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culture

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the way of life of a society, which is handed down from one generation to the next by learning and experience

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hominids

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a primate of a family that includes humans and their fossil ancestors Sahelanthropus → Australopithecus → Homo habilis (handy man) → Homo erectus (upright man) → Homo neanderthalensis → Homo sapiens (wise man)

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development of fire

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Homo erectus are thought to be the first hominids to learn how to use fire

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Neolithic Revolution

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the period of time during which the introduction of agriculture led people to transition from nomadic to settled life

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definition of "civilization"

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a complex, highly organized social order

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cultural diffusion

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the spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another

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development along river valleys

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Rivers flood, this flooding makes the plain of valley around the river fertile, which made it good for growing crops (irrigation). The water also attracted animals that were hunted for food. Also, its near to water to drink.

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Sumerians

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The Sumerians were the world's first civilization. They existed in the land between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. Their main city was Ur (hometown of Abraham).

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Mesopotamian religious beliefs

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Refers to the religious beliefs and practices of the Sumerians and Assyrians/Babylonians. Polytheism was the only religion in ancient Mesopotamia. (worshiped over 2100 different gods/deities)

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Code of Hammurabi

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In 1790 B.C., Hammurabi was the kind of Babylon. He publicized a set of laws known as Hammurabi's Code - or the Code of Hammurabi. (about 300 laws)

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beliefs of ancient Israelites

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The ancient Israelites prayed to god to save them from their enemies. Many other ancient people's also invoked particular gods as special protectors.

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Moses

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The Israelite who renewed God's covenant with the Israelites.

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Rosetta Stone

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stone monument that includes the same passage carved in hieroglyphics, demotic script, and Greek and that was used to decipher the meanings of many hieroglyphics

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burial practices

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religious burial practices

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Nile River's importance in Egypt

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It kept them alive & developed their knowledge. They depended on it for food, water, transportation and much more. It flooded once every year, creating fertile soil for growing crops. Also gave protection from the other side of the Nile.

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differences in river valley civilizations

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/see attached paper

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Harappan Civilization

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Another name for the Indus Valley civilization that arose along the Indus River, possibly as early as 7000 B.C.; characterized by sophisticated city planning.

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Hinduism

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a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth

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Buddhism

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the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth

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Buddhism in different regions

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/see attached paper

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Siddhartha Guatama

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A prince who founded Buddhism, and gave up his power to become enlightened. Also known as "Buddha" or "Enlightened One".

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caste system

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A set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

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Asoka

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The grandson of Chandragupta who also was a leader of the Mauryan Empire. He converted to Buddhism from Hinduism and tolerated other religions other then Buddhism when he was the leader. He is the most honored leader of the Mauryan Empire and controlled a very successful civilization.

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women in ancient Indian society

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/see attached paper

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Confucius

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(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history.

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Mandate of Heaven

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a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source

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Emperor Wudi

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140 BC became emperor of Han Dynasty and created a strong central government by taking land from the lords and raising taxes. Confucianism became China's government philosophy.

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dynastic cycle in China

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Dynasty establishes peace and prosperity and has Mandate of Heaven, next, dynasty becomes corrupt and disasters strike. Dynasty loses Mandate of Heaven and is overthrown, then, new dynasty restores peace and claims Mandate of Heaven.

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writing in China

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/see attached paper

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Greek geography

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Greece had short rivers that were not used for travel and trade. It had a penninsula that was bordered by the Aegean and Ionian Seas. Mountain ranges seperated city-states but let in invaders

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Crete

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A large, Greek island that separates the Mediterranean and the Aegean Seas from each other.

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Minoans

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earliest Greek civilization that had developed on the island of Crete by 2000 B.C.

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Knossos

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the largest Bronze Age site on Crete; capital of Crete; home of King Minos

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Polis

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Greek city-state

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Greek religion

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polytheistic, gods have certain jobs, gods are not omnicient or always just, didn't have holy scriptures, built temples and had festivals for gods, trying to keep gods happy, went to oracle, gave offerings

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Homer

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ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)

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Spartan society

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strong military; everyone educated in military; very vicious; first paid military; located in Peloponnesus

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Battle of Thermopylae

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480 BC; Greeks vs Persians; Greeks outnumbered Spartan King Leonidas was the Spartan general for the Greeks; Xerxes was King of Persia; Persians won but Leonidas and his men delayed them

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Golden Age of Athens

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a period of growth in ancient Athens in intellectual & and artistic learning, including drama, sculpture, poetry, philosophy, architecture, & science

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Socrates

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Athenian philosopher (470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior.

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Plato

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student of Socrates, wrote The Republic about the perfectly governed society; Athenian philosopher

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Aristotle

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Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought.

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Delian League

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an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians

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Peloponnesian War

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A war, lasting from 431 to 404 B.C., in which Athens and its allies were defeated by Sparta and its allies.

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Alexander the Great

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son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.

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Alexandria

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City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy.

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Hellenistic Age

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Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.

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Roman geography

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Appenine Mts. divided east from west; Fertile Plains, Peninsula, Tiber River; surrounded by islands (Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily)

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Patricians

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the wealthy class in Roman society; landowners

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Plebeians

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Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders

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decline of Roman Republic

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corrupt politcis undermined the functions of the senate, increasing income gap forced the poor into challenging the decisions of the gov't, Carthage continuously challenged the Roman borders and chisled away lands from Roman control

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Pax Romana

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A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

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people who conquered Rome

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Defeated many times by the Persians, but Persia never truly succeeded in conquering Rome. Rome was conquered by German Tribes of northern and central Europe. Later on the Arabs also took over many Roman territories and raided parts of modern day Italy.

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who Rome conquered

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Rome conquered all the lands around the Mediterranean Sea plus parts of Great Britain and a tiny strip of Mesopotamia.

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Augustus

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Honorific name of Octavian (Sacred One), founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate. Became emperor in 27 BC

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Julius Caesar

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Roman general & dictator; Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power

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Trajan

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Adopted by Nerva (previous emperor); One of the "Good Emperors"; Professional soldier from Spain; 1st non-Italian emperor; Brought Rome to it's height in size (about size of US)

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Nero

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Roman emperor notorious for his monstrous vice and fantastic luxury (was said to have started a fire that destroyed much of Rome in 64) but the Empire remained prosperous during his rule (37-68); first Roman emperor to persecute Christians

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Romans culturally superior

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borrowed from Greece (art, religion, architecture, government, science) added emotions and unpleasantness to art; Romans told epic stories using human emotions in literature; used Greek square buildings with columns and added domes, arches, vaults; Romans were the first to use concrete on large scale; Pantheon (celebrates all the gods of the empire); roads in various parts of the empire (50,000) miles, bridges, aqueducts.

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Christianity spreads in Europe

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Small groups of people convert from polytheism to this religion. Paul, Peter, and the disciples were all important to the spread of this religion.

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Fall of Roman Empire

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Precipitated by Germanic attacks and toward the mid fifth century barbarian chieftains replaced Roman emperors; Rome and Western Europe overrun by the German tribes but respected the Roman culture and learned from their Roman subjects; some Roman government and cultural ideas survived and blended with Germanic culture

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Christianity

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a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior

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Judaism

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the monotheistic religion founded by Abraham and whose followers are called Jews

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similarities in ancient societies

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/see attached paper

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Chinampas

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Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.

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Maise

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Corn that was the most stable crop in the world, enabled life everywhere, grows anywhere in the world, provides life needed for civilization

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