question

T/F Laws & regulations are developed as methods of policy implementation.

answer

True

question

T/F The policy cycle involves five phases including problem definition/formulation/reformulation, agenda setting, policy establishment, policy implementation and policy assessment.

answer

True

question

T/F The first phase of the policy cycle is regarded as the most crucial phase of the policy development process.

answer

True

question

T/F A weakness of exposure assessment is that high-quality data on exposures are often unreliable.

answer

True

question

T/F Screening tests need to demonstrate reliability & validity.

answer

True

question

T/F Reliability is synonymous with precision, whereas validity is synonymous with accuracy.

answer

True

question

T/F Legitimization refers to the process of making policies legitimate, meaning to be acceptable to the norms of society.

answer

True

question

T/F Although a measure that is invalid can be reliable, it is never possible for a measure that is unreliable to be valid.

answer

True

question

The likelihood of experiencing an adverse effect is called a:

answer

Risk

question

A plan, or course of action, as of a government, political party, or business, intended to influence and determine decisions, actions, & other matters is known as:

answer

A policy

question

A procedure that contrasts the costs & health effects of an intervention is a(n):

answer

Cost-effectiveness analysis

question

Which of the following is (are) among the ways that epidemiologists can contribute to health policy?

answer

All of the above (Serving as an expert witness, working as an advocate, conducting & disseminating research)

question

A group of persons working on behalf of or strongly supporting a particular cause, such as an item of legislation, an industry, or a special segment of society is known as:

answer

An interest group

question

The adoption of policies, laws, & programs that are supported by empirical data refers to:

answer

Evidence-based public health

question

The process for identifying adverse consequences & their associated probability is known as:

answer

Risk assessment

question

The relationship between the amount of exposure & the occurrence of the unwanted health effects refers to:

answer

Dose-response assessment

question

The ability of a screening test to identify correctly all screened individuals who actually have the disease refers to:

answer

Sensitivity

question

The ability of a test to identify only nondiseased individuals who actually do not have the disease refers to:

answer

Specificity

question

The ability of a measuring instrument to give consistent results in repeated trials is known as:

answer

Reliability

question

A definitive diagnosis that has been determined by biopsy, surgery, autopsy, or other methods and has been accepted as the standard is known as:

answer

Gold standard

question

T/F The host, agent, & environment make up the epidemiologic triangle.

answer

True

question

T/F In developed countries, chronic health problems have replaced infectious diseases as the leading killers during the past century.

answer

True

question

T/F Active immunity is squires from antibodies produced by another person or animal.

answer

False

question

T/F A reservoir can be human beings, animals, insects, soils, and/or plants.

answer

True

question

T/F E. Coli O157:H7 is an example of an emerging infection.

answer

True

question

The entry & development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of persons or animals is known as:

answer

An infection

question

The severity of a disease produced by an infectious agent is referred to as:

answer

Virulence

question

The first case of a disease to come to the attention of authorities is the:

answer

Index case

question

The resistance of an entire community to an infectious agent as a result of the immunity of a large proportion of individuals in that community to the agent is known as:

answer

Herd immunity

question

Portals of exit include:

answer

All of the above (Respiratory passages, alimentary canal, skin lesions)

question

Examples of infections caused by indirect transmission of disease agents include:

answer

All of the above (Vehicle-borne infections, airborne infections, vector-borne infections)

question

An inanimate object that carries infectious disease agents is a:

answer

Fomite

question

An animate, living insect or animal that is involved with the transmission of disease agents is a:

answer

Vector

question

Which of the following is a mode of transmission for human immunodeficiency virus?

answer

All of the above (Unprotected sexual intercourse, contact with infected blood, transmission from an infected mother to her child)

question

Foodborne illnesses can be prevented by:

answer

Washing hands & surfaces where food is prepared

question

Examples of zoonotic diseases include:

answer

A & B (Rabies, anthrax)

question

Determination of the incubation period for a disease outbreak helps to:

answer

Identify possible infectious agents

question

Host example:

answer

LSUS student

question

Environment example:

answer

LSUS campus

question

Agent example:

answer

Bacteria, virus, protozoan

question

T/F Stressful life events that fall into domains such as health-related, monetary, and employee associated.

answer

True

question

T/F For some people, stress may be a positive experience that provides challenges.

