AP HUGE Industry – Flashcards
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Industrial Revolution
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series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
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When did the Industrial Revolution begin?
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1700s
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Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?
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United Kingdom
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Cottage Industry
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making household tools and agricultural equipment inside the home
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Why was development in transportation necessary?
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Transportation of goods and people to work were difficult
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What 2 forms of transportation grew rapidly?
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Canals and railroads
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How did the Industrial Revolution change textiles
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Machines were invented to untangle cotton , it became a concentrated factory system
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How did the factory system/industrial revolution contribute to the need for food processing?
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There was a large increase in workers and a lot of food was needed to feed them
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What are the 3 main regions for manufacturing?
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Europe, East Asia, North America
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United Kingdom
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Used to dominate steel and textiles, high tech machinery
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Mid-Rhine
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Frankfurt-Financial and commercial center Stutgartt-manufactures high-value goods Mannheim- port with a large chemical industry
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Rhine-Ruhr
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Iron and steel manufacturing because of close proximity to coal fields such as Rotterdam
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What is Rotterdam
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A large coal field
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Po Basin
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Many workers willing to accept low wages and inexpensive hydroelectric power from the Alps attracts textiles and other industries
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Northeastern Spain
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was the fastest growing manufacturing area, Catalonia/Barcelona is the center of the largest textile factory and large motor vehicle plant
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St. Petersburg
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Russia's 2nd largest city, specializes in ship building and activities to help the navy on the Baltic Sea
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Volga
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Russia's largest natural gas and petroleum fields, Ural mountains are to the north with the most minerals
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Donetsk
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Eastern Ukraine, one of the world's largest coal reserved
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Moscow
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Russia's oldest industrial region centered around the country's capital and largest city
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Urals
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Mountains containing the world's most valued minerals which attract iron, steel, chemical, machinery, and other factories
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Kuznetsk
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Russia's ost important manufacturing area east of the Urals with most coal reserves and abundant iron
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Silesia
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Europe's most rapidly growing industrial area with a skilled and low paid workforce, close to wealthy markets
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New England
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Was a cotton textile center in early 19th century
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Mohawk Valley
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linear industrial belt in upper NYS, inexpensive electricity generated by Niagara Falls
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Western Great Lakes
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Centered in Chicago, most advanced transportation network and center of steel production
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Southeastern Ontario
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Canada's most important industrial area, central to US and Canadian markets, close to Niagara Falls and Great Lakes
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Middle Atlantic
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largest US market, attracts companies needing a large amount of consumers and access to large markets because of the ports
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Pittsburgh-Lake Erie
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leading steel producing area in 19th century because of proximity to Appalachian mountains
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Southern California
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Largest textile and clothing producing area, large furniture and food processing countries as well
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Japan
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Came to power in 1950's and 60's by producing large quantities of goods at cheap prices, concentrated bwtweek Tokyo and Nagasaki
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South Korea
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followed Japan's lead, leading producer of ocean going ships, centered between Seoul and Busan
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China
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world's largest supply of low-cost labor and largest consumer market, clustered in Hong Kong and Yangtze River Valley
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Situation factors
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involve transporting materials to and from a factory, a firm seeks a location that minimizes the cost of transporting inputs to the factory and finished goods to consumers
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Site Factors
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unique characteristics of a location
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Bulk reducing industry
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an industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final products
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Bulk gaining industry
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a product that gains volume or weight during production
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What are 2 examples of bulk gaining industries?
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Beverage producers and fabricated metals
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Specialized manufacturers aim to sell to ________
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One or two customers
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Where is the optimum location for specialized manufacturers?
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In close proximity to the customers
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One example of a specialized manufacturer
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A zipper and button company
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What are some perishable products
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Newspaper, milk, bakery
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Why is a newspaper considered a highly perishable product
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It is dated
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Why are trucks sometimes used?
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Traveling short distances, cheap to unload and reload a truck
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Why are trains sometimes used?
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Shipping to places that take multiple days, they take longer to load than trucks but don't need to make daily stops
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Why are ships sometimes used?
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Very long distances because they are the cheapest by kilometer, they're slower than land based transportation but can travel over oceans
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Why are airplanes sometimes used?
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Most expensive so usually used for small bulk, high value products
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What is a break of bulk point?
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A place where transfer among transportation methods is possible
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Where are the most important break of bulk points?
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Seaports and Airports
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How is copper a bulk reducing industry? (list steps)
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Mining, concentration, smelting (each step gets rid of waste)
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How does energy play a role in the situation of copper mills?
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They try to locate near economical electrical sources and negotiate favorable rates
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Why and when was Pittsburgh a good location for steel mills?
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Mid 19th century, iron and coal were found there
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Why and when was the southern shore of Lake Erie a good location for steel mills?
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Late 19th century, steel mills were being built there
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When and why was southern Lake Michigan a good location for steel mills?
