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Carbohydrate

answer

compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body

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Protein

answer

macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes

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Amino Acid

answer

monomer that makes up proteins; contains carboxyl and amino functional groups

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Lipid

answer

macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes

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Nucleic Acid

answer

an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information

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Nucleotide

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monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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Cell

answer

a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement, the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms

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Organelle

answer

specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

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Nucleus

answer

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

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Cell Membrane

answer

thin, flexible barrier around a cell, regulates what enters and leaves the cell

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Semipermeable

answer

characteristic of a cell membrane which allows some molecules to pass through but not others

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Cytoplasm

answer

a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

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Ribosome

answer

an organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cell, small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

answer

a cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another

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Golgi Apparatus

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a net-like structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells (especially in those cells that produce secretions)

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Mitochondria

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powerhouse of the cell, produces energy (ATP) from oxygen and sugar(Cellular respiration)

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Lysosome

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an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells (especially in leukocytes and liver and kidney cells)

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Cell Wall

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a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell

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Vacuole

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a tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cell

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Plastid

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any of various small particles in the cytoplasm of the cells of plants and some animals containing pigments or starch or oil or protein

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Chloroplast

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plastid containing chlorophyll and other pigments

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Eukaryote

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an organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteria

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Prokaryote

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a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei

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Unicellular

answer

having or consisting of a single cell

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Multicellular

answer

consisting of many cells

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Tissue

answer

a part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function

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Organ

answer

(music) an electronic simulation of a pipe organ, a fully differentiated structural and functional unit in an animal that is specialized for some particular function

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Organ System

answer

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

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Homeostasis

answer

metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes

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pH

answer

(chemistry) p(otential of) H(ydrogen), a value that indicated the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a scale of 0-14, based on the proportion of H+ ions.

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Acid

answer

any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt

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Base

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any of various water-soluble compounds capable of turning litmus blue and reacting with an acid to form a salt and water

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Metabolism

answer

the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life

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Diffusion

answer

process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated

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Osmosis

answer

diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal

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Facilitated Diffusion

answer

movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

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Concentration Gradient

answer

a difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance

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Hypertonic

answer

(of a solution) having a higher osmotic pressure than a comparison solution

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Hypotonic

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(of a solution) having a lower osmotic pressure than a comparison solution

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Equilibrium

answer

a chemical reaction and its reverse proceed at equal rates

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Isotonic

answer

(used of solutions) having the same or equal osmotic pressure

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Passive Transport

answer

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

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Active Transport

answer

transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient

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Chemical Reaction

answer

(chemistry) a process in which one or more substances are changed into others

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Reactant

answer

a chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction

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Product

answer

a chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction

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Exothermic Reaction

answer

a chemical reaction accompanied by the evolution of heat

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Endothermic Reaction

answer

a chemical reaction accompanied by the absorption of heat

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Activation Energy

answer

the energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process (such as an emission or reaction) can occur

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Enzyme

answer

any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions

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Substrate

answer

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

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Active Site

answer

The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds.

question

Buffer

answer

an implement consisting of soft material mounted on a block, weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to help prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

question

Glycolysis

answer

a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP

question

Cellular Respiration

answer

the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic moelcules

question

Aerobic

answer

process that requires oxygen

question

Anarobic

answer

metabolic process that does not require oxygen

question

Autotroph

answer

organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer

question

Heterotrophy

answer

organisms that cannot make their own food and must feed on other organisms for energy and nutrients

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Photosynthesis

answer

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

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Chlorophyll

answer

green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

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Biogenesis

answer

the production of living organisms from other living organisms

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Abiogenesis

answer

a hypothetical organic phenomenon by which living organisms are created from nonliving matter

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Pastuer

answer

the scientist that finally disproved spontaneous generation

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Red 1

answer

Once hydrogen in core is all fused. Still fusion of hydrogen in shell. No longer fuel in core to provide energy and pressure to balance gravity. Core shrinks, pressure goes up, temp goes up, until the later of H outside the core becomes hot enough to fuse H into He. Temperature then rises rapidly in H burning shell which expands dramatically.

question

Phylogeny

answer

(biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms

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Aristotle

answer

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.

