Flashcards and Answers – World History 2 Final Exam Review
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Bourgeoisie
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middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
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Capital
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money available for investment
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Socialism
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system in which society, usually in the form of the government owns and controls the means of production
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Universal male suffrage
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right fo all males to vote in election
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Emancipation
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act of setting free
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Proletaria
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working class
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Duma
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russian legislative assembly
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Exploit
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use of meanly or unfairly for one's own advantage
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Total war
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war involves complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of people in those countries and remote battlefields
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Depression
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period of low economic activity and rising unemployment
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Collectivization
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private farms are eliminated and peasant work on government owned land
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Demilitarize
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elimination/prohibition of military (weapons, army, etc.)
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Cold war
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political tension following WW2 ending, the fall of communism in the Soviet Union ended in 1980s
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Coup d etat
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sudden overthrow of government
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Entrepreneurs
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person interested in finding new business and money making opportunities
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Conservatism
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political philosophy based on tradition and social stability favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion
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Multinational state
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state in which many people of different nationalities live
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Abolitionism
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movement to end slavery
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Dictatorship
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government where 1 person or a small group has absolute power
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Social Darwinism
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used by western nations in late 19th century to justify dominance based on Darwin's theory of natural selection and applied to modern human societies
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Annexed
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add on
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Armistice
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truce/agreement to end fighting
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Photo montage
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picture made with a collage photos
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Deficit spending
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government pays out more money than it takes in through taxation and other revenues causing debt
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Fascism
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political philosophy glorifies the state above the individual emphasizing the need for a strong central government lead by a dictator
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Appeasement
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satisfying reasonable demands of dissatisfied powers in effort to keep peace and stability
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Arms race
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building armies and weapons to keep up with the enemy
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Nationalism
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unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols
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Cottage industry
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method of production where tasks are done in homes
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Principle of intervention
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idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where revolutions are to restore legitimate government
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Militarism
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relying on military
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Assembly line
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created by Henry Ford in 1913, manufacturing method that allowed much more efficient mass production of goods
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Revisionist
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Marxist who rejected the revolutionary approach believe instead in evolution by democratic means to achieve the goal of socialism
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Imperialism
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extension of nation's power over other lands
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Conscription
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military draft
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Trench warfare
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fighting in ditches protected by barbed wire
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Collective bargaining
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right of unions to negotiate with employers over wages and hours
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Nazi
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shortened form of German National or National socialist German workers party and members of such party
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Isolationism
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policy of nation isolation by abstention from alliances and other international political and economic relations
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Policy of containment
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keep communism within its existing geographical boundaries and prevent further aggressive moves
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Enclosure movement
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in Great Britain during the 1700s Parliamentary decree that allowed fencing off of common lands, forcing many peasants to move to town
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Industrial capitalism
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economic system based on industrial production/manufacturing
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Liberalism
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political philosophy originally based on Enlightenment principles holding that people should be as free as possible from government restrain and civil liberties (basic rights to people should be protected)
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Kaiser
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German for Caesar, title of the emperors of 2nd German empire
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Mass production
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production of good in quantity usually by machinery
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Feminism
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movement for women's rights
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Propaganda
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ideas spread to influence public opinion for/agaisnt a cause
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Mobilization
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process of assembling troops and supplies and make them ready for war
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Reparations
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payment made to victor by the vanquished to cover the costs of a war
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Totalitarian state
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government that aims to control the political, economics social, intellectual, and cultural lives of people
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De-Stalinization
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elimination Stalin's ruthless policies
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What are three causes of the French Revolution?
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overspending the people's money, Lous XVI was easily influenced, and he wasn't connected with his people, enlightenment, and American revolution
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What type of government did the French used to have?
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Monarchy
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What are the 3 estates of the French (in order)
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1st - Clergy 2nd - Nobles 3rd - Parisians/commoners
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What is the official start date of the French Revolution?
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July 14, 1789
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Who is Robespierre?