answer

True

question

T/F Social and behavioral dimensions that impact human health include social adversities, stress, and lifestyle practices.

answer

True

question

T/F Stressful life events can be classified as either positive or negative.

answer

True

question

T/F Chronic strains are life events that occur at a single, short period of time.

answer

False

question

The study of the social distribution of and social determinant of states of health is:

answer

Social epidemiology

question

The study of the roles of consumption of high-fat foods and sedentary lifestyle in health is the domain of:

answer

Behavioral epidemiology

question

A physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension and may be a factor in disease causation is:

answer

Stress

question

Techniques for managing or removing sources of stress are known as:

answer

Coping skills

question

Life events that are sustained over a long period of time are known as:

answer

Chronic strains

question

Which of the following is an adverse health outcome associated with cigarette smoking?

answer

All of the above (Coronary heart disease, Stroke, Lung diseases)

question

A pattern of drinking that results in harm to one's health, interpersonal relationships, or ability to work is known as:

answer

Alcohol abuse

question

Which of the following health problems is (are) associated with binge drinking among college students?

answer

All of the above (violence, sexually transmitted diseases, unintentional injuries)

question

Severe tooth decay and loss of teeth occur most commonly among:

answer

Methamphetamine users

question

The study of the occurrence of major depressive episodes in the population is one of the concerns of:

answer

Psychiatric epidemiology

question

The lifetime prevalence of major depressive episodes among U.S. adults aged 17 to 39 years is:

answer

A & C (6% among men and 11% among women, higher among women than among men)

question

An anxiety disorder that some people develop after seeing or living through an event that caused or threatened serious harm or death is known as:

answer

Posttraumatic stress disorder

question

A condition that impairs functioning in the social, communication, and behavioral domains is known as:

answer

Autism

question

Mood disorders include which of the following?

answer

All of the above (dysthymia, any bipolar disorder, major depressive episode)

question

The co-occurrence of two or more mental disorders is known as:

answer

Psychiatric co-morbidity

question

T/F Molecular epidemiology uses molecular markers in addition to genes to establish exposure-disease relationships.

answer

True

question

T/F Certain genes can be markers for susceptibility and do not confer risk on their own.

answer

True

question

T/F Global warming is a controversial topic that refers to the gradual increase in the earth's temperature over time.

answer

True

question

T/F Potentially, global warming could cause disease-carrying arthropods to move towards the north.

answer

True

question

T/F Used electronic equipment and old automobile tires contain lead, mercury, and arsenic.

answer

True

question

T/F Forensic epidemiology monitors levels of excreted drugs in the sewer system in order to assess the level of illicit drug use in a community.

answer

False

question

A host factor that enhances some step in the progression between exposure and disease such that the downstream step is more likely to occur is known as a:

answer

Genetic marker of susceptibility

question

The identification of inherited factors that influence disease is a focus of:

answer

Genetic epidemiology

question

All of the following re examples of diseases known or believed to have a genetic basis EXCEPT:

answer

Chlamydia

question

Major structural birth defects are defined as conditions that:

answer

All of the above (Result from a malfunction, deformation, or disruption in one or more parts of the body, are present at birth, have a serious, adverse effects on health)

question

Environmental epidemiology includes the health effects of exposure to:

answer

All of the above (Radiation, heavy metals, air pollution)

question

Air pollution is linked to which of the following consequences?

answer

A & B (Mortality, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

question

Highly toxic chemicals that persist in the environment have been associated with disruption of the:

answer

All of the above (Immune system, reproductive system, nervous system)

question

The term unintentional injury is preferred to the term:

answer

Accident

question

The three leading causes of unintentional injuries in the United States (2005) were:

answer

Motor vehicle traffic deaths, firearm deaths, and poisonings

question

In 2005, the largest number of deaths due to motor vehicle accidents occurred among persons aged:

answer

15-24 years

question

Sewage wastewater systems contain measurable levels of human metabolic end-products of:

answer

A & B (Prescription medications, illicit drugs)

question

Which factors are related to physical dating violence?

answer

All of the above (Episodic heavy drinking, having attempted suicide)

question

Which of the following methods is (are) applied to forensic epidemiology?

answer

All of the above (Detection of unusual occurrence of disease, use of ongoing surveillance systems, case identification and confirmation)

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