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Most new steel mills were located there, increased need for steel
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Why and when we're west and east coasts ideal for steel mills?
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Mid 20th century because of imports and exports
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Why are mini mills moving closer to markets?
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Scrap metal is widely available
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3 regions of assembly for motor vehicles
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East Asia, Europe, North America
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3 production costs associated with the site of a factory?
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Labor, land, capital
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Labor intensive industry
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High percentage of company's expenses are spent on paying employees
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High wage industries
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Each worker is paid a large amount of money, more skill needed
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Silicon Valley
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In California where techy companies cluster, willing to provide loans
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What factors make a piece of land attractive to industry?
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Proximity to a large market, large labor supply, access to a highway, right outside a city
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Acid deposition
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When acid is deposited into the atmosphere
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Acid precipitation
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When acid combines with something in the atmosphere and falls as precipitation
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Where is manufacturing moving in the US?
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South and west
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Right to work laws
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Nobody in the company is forced to join a labor union (open shop)
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Why are right to work states in the south so attractive to companies?
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They don't have unions, can pay workers cheaped
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Convergence regions
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Where incomes lag behind the country's average(eastern;southern Europe)
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Where are the competitive employment regions?
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Western Europes traditional core region where there have been many job losses recently
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Why is Central Europe attractive to manufacturers a?
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Unskilled cheap labor and proximity to wealthy markets of Western Europe
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Where has industry shifted internationally?
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Foreign made mostly
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Outsourcing
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Giving much of the production to other countries
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Why are maquiladoras in Mexico?
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Cheap labor, lax enviromental standards
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BRICS
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Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
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What are the BRICS expected to do?
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Lead 21st century manufacturing
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What influences companies to stay in the northeast US and Northwest Europe?
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Skilled labor, rapid delivery to market
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Fordist
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Factory that assigns each worker one task to do repeatedly
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Post fordist
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Teams, problem solving, leveling
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Leveling
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In port fordist, making everyone feel equal
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What are the 3 ways the U.S. distinguishes between domestic and foreign cars?
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Fuel efficiency, import tariffs, informing consumers
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Cottage industry
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Used before industrial revolution, making products from home
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Steam engine
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Led to expansion in productivity and higher living standards
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Where is industry concentrated
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Europe, North America, East Africa
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Where are European industrial areas located?
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Regions with abundant energy , raw material and labor concentrations
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Where are North American industrial areas located?
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In a band from Great Lakes to east coast and CA
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Where are East Asias industrial areas located?
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In China along the coast and in Japan
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what percent of minerals used by humans are nonmetallic?
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90%
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What are common nonmetallic minerals used by humans?
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Building stones, gemstones, fertilizers
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Nonferrous alloy
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Doesn't contain iron
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Where does a bulk gaining industry locate?
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Near market
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Single market manufacturers
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Specialized manufacturers with one or two customers, buttons/zippers are a good example
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what are the 4 ways to ship products?
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Ship, rail, truck, air
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capital intensive industry
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A company that spends little money paying wages
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Convergence regions
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Where incomes lag behind the country's average(eastern;southern Europe)
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What happens when fossil fuels are burned?
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Leaves carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
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Global scale air pollution
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Greenhouse effect
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Chlorofluorocarbons
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Destroy the ozone layer in the stratosphere
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Regional scale air pollutikn
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Acid rain and deposition
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Local scale air pollution
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Severe in urban areas
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Urban air pollution 3 major components
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Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, particulates
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Growing alternative to landfills
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Incineration
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Examples of hazardous waste
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Mercury, cadmium, zinc, PCB oils, cyanides
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Point source pollution
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Enters a body at a specific location (sewer system)
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Non point source pollution
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Large diffuse area, hard to control (agriculture)
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Impact of water pollution
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Water is deprived of oxygen and it kills fish
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Vertical integration
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A company controls all phases of s highly complex process
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What is the opposite of outsourcig
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Vertical integration
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NAFTA
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North American free trade agreement-no barriers between Canada, US, and Mexico
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Industrialization
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Growth of manufacturing in a region
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Commodification of labor
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Something that was not previously considered as an object that should be bought or sold is bought and sold
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Alfred Weber
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German economist that created a model to predict location of industrial activities
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Another name for Webers model?
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Least cost theory
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Spatially variable costs
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Costs that change depending on location
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Spatially fixed costs
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Costs that remain the same no matter the location (footloose industry)
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Footloose firms
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Not bound by local restraints (work at home)
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Agglomeration
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Many firms group in the same area to share market and resources
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Backwash effect
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Talented people leave an area to move to a more agglomerated area
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Locational interdependents
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Industries choose location based in competitions location
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World system theory
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core, semi periphery and periphery models
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Locational interdependents
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Industries choose location based in competitions location
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Examples of semi periphery countries
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Asian dragons and Indonesia
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Hostelling's model
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Businesses locate near eachother to maximize profits
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Examples of core countries
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Europe, Japan, US, australia, New Zealand
