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Art 20 Midterm. Artwork, image, artist paints, ancient art, criticism – Flashcards 50 terms

Ewan Knight
50 terms
Preview
Art 20 Midterm. Artwork, image, artist paints, ancient art, criticism – Flashcards
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human
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Art is a ___ phenomenon.
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a branch of philosophy
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Aesthetics is
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art is primarily a ___ medium that is used to express our ideas about our human experience and the world around us
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visual
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craft refers to which of the following
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pottery
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the content of a work of art refers to ___
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it's meaning
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an equestrian sculpture is one that includes a ___
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horse
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in ancient Rome, ____ sculptures were seen as the ultimate symbol of dignity and power.
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equestrian
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a graphite rod in a wood or metal holder is called ____
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a pencil
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a silverpoint drawing is ____
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made by using a thin stylus made of silver
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in ____ printing, areas that are not to be printed are cut away from the printing surface, so the areas to be printed are left higher.
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relief
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a(n) ___ print is an example of a relief print
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woodblock
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the word "intaglio" comes from the Italian verb meaning ____
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to cut into
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____ is a type of printmaking process which uses a slab of limestone or metal and oily crayons, pencils or liquid.
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lithography
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____ sculptures are meant to be viewed from all sides
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freestanding
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except for very small sculptures, all cast sculptures are created using the ____ method of casting
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lost wax
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the ___ is an early type of photographic process
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daguerreotype
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content is about a work of art's ____
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theme
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iconography uses ____ to suggest concepts and ideas
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symbols
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ideological criticism deals with a work of art's ____ significance
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political
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structuralists believe that in order to understand a work of art, one must study the structure of art and the complex ____ of all its parts
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interrelationship
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deconstruction involves the belief that any image has ____ of meanings
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a multiplicity
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feminist criticism deals with ____ in art
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gender
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according to ____, all art supports some particular political agenda, cultural structure, or economic/class hierarchy.
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idealogical criticism
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context refers to the social and ___ conditions that encompass a work of art
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political
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the subtext in an artwork refers to ___
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the underlying theme or message
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the role of the art critic is ____
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to describe works of art and evaluate their significance
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artists such as leonardo and michelangelo were trained by the ____ method
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apprentice
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museums became common in ____ during the nineteenth century
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europe
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an example of a community artwork is the ___
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AIDS memorial quilt
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the iconoclasts were known as
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image breakers
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the view of an artist as a creative genius rather than a skilled worker began to form in Europe during the _____
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renaissance
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the opposite of an artist working on a commission is an artist working on _____
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speculation
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in medieval europe, specialized societies called ____ preserved technical information for artists and regulated art making
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guilds
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prehistoric artists painted images in the ____ of the caves
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back
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ancient chinese made ____ vessels for storing wine
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bronze
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as its name suggests, the ancient Greek ____ was used for carrying and storing water
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hydria
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Salt was considered so valuable that it was a source of wealth, the European nobility used elaborate saltcellars as a ____
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status symbol
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ritual meals include
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weddings, holidays, religious ceremonies, meetings of government figures, all of these choices
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the house of the vettii has a front atrium with a pool, called the ____, for collecting rainwater
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impluvium
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the paintings in the Villa of Mysteries were done by the _____
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Roman
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The Primordial Couple of the Dogon represents
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the father and mother of all
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The Japanese shunga prints are translated as ____
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spring pictures
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An odalisque was a member of
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a harem
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Georgia O'Keeffe's work are often extreme close ups of ___
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flowers
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The ancient cities required ____ in order to function
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major rivers
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In mesopotamia, ____ symbols developed into the first writing
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cuneiform
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In mesopotamia, the early city states were between the Tigris and the _____
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Euphrates
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The Indus River Valley is in present day
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Pakistan
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Historically in India, images of ideal erotic sexuality were
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common in temples and miniature paintings
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When an artist paints thickly and directly onto the canvas, the work is called a(n) ____ painting
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alla prima
AP World History
Hans Holbein The Younger
History of Europe
World History
World History Chapter 17 Test-Renaissance – Flashcards 36 terms

Maxim Beck
36 terms
Preview
World History Chapter 17 Test-Renaissance – Flashcards
question
Period of European history known as the Renaissance roughly covers the time from a) 1100 to 1400 b) 1200 to 1500 c) 1300-1600 d) 1400-1700
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c) 1300-1600
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The best synonym for secular is a) new b) worldly c) humane d) religious
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b) worldly
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To become known as an important patron, one most needed to be a) wealthy b) creative c) religious d) intellectual
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a) Wealthy
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The technique known as perspective is most useful in the creation of a) drama b) sculpture c) two-dimension art d) the sonnet form in poetry
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c) Two-dimension art
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A person who produces work "in the vernacular" is one who a) relies on realism b) uses only natural light c) uses a verse form of writing d) writes in local, rather than a classical, language
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d) Writes in local, rather than a classical language
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The intellectual and cultural movement known as humanism arose from the study of a) medieval scholarship b) original Christian writings c) classical Greek and Roman culture d) the contributions of the Tang and Song dynasties
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c) Classical Greek and Roman culture
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What were the major causes of the European Renaissance?
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Plague- survivors desired to enjoy life and questioned christian technique City Growth- increased exchange of ideas and intellectual collaboration Fall of Constantinople- Scholars brought Greek texts back to Rome /Italy Rise of Merchant Class- more money available to support arts because of trade
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Renaissance painters in Flanders, as in Italy, tended to produce work that was a) realistic b) idealistic c) distorted d) formal and tightly structured
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a) realistic
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In Greek, the word "Utopia" means a) "highest" b) "no place" c) "everywhere" d) "an ideal place"
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b) "no place"
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The first use of moveable type was in a) Greece b) Germany c) Italy d) China
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d) China
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The printing press was invented by a) Jan van Eyck b) Johann Gutenberg c)Peter Bruegel the Elder d) Hans Holbein the Younger
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b) Johann Gutenberg
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Which of the following correctly matches the author with something he or she wrote? a) Thomas More and "Utopia" b) Christine de Pizan and "Hamlet" c) William Shakespeare and "The Price of Folly" d) Desiderius Erasmus and "Gargantua and Pantagruel"
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A) Thomas More and "Utopia
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Which of the following did Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More have in common? a) Both were French b) Both wrote in English c) Both were considered humanists d) Both rejected religion and the Bible
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c) Both were considered humanists
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What was one important and lasting of the invention of the Printing press?
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a) made bible available decreasing reliance on Church b) increase in literacy c) increase in knowledge of the world
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Machiavellian
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any leader who used deceit to impose his or her will
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Castiglione
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wrote The Book of Courtier
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Thomas More
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pressed for social reform, wrote "Utopia" was against the Act of Supremacy, executed for treason, was later canonized as a saint
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Shakespeare
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writer who wrote 37 plays, expresses universal themes in everyday realistic settings, work explored Renaissance ideals such as the complexity of individuals and importance of the classics, characters spoke in language ordinary people could understand, his love of words enriched the English language
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Rebelais
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monk, physician, greek scholar, author, used his characters to offer opinions on religion, education, and other serious subjects, he was deeply religious but had doubts about the organized church
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Realism
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making thing look real through perspective or 3D art which represented humans and landscapes
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The Prince
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written by Machiavelli, guide on how to gain and maintain power, urged rulers to use whatever methods in order to receive their goals, the ends justifies the meanings
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The Courtier
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written by Castigilone, describes manners, skills, learning, and virtues a member of the court should have the person has to be well rounded like the people in Athens (lightness strength, wit, know how to perform weapons)
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Utopia
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written by Thomas More, describes an ideal society where men and women live in peace and harmony
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Erasmus
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Christian humanist who called for Church reforms, urged for a return to the simple ways of the early Christian Church
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Medici
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family that ranked among the richest merchants and bankers in Europe, Lorenzo was a clever politician who helped Florence in hard times, family's wealth and influence transformed Florence, symbolized energy and brilliance of Renaissance
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Secular
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not involving religion, church tried to protect papal states against these rulers, plotted against power monarchs who tried to seize control of the Church within their lands.
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Patron
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financial supporter of the arts (ex. Lorenzo Medici)
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Perspective
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artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings 3D effect
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Leonardo De Vinci
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genius, sketched nature and models which lead to learning how bones and muscles work, created Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, artist but had many talents which included botany, architecture, anatomy, music, and engineering, sketches for flying machines and undersea boats, most of his paintings are lost now.
