UNF Peds Final – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
When are MMR and Varicella immunizations given?
answer
After 12 mo of age, *not before*
question
What is the first immunization infants' receive?
answer
Hep B (at birth)
question
When in the first DTaP administered?
answer
2 mo
question
Yearly influenza vaccine is recommended for all children over the age of...
answer
6 mo up to 18 years
question
What is the current recommendation from the American Academy of Pediatrics related to infants and car seats?
answer
-children remain in rear facing child restraint seats until the age of 2 years or until they reach the maximum height and weight for the seat -Children should then be transition from rear-facing seat to forward-facing seat with a harness until they reach the maximum weight or height for the seat. -When children reach the maximum weight and height for the front facing child restraint seats, the AAP recommends a high back booster seat to ensure the vehicle's lap-and-shoulder belt fit properly -shoulder belt should fit across the middle of the chest and shoulder, not near the neck or face and the lap belt should fit low and snug on the hips and upper thighs, not across the abdomen "belly" -Children should ride in a belt-positioning booster sear until they have reached 4 feet 9 inches tall, usually between 8 to 12 years of age. Children under the age of 13 should not ride in the front seat of vehicles.
question
conjunctivitis symptoms
answer
RED SWOLLEN, EXCESSIVE TEARING, CLEAR/WATERY, YELLOW/GREEN DRAINAGE & EYELID CRUSTING
question
Periorbital cellulitis
answer
concern of conjunctivitis INFECTION OF THE EYELID & SURROUNDING TISSUES USUALLY CAUSED BY BACTERIA, signs and symptoms- EDEMATOUS TENDER, RED/PURPLE EYELIDS; RESTRICTED, PAINFUL MOVEMENT OF THE AREA AROUND THE EYE & FEVER (TREAT WITH IV FLUIDS);
question
Strabismus (CROSS EYE)
answer
Symptoms- ONE EYE DEVIATES FROM THE POINT OF FIXATION, THE WEAK EYE BECOMES LAZY, CAN BE CONGENITAL/ACQUIRED, concerns (leads to Amblyopia (LAZY EYE) if untreated)
question
Disuse amblyopia
answer
leads to blindness from disuse, usually follows undetected strabismus - remember strabismus needs to be detected and corrected by age 4 to 6 years to prevent disuse amblyopia from happening
question
otitis media
answer
symptoms (ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA- FEVER, BULGING, RED TYMPANIC MEMBRANE, PAIN)( OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION- DULL, RETRACTED TYMPANIC MEMBRANE, FULLNESS) treatment- AMOXICILLIN, complications- CHRONIC EAR INFECTIONS, MENINGITIS, EAR DRUM PERFORATION risk factors refer to lecture
question
Nasopharyngitis aka URI/common cold
answer
symptoms- LETHARGY, FEEDING POORLY, IRRITABILITY and treatment- ANTIPYRETICS- to help reduce fever and help with comfort, SALINE DROPS- MAY BENUSED EVERY 3-4 HOURS FOR INFANTS ESPECIALLY BEFORE FEEDING, LASTS 4-10 DAYS
question
pharyngitis
answer
Know viral or bacterial- THROAT CULTURE TO RULE OUT STREPTOCOCCAL PHARNGITIS - Symptoms- ENLARGED TONSILS, SORE THROAT, HEADAHCE, FEVER and complications