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a radical Jacobin, whose power came from the Paris Commune and he supported Sans - Culottes, and figurehead of French Revolution
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What did Robespierre preach?
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preached about democracy and male suffrage
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What was Robespierre's nickname?
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The Incorruptible
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What were Robespierre's weaknesses?
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self righteousness and not tolerating any difference of opinion
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What is the "National Razor"?
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the guillotine
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Which king was beheaded by the guillotine of the revolution?
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King Louis XVI
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What was the tennis courts oath?
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the 3rd estate swore to meet until a new constitution was formed (working class swore)
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Why is it called the tennis court oath?
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The working class was locked out of the meeting and had to meet in the tennis courts and formed this oath
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When was Robespierre beheaded?
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July 1794
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What happened after Robespierre's death?
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the revolution ended
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Who became the new emperor of France in 1799?
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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When did the first industrial revolution (IR)take place
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1750 - mid 1800s (late 18th century early 19th century)
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What were the factories like?
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extremely unsafe, children were beaten if they stopped working children 8 and up were working. Adults were fined if late and were dismissed for misconduct, dirty, low pay, unsafe
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What are 5 important inventions during the first IR?
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Cotton spinning-jenny, water frame, factories, trains, steam engine
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Why were these inventions so critical to the time period?
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they allowed for more production, jobs, lower prices, and transformed the economy
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How did the economic landscape begin to shift not only in Britain and parts of Europe, but also in the United States?
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the rapid growth of technology improved the efficiency of farm production by reducing the cost of food and need for workers at the same time the need for workers in the city to produce goods rose dramatically. huge factories created a large concentration of people in the cities and the need for more goods to be produced. the increased goods resulted in great profit for the owner.
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How was the cottage industry impacted by the first IR?
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technology drove the farmers out of business
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What were the 2 classes that came from the first IR?
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industrial middle class and industrial working class
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What European country did extremely well in the early stages of the first IR?
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Great Britain
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Why was the English farmer better off than the French farmer?
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English farmer was allowed to choose what to grow and could keep or sell produce and a better banking system. French farmer must grow what they are told and must give produce to the lord they worked for and give produce to the government. The government just wasted the food though so the people became impoverished
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What is the enclosure movement?
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peasants lost the ability to use the common lands and had to find work in the city and factories because the government sectioned of farm land
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During the 2nd IR the introduction of what continued the advance progress of society?
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technology and population growth in cities
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What are 4 important inventions during the 2nd IR?
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steel, chemicals, electricity, telegram, phone, car, and petroleum
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Who is the author of the Communist Manifesto?
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Karl Marx
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In Communist Manifesto what 2 classes struggle with each other?
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Bourgeoisie and Proletariat
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In Communist Manifesto who are the oppressors?
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Bourgeoisie
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In Communist Manifest who are the oppressed?
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Proletariat
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How does the class struggle work itself out in the end?
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an overthrow of Bourgeoisie to create the classless society and new government
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When the class struggle is over, according to Marx, what type of government is formed?
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dictatorship
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What is a pure Marxist?
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thought that capitalism could only be defeated by a violent revolution
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What is a revisionist?
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thought that workers must continue to organize in mass political parties and even work right to vote and that they could achieve their aims by working within democratic systems. They also opposed violent revolutions
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The emergence of what type of parties played an important role during the 2nd IR?
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political parties
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What is a trade union?
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another force working for evolutionary instead of revolutionary, socialism was the trade union or labor union. They worked to improve the working conditions and protecting the working class
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what are the workers' rights that were important in trade unions?
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wages, hours, time off, health careand factory safety
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What event triggered the start of WW1?
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The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife of Austria
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What is the official start date of WW1?
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July 28, 1914
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What countries were apart of the Triple Alliance?
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Germany, Austria Hungary, and Italy
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What countries were apart of the Triple Entente?
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France, Great Britain, and Russia
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What was the purpose of trench warfare?
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it was used as protection, survival, daily base and was a result of the war
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What were the conditions like in the trenches?