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Michelangelo
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sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, poet, his work reflects his life-long spiritual and artistic struggles, created David and Pieta, created ceiling in Sistine chapel which took 4 years and left him partially crippled.
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Vernacular
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everyday language of ordinary people
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Machiavelli
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wrote "the prince", wanted people to unite northern Italy and insulate it from foreign interference, wanted to understand how to best obtain and hold power
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Renaissance
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started in Italy, time of creativity and great change in many areas (political, social, economic, cultural) trade was more important during this time, knowledge helped more people comprehend the world more accurately
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Humanities
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study of subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history, that were taught in ancient Greece and Rome/ was emphasized a lot
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Humanism
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an intellectual movement at the hear of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics (Greek and Roman cultures which increased understanding of own times where pious Christians focused on worldly subjects)
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Florence
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city that was center of the Italian Renaissance, Medici family ruled this city and helped it flourish
Ancient Greeks And Romans
AP European History
AP World History
Hans Holbein The Younger
Santa Maria Del Fiore
The School Of Athens by Raphael (c.1508-11) – Flashcards 76 terms

John Smith
76 terms
Preview
The School Of Athens by Raphael (c.1508-11) – Flashcards
question
What were two major artistic innovations of the Renaissance that greatly aided naturalistic art?
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Atmospheric and Linear Perspective
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Who invented linear perspective?
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Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)
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What was Brunelleschi inspired by?
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Study of ancient texts, especially Euclid and Ptolemy describing mathematical laws.
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What are the elements of linear perspective?
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Horizon Line, Vanishing point, Orthogonal lines
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How did Brunelleschi believe linear perspective could be structured?
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Through using mathematical systems to determine relative scale of objects within an image and organize them properly
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What does the horizon line do?
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Mark location of horizon
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What is located on the horizon line?
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Vanishing Point
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What is the vanishing point?
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The ideal point of view when looking at the scene
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What are orthogonal lines?
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Lines that stretch from edges of picture to the vanishing point
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When did Brunelleschi demonstrate his linear perspective idea?
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In 1420
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What is the purpose of linear perspective?
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Recreate 3D space on a 2D surface
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What did Brunelleschi paint to demonstrate linear perspective?
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Piazza of the Baptistery of Florence
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How did Brunelleschi paint the Baptistery with linear perspective?
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Drilled hole at the vanishing point, positioned viewer at same location within the piazza. Viewer holds up painting, faces Baptistery, looked through drilled hole at back. Mirror was held in front of painting, and painting was reflected in mirror. Viewer could then drop painting and see actual piazza.
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Who systematized linear perspective?
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Leon Battista Alberti (1404-72)
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What text did Alberti write detailing linear perspective?
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On Painting (1436)
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What is atmospheric perspective?
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Suggesting depth in a painting by painting distant objects in softer focus, with less detail and paler colors
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Why is the softer focus in atmospheric perspective recreate actual views of distant areas?
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Light scatters through particles in the air, such as smoke an water vapor, thus distorting far away objects
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What kinds of paintings is atmospheric perspective especially effective in?
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Landscape views
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How is atmospheric perspective compared to linear perspective?
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Less precise, subtler
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What kinds of works exhibited atmospheric perspective?
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Ancient frescos, landscapes from Pompeii, Northern Renaissance in 15th century
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What is Fresco?
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Painting where artist paints onto wet plaster wall
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Why is fresco durable?
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Painting dries into the wall with the plaster
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What is an early example of Fresco?
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Palace at Knossos on the island of Crete
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Where can frescos be found historically?
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Roman architecture, ancient caves, palaces, and temples in India and Mexico
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Where can frescos be found in more modern times?
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Mexican Muralists and American Artists working for the Works Progress Administration in 1920s and 30s.
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What does fresco mean in Italian?
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Fresh
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What is another name for true fresco?
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Buon fresco
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What is the first step in buon fresco?
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Wall plastered, artist sketches image which is then transferred to the wall
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How is the sketch transferred to the wall in fresco?
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Bag of chalk/ash hit along drawing, leaving line of dots on wall that serve as a guide
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What is spolvero?
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Bag of chalk/ash that creates line of dots for guide in fresco
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What is done each day before painting in fresco?
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Thin layer of wet lime plaster applied
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What is the intonaco?
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The layer of plaster applied daily before painting
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What is the giornata?
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The "day's work"; the area that that the artist will work on that day
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What is a major challenge with fresco?
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Must finish painting before plaster dries, or will have to scrape clean area and restart.
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What is fresco a secco?
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Dry fresco, painting onto dry plaster wall
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When was Raphael born?
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April 6/March 28, 1483
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What did Raphael's father do?
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Painter in court of Federico da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino
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When and where did Raphael's formal artistic career begin?
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At age twelve in workshop of Perugino.
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Why did Raphael leave Urbino in 1504?
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To work in Florence, where he painted his famous Virgin and Child images and received commissions for altar paintings and portraits
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When did Pope Julius II call Raphael to work for him in Rome?
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1508
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What did the Pope want Raphael to do?
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Decorate his private apartments at the Vatican
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What other professions did Raphael have?
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Architect, designed churches, mansions, palaces, tapestry, drawing, printmaking
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Who did Raphael succeed as chief architect of the Vatican in 1514?
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Donato Bramante
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How did Raphael die?
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Became sick in late March of 1520, died 15 days later on April 6th. 37 years old
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When did Pope Julius rule the church?
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1503-1513
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When did the Pope move his private quarters to new rooms ?
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November 1507
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Under who did the private quarters' decoration continue?
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Leo X, Julius' successor in 1513
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When was Raphael's contribution to the private rooms finished?
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1524, after his own death in 1520
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What is the room that the School of Athens in known as?
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Stanza della Segnatura
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What did the Pope do in the Stana della Segnatura?
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Sign important documents
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What had the room become by the 1500s?
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Julius' personal library
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How did Julius organize his books?
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4 categories, summing up Western learning.
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What frescos were on the larger walls?
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Philosophy and Theology
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What frescos were on the shorter walls?
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Poetry and Law
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What are the modern names of the wall paintings?
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Law-Jurisprudence, Poetry-Parnassus, Theology-The Disputa, Philosophy-School of Athens
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What is common about all the frescos in the Segnatura?
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Present scenes based on Famous Men (Uomini famosi)
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What is the Famous Men prototype?
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Echoes contemporary sacra conversazione (Sacred conversation) altarpieces, a group of important individuals within a unified space
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What are 2 examples of Famous Men prototypes that influenced Raphael?
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Duke of Urbino's Studiolo, and Collegio del Cambio in Perugia
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What did Raphael do in Perugia?
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Help paint with Perugino
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What does the School of Athens illustrate?
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All the known philosophers and scientists of the ancient world
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Describe the architectural space of the painting.
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3 massive, coffered barrel vaults that echo the baths and bascilicas in Rome, plaza decorated with classical statuary including Apollo and Athena (Art and Wisdom Gods)
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How does Raphael include atmospheric perspective and linear perspective in The School of Athens?
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Orthogonal lines run through vaulting and stonework, gradual lightening of blue in sky as space recedes.
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Which philosophers are centered in the painting?
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Plato and Aristotle
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Where is the vanishing point of the composition?
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Above Plato and Aristotle's heads
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Describe Plato's appearance
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Left side, bald and long gray beard. Holds Timaeus, his book, in left hand, points upward with right
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Describe Aristotle's appearance
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Darker hair and beard, holds Ethics, his book, in left hand, and gestures, hand flattened and palm downward, with his right
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What is the relationship between Plato and Aristotle?
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Divergent perspectives, one heavily and one worldly
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How are the thinkers in the painting classified?
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Those concerned with the mysteries transcending the world on Plato's side (left), those concerned with nature and affairs of men with Aristotle (right)
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Where is Socrates located and what is he doing?
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In a group at the base of Apollo statue, ticking points off fingers as he defends an argument-Socratic method of learning
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Where is Euclid located and what is he doing?
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Right foreground, holding calipers and demonstrating theorem for group of students, each with a face corresponding to a different understanding of the process
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Where is Pythagoras located and what is he doing?
