique is a distinctive method of stone tool production used during the Middle Paleolithic, in which the core was prepared and flakes removed from the surface before the final tool was detached from the core.

question

How can a Neanderthal diet be analyzed?

answer

Measures of stable isotopes of both carbon and nitrogen can be used to determine the relative amounts of different kinds of foods consumed. Herbivores generally have isotope values than carnivores. Neanderthals' isotope levels are close to those of known carnivores, indicating that Neanderthals ate plenty of meat.

question

What evidence indicates that Neanderthals buried their dead?

answer

The placement and positioning of the body, the posutres, etc. Pits seemed prepared.

question

What evidence suggests that Neanderthals could speak?

answer

Though they could not express the full range of sounds necessary for articulate speech (since their vocal tract resembled a modern newborn infant's vocal tract), they could make sounds because they had the hyoid bone, which was identical to that of a modern humans'. Evidence- the Kebara Neanderthals could speak and they possessed this hyoid bone.

question

What two sets of skeletons suggest that Neanderthals buried their dead?

answer

Shanidar skeletons (Iraq) and La Chapelle-aux-Saints skeleton (France).

question

The remains from Herto in Ethiopia's Middle Awash River Valey reveal characteristics that are similar to modern humans'. What are these characteristics? This skeleton's remains date back to 160,000.

answer

-1,450 cc -relatively tall cranium -vertical forehead -smaller browridges -a nonprojecting face

question

Skulls from two different locations in southern Africa provide important information about early modern H. sapiens that date to after 100,000 ya. Where were the remains found and what characteristics did they have?

answer

Anthropologists looked at fragmentary remains from Klasies River Mouth Cave and documented the presence of a chin, a distinctively modern characteristi that dates to at least 90,000 ya. A nearly complete skull from Hofmeyr (36,000 ya) bears a striking resemblance to Pleistocene modern Europeans.

question

The fact that Skhul 5 dates to before the Amud fossils (Asia) indicates what?

answer

That modern humans lived in the region before Neanderthals.

question

What is important about the three skulls found at the Upper Cave at Zhoukoudian, China that date back to 29,000-24,000 ya?

answer

The skulls are robust compared to living Asians', but the facial flatness is characteristic of native eastern Asians today. Similarly, the early modern people from Minatogawa (Okinawa) (18,000ya) are gracile, but retain thick cranial bones and large browridges.

question

The earliest modern H. sapiens in Europe are from where?

answer

Pestera cu Oase, Romania (35,000 ya)

question

The Dolni Vestonice skulls retain a few Neanderthal characteristics and are early modern H. sapiens on what continent?

answer

Europe

question

Describe the characteristics of the skeletons found in a rockshelter in Cro-Magnon, France.

answer

These remains are anatomically modern, with a number of features distinct from Neanderthals', including a high, vertical forehead, flat browridges, a much narrower nasal aperture, and an overall gracile skull. Skull appears to be very tiny and the face seems to be squished downward.

question

What may have caused the decrease in the height of early modern people?

answer

1) a decrease in quality of nutrition 2) resource stress During the last 20,000 years of the Pleistocene, food procurement intensified- more effort was put into acquiring and processing food for the same amount of caloric intake as before. This change may have occurred because human population size was increasing, placing increased pressure on food resources. An outcome of this change was a global increase in the range of foods eaten.

question

The development of fishing and the use of aquatic resources was part of a larger package of behaviors associated with modern humans, including what?

answer

1) more specialized kinds of hunting 2) wider employment of raw materials for producing tools 3) advanced lade technology 4) trade

question

The latest archaic H. sapiens, the Neanderthals, survived until _______ ya.

answer

at least 32,000 ya

question

What does the overlap in dates between Neanderthals and early modern humans indicate?

answer

That the two groups coexisted in eastern Europe for at least several thousand years. This argues AGAINST the Multiregional model, which sees archaic H. sapiens as having evolved locally into modern H. sapiens.

question

What piece of evidence argues against the Out-Of-Africa model?

answer

That the earliest modern H. sapiens had clear Neanderthal features (such as the occipital bun) strongly suggests interbreeding between Neanderthals and early modern people. This argues against the Out-Of-Africa model, which sees no gene flow between Neanderthals and early modern humans.

question

What do the comparisons of mtDNA from more than a dozen Neanderthal skeletons with that of early modern humans and living humans show?

answer

They show similarity among Neanderthals and dissimilarity between Neanderthals and modern humans. 27 mtDNA base pair difference between Neanderthals and living humans. Living human populations, on the other hand, have an average of just 8 base pair differences among them.

question

What do the genetic differences between Neanderthals and humans support?

answer

The hypothesis that no gene flow occurred between Neanderthals and modern humans and, more importantly, that Neanderthals contributed NONE of their genetic material to the modern human gene pool. However, mtDNA is a tiny part of the human genome and reflects only a small fraction of the genetic code.

question

In a breakthrough study done by Swedish geneticist Svante Paabo, a new technology applied to the analysis of three female Neanderthal bones from Vindija Cave has provided the sequence of 4 billion base pairs representing the Neanderthal genome. Using high-throughput DNA sequencing, what results were found?

