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Normal resident flora

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The native microbial forms that an individual harbors.

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Infection

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The entry, establishment, and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within a host.

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Infectious disease

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The state of damage or toxicity in the body caused by and infectious agent.

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Transients

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In normal flora, the assortment of superficial microbes whose numbers and types vary depending upon recent exposure. The deeper lying residents constitute a more stable population.

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Residents (residential flora)

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The deeper, more stable microflora that inhabit the skin and exposed mucous membranes, as opposed to the superficial, variable, transient population.

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Microbial antagonism

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Bacterial flora benefit the host by preventing overgrowth of harmful microbes.

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Endogenous

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Originating or produced within an organism or one o its parts.

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Coliform

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Collective term that includes normal enteric bacteria that are Gram - bacteria that are Gram - and lactose-fermenting.

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Skatole

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A crystalline organic compound that is formed in the intestine by the bacterial decomposition of tryptophan and that has a strong fecal odor, found naturally in feces, beets, and coal tar.

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True pathogens

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Those capable of causing disease in health persons with normal immune defenses.
-Influenza virus, Plague bacillus, Malarial protozoans

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Opportunistic pathogens

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Cause disease when host's defenses are compromised or when they grow in part of the body that is not natural to them.
-Psudomonas sp. and Candida albicans

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Virulence

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In infection, the relative capacity of a pathogen to invade and harm host cells.

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Virulence factor

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A product of microbes such as an enzyme or toxin that increases the invasiveness or pathogenicity.

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Portal of entry

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Characteristic routs a microbe follows to enter the tissues of the body.
-Skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, and/or transplacental.

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Exogenous

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Originate form a source outside of the body.

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Endogenous

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Already exists on or in the body (normal flora). These can cause endogenous infections when they enter a site that was previously sterile.

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Pneumonia

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An inflammation of the lung leading to an accumulation of fluid and respiratory compromise.

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STORCH

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A group of infections that can infect children in the womb or new borns. Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Other diseases, (Hepatitis B, AIDS, Chlamydia), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes simplex. Some, like Herpes, occur as the child is born.

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Infectious dose

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Required amount of pathogen to cause an infection.

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Adhesion

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Microbes gain stable foothold at the portal of entry; dependent on binding between specific molecules on host and pathogen.
-Ex: Fimbrae, flagella, adhesive slimes or capsules, cilia, suckers, hooks, and/or barbs.

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Phagocytes

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Initial response of the host defenses.

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Leukocidins

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Produced by Staphylococcus and Streptococcus to kill white blood cells.

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Virulence factors

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Traits used to invade and establish themselves in the host, they also determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs; severity of disease.

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Exoenzymes

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Extracellular enzymes chiefly for hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules that are otherwise impervious to the cell membrane. It functions in saprobic decomposition of organic debris and can be factor for the invasiveness of pathogens.

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Toxin

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A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other organisms.

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Toxigenicity

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The tendency for a pathogen to produce toxins. It is an important factor in bacterial virulence.

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Toxinoses

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Disease who's adverse effects are primarily due to the production and release of toxins.

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Toxemia

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An abnormality associated with certain infectious diseases. toxemia is caused by toxins or other noxious substances released by microorganisms. circulating in he blood.

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Intoxication

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Ingestion of toxin.

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Exotoxin

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Proteins secreted by bacteria.

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Endotoxin

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Lipid A or LPS of Gram - bacteria

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Hemolysin

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Any biological agent that is capable of destroying red blood cells and causing the release of hemoglobin. Many bacterial pathogens produce exotoxins that act a s hemolysins.

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Hemolyze

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Then red blood cells burst and release hemoglobin pigment.

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A-B toxin

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Interferes with internal cell function. The "A" subunit possesses enzyme activity, and is transferred to the host cell following a conformational change in the membrane-bound transport "B" subunit.

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Necrosis

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A pathologic process in which cells and tissues die and disintegrate.

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Localized infection

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Occurs when microbe enters a specific issue, infects it, and remains confined there.

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Systemic infection

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Infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids usually in the bloodstream.

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Focal infection

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When infectious agents break loos fro a local infection site and are carried to other tissues.

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Mixed infection

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Several microbes grow simultaneously at the infection site. (Polymicrobial)

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Primary infection

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Initial infection

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Secondary infection

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Another infection by a different microbe.

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Acute infection

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Comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects.

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Chronic infections

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Progress and persist over a long period of time.

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Sign

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Objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer.
-Ex: Fever, septicemia, chest sounds, rash , leukocytosis, and /or antibodies.

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Symptom

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Subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient.
-Ex: Chills, pain, ache, nausea, itching, headache, and/or fatigue.

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Syndrome

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The collection of signs and symptoms that, taken together, paint a portrait of the disease.

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Inflammation

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A natural, nonspecific response to tissue injury that protects the host from further damage. it stimulates immune reactivity and blocks the spread of an infectious agent.