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Seated and writing at lower left while a young figure holds up a harmonic scale
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Where is Diogenes located and what is he doing?
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Sprawled on steps toward center of painting
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What is an important aspect of the painting in relation to Raphael's contemporaries?
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He included his contemporaries in the painting.
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Who else could Euclid be?
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Architect Bramante
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Who could the character in the foreground be, who rests his head on hand in the pose of melancholy?
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Michelangelo, in the guise of the philosopher Heraclitus
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Where is Raphael himself located?
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At the extreme right, looking directly at the viewer.
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Transition to Modern Times UNIT REVIEW – Flashcards 15 terms

James Hopper
15 terms
Preview
Transition to Modern Times UNIT REVIEW – Flashcards
question
Which choice most accurately describes the consequences that France faced after the Seven Years' War?
answer
The French gave up their colonies west of the Mississippi and Canada to Britain, and they gave New Orleans to Spain.
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Spain and Portugal competed over territory in North America as a result of the voyages of
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Christopher Columbus.
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One of the long-reaching effects of the Spanish conquest was the spread of what religion across the Americas?
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Catholicism
question
In what country did the Renaissance begin?
answer
Italy
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What caused Europe's population to increase, to provoke its interest in trade, and provided its population with large amounts of gold and silver?
answer
the Columbian Exchange
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Which leader was defeated by Francisco Pizarro?
answer
Atahualpa
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Which best explains how humanism affected the way Europeans thought about themselves?
answer
Humanism helped Europeans believe in their own potential.
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Which best explains why Hans Holbein the Younger was a Renaissance artist?
answer
He used humanistic techniques to create realistic portraits of Europeans.
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In The Prince, Machiavelli argues that leaders maintain power through
answer
fear and cruelty.
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Which statement about women's power during the Renaissance is true?
answer
Women had little political or economic power.
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Which best states how major works produced during the High Renaissance, such as Mona Lisa, affected European culture?
answer
Major works produced during the High Renaissance emphasized beauty and led to a revival of classical influenc
question
The Reformation in England stemmed from a difference of opinion between
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an English monarch and the Catholic pope.
question
Trade spread the Italian Renaissance across Europe by
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helping merchants become patrons.
question
During the 1500s, many Jesuits became
answer
missionaries.
question
Which best describes the Incas?
answer
a large and rich empire in South America
Faith And Good Works
France
Hans Holbein The Younger
History of Europe
Holbein The Younger
World History 1st Unit Test – Flashcards 15 terms

John Smith
15 terms
Preview
World History 1st Unit Test – Flashcards
question
Which statement about women's power during the Renaissance is true? Women had great political power but little economic power. Women had great political and economic power. Women had little political or economic power. Women had great economic power but little political power.
answer
c
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Trade spread the Italian Renaissance across Europe by helping merchants become patrons. helping monarchs become artists. helping merchants become politicians. helping artists become patrons
answer
a
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Renaissance art was strongly influenced by ancient Greek and Roman trade routes. politics. architecture. social life.
answer
c
question
Which best states how major works produced during the High Renaissance, such as Mona Lisa, affected European culture? Major works produced during the High Renaissance emphasized beauty and led to a revival of classical influence. Major works produced during the High Renaissance emphasized spirituality and led to a revival of church influence. Major works produced during the High Renaissance emphasized naturalism and led to a revival of secular influence. Major works produced during the High Renaissance emphasized science and led to a revival of scientific influence.
answer
a
question
Jan van Eyck contributed to Renaissance art by developing new, realistic techniques. painting realistic watercolors of animals. developing precise, stylistic techniques. painting realistic watercolors of landscapes.
answer
a
question
A Renaissance writer considered one of the greatest poets of all time is Thomas More. Niccolo Machiavelli. Dante Alighieri. Baldassare Castiglione.
answer
c
question
A major Renaissance poem that included real people as its characters was The Prince. The Divine Comedy. Don Quixote. The Book of the Courtier.
answer
b
question
[W]ith God going before us . . . we may . . . deliberate and discuss . . . whatsoever is needful for repelling those assaults of barbarians and infidels, with which they seek the overthrow of all Christendom. What is the quotation most likely about? a refusal to accept the spread of Protestantism a vote of support for the Church of England a call to arms against the Catholic Church a desire to end the sale of indulgences
answer
a
question
In The Prince, Machiavelli argues that leaders maintain power through kindness and strength. love and kindness. selfishness and discipline. fear and cruelty.
answer
d
question
Which statement best compares Mary I to Elizabeth I? Mary I believed non-Catholics should be pardoned, while Elizabeth I believed in punishing non-Catholics. Mary I believed the monarch should lead the church, while Elizabeth I believed the pope should lead the church. Mary I opposed the creation of the Church of England, while Elizabeth I fully supported it. Mary I opposed the policies and practices of the Catholic Church, while Elizabeth I fully supported them.
answer
c
question
In what country did the Renaissance begin? Italy France Spain Germany
answer
a
question
Which statement best compares the ideas of Martin Luther to the ideas of the Catholic Church in the 1500s? Luther taught that salvation came from faith alone, while the Church taught that both faith and good works could bring about salvation. Luther taught that priests and popes were closer to God, while the Church taught that all Christians were equal in God's view. Luther believed the Bible should remain in Latin, while the Church believed the Bible should be translated into different languages. Luther believed people should pay for their sins to be forgiven, while the Church believed people should not pay for forgiveness
answer
a
question
Unlike during the Medieval period, church leaders commissioned works of art during the Renaissance to teach religious lessons. reward church supporters. demonstrate church wealth. decorate religious spaces.
answer
d
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The Reformation in England stemmed from a difference of opinion between an English priest and other church leaders. an English priest and one of his churchgoers. an English monarch and the Catholic pope. an English monarch and a German monarch.
answer
c
question
Which best explains how humanism affected the way Europeans thought about themselves? Humanism helped Europeans believe in their own potential. Humanism helped Europeans strengthen their religious beliefs. Humanism helped Europeans create classical works of art. Humanism helped Europeans reject classical beliefs.
answer
d
Baroque Art
Hans Holbein The Younger
History of Europe
Holbein The Younger
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Peter Paul Rubens
Ap History Unit 1 Ap Euro Unit – Flashcards 324 terms

Marta Browning
324 terms
Preview
Ap History Unit 1 Ap Euro Unit – Flashcards
question
Famous Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling. (Knight Death, and Devil; Four Apostles)
answer
Albrecht Durer
question
Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe although his criticisms of the Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther. he wrote The Praise of Folly, worked for Frobein and translated the New Testament from Greek to Latin(1466-1536)
answer
Desiderius Erasmus
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a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church
answer
Christian Humanism
question
a period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office
answer
Great Schism
question
English scholar and theologian. He wrote the papal claims of temporal power had no foundation in the Scriptures and that the Scriptures should alone be the foundation of Christian belief and practice. He led the Lollards. (394)
answer
John Wyclif
question
Some Cardinals tried to work together to end the Great Schism. They wanted to end the chaos, as everyone was exasperated with the popes. A problem-solving council of cardinals was opposed by both popes, because it would show that God's authority did not rest solely in the pope's hands.
answer
conciliarism
question
Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.
answer
Indulgences
question
a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.
answer
Martin Luther
question
written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences
answer
95 theses
question
When Charles V exiled or outlawed Luther from The Holy Roman Empire or any of it's other lands.
answer
Edict of Worms
question
Wanting to be freed from serfdom - destroy everything. Luther is in shock & writes to the princes showing no mercy. The princes' armies kill 100,000 people, and many peasants reject Luther's religious leadership
answer
German Peasants' Revolt
question
reformers who protested some practices of the catholic church
answer
Protestants
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Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).
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Charles V
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protestant alliance formed by Lutherans against the Holy Roman Empire
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Schmalkaldic League
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1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler
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Peace of Augsburg
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Swiss priest who led the protestant movement in Switzerland
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Huldrych Zwingli
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The doctrine of the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist had been established in the Romish church since the fourth Lateran Council in the year 1215. For three hundred years the mass and transubstantiation had been the principal bulwarks of Rome, and her greatest blasphemy. The idea of the corporeal presence of Christ in the holy supper threw a halo of sacred importance around it, excited the imagination of the people and fixed it deeply in their affections. It was the origin of many ceremonies and superstitions, of great wealth and dominion to the priesthood, and the most stupendous miracles were said to be wrought by the consecrated bread, both among the living and the dead. It thus became the corner stone of the papal edifice.