question
What does it mean when a child is swallowing excessively after any kind of throat surgery? (example-Tonsilectomy)
answer
possible bleed
question
Chronic lung disease aka bronchopulmonary dysplasia
answer
ASSOCIATED WITH PROLONGED OXYGEN THERAPY & MECHANICAL VENTILATION COMMON IN PREMIES, DISCHARGE- TRACH CARE, OXYGEN THERAPY, CPR TRAINING FOR FAMILY
question
Cystitis Fibrosis (salty skin)
answer
-pancreatic enzyme supplements are administered to promote digestion of fats and proteins; they come in powder sprinkles and capsule form and are taken orally before all meals and snacks - the amount needed is based on the child's nutritional needs and digestive response (look at stool), risk for prolapsed rectums, the ultimate goal is to achieve near-normal, well-formed stools and of course adequate weight gain) sweat test to diagnose initial presentation of CF in the neonate appears in GI system - meconium ileus, meconium is sometimes so thick it causes obstruction and requires surgical removal - prolapsed rectum may occur in infancy and childhood
question
Croup
answer
*epiglottis is a bacterial infection and a life-threatening emergency - never attempt an oral assessment in these children*, tracheitis is also bacterial, laryngotracheobronchitis (common cause RSV) and spasmodic laryngitis are both viral
question
bronchiolitis
answer
usually caused by RSV
question
pneumonia
answer
rest, push and increase fluids especially water
question
asthma
answer
heightened airway reactivity
question
asthma treatment
answer
short-acting beta2-agonists such as albuterol - relaxes smooth muscle in airway leading to quick bronchodilation; corticosteroids such as methylprednisolone, prednisone, prednisolone (oral) - diminishes airway inflammation, enhances bronchodilating effect of beta2-agonists; long-acting beta2-agonists such as salmeterol which is a dry powder inhaler and relaxes smooth muscle in airway but remember not to be used for acute asthma episode
question
passive smoking increases
answer
risk for asthma, otitis and other respiratory conditions. Educate parents if child is ;6, if 6 you can start educating both the parents and the child
question
how to care for children with cardiovascular conditions
answer
organize care, want them to REST! DO NOT INTERRUPT, TRY TO DO EVERYTHING AT ONCE. OBSERVE FOR SWEATING, FATIGUE. NOTIFY HCP IF YOU, THE NURSE CANNOT IMPROVE STATUS. SOMETIMES CONTACTING THE PROVIDER IS AN ACTION THAT IS NEEDED
question
Cardiac catheterization
answer
Pre-OP NPO FOR 4-6 HOURS, TELL CHILD WHAT THEY WILL FEEL SEE ; HEAR, OBTAIN V/S HEMOGLOBIN HEMATOCRIT CAPILLARY REFILL TIME and Post-procedure- MONITIOR FOR BLEEDING, NEUROVASCULAR CHECKS, BEDREST WITH AN EFFORT TO KEEP THE LEG STRAIGHT care along with discharge teaching- TEACH SIGNS OF COMPLICATIONS (BLEEDING, INFECTIONS, THROMBOSIS), ENCOURAGE QUIET PLAY, ENCOURAGE FLUIDS FOR HYDRATION AND TO GET RID OF DYE
question
Congenital heart defects
answer
RISK FOR CHF, MONITOR CHILDREN CLOSELY, REVIEW S/S FOR CHF, ALWAYS CONCERNED WITH CARDIAC FAILURE
question
congenital heart defects cont.
