AP world history ch Essay Example

French philosophy, relied on observation and scientific approaches to societal problems. Antonio Lopez De Santa Anna, a Caudillo who took over Mexico in 1835 after its empire collapsed in 1824, was unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854. Manifest Destiny, the belief that the U.S. was destined to rule from coast to coast, fueled the Mexican-American War from 1846-1848, resulting in the loss of almost half of Mexico's territory and widespread American distrust of Latin America. Mexican national hero Benito Juarez implemented liberal reforms such as the separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico. La Reforma was the name given to the liberal rebellion led by Juarez against Santa Anna's forces. The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ended the war and resulted in the U.S. acquiring Texas and California from Mexico.

The emperor of Mexico who came into power after the French intervention in 1862 was Von Hapsburg, but he was overthrown and executed by liberals in 1867. Priori Ditz was also a dictator in Mexico who allowed foreign companies to develop natural resources and permitted landowners to purchase much of the land from poor peasants. The gauchos, who were usually mixed with Indian ancestry, were cowboys of the South American plains. Juan Manuel De Rosa, a Federalist leader, took power in Buenos Aries in 1831 and commanded the loyalty of gauchos while restoring local autonomy. The Argentine Republic replaced the state of Buenos Aries in 1862 as a result of the compromise between centralist and federalist ideals. Domingo F. Sacramento (Fecund), a liberal politician and president of the Argentine Republic, authored "Fecund," a critique of caudally politics,

and increased international trade while launching reforms in education and transportation. Coffee estates were established in the interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860, which created a major export commodity for Brazilian trade, but also intensified slavery in Brazil. Don Pedro II, nicknamed "the Magnanimous," was the second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years.

Latin America has been affected by external events that led to political change. The American Revolution served as a model for colonial rebellion while the French Revolution provided a revolutionary ideology. The slave rebellion in SST. Dominique led to the independent republic of Haiti in 1804. Additionally, the confused political situation in Spain and Portugal caused by French invasion and occupation was a key factor in political change. The deadliest civil war in Brazier's history was caused by condos, Rebellious village anger at locals leaving, and labor shortages. Modernization theory developed in North America and Western Europe, while the Dependency Theory suggested that development and underdevelopment were not stages but part of the same process. Advisors of the government of Priori Ditz were significantly influenced by positivist ideas permitting government to project an image of modernization. The Spanish-American War centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico, while the Panama Canal allowed the US to access the canal crossing the Panama isthmus.

The Brazilian move to independence differed from other Latin American independence movements due to Portugal's political unrest, forcing the king to flee to Brazil in 1820. In contrast to the prolonged revolutions for independence in other Latin American colonies, Brazil declared independence in 1822 with a monarchy ruling, while the others became republics. Regional blocks

have developed in South and Central America, providing potential protection against global shocks. However, only the Central American regional block has effectively facilitated significant trade among its member countries. The centralist vs. federalist controversy arose due to differing views about republican government among leaders. While centralists desired strong governments with broad powers, federalists preferred assigning authority to regional governments. The Liberal politics during the period from 1850 to 1870 emphasized individual rights and government, influenced by the French and United States models. Despite women's participation in the revolutions, they made little progress during the 19th century and continued to be under the authority of men as wives and mothers.Although lower-class women had relatively more personal and economic freedom, they still faced subordination and were excluded from voting and holding office. However, public education became more accessible for women in some countries to prepare them for their domestic roles. Despite legal abolition of caste-based societies in many new nations after the 1870s, little actual improvement was made for marginalized groups such as natives and former slaves; land, politics, and the economy remained disproportionately controlled by a small white Creole elite with rigid social structures. During this period, Latin American economic growth was driven by foreign demand for export products, leading to an influx of foreign investment and a relative boom in industries. However, political alliances often came at the expense of peasants and the working class. While Germany and the United States became major investors alongside Britain, the influx of capital also led to foreign control of key industries and influenced the internal and external policies of governments. In terms of comparison to Mexico during this

time period, Argentina faced similar struggles with political instability and elite control, but experienced greater economic success due to its agricultural exports.In 1824, the Mexican constitution established a federal republic and secured basic civil rights. Nonetheless, issues such as unequal land distribution, the status of Indigenous communities, insufficient educational opportunities, and widespread poverty remained unaddressed. The opposing viewpoints of conservative centralists and liberal federalists were complicated by the influence of foreign commercial agents. Despite early attempts at sweeping reforms by liberals, a conservative reaction led by Antonio Lopez De Santa Ana prevailed. Following conflict with the United States on Mexican soil, politicians were prompted to address internal problems contributing to their defeat. In 1854, liberal revolt leader Bonito Quartz introduced a new constitution curbing military and church privileges and selling church and Indigenous communal lands to individuals. However, speculators obtained the lands, leaving Indigenous peoples and peasants at an even greater disadvantage. Conservative opposition resulted in civil war and the request for French assistance. Despite French efforts to enthrone Macmillan von Hapsburg, Quartz refused to recognize foreign rule. After the French withdrew in 1867, Macmillan was captured and executed. Quartz returned to power leading an authoritarian regime until his death in 1872. By 1880, Mexico neared an era of strong central government and political stability.The imposition of a strong central government and the utilization of foreign capital for internal infrastructure development and industrialization by Ditz resulted in defeat and the loss of about half of the territory. A reform movement seeking electoral reform emerged by 1910, which was joined by other opposition groups that led to a bloody ten-year civil war. Meanwhile, Argentina followed a

different path with Buenos Aries and the rest of the nation working together for expansion and stability. By 1914, they had developed a distinct culture, where workers demanded political expression and formed a socialist party in the asses. Similar patterns were observed in the economic and political life of the rest of Latin America.