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Sacramentarian Controversy
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A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.
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Anabaptists
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French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America
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Jean Calvin
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the belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power
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Predestination
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English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)
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Henry VIII
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Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.
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Act of Supremacy
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Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447)
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Catholic Reformation
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Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.
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Ignatius loyola
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Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
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Council of Trent
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elaborate an extensive ornamentation in decorative art and architecture that flourished in Europe in the 17th century
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Baroque
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most influential figure of the Roman Baroque whose sculpture emphasizes drama and incites the viewer to respond to it rather than sit and observe; also influential in architecture
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Gianlorenzo Bernini
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invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for war declarations, battle accounts, treaties, propaganda; laid basis for formation of distinct political parties; enhanced literacy, people sought books on all subjects
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Printing Press
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An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. (p. 401)
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Hanseatic League
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Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries
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Medici Family
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Italian financier and statesman and friend of the pope he helped get into papal office. Supported Brunneleschi's completion of the Duomo. He also commissioned public art for the city of Florence.
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Cosimo de Medici
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A short political treatise about political power how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it. Machiavelli explores the problems of human nature and concludes that human beings are selfish and out to advance their own interests
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Machiavelli's The Prince
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May 5, 1527 - A military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States. It marked a crucial imperial victory in the conflict between Charles I of Spain Holy Roman Emperor, and the League of Cognac (1526-1529) — the alliance of France, Milan, Venice, Florence and the Papacy.
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Sack of Rome, 1527
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Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).
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Charles V
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an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics
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Humanism
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the individual is responsible for applying his knowledge for public service
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Civic Humanism
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(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.
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Petrarch
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A work that portrays an acquisitive, sensual, and worldly society through descriptions of merchants, friars, and husbands
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Bocaccio's The Decameron
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Epitomized the main ideas of Italian humanism. Said a successful man was one who could integrate knowledge of ancient languages and history with athletic, musical, and military skills, all while being polite and exhibiting a high moral character.
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Baldassare Castiglione's Book of the Courtier
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The striving for excellence and being a virtuous person. Humanistic aspect of Renaissance.
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virtu
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1400-1468. German goldsmith and printer who is credited with inventing movable printing type in Europe abround 1439. Created the 42-line Gutenberg Bible, noted for its high aesthetic and technical quality. HIs printing technology was a key factor in the European Renaissance, and is considered on eof the most important inventions of all time.
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Johannes Gutenberg
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The cultural and artistic events of 15th century Italy, encompasses the artistic styles of the late Middle Ages (most notably International Gothic) and the early Renaissance.
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quattrocentro
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viewpoint, sense of proportion
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perspective
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The treatment of light and shade in a work of art, especially to give an illusion of depth.
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chiaroscuro
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Italian architect, celebrated for work during Florentine Renaissance. He was anti-Gothic. Foundling Hospital in Florence.
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Brunelleschi
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centered in Rome and the Popes provided tremendous patronage to the arts. It featured classical balance, harmony, and restraint
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High Renaissance
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Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).
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Leonardo Da Vinci
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Raphael - Italian Renassaince fresco wall painting of Greek philosophers drawn to scale in accordance with the vantage point of the viewer. The placement, in the center of the archway, of Plato and Aristotle emphasizes the importance of these two central figures. Raphael shows his style of basic one-point perspective converging in a single vanishing point just behind Plato and Aristotle. The exception is the cube in the foreground which gives a two-point perspective. It easy to see, that with the removal of the figures, the building is symmetrically balanced.
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The School of Athens
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A large marble statue made by Michelangelo of the biblical king of the same name. Michelangelo porrays him as a youth just about to do battle with the giant Goliath.
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David
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One of Michelangelo's only paintings, but considered as part of one of his greatest works of art (Creation of Adam)
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Ceiling of the Cistine Chapel
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the movement in Art in Germany and Flanders that reflected greater religious tones; , Emphasized Critical Thinking, Developed Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature
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Northern Renaissance
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a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church
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Christian Humanism
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Written by Erasmus, criticized the Christian Church through the use of satire.
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In Praise of Folly
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a book by Sir Thomas More (1516) describing the perfect society on an imaginary island
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Utopia
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Marchesa of Mantua and one of the leading women of the Italian Renaissance as a major cultural and political figure. She was the regent of Mantua during the absence of her husband.
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Isabella d'Este
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• Payments from the serfs to the lords who owned the lands • Supported the lifestyle of the Nobility • Combined with tithes and taxes, they consumed 50% of the wealth of the land
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Manorial Rents
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• Supported the works of the church
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Parish Tithes
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• The main fare of the peasant diet, monotonous • Two to three pounds a day was the average allotment for a male
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Black Bread
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• Responsible for maintaining order, administering justice, and arbitrating disputes for those working their land • Peasants pay money to Lords • Extinct in England by 16th Century, France by Revolution
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Seigneur
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• More common in Eastern Europe • Payment to a lord in the form of labor service • Aside: Western Europe replaced _______ with labor compensation—wage
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Robot
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• Organized and regulated labor through requirements for training, standards for quality, and the conditions for exchange • Apprenticeship system • 17th Century: obstructed economic innovation through limited scale
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Guilds
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• A laborer could only perform specific tasks • Due to the guild system • More intense in larger cities • Encouraged monopolies
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Specialization of Labor
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• A critical source of household labor • Even extremely poor families had these people to do household tasks • They were not apprentices, however, they could become one
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Domestic Service
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• 1500-1650 • A period where there was a fall in real wages and rapid inflation • Caused by influx of bullion from the Americas, population growth, and monetary debasement • Created town gentry/middle class
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Price Revolution
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• Baltic port • Dominated grain and timber trade of northern Europe • Controlled commerce between Scandinavia and mainland
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Gdansk
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• A principle of orderliness that governed social relations • Created social classes, not necessarily by wealth! • Prevalent in all organizations of society i.e. guilds, government, among nobility
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Hierarchy
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• Determined social hierarchy • Conferred privileges and exacted responsibilities according to rank • Represented in actions, such as bowing and hat doffing, and clothing • Signified in titles
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Status
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• A description of the universe • God is at the top of the chain, inanimate objects are at the bottom • Everything has it's place • Reinforced nature of hierarchy
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Great Chain of Being
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• Describes society's interdependency • Head rules, arms protected, stomach nourished, feet labored • King—the head, Church—the soul, Nobles—the arms, Artisans—the hands, peasants—the feet
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Body Politic
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• In Venice, Italy • A book that distinguished the local elite from the ranks of ordinary citizens
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Book of Gold
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• The best land available, correlated with the wealthy. • Found in Germany. • Those on this land were tied to lord of estate • The ancient part of settlement
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Esch
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• Term used in France to refer to serfs. • French peasants that owned their land revolted against the title
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Villein
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• Widows, Orphans, and the Handicapped • Constituted for more than half the poor in the respected town or village. • Worthy of care from the community through the Church or through private alms givings.