answer
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) - medical management with Indomethacin to close, Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) - systolic injection murmur, congestive heart failure, Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) - spontaneous closure might occur, Pulmonary Stenosis (PS) - congestive heart failure occurs when severe, heart murmur present Aortic Stenosis (AS) - audible murmur during systolic phase of cardiac cycle, a click may be heard and a thrill may be present, Coarctation of the Aorta (COA) - blood pressure differences between upper and lower extremities, femoral pulses weak or absent, CVA may occur due to hypertension, Transposition of Great Vessels (TGA) - survival depends on foramen ovale remaining open, symptoms appear at birth or soon afterwards, must be surgically corrected
question
tetralogy of fallot
answer
four defects present (DON'T NEED TO KNOW SPECIFICS, THESE KIDS DO NOT GAIN WEIGHT, DON'T HAVE ENERGY, THEY WILL REST A LOT, TIRE EASILY, ALLOW THEM TO REGULATE THEIR OWN ACTIVITIES, PAY ATTENTION TO THEIR TIREDNESS, THEY WILL SQUAT BC THEY HAVE PROBLEMS BREATHING), diagnosis based on signs and symptoms, defects must be corrected
question
tet spells
answer
when caring for a child with Tetralogy of Fallot take immediate action by placing child in knee-chest position when he or she has increased respiratory rate and becomes cyanotic
question
congestive heart failure
answer
signs- SWEATING OF SCALP IN INFANTS, FATIGUE DURING FEEDING, IRRITABLE, WEIGHT LOSS, TACHYCARDIA, TACHPNEA, PALLOR, RESPIRATRORY DISTRESS management- REMOVE FLUID, DECREASE CARDIAC DEMANDS, IMPROVE TISSUE OXYGENATIONATION AND DECREASE CONSUMPTION, and medications - review PowerPoint side and lecture about digoxin- THERAPEUTIC LEVEL 0.8-2, COUNT APICAL FOR 1 MINUTE HOLD IF LESS THAN 90 IN INFANTS AND 70 IN CHILDREN ; VERIFY WITH ANOTHET NURSE, OBSERVE FOR CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS, OBTAIN SERUM LEVEL AT LEAST 6 HRS AFTER DAILY DOSE
question
Rheumatic fever (SCARELT FEVER)
answer
secondary to group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus infection, symptoms, treatment (bedrest until ESR normal, anti-inflammatory and analgesic, prophylactic penicillin or erythromycin to reduce risk of reoccurrence ** KNOW PLAY ACTIVITIES FOR RHEUMATIC FEVER- THEY WANT THEM TO REST (SCHOOL AGED- MOVIES, PUZZLES, COLORING)
question
Kawasaki's disease
answer
multisystem vasculitis, symptoms, treatment (IVIG and aspirin therapy 80-100 mg/kg/day), 20% of children develop cardiac sequelae
question
dyslipidemia
answer
presymptomatic phase of arteriosclerosis
question
hypertension
answer
persistently between 90th and 95th percentile on at least 3 occasions, treatment diet and exercise, children should have 30 to 60 minutes of exercise each day.
question
GI conditions
answer
MAKE SURE THEY'RE HYDRATED, USE ORAL REHYDRATION BC ITS MORE APPROPRIATE, SMALL AMOUNTS AT FREQUENT INTERVALS, DON'T USE HIGH SUGAR DRINKS, USE PEDIALYTE, USE IV PUMPS BC KINDNEY FUNCTION, REMBER TO CHECK THE ORAL MUCOUS MEMBRANES (DRY LIPS ARE NOT AN INDICATOR)
question
Celiac disease
answer
results for the inability to digest protein of wheat, barley, rye, and oats, life-long deficiency, requires life-long diet modification (nurse may refer to nutritionist), parents and children must learn to read labels, again concern about growth failure
question
Child's fluid balance system
answer
Higher rate of peristalsis, small stomach capacity, and higher percentage of water in extracellular fluid compartments -infants can dehydrate quickly
question
Signs of dehydration
answer
MILD- NORMAL V/S, FUSSY, RESLTELSSNESS, ALERT, THIRSTY, NORMAL MUCOUS MEMBRANES ; TURGOR, ANTERIOR FONTANEL ; EYES NORMAL, CAPILLARY REFILL 5 SECS, ;1.030
question
degrees of dehydration
answer
MILD- 4-5%, MODERATE- 6-10%, SEVERE- ;10%
question
most accurate measurement of total body fluid loss
answer
WEIGHT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT DETERMINANT OF TOTAL BODY FLUID LOSS ACCURATE WAY OF DESCRIBING DEHYDRATIONS IN 48 HRS OR LESS IS ML PER KG OF BODY WEIGHT
question
folic acid
answer
taking it during pregnancy decreases risk for neural tube defects and cleft abnormalities
question
greatest challenge for cleft patients
answer
providing adequate nutrition for growth.