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rats everywhere, trench foot, illnesses spread rapidly due to unsanitary conditions, men lost limbs because of trench foot, and gas would linger in the trenches killing men
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What was the passenger liner called that carried over 1200 innocent civilians?
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Lusitania
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Who sunk the Lusitania?
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Germans
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About how many Americans were killed?
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130
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What year did the U.S. enter the war?
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1917
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When did the war end because of the armistice agreement?
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November 11, 1918
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When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
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June 6, 1919
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What president was in office at the end of WW1?
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Woodrow Wilson
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What international league was created after the war?
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League of Nations
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How many fought in WW1?
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65,038,810
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How many died in WW1?
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8,528,831
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What country left the League of Nations?
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U.S.
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Why did the U.S. leave the League of Nations?
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Congress believed we should stay out of European affairs
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Which country payed the most for WW1?
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Germany
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What did the treaty say countries must do?
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No secret treaties, must give back land that was taken, pay for costs, no air force, downsize army,
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How did WW1 impact the worth of the German mark?
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it became worthless people would carry around money in wheelbarrows and the wheelbarrow was worth more
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What were the major causes of the Great Depression in the late 1920s?
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series of downturns in the economies of individual nations in the 2nd half of the 1920s and international financial crisis involving U.S. stock market, nations were rebuilding from the war, a transition in government, and high unemployment rates
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Right after WW1, European countries attempted to promote what kind of government?
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Democracy/Republic
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What government surfaced in Russia, Germany, and Italy?
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Communistic, socialist, fascist, dictator
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What was the New Deal in the U.S.?
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active government economic intervention and increased program of public works, stimulate job growth, social security was part of the new deal and the golden gate bridge was built because of the new deal
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Who was the leader of Italy in the 1930s?
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Benito Mussolini
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Who was the leader of Russia in the 1930s?
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Joseph Stalin
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Who was the leader of Germany in the 1930s?
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Adolf Hitler
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What was the name of Russia's 7 member main policy making body?
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Politburo
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What were Stalin's economic aims during his rule in Russia?
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five year plan - take them from agricultural to industrial, Collectivization - government took away private owner ship of land, rapid production of capital goods
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When did the Nazi party come to power in Germany?
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1933
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what is the policy of appeasement?
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it is based on the belief that if European states satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied powers, then dissatisfied powers would be content and stability and peace would return
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what conference was the policy of appeasement most evident?
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The Munich Conference
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the invasion of what country by Germany triggered WW2?
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Poland
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list the things that Hitler did that violated the Treaty of Versailles
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invasion of Belgium, military draft, new air force, expansion of military, troops in demilitarized area, and secret treaties
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what was the infamouse attack on the U.S. that brought us into WW2?
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Pearl Harbor
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when did Pearl Harbor occur?
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December 7, 1941
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what was the average age of soldiers in the Normandy invasion?
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19
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who fought on the side of axis power?
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Italy, Germany, Japan
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who fought on the side of the allied power?
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Great Britain, France, United States
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what does VE day stand for?
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Victory in Europe Day
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when did Victory in Europe Day occur?
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May 8, 1945
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what does VJ day stand for?
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Victory in Japan Day
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when did Victory in Japan Day occur?
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August 15, 1945
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how many people died as a result of WW2?
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65 million
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why is it referred to as the Cold War?
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describes the chilly communications between the two superpowers and no fighting took place
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what 2 countries were competing for supremacy on the world stage?
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Soviet Union and United States
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which country was in favor of the policy of containment?
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United States
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why did the U.S. want the policy of containment?
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to keep communism from spreading past its current borders and taking U.S. territory
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who was the leader of U.S. during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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John F. Kennedy
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who was the leader of the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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Nikita Khrushchev
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who was the leader of Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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Fidel Castro
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why was the Cuban Missile Crisis such a critical time in world history?
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the world could have been destroyed because of the nuclear warfare that would have gone on or it could have been the beginning of WW3 or a nuclear holocaust
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what was the end result of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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negotiation and peace between the superpowers