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"Deserving Poor"
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• Men and women capable of working, but incapable of finding more than occasional labor • In England these poor were labeled vagrants and branded • Venetian and Dutch vagrants were gathered and forced to do galley service • Hungary sold into slavery
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Sturdy Beggars
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• Enclosing crop fields by fence or hedge • Kept parcel of land separate from strips of land that belonged to others. • Destroyed the farming traditions of villages • Point of resentment among peasants
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Enclosure
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• Arose in eastern England, peasant opposition to enclosure. • Crushed by well trained forces. • Rebellion was for reform
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Ket's Rebellion
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• Directed against secular and ecclesiastical lords. • Rebels attacked economic and religious abuse. • "Twelve Articles of the Peasants of Swabia" were the demands of the Peasants • Organized into large armies led by professional soldiers • 100,000 peasants slaughtered
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Peasants' War
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• The man's domain • The fields in rural areas • The streets in cities • The field work and taking things to market • Labor service to the lord
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Public Sphere
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Private dealings • A woman's domain while under the care of fathers, masters, or husbands • Household tasks and chores • A woman while stay in this sphere unless she is widowed, when in which she will assume head of the household
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Domestic Sphere
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Occurred in rural parishes • An annual walk around the village fields • Usually occurred before planting began • Led by the priest carrying any particular sacred object that the parish possessed • Followed by the village farmers and in some cases, anyone villager that was able to walk • The priest blessed the fields and prayed for beautiful crop, the farmers assessed the damage done to their fields, the community defined its space, the villagers shared identity
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Annual Perambulation
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took place in towns • might take place on saints' days in Catholic communities or on anniversaries of town liberties • the order of the march, the clothing worn, and the objects displayed the strict hierarchies of the town's organization • Order of this event: governors, guild members (organized by importance of guild and then internally organized by status) • in some towns, wives of citizens marched • ended with feasting and dancing
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Processions
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a ceremony that preceded Lent • a frenzied round of feasts and parties • this resulted in a disproportionate amount of births nine months after • important in creating a shared sense of identity within the community
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Carnival
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celebration of the rebirth of Spring • full of sexual-play among the young adults of the community • boys went "a-Maying" which was placing flowers at the homes of marriageable girls • a Queen of May was elected • dancing and sexual relations took place
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Rites of May
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Occurred when a man or a woman cheated on their spouse, or a man didn't force obedience from his wife. • A man rode backwards on a donkey, to symbolize the misrule in his family • ________ was the English term, other countries used different terms (charivaris in France)
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Skimmingtons
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• Black magic • Utilized beliefs in the presence of spiritual forces in nature • These women were believed to have special power that united them with the devil • Old women usually persecuted "inappropriate and dangerous levels of literacy"
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Witchcraft
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Greatest architect of 14th century
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Peter Parler 1330-1339
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hired Parler for the creation of the Bohemian capital
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Emperor Charless VI 1347-1378
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edict of Emperor Charles VI in 1356--recognizing that German Princes and Kings were autonomous rulers
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Golden Bull
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1337-1452 series of military engagements between England and France--over territorial and dynastic rivalries
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Hundred Years War
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claimed "King" of France in 1340
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Edward III
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cousin of the King, ruled through 16th Century
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Phillip VI
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-large wool industry -England--major supplier -Flanders want major independence from french control
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Flemish Cloth
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ideal of kinghthood, most notably fighting that spread from Northeaster France across Europe in high middle ages
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Chivalry
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more penetrating than the crossbow---shoot from further distances
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Long - Bow
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last significant English victory
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Agincourt
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theives
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Pillage and Plunder
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got Joan of Arc
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Charles VII 1422-1461
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illiterate, but deeply religious girl, helped save her country -- burned at the stake
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Joan Of Arc 1412-1431
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French had this new tool to defeat the English
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Gunpowder
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struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII
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War of Roses
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dynasty founded by Henry VII; includes some of England's most influential monarchs
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Tudors
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commonly referred to on posters--naked,rotting corpses dancing in front of the living
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Dance With Death
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self inflicted pain--believed that if this was done you wouldnt get the black death
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Flagellants
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wrote the Decameron-- which was very graphic
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Giovanni Boccacio 1313-1375
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the plague brought higher wages, and more food because everyone else was gone !
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The Plague Of Insurrection
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Revolt from the peasants-named after Jacques Bonnehomme - archetypal French peasant
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The Jacquerie 1358
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wealthy parisan cloth merchant--led uprising of parisan merchants--they wanted control of royal finances
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Etienne Marcel 1316-1358
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1381. English peasant revolt protesting the attempted passage of a flat tax by Richard II. Led by Wat Tylar and John Bell. The tax is eventually repealed, though many peasants are arrested (most are pardoned).
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English Peasant Revolt
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Florence 1378 wool workers in Florence's most prominent industry who revolted in 1378, some rights won but were taken back by 1392
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Ciompi
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commercial and political alliance of Northern German towns established in late 14th C to monopoly grain and fish trade
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Hanseatic League
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dealing with the even growling poverty #1 public space
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`Addressing Poverty and Crime
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religious organizations of lay people and clergy who ministered the sick and poor
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confraternities
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all purpose religious instituitions providiing lodging for : pilgrims, elderly and ill
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Hospitals
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used for black death patients, to be isolated
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Pest Houses
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unlawful premeditated killing of a human being by a human being
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Execution
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hired to publicly execute "kill"a person or persons
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Executioners
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pope who said that the king, Philip IV of France, must obey the pope; imprisoned by the king, but rescued
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Pope Boniface VII
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Document written by Pope Boniface that states ultimate authority over the church and people's salvation
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Unam Sanctum
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The period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome--Popes made their income higher
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Avignon Papacy
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Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.--get out of hell free card
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Indulgences
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A period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office
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Great Schism
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idea that council could end the Schism--both Popes denied it
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Conciliarism
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In 1408, a council with bishops representing both popes met and elected a new pope, deposing both of the popes they represented. Neither former pope, however, would accept this new rival. Thus, the problem was not solved.
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Council Of Pisa
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goal: not only end schism but reform the church to prevent a recurence--elect Sigismund 1410-1437
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Council Of Constance
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a book that was published, made the "witch crave" happen
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Witch Hammer
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group of instituitions with justice system with justice system- aimed to fight against heretics
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Inquisition
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book of spiritual direction- still widely read after the bible
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Imition Of Christ
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oxford theologian, -A priest and professor at Oxford. -He challenged a number of church practices and tried to reform the priesthood because it was corrupt. -Argued that indulgences were useless and attacked the church for its wealth and luxury. -He had the protection of the King.
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John Wycliffe 1330-1384
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followers of John Wycliffe
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Lollards
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leading proponet of Wycliffes teachings in Prague
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Jan Hus 1373-1415
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dedicated Spiritual Francaism of radical poverty-led to his excommunication by Pope John XXII
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William of Ockham 1300-1349
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(philosophy) the doctrine that the various objects labeled by the same term have nothing in common but their name
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Nominalism
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LIterature not in Latin, used to make statements. Authors became critical of society and its values, and used their vernacular writing to express this.