question
pyloric stenosis
answer
projectile vomiting, visible peristaltic waves from left to right, failure to thrive/weight loss, treatment surgery
question
gastroesophageal reflux
answer
failure to thrive, treatment with medications or sometimes surgery - Elevate infant after feeding
question
intussusception
answer
one part of the bowel into another part of bowel causing obstruction, classic sign "currant jelly-like stool", and palpable sausage shaped abdominal mass, treatment sometimes corrected with barium enema
question
Hirschsprung disease
answer
"congenital aganglionic megacolon", failure to pass meconium is sometimes the first sign, failure to thrive
question
appendicitis
answer
most common condition requiring abdominal surgery in pediatric population, first periumbilical pain followed by the classic sign of right lower quadrant pain, remember to test for rebound tenderness, surgery is always indicated for cure
question
irritable bowel syndrome
answer
"nervous stomach", no specific test, and treatment is dietary
question
inflammatory bowel disease
answer
Crohn's disease - no cure Ulcerative colitis - acute and chronic inflammation, bloody diarrhea, curable with surgery
question
gastroenteritis (diarrhea)
answer
rehydration is the key to prevent dehydration most accurate means of describing dehydration to reflect acute loss is in *ml/kg* of body weight - weight is an important determinant of percent of total body loss in infants and children infants/children are prone to fluid overload and imbalance because of *immature kidney functioning* Always use an electronic infusion device when administering IV fluids and medications to children. Important always check for kidney functioning before adding KCL to primary IV fluids.
question
hepatitis
answer
Vaccines for A and B - Hepatitis A - highly contagious and has been called infectious hepatitis, spread primarily through fecal-oral route, there is a vaccine available for Hepatitis A. Hepatitis B is serum hepatitis, transmission is through blood and body fluids can be transferred from mother to fetus in utero, there is a vaccine for Hepatitis B
question
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
answer
progresses to AIDS HIV destroys the body's ability to fight infection; Most HIV cases in children are caused by perinatal transmission leading cause of newly acquired HIV infection in teens is unprotected sex Causes a wide spectrum of illness in children, from no symptoms to severe symptoms - AIDS is the most severe - the most common source of infection in children is perinatally, from infected mother to infant
question
pregnant HIV pt treatment
answer
CDC recommends to test and treat HIV-positive pregnant women with zidovudine [ZDV/AZT] during pregnancy and delivery and infant is treated for 6 weeks after delivery) - the child of a HIV+ mother, who did not receive ZDV during pregnancy, is followed closely for 18 months before it can be determined that is child is definitely infected
question
HIV test and symptoms in infants
answer
ELISA test is performed after maternal antibodies have disappeared symptoms in infants that may be of concern are chronic diarrhea, failure to thrive, delayed development, and frequent infections including candidiasis, Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, ; herpes simplex - the focus is on prevention and treatment is management of symptoms including medications
question
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
answer
clinical manifestations- single or multiple joints may be involved, stiffness, swelling, loss of motion in affected joints, sometimes joints are swollen and warm to touch, children complain of "morning stiffness." (KEEP WARM ; PERFORM PLAY ; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY) No definitive tests and symptoms should be present greater than 6 weeks. Treatment includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications; physical therapy and occupational therapy are needed
question
the only way to collect sterile urine
answer
catheterization
question
urinary tract infections
answer