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Edema

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Accumulation of fluid. (Swelling)

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Granulomas

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A solid mas or nodule of inflammatory tissue containing modified macrophages and lymphocytes. Walled-off collections of inflammatory cells and microbes.

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Abscess

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An inflamed, fibrous lesion enclosing a core of pus.

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Lymphadenitis

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Swollen lymph nodes.

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Lesion

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A wound, injury, or some other pathologic change in tissues.

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Leukocytosis

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An increase in the white blood cell count. (above normal)

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Leukopenia

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A decrease in the white blood cell count. (below normal)

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Septicemia

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Microorganisms are multiplying in the blood and present in large numbers.

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Bacteremia

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Smal numbers of bacteria present in blood, not necessarily multiplying.

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Viremia

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A small number of viruses that are present, not necessarily multiplying.

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Asymptomatic

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(Subclinical) infections. Although infected, the host doesn't show any signs of disease.
-They are inapparent infections, so the person doesn't seek medical attention.

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Subclinical

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A period of inapparent manifestations that occurs before symptoms and sign s of disease appear.

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Portals of exit

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Pathogens depart by a specific avenue; greatly influences the dissemination of infection.
-Respiratory: Mucous, sputum, nasal drainage, saliva
-Skin cell shedding: Warts, fungal infections, boils, herpes simplex virus
-Fecal exit: Cholera, helminthes, other intestinal infections
-Urogenial tract: STD's
-Blood: Hepatitis, aids

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Latency

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After the initial symptoms in certain chronic diseases, the microbe can periodically become active and produce a recurrent disease; person may or may not shed it during the latent stage. (not active)

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Seqelae

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Long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs.

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Reservoir

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Primary habitat or pathogen in the natural world.
-Human or animal carrier, soil, water, and/or plants.

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Source

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Individual or object from which an infection actually acquired.

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Carrier

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A person who harbors an infection and inconspicuously spreads them to others. Also, a chemical agent that can accept an atom, chemical radical, or subatomic particle from one compound and pass it on to another.

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Asymptomatic carrier

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-Incubation carriers: spread the infectious agent during the incubation period.
-Convalescent carriers: recuperating without symptoms.
-Chronic carrier: Individual who shelters the infectious agent for a long period.

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Passive carrier

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Contaminated healthcare provider picks up pathogens and transfers them to other patients.

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Vector

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A live animal (other than human) that transmits and infectious agent from one host to another.

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Biological vector

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Actively participate in a pathogen's life cycle.

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Mechanical vector

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Not necessary to the life cycle of an infectious agent and merely transports it without being infected.

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Zoonosis

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An infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans.

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Communicable disease

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When an infected host can transmit the infectious agent o another host and establish infection in that host.

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Contagious

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A highly communicable disease.

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Non-communicable disease

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Infectious disease does not arise though transmission from host to host.
-Occurs primarily when a compromised person is invaded by his or her own normal microflora.
-Can also occur through contact with the organism in a natural, nonliving reservoir.

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Vehicle

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Inanimate material: food, water, and/or biological products.

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Fomite

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Any inanimate object that harbors and transmits pathogens. i.e. doorknobs, keyboards, etc.

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Droplet nuclei

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Dried microscopic residues created when microscopic droplets evaporate and the residue remains suspended in the air.

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Aerosols

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Suspensions of fine dust or moisture particles in the air that contain live pathogens and spores.

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Nosocomial infection

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an infection not present upon admission to a hospital but incurred while being treated there.

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Universal precautions

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Stringent measures to prevent the spread of nosocomial infections from patient to patient, from patient to worker, and from worker to patient.

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Epidemiology

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The study of the frequency and distribution of disease and health-related factors in human populations.

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Reportable diseases

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These must be reported by to the authorities.

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Prevalence

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Total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population, usually represented by a percentage of he population.

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Incidence

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Measurement of the number of new cases over a certain time period, as compared with the general healthy population.

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Mortality rate

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The total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease.

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Morbidity rate

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Number of people afflicted with a certain disease.

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Endemic

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Disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic locale.

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Sporadic

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When occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals.

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Epidemic

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When prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond what is expected.

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Pandemic

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Epidemic of global proportions.

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What are the 4 stages of a clinical infection?

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1) Incubation period: Time form initial contact with infectious agent to the appearance of first symptoms.
2) Prodromal stage: Vague feelings of discomfort.
3) The period of invasion: Multiples at high levels, becomes well established; more specific signs and symptoms.
4) Convalescent period: Person begins to respond to the infection, symptoms decline.

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What are the major flora of each of the major parts of the body?

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Mouth: Streptococcus
Stomach: Heliobacter pylori
Large intestine: Coliforms, such as, Escherichia
Upper respiratory tract: Staphylococci, Corynebacteria, Streptococci, and Neisseria.
Genital an urinary tract: Candida, UTIs in females.
Eyes and ears: Normally sterile, but can be infected.

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