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Vernacular Literature
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an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)
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Dante Alighieri
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-Father of humanism -celebrated ancient Rome -Classical & Christian values intermingled in his work -Teacher and friend of Giovanni Boccaccio
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Francisco Petrarch 1304-1374
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view of the whole Christian universe from Dante's day
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The Divine Comedy
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"Father of English Poetry" -Iambic Pantameter, rhymed couplet -Wrote in vernacular (Middle English) Expert in characterization and Satire
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Geoffrey Chaucer 1343 -1400
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Re-birth
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Renaissance
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dominant city in the region of Tuscany -banking -cloth/textile
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Florence
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He used light and dark imagery to illustrate different feelings and emotions
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Masaccio
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-Greek Mythology -
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Boticelli
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translated classical styles into more naturalistic forms ( flowing robes )
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Donatello
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challenged the principal of gothic architecture -- dome
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Brunelleschi
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master at everything -artist -scientist -sculptor -engineer -inventor :Last Supper 1498 :Mona Lisa 1503
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Leonardo Da Vinci
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sculpted David in 1504 -painted the systine chapel *wanted to be known for sculpting
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Michaelangelo
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unity in his paintings -portraits
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Francesca
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Madonnas -art is known for visual achievements
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Raphael
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scholar, writer, artist 1404-1472
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Alberti
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technique applying principles of geometry to create the illusion of depth and dimension
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Linear Perspective
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the doctrine that people's duty is to promote human welfare
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Humanism
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1. First to use the term "humanism" 2. Among the most important of the civic humanists 3. Served as a chancellor in Florence 4. Wrote a history of Florence, perhaps the first modern history, and wrote a narrative using primary source documents and the division of historical periods
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Leonardo Bruni
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the art of language -rhetoric -expression
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Philology
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very influential humanist
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Lorenzo Valla
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humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society
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Civic Humanism
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Italian architect and painter
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Leon Battista Alberti
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writer- The Cartier- etiquette book describing the perfect servant
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Baldesar Castiglione
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foundation for realistic 16th century -NO renaissance work has been more crucial
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Niccoio Machiavelli
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vivid prose "men must be pampered or crushed"
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The Prince
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the contrasting of light and darkness
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Chiaroseuro
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shading
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Sfumato
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self-governing political units centered upon an urban area
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City State
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powerful family--, an important family of bankers in Florence, Italy who controlled Florence and used their wealth to support artists and scientists.and hire popes
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Medicis
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established 2 blanced alliances -Florence and Milan -Venice and Naples *didnt bring peace
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Peace of Lodi
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conquered constantinople and athens and threatened rome
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Mehmed II
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started when Naples, Florence and Papal States united against Milan
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The Wars of Italy
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- Hybrid Ships -Chinese, Europeans, and Chinese had them -ideal for ocean travel- can travel with whatever wind
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Caravels
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sent voyages to africa -had cartographers, ship builders, sailors, and scientists with him on board - accumulated detailed accounts of voyages
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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portugese navigator *cape of good hope -hit the tip of Africa and went back
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Bartolomeau Dias
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rounded the "cape of good hope" -sailors died of scurvy, mal-nutrition -journey took 2 years -spices he brought back were worth $$
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Vasco de Gama
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muslims and portugese wanted Africans -sold them for money -used for work
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Slave Trade
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portugese general -conquered ports in middle east -get and protect ships
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Alfonso de Albuquerque
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sailed the ocean blue in 1492 -discovered new world -wanted to do it for portugal, they didnt want him to -so he went to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain - Landed in bahamas - Nina Pinta Santa Monica - his ships
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Christopher Columbus
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New World
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Mundus Novos
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confirmed portugals right to eastern route to indies-- and any undiscovered land east of imaginary line west of cape verde - pope alexander VI set a line of demarcation dividing non-euro world into 2 zones
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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crossed land passage in panama ---first euro to see pacific ocean
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Vasco Nunez De Balboa
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set off in 1519 ---fought mutiny,storms and tropical heat ------goal:to reach spice lands by sailing westward
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Ferdinand Magellan
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when english explorers met the native americans---exchanged knowledge, disease (syphilis) and ideas
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Columbian Exchange
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conquerer--looked for gold ----convert natives to christianity -------gain measure to profit from venture ---------------brought syphilis to europe -------------------conquered aztecs-killed many of them
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Hernando Cortes
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"conquerers" spanish adventures
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Conquistadores
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wiped out peruvians --1531 conquered peruvian empire
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Francisco Pizarro
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motives for European explorers --Gold-spices ----God-missionary to convert other>catholic -------Glory-discover new world
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GOD GLORY GOLD
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ones of the greatest work of portugese literature
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Lusiads
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championed the cause of the native inhabitants at the court of the spanish kings
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Bartolone De Las Lasas
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Spice Islands
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Indonesia
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navigation tool to determine their latitude at sea
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Astrolobe-
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Deeply religious girl. Came to Charles VII and claimed to have heard the voices of saints ordering her to save Orleans. Fought in the Hundred Years War and helped the French. Captured by the English. Burned as a heretic.
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Joan of Arc
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English aristocratic families (with their armies) fighting other families for control. Lancaster vs York. Henry Tudor wins (Henry VII). Tudor dynasty begins in England.
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Wars of the Roses
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Large, powerful kingdom with territory throughout central Europe Spanned from the North and Baltic Seas to the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas and from Bohemia to Burgundy Emperor Charles IV (1355-1378) Occupied almost entirely by Germanic people Decentralized
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Holy Roman Empire
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• Passed the Golden Bull • Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire • Turned Prague into a cultural center • Fostered a literary and artistic Renaissance • Gave up political power as Emperor
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Emperor Charles IV
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• Edict passed by Emperor Charles IV • Holy Roman Emperor chosen by seven great princes of the empire without consultation with the pope • Reduced power of emperor
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Golden Bull
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• Virulent combination of pneumonia, bubonic plague, septicemia • Killed a third to one half of European population • Loss of social and moral codes • Created a labor surplus • Infrastructure fell apart as farming, manufacturing went dormant
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Black Death/ Plague
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• Labor surplus led to higher wages for peasants • Nobles, aristocracy did not want to pay more, demanded pre-plague wages • Local nobles, French king increase taxes, local demands • Peasants revolt, not chivalric in nature • Anticlerical (attacked church structure) • Ended by completed dissection of French Army
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Jacquerie
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• Wealthy Parisian cloth merchant • Angered with the French aristocracy, elite • Wanted to control French finances and fiscal reforms • Followers included merchants, guild elite, and peasants • Ended by complete force of the French Army
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Etienne Marcel
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Monopolized northern grain trade along Baltic Coast League had rights to export Scandinavian fish throughout Europe Influx of Baltic Grain sent Europe into a 200+ year depression
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Hanseatic League
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• Clement V (1305-1314) moved papacy to Avignon in 1305 from Rome • Under French control • Home of papacy from 1305-1377 • Papacy concentrated on legal and fiscal reforms • Led to Great Schism
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Avignon
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• Pope transfers positive balance to sinners in return for pious acts including contributing money to church • Could be purchased for ones own use or to assist souls of family members in purgatory • Major source of church's revenue
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Indulgences
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• Second source of major revenue, especially for Papal income • B/c Popes could appoint bishops/other leaders they would also collect taxes for such appointments • Benefices are Church offices • Encouraged pluralism: individuals could acquire many benefices
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benefices
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• 1377: Pope Gregory XI returned papacy to Rome; died immediately after • Italians surrounded church demanding Italian Pope • Cardinals elected Urban VI who insulted all Italian Cardinals; Cardinals claim election null-and-void, elect Clement VII who takes up residence at Avignon • Church has two Popes • Great Schism created many questions: "Where do taxes go, where do appointments come from?" • Divided Europe
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Great Schism
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• Idea that a church council could end schism • Popes disliked b/c it suggested that an assembly of the Church had more power than the Pope • At first worsened situation, electing a third Pope
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Conciliarism
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• Held from 1414 to 1418 • Under Emperor-Elect Sigismund, cardinals, bishops, abbots, and theologians from across Europe met to resolve the Great Schism • Idea that Popes power could be controlled through frequent councils • Ends multiplicity of Papal office • Elected the impartial Pope, Martin V, ends schism
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Council of Constance
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• Handbook for hunting witches, including procedures to induce their confessions • Written by Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger • Natural disasters such as plague and human disasters promoted fear of witchcraft, "witches" were blamed for troubles • Accused witches were most commonly women on the margins of society • Started witch hunting craze
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Witches Hammer
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• 1330-1384 • Unorthodox Christian who questioned the church's right to wealth • Said that the value of ideals depended on the worthiness of the priest • Protected by secular lords and followers in England • Held ideas such as that Christ was present in Eucharist only in spirit, indulgences were useless and predestination was more important individual merit
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John Wycliffe
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• Followers of John Wycliffe • Weren't suppressed until Henry V took power • Support made Wycliffe popular and protected him from persecution
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Lollards
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• Leading teacher of Wycliffe's ideas in Prague, rejected his ideas about priests • Demanded reform of church's morals • Led attack on German dominance in Bohemia • Followers were called "Hussites" • Excommunicated by Pope John XXIII • Burned at the stake for heresy by the Council of Constance • His execution caused revolt in Bohemia • Martin Luther a follower
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Jan Hus
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• Defended radical poverty- was excommunicated by Pope John XXIII • Said that church couldn't be based on logic, must be believed • Nominalism—denied reason could lead to truth • Believed that the church shouldn't have a role in the government • Denied absolute authority of the pope • Church should have elected officials • Defended radical poverty
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William of Ockham
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• Doctrine of William of Ockham • Stated that reason could not lead to truth • Focused on names given to things rather than reality • Belief that philosophical speculation was essentially logical, linguistic exercise, not a way to certain knowledge
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Nominalism
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• An Italian poet • Wrote The Divine Comedy—a poem • About hell, purgatory, and heaven • Reflected his views on politics through his poetry • Advanced writer for his time • Made Italian a literary language
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Dante Alighieri
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• A poem by Dante Alighieri • Divided into three parts—journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven • Summary of good and bad in politics and culture in medieval times • View of the whole Christian universe • Written in the last years of Dante's life
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The Divine Comedy
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• An English author and poet • His work weaved together a spectrum of late medieval literature and life • His most famous work is Canterbury Tales • Greatest English author before Shakespeare
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Geoffrey Chaucer
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• Written by Geoffrey Chaucer • Involved characters from every spectrum of medieval society and every walk of life • Drawn from folklore, Italian literature, lives of Saints, courtly romance, and religious sermons • Used characters to comment on social, religious, and political life during the later Middle Ages
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The Canterbury Tales
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• First woman to make a living writing • Wrote conventional love poems and autobiographical poems • Wrote Hymn to Joan of Arc • Fought against medieval stereotypes of women • Opened up new possibilities for women • Brought dignity to women, strived for justice and for peace in France
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Christine de Pisan
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• Three main causes were the fight over Gascony, Flemish- cloth town revolts, and the dispute over the heir to the French throne. • Underlying cause is chivalry • English successes early on due to a more tactical leader (Edward III) • Salvation of France comes with Joan of Arc and gunpowder • Resulted in the English War of the Roses, higher taxes, and Italian banks bankrupted
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Hundred Years War
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• Rebirth of thinking and renewed fascination of the Classical world • Emphasis on humanity • An era of rapid transitions • Three distinct phases (1350 - 1550) - First: decline in population, uncovering of classical texts, experimentation with art forms. - Second: artistic and literary achievements. - Third: invasion from France and Spain transformed Italian political life, ideas from Italian writers and artists spread across Europe
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Renaissance
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• Father of humanism • Italian poet • Denounced the Babylonian captivity of the papacy • Considered church leaders as poor examples, saw them as materialistic • Among the first to differentiate the new age of the Renaissance • "Christ is my God; Cicero is the prince of the language I use."