characterized by bacteria in the urine along with signs and symptoms of infection. Most common cause is E. coli. Fever without focus is suggestive of UTI. Young girls are prone to UTIs because of short urethra - remember no bubble baths, etc. Should always test for cure after treatment for UTI; clinical manifestations of UTIs in infants (fever, irritability, dysuria - crying when voiding, change in urine color or odor, poor weight gain, feeding difficulties); in children (abdominal pain, urinary frequency and urgency, dysuria, fever, new onset of enuresis). Children with pyelonephritis may have the same symptoms but also complain of back pain, CAV tenderness, nausea and vomiting - they also appear very ill; treatment for UTIs requires antibiotic therapy for 7 to 10 days (IV antibiotics for pyelonephritis followed by oral therapy)
question
Hypospadias and Epispadias
answer
both are congenital anomalies involving an abnormal location of the urethral meatus; most cases of hypospadias are mild, with the meatus slightly off center from the tip of the penis; in severe cases the meatus if located on the scrotum; diagnosis is made by prenatal ultrasound or by examination at birth; repair is made surgically usually during 1st year of life
question
vesicoureteral reflux
answer
usually congenital abnormality, two contributing factors to UTIs - bacteria in the urine can be carried up to the kidney and cause pyelonephritis and renal damage or urine that has refluxed into the ureter can return to the bladder and leave urine residual which is a medium for bacterial growth. Severity of reflux determines the treatment
question
grades of vesicoureteral reflux
answer
classified Grade I-V. Grade I-III require no surgery only prophylactic antibiotic therapy and the children are monitored closely and screened every few months or as needed if febrile. Children usually have spontaneous resolution of these. Grade IV and V require surgical intervention to reimplant the ureters into the bladder IF ITS IN THE KIDNEYS ITS BAD, PRONE TO UTIS (KEEP ON PROPHYLAXIS)
question
nephrotic syndrome
answer
A kidney disorder characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, hypoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, and altered immunity Manifestations: edema, anorexia, fatigue, abdominal pain, increased weight gain; Treatment: prednisone 2mg/kg/day BID or TID until zero trace of protein in the urine for 5 to 7 days, steroids must be tapered before discontinuing, and also these children must adhere to a no-added-salt diet
question
Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis
answer
self-limiting, occurs suddenly, and resolve completely. Most common is post streptococcal glomerulonephritis which follows a strep infection. Characterized by hematuria (usually number one sign and ranges from microscopic to gross), proteinuria, edema, renal insufficiency, and hypertension. Treatment includes bedrest, monitor fluid and electrolyte, monitor intake and output, daily weights, fluid restrictions may be ordered, sodium, potassium, and protein may be limited No medication is needed unless strep has not been completely treated or symptoms such as hypertension needs medication
question
hemolytic uremic syndrome
answer
most common cause of renal failure in children, usually caused by ingesting beef contaminated with E. coli, potentially lethal outcome causes acute renal failure
question
signs of increased ICP
answer
infants- extremely irritable, bulging fontanel, shrill or high pitched cry, lethargy, poor feeding, setting sun sign, distended scalp veins older children- headache, N/V, irritability, lethargy, diplopia, seizures Cushing's triad (1. Hypertension (progressively increasing systolic bp). 2. Bradycardia. 3. Widening pulse pressure (increase in difference between systolic and diastolic pressure)
question
seizure care
answer
AIRWAY, SUCTION, DESCRIBE WHAT HAS HAPPENED, CHECK BLOOD LEVELS IF GIVEN DRUGS- CHECK FOR TOXICITY ON LONG TERM DRUGS, MAKE SURE DRUGS ARE GIVEN AT THE SAME TIME EVERY DAY
question
febrile seizure
answer
usually this does not lead to permanent seizure disorder or any neurological problems with the child involved
question
bacterial and viral meningitis
answer
bacterial meningitis is treated with IV antibiotics and viral meningitis is self-limiting and resolves spontaneously
question
Reye syndrome
answer
associated with aspirin use and viral illnesses especially influenza and Varicella
question
hydrocephalus
answer
buildup of too much csf in the brain
question
hydrocephalus is treated with
answer
VP shunt if malfunctioning, child will show signs of increased ICP
question
care of spina bifida pt
answer
prevention of infection if sac is actually outside the spinal cord, neonates are place prone position, no rectal temps, sac must be kept moist (covered with sterile saline) until surgery is performed
question
cerebral pasly
answer
leading cause is anoxia or hypoxia at birth causes delays and impairments in motor function
question
Traumatic brain injury
answer
if loc, have to be hospitalized if no loc SEND HOME AND EDUCATE PARENTS TO WAKE THEM UP, CHECK FOR VOMITING, LOOK AT PUPILS, ORIENTED, IF THERE HAS BEEN A CONCUSSION PT NEEDS TO REST AND MAY NOT RETURN TO NORMAL IF SERIOUS
question
ADHD
answer
test before giving meds
question
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)
answer
Clinical Manifestations in infants include shortening of the limb on the affected side, unequal gluteal folds when in prone position, restricted abduction of hip on affected side, Positive Ortolani (click or popping sound) and Positive Barlow test Treatment varies depending on the severity of the symptoms; during neonatal period a corrective device is placed to maintain the hip in flexion and abduction
question
scoliosis
answer
lateral curvature of the spine - good posture is indicated, bracing and surgery may be needed if severe (MAKE SURE THEY CAN STILL PARTICIPATE IN ACTIVITIES
question
osteomyelitis
answer
Infectious process of the bone - Symptoms include fever, abrupt pain (point tenderness above the bone, swelling and warmth over the bone), and unwillingness to bear weight or move limb, irritability, possible poor appetite. Treatment is usually IV antibiotics for 4 to 6 weeks, bedrest, and affected limb may be splinted or cast, surgery may be performed, ELEVATED ESRS
question
fractures
answer
Fracture with infant suspect child abuse; compound fracture may lead to infection; compartment syndrome occurs when swelling causes pressure within closed space to rise this can lead to paralysis and necrosis of tissue - an example would be the child complaining of not being able to extend fingers with a fracture of forearm (NURSE CANNOT DO ANYTHING USUALLY CALL HCP, IF SWOLLEN, ELEVATE)
question
DM type 1 symptoms
answer
WEIGHT LOSS, EXCESSIVE URINATION, EXCESSIVE THIRST
question
ketoacidosis
answer
thirst, frequent urination, nausea, abdominal pain, weakness, fruity-scented breath, and confusion.
question
impetigo
answer
Highly contagious bacterial infection - Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes or both, Signs & symptoms: lesion starts as a vesicle or pustule with edema and erythema - later the lesions erupt, leaving honey-colored exudate which is crusty in appearance and sticky to touch Good handwashing necessary for prevention, keep infants nails trim and short, may apply mittens to infant hands to prevent scratching, instruct parents to remove crust from lesions before applying topical medication. Severe cases require systemic antibiotics
question
cellulitis
answer
bacterial infection that enters the body via existent openings in the skin caused by dermatological conditions or trauma - Most common bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, Signs and symptoms: edematous, erythematous, warm or hot to touch, pain at affect area, Treatment: mild cases may be treated at home with oral antibiotics, severe cases need hospitalization and intravenous medications, some cases require incision and drainage (I & D)
question
pediculosis
answer
Itching is only symptoms - Treatment rid hair of "nits"
question
primary concern with burns
answer
infection MEDICATE WITH ORAL MEDS 20-30 MINS PRIOR TO PREVENT PAIN BEFORE PROCEDURES
question
iron deficiency in children <1 yo can be caused by
answer
drinking cows milk
question
taking iron supplements can cause
answer
black tarry stools
question
sickle cell
answer
HYDRATION IS KEY, THEY HAVE JOINT PAIN, INFLAMMATION, THEY NEED PAIN MANAGEMENT, REST- THEY CAN GO THE BR, BUT NOT RUN AROUND TOO MUCH, CONCERNED WITH CVA
question
hemophilia
answer
THEY CAN BLEED! IF THEY FALL MAKE SURE YOU ELEVATE THEM swimming is a good sport
question
chemo
answer
lowers immune system
question
iron deficiency anemia is not usually seen before the child is
answer
9 mo Infants born before 32 weeks' gestation need iron supplementation sooner than term infants
question
signs of iron deficiency anemia
answer
extreme pallor, tachycardia, tachypnea, lethargy, fatigue, and irritability (these vary with the degree of anemia). If the anemia is severe, a heart murmur may be heard which disappears when the anemic state is corrected.
question
iron supplements
answer
best absorbed on an empty stomach, but may be given with vitamin C such as orange juice
question
sickle cell disease
answer
autosomal recessive condition whereby normal hemoglobin is partially or completely replaced by the sickle-shaped, abnormal hemoglobin S (Hgb. S) Hypoxia, fever, dehydration and emotional or physical stress can trigger a crisis. Symptoms do not usually occur until 4 to 6 months of age. The sickling of cells is prevented secondary to the high levels of fetal hemoglobin
question
common hemophilia types
answer
factor VIII deficiency (hemophilia A) and factor IX deficiency (hemophilia B - Christmas disease) are inherited as an X-linked recessive trait.
question
care for hemophilia pt
answer
avoid the use of aspirin products with these children, no rectal temperatures, soft toothbrushes and regular dental checks are needed, may control localize bleeding through topical coagulants, pressure, elevation, and ice. Factor VIII is a plasma product and children who received impure forms in the past are at risk for HIV/AIDS.
question
neuroblastoma
answer
found only in infants and children primary abdominal mass and a protuberant firm abdomen, impaired range of motion and mobility, limping, pain and limping, large abdominal mass may disrupt urinary and bowel function, chest tumors may cause cough and decreased chest expansion/respiratory compromise, spinal cord compression may cause inability to walk, etc., superior vena cava compression causes facial and periorbital edema.
question
neuroblastoma dx and tx
answer
Diagnostic test: chest x-ray, CT of chest, abdomen, and pelvis; bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. Treatment: depends on the presence and extent of metastasis. Surgery to remove the tumor, radiation, chemotherapy, and bone marrow transplants.
question
Wilm's Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
answer
Most common malignant renal and intrabdominal tumor of childhood - nephroblastoma Peak age of diagnosis is around 3 years of age, seen more commonly in boys than in girls 85% all patients are diagnosed under the age of 5 years - rarely seen after age 7 Clinical manifestations: Abdominal swelling or mass - firm, nontender, confined to one side (Do not palpable the abdomen!) Fatigue/malaise Weight loss, anorexia Fever Hypertension (occasionally) Hematuria (sometimes) Diagnostic Tests Abdominal ultrasound CT of the abdomen Complete blood count Urinalysis Treatment Surgery to remove the affected kidney Postoperatively, radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy Prognosis - survival rates are the highest among all childhood cancers
question
osteosarcoma
answer
Most common tumor (malignant bone tumor) affecting the skeleton system of children - peak incidence is during rapid growth years (13 years for girls and 14 years for boys)
question
lukemia
answer
A proliferation of abnormal white blood cells (WBCs) and is the most common form of cancer in children under the age 14. Manifestations: fever (persistent or recurrent), pallor, excessive bruising, bone or joint pain (usually leg pain), lymphadenopathy, malaise, hepatosplenomegaly, abnormal WBC counts (either lower or higher than normal for age), and mild to profound anemia and thrombocytopenia. Diagnostic test: clinical manifestation and abnormal CBC - bone marrow aspiration and biopsy confirms diagnosis.
question
management of lukemia
answer
Aggressive chemotherapy - divided into three phases: induction - usually first month designed to achieve a remission, intensification - serves to maintain remission, and maintenance - may continue for 2 to 3 years - girls for 2 years and boys for 3 years (boys have a higher relapse rate). Children who have relapse during maintenance usually have a poor prognosis. The goal of therapy after achieving remission is to maintain remission and prevent progression of the disease to the testes and CNS, known as "sanctuary" sites because systemic therapy is poorly delivered to these areas. Remember these children are at a constant risk for infection due to immunosuppressed state.
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New