answer

Eurasians and Neanderthals share between 1% and 4% of their nuclear DNA, an indication of a small but significant admixture. Given that Africans share no nuclear DNA with Neanderthals, the admixture occurred between early modern Europeans and Neanderthals after early modern people left Africa. People living today outside of Africa have DNA that likely originated from Neanderthals. In that sene, Neanderthals are still with us!

question

Give two explanations for Africa's greater genetic diversity, specifically of the sub-Saharan African populations.

answer

1) a population or group of populations that has been around for a long time will have accumulated more mutations- hence, greater variation- than a population or group of populations that has been around a short time. therefore, Africa's greater genetic diverseity may mean that modern people have existed longer there than in Asia or Europe. 2) Population size tremendously influences genetic diversity. Because in the remote past Africa had a significantly larger breeding population size than other continents did, Africa now has greater genetic diversity.

question

Do the fossil record or genetic record support the Out-Of-Africa model or the Multiregional Continuity model?

answer

The fossil record and genetic record indicate that neither the Out-Of-Africa model nor the Multiregional model adequately explains modern humans' origins. The Out-Of-Africa model correctly accounts for the origin of modern human variation, but it incorrectly asserts that no gene flow occured between Neanderthals and modern H. sapiens. The Multiregional model is correct about gene flow and the notion that Neanderthals have contributed to modern H. sapiens' gene pool, but it is not correct about H. sapiens' regional development.

question

What did the Neanderthals' disappearance after 30,000 ya result from if it didn't result from extinction?

answer

Their disappearance resulted from their assimilation by much larger, more genetically diverse populations of modern humans migrating into Europe from Africa during the late Pleistocene. Neanderthals contributed to the gene pool of today's European and European-descended populations, leaving their genetic, behavioral, and adaptive legacy with modern humans in Europe and in Asia.

question

According to the Out-Of-Africa model, when did modern humans spread from Africa to Europe?

answer

After 50,000 ya

question

What is the biological foundation for modern H. sapiens living outside of Africa today?

answer

The admixture between modern H. sapiens and late archaic H. sapiens (Neanderthals).

question

What motivated the early modern people to move?

answer

1) population increase 2) disappearance of food resources 3) increased competition with neighbors for remaining resources 4) climate deterioration

question

Where is the earliest archaeological evidence of humans in Australia?

answer

Lake Mungo (40,000 ya)

question

Where was the "Hobbit" found?

answer

In Liang Bua Cave on the Indonesian island of Flores.

question

Describe the unique characteristics of the "Hobbit."

answer

-extremely tiny brain (400 cc)- like a chimpanzee's -3.5 feet tall (very short)

question

Why was the Hobbit considered to be a new species, known as Homo floresiensis?

answer

Because of its wrist bones.

question

Define microcephaly.

answer

A condition in which the cranium is abnormally small and the brain is underdeveloped.

question

Why did some people think the "Hobbit" was not a new species?

answer

Some people argued it was not part of a different species but a modern human who suffered from microcephaly or some other genetic or developmental abnormality. They point out that numerous cranial features of H. floresiensis are within the modern range of variation seen in living populations from the larger region. In addition, some of the creature's anatomical characteristics (such as small or absent chin and rotated premolars) resemble those of populations now living in the immediate region.

question

What anatomical characteristic do Asians and Native Americans share?

answer

Shovel-shaped incisors. (incisor's posterior aspect has varying degrees of concavity).

question

What evidence suggests that certain haplogroups were present in Asians who migrated to the Americas?

answer

Native Americans share haplogroups with northeastern Asians. The presence of all four groups throughout the Americas and the strong similarity of the nucleotide sequences suggests that they share a common ancestry in a single founding population that arrived in the Americas from Asia via one migration.

question

Who were the Paleoindians?

answer

They were the earliest hominid inhabitants of the Americas; they likely migrated from Asia and are associated with the Clovis and Folsom stone tool cultures in North America and comparable tools in South America.

question

When did the migration to N. America occur?

answer

15,000 ya

question

What is the name that refers to the earliest Native American culture of North America?

answer

Clovis

question

What are Paleoindians known for?

answer

Stone artifacts, especially large spear points associated with the Clovis and later Folsom cultures. The Paleoindians hunted various animals, but they are best known for hunting megafauna (large game animals).

question

How did the Paleoindians differ from recent Native Americans?

answer

The Paleoindians' skulls were relatively long and narrow, and their faces were robust, with large attachment areas for the mastication muscles. In contrast, many living Native Americans have short, round skulls with gracile faces.

question

How have the anatomical differences between Paleoindians and Native Americans been interpreted?

answer

They have been interpreted to mean either that the Paleoindians are not the living Native Americans' ancestors or that the Paleoindians are the living Native Americans' ancestors but cranial morphology has changed due to evolutionary forces and other processes over the last 10,000 years in the Americas. The more likely scenario is that the cranial morphology evolved and was shaped by later changes in use of the face and of the jaws. If so, then the Paleoindians are the ancestors of living Native Americans.

question

Who does the Kennewick Man represent?

answer

The Paleoindians.

question

How many years ago did the H. florensiensis species come about?

answer

18,000 ya

Ch. 12 Biological Anthropology – Flashcards

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