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Linnaeus

answer

Swedish botanist who proposed the modern system of biological nomenclature (1707-1778)

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Classification

answer

The division of organisms into groups, or classes, based on specific characteristics

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Species

answer

(biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed

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Genus

answer

(biology) taxonomic group containing one or more species

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Taxonomy

answer

(biology) study of the general principles of scientific classification

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Vestigial

answer

not fully developed in mature animals

question

Homologous

answer

corresponding or similar in position or structure or function or characteristics

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Artificial Selection

answer

selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms

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Natural Selection

answer

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

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Adoption

answer

a legal proceeding that creates a parent-child relation between persons not related by blood

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Fitness

answer

ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment

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Mutation

answer

(biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration

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Extinction

answer

a conditioning process in which the reinforcer is removed and a conditioned response becomes independent of the conditioned stimulus

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Fossil

answer

the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has been excavated from the soil

question

Relative Dating

answer

method of determining the age of a fossil by comparing its placement with that of fossils in other layers of rock

question

Coevolution

answer

the process in which species exert selective pressure on each other and gradually evolve new features or behaviors as a result of those pressures

question

Evolution

answer

(biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms

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Genetic Engineering

answer

the technology of preparing recombinant DNA in vitro by cutting up DNA molecules and splicing together fragments from more than one organism

question

Plasmid

answer

a small cellular inclusion consisting of a ring of DNA that is not in a chromosome but is capable of autonomous replication

question

Human Genome Project

answer

An international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.

question

Gene Regulation

answer

regulation of transcription; controlled by an operon which varies the accessibility of the RNA polymerase to genes being transcribed

question

Operons

answer

in prokaryotes, a set of genes, often encoding the proteins needed for a complete metabolic pathway, including both the structural genes and a common promoter and operator that control transcription of the structural genes

question

Translation

answer

(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm

question

TRNA

answer

short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according

question

MRNA

answer

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

question

RRNA

answer

ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome

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DNA Replication

answer

process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides by mitosis, meiosis, or binary fission

question

Cloning

answer

a general term for the research activity that creates a copy of some biological entity (a gene or organism or cell)

question

Digestion

answer

the organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body

question

Reproduction

answer

recall that is hypothesized to work by storing the original stimulus input and reproducing it during recall, The process by which organisms make more of their own kind from one generation to the next

question

Growth

answer

(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically

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Regulation

answer

(embryology) the ability of an early embryo to continue normal development after its structure has been somehow damaged or altered

question

Synthesis

answer

the process of producing a chemical compound (usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds)

question

Excretion

answer

the process by which wastes are removed from the body

question

Respiration

answer

the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic moelcules

question

Nutrition

answer

(physiology) the organic process of nourishing or being nourished

question

Circulation

answer

free movement or passage through a series of vessels (as of water through pipes or sap through a plant)

question

Recombinant DNA

answer

genetically engineered DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms

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Heredity

answer

the biological process whereby genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next

question

Charles Drew

answer

an African American doctor who successful separated blood plasma which later was used in creating blood banks

question

Gregory Mendel

answer

established the patterns of heredity

question

Dihybrid

answer

An organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. A dihybrid results from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles. For example, parents of genotype AABB and aabb produce a dihybrid of genotype AaBb.

question

Monohybrid

answer

a hybrid produced by crossing parents that are homozygous except for a single gene locus that has two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)

question

Charles Darwin

answer

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. (p. 715)

question

Mitosis

answer

in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes

question

Meiosis

answer

(genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

question

Transcription

answer

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

question

Pedigree

answer

a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family

question

Punnett Square

answer

a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

question

DNA

answer

(biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helixdeoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics

question

Down Syndrome

answer

A human genetic disease resulting from having an extra chromosome 21, characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects.

question

Color Blind

answer

genetic disorder in which people are blind to green or red

question

Transgenic

answer

organism whose genome has been altered to contain one or more genes from another organism or species

question

Covalent

answer

A compound where atoms are shared

question

Atom

answer

(physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element

question

Element

answer

a pure substance made of only one kind of atom

question

Stem Cell

answer

an undifferentiated cell whose daughter cells may differentiate into other cell types (such as blood cells)

question

Autosomes

answer

chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining the sex of an individual

question

Biotechnology

answer

the branch of molecular biology that studies the use of microorganisms to perform specific industrial processes

question

Chromosomes

answer

thread like structures that have genetic info that is passed down from one generation to the next

question

Lactic Acid

answer

Produced in muscle cells from the reduction of pyruvate (under anaerobic conditions) to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. A rise in lactic acid usually accompanies an increase in physical activity.

question

Ethyl Alcohol

answer

nonflavored alcohol of 95 percent or 190 proof used for blending with straight whiskies and in making gin and liqueurs

question

ATP

answer

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

question

Gene Expression

answer

conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein

question

Genetic Code

answer

the rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides (triplets) that correspond to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein

question

RNA

answer

(biochemistry) a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes

question

Develop

answer

come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)

question

Hydrogen Bonds

answer

attractive forces in which a hydrogen covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom is also weakly bonded to an unshared electron pair of another electronegative atom

question

Mutagens

answer

agents, such as chemicals or radiation, that damage or alter genetic material (DNA) in cells

question

Nucleus

answer

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

question

Cell Hierarchy

answer

Cells→Tissue→organs→organ systems→organisms

question

Diploid

answer

(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

question

Cytokinesis

answer

The final stage of the cell cycle, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two new cells.

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