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Petrarch
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• Architect and engineer • One of the three Florentine Renaissance masters • Recombined basic elements of Gothic architecture with classical structures, based designs on geometric principles • First Renaissance artist to understand and make use of perspective • Greatest work was the dome on the Cathedral in Florence
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Brunelleschi
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• Florentine master, interested in nude artwork • Revived the freestanding and equestrian statues • Translated classical styles into naturalistic forms • Use of linear perspective • Well-known for his bronze statue of David
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Donatello
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• Florentine master, extremely influential paintings • Used inspiration of the Ancients to emphasize nature and perspective • Famous frescoes and was praised for his naturalism • Best known works: - The Expulsion of Adam and Eve(1425) - The Holy Trinity
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Massaccio
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• Scholar, artist, architect, mathematician, poet, playwright, musician and inventor • Wrote "On Architecture", and "4 Books on the Family". • "4 Books on the Family" about raising children, choosing wives, and managing domestic affairs • Employed by the Papal Court • Showed classical form can be applied to traditional spaces
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Leon Batista Alberti
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• Florentine painter • Mythologies depart from naturalism of the time • Painted Birth of Venus and Goddess of Love • Paintings concerned beauty and personality
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Sandro Botticelli
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• Italian Renaissance artist and mathematician • First to challenge Donatello • Trained in the tradition of Masaccio • Focused on visual unity in his paintings • Concentrated on technical aspects of composition • Well-known for his fresco The Resurrection (1463)
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Piero della Francesca
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• The epitome of the Renaissance Man • Image of Renaissance • Detailed anatomical drawings, engineered inventions, painted using science and math • Well-known for his works Mona Lisa(1503 - 1506), The Last Supper and La Gioconda • Recorded detailed anatomical drawings of body
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Leonardo da Vinci
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• Paintings and sculptures used classical style • Very popular in Rome • Well-known for his work on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the dome of St. Peter, Creation of Man, his sculpture of David, and the Pieta • He claimed to have imbibed his love of sculpture from the milk of his wet nurse, who was the wife of a stonecutter
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Michelangelo
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• Head of Medici Family • Diplomat • Held strong humanist values • Grandson of Cosimo de Medici • Spread artistic creativity in Florence
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Lorenzo de' Medici
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• First popularized in Renaissance Italy • Secular in outlook, but not anti-religious • Focused on philology and rhetoric • Reacted strongly against scholasticism • Celebrated worldly achievements • Civic humanists saw their studies as a means of improving themselves and their societies • Christian humanists applied their techniques to the study of the authorities and texts of the church
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humanism
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• Renaissance author • Influenced by Plato • Oration on the Dignity of Man • Believed that people determined their own fate
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Pico della Mirandola
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• Influential humanist, studied in Philology • Incorporated humanism and liberal arts into politics • Proved that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery through application of philology and therefore proved all papal claims based upon it were without merit
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Lorenzo Valla
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• Leader of the humanist movement after Petrarch • Stressed the importance of the works of Cicero, Plato, and Aristotle • Considered greatest Greek scholar of his day
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Leonardo Bruni
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• The study of words, their meaning, and their grammatical structure • A leading concern of humanists • Lorenzo Valla
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Philology
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• 1478-1529 • Wrote "The Courtier" in 1516 • Prominent author during the Renaissance
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Baldesar Castiglione
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• Wrote "The Prince" and "Discourses on Livy, published after his death • Father of modern political theory
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Niccolo Machiavelli
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• An etiquette book for aristocratic men • Published in 1516 • Written by Baldesar Castiglione
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The Courtier
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• Written by Niccolo Machiavelli • Advice to monarchs on how to use and maintain their power over the people • Not published until 1532
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The Prince
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• One of the five city-state powers of Italy • Hereditary monarchy • Peace was not established until 1443, by Alfonoso I of Aragon after continuous civil war
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Naples
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• City-state in Renaissance Italy • Major concern was preventing foreign invasion • Northern Italy • Economy was oriented toward Switzerland and Germany
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Milan
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• Center of Renaissance culture • One of the wealthiest cities in Europe • Northern Italy • 15th Century was ruled by the Medici banking family • Economy based on wool
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Florence
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• Water was source of prosperity (trade) • Located on head of Adriatic sea (Northwest) • Was ruled by the hereditary elite and the Doge
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Venice
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• Capital was Rome • Only city-state governed by a hereditary monarchy • Pope did not rule, only resided there • Alphonso I of Aragon gained throne, peace was restored
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Papal States
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• Ruler of Venice • Title, not name • Was the elected chief of the magistrate
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doge
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• 1401-1456 • Great military leader in Renaissance Italy • Seized power in Milan and became the Duke
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Francesco Sforza
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• Name given to the leaders of the mercenary groups in Renaissance Italy. • Mostly used in the wars against the Italian city-states. • Sold services to the highest bidder. • Dangerous, even to their allies. • Often deserted their allies and drove them to bankruptcy.
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Condottieri
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• 1454 • Established 2 balanced alliances of the city-states 1. Florence and Milan 2. Venice and Naples • Was unsuccessful in bringing about lasting peace • The states and the papacy pledged mutual non-aggression which lasted for only 40 years. • The large states continued to overtake the smaller cities and creating a quasi-empires.
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Peace of Lodi
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• Means "rule by the few" • A government ruled by an elite few. • Example: ethnos was governed by an elite (oligarchy) • Made up of major land owners • Wealthier citizens governed
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Oligarchy
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• Italian "lordship" in Italian city-states • Ruling council in Florence's republican form of government • Followers among the artisans to maintain eligibility of voters. • Emergency powers established to reduce number of citizens qualified to vote for the Signoria.
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Signoria
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• Ruled in Florence • Patriarch of the Medici family banking company • Established a form of loose rule over the city • Secured a century long dynasty • Able to gain controlling influence on Signoria • Sought to make peace between Naples & Florence • One of the richest men in Christendom- 1434 • Practical- taught children humanistic principles • Funded Palazzo Medici • Grandfather of Lorenzo de' Medici
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Cosimo de' Medici
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• Known as "The Conqueror" • One of the greatest military geniuses in history • Consolidated expansions of the Ottoman Empire in Asia minor • Organized the siege of Constantinople • Ottoman sultan at age of 19
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Mehmed II
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• Series of wars that uprooted Italian hegemony • Began as Naples, Florence, and the Papal States against Milan • Milan called for help- the French and the Swiss • In retaliation, Venice and the Papal states called for Spain (Aragon) and the Holy Roman Empire • Foreign powers fighting for dynastic supremacy • Ended in destruction of the Italian peninsula • Sack of Rome (1527)- German mercenaries • Italian unification delayed and Italian culture became background in European development
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Wars of Italy
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• The center of power, wealth, and culture in the Christian world during the beginning of the 15th century • Dotted the Italian peninsula • Differed in size, shape, and form • Milan • Florence • Venice • Naples • the Papal States
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City-states
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• Portuguese • Attempted to establish southern bases • Helped capture North African port of Ceuta from the Muslims (1450) • Wanted to make contact with Africans and find an alternative route to India and the far east around Africa • Opened trade in ivory, gold & slaves
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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• Portuguese explorer • Cavalier of the Royal Court • Rounded the Southern tip of Africa and opened the eastern African shores to Portuguese traders • First to pass the Cape of Good Hope
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Bartolomeu Dias
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• Portuguese explorer • Rounded the Cape of Good Hope and took the first Portuguese fleet across the Indian Ocean • Returned to Lisbon with valuable spices of the east after a two year journey
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Vasco de Gama
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• Portuguese • Understood the need for strategically placed garrisons (place of residence and armory for the soldiers) • Conquered vital parts of Middle East and India
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Alfonso de Albuquerque
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• Italian • Was funded by Isabella de Castile • Landed in the Americas (October 12, 1492) • Landed with the ships the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa MarÃa • Originally sailed to find a water route to Asia • Returned from his expedition with gold, encouraging future exploration
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Christopher Columbus
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• First to circumnavigate the globe • Died when he undertook a position in a Filipino war • The crew continued on a 90 day crossing of the Pacific and completed the journey without him
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Ferdinand Magellan
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• Crossed the land passage of Panama • First European to see the Pacific Ocean (it's name comes from the Spanish word "pacifica", which means peaceful • Refueled Spanish ambitions to find a passage to the Indies via the Pacific Ocean
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Vasco Nunez de Balboa
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• Colonized New World in three main interests of the Crown, gold, new land and convert natives to Christianity • Was mistaken for Quetzalcoatl by the Aztecs due to his light skin and beard • 1521, Conquered Aztecs • 1522, conquers area as large as Spain
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Hernando Cortes
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• 1531 • Conquered Incas in Peru. • Vastly expanded the territory under the Spanish control. • Major profit from gold and silver mines went to Spain. • The gold and silver discoveries helped fund the Spanish dynastic ambitions in Europe.
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Francisco Pizarro
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• Largest European political unit. • Heir to ancient state of Russia through conquest, alliance and good fortune. • Its military successes were almost unbroken. • Land once gained was never lost. • Famous rulers o Ivan III o Ivan IV o Michael Romanov
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Muscovy
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• Had no competitors for his throne which helped administer new Muscovite territories. • Expands Muscovy North and West. • Military successes almost unbroken. • Wars waged to secure agricultural territory. • Facilitates phenomenal growth. • Extended the privileges of his nobility and organized a military class that received land as a reward for fidelity.
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Ivan III, the Great
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• Defeated Mongols • Greatest ambition was to gain a portion of the Baltic Sea to establish a northern outlet for commerce. • Military campaigns in north weaken southern border. • 1571- Crimean Tatars burn Moscow. • Severe distrust of the boyars which leads to Time of Troubles which led to several thousand families to be massacred.
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Ivan IV, the Terrible
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• One of three Muscovite society groups. • Hereditary nobility. • Powerful landlords of great estates. • Inherited lands did not benefit from expansion or conquest. • Obtained influence and government posts through their military support of princes. • Occupied the highest state offices through a council advised the prince. • Used as legislative advisers and in Ivan IV parliamentary council.
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boyars
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• Chosen tsar by assembly of landlords • Comes to power during Russian Time of Troubles • Time of Troubles was a crisis of legitimacy in the Russian crown around 1601 • Humiliating peace with Swedes in return for Swedish assistance against the Poles
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Michael Romanov
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• Kingdom spanned from the Baltic to Black Seas. • Crowns of Polish and Lithuanian Kingdoms in 14th Century. • Divided Teutonic Knight Territories. • The nobility developed strong local interest that increased over time.
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Poland- Lithuania
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• Royal dynasty originating from Lithuanian House of Gediminas dynasty that reigned in Central European countries between the 14th and 16th century • At close of 15th Century Jagiellon family rules Poland, Lithuania, Bohemia, and Hungary
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Jagiellon Dynasty
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• Began Tudor Dynasty at the end of the English War of the Roses • Married Elizabeth of York. • Extended power of Crown and restored order. • Financial problems limited domestic and international affairs. • Put an end to dynastic instability • Created a new peerage, new nobles indebted to Henry VII
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Henry VII Tudor
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• Set up administration departments (e.g. State, Revenue Keeping) • Chief minister of Henry VIII from 1532 to 1540 • Expanding power of Privy Court (King's executive body)
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Thomas Cromwell
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• Ruled France post Hundred Years Wars. • Expanded power of Crown. • Subdued nobility. • AKA "The Spider" • Took control of powerful fiefs: Brittany and Orleans
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Louis XI
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• A direct French tax which nobles were exempt. • Heavy burden on people in comparison to English tax counterpart.
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taille
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• A consumption tax on salt • Mostly throughout the Kingdom of France • Tax fell on all of the 3rd estate • No matter how poor a family was the tax had to be paid • Money used to raise army
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gabelle
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• Tax on various commodities such as meat and wine • Many complaints on the tax • French Monarchy established a broad base for taxation with a high degree of compliance before other European countries
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aide
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• Secretly exchanged wedding vows with Isabella of Castile • Marriage united France • Father was John II • Worked to forge Spanish states • Date:1479-1516
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Ferdinand of Aragon
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• Married Ferdinand of Aragon • Marriage united France • Worked to form Spanish states • Recovered land conquered by Moors
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Isabella of Castile
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• Created national identity for Spanish Christians • Date: circa 1480 • The re-capture and re-Christianization of the conquered territories. • Completed in 1492 • Expelled Jews from Spain • Collected Spanish settlers for an army
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reconquista
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• People who converted to Christianity • Became most powerful members of church and state • Was taken over by a tribunal church • Date: Late 14th Century
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converses
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• Emperor of Holy Roman Empire • Alliance With England • Victory over France at Pavia (1524) • Victory Seemingly made him the master of Europe • Alliance with France after the marriage of France to Charles' sister • Date: 1500s
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Emperor Charles V
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• King of France • Led troops against the Holy Roman Empire • Captured by Charles V • Alliance with England through the marriage of Charles's sister • Date: 1500s
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Francis I of France
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• Circa 1350 • Phillip VI (1328-1350) was the first king of France from Valois • Both the Kings of France and the Dukes of Burgundy share ancestry from the Valois Dynasty • Pitted against Habsburg Empire in the 16th century • Saved by Joan of Arc (1429)
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Valosi Dynasty
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• Claimed many lands (Germany, Spain, Hungary, Bohemia, Silesia, Moravia, Naples, Sardinia, and part of the Netherlands) • Fueded with Valois 1522-1544, ended with the treaty of Crespy (Rule of King Charles) • One of the most powerful empires in Europe
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Habsburg Empire
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• 1559 • Brought to close the sixty year conflict in 1559 • Henry II released from jail, celebrated treaty as victory • France and Spain declare bankruptcy
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Treaty of Cateau- Cambresis
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• Dominican Priest • Published Apologetic History of the Indies in 1550 • Highlighted complexity of native societies and their destruction.
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Bartolome de las Casas
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• Circa 1570's • Wrote Lusiad, one of the greatest Portugese literatures (1572) • Spoke of how New World had surpassed old World in conquest and exploration
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Luis de Camoes
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The after affects of Columbus' discovery of the New World • Exchange of ideas, people, microbes, plants, and animals between the New World and Europe • Cocoa beans, tomatoes, potatoes, horses, pigs, dogs, and cows
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Columbian Exchange
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• 1479-1516 • Effort to convert conquered Muslims and Jews to Christianity • 1492- Jews expelled from Spain • Led to religious unity and enhanced political centalization • Conversos- people who converted but still practiced their old religion in secret. • Tortured and killed heretics • King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella ruled during this time
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Spanish Inquistion
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• 1494 • Confirmed Portugals rights to eastern routes to the Indies and undiscovered lands east of Cape Verde islands • Entitled Portugal to Brazil • Spanish got land west of the line • Line drawn through South America by the Pope
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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• Invented process for printing with movable type • Published Bibles in 1450s • Made reading more available
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Johannes Gutenberg
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• A program of reform rather than philosophy • Powerful, intellectual movement • Revival of classic literature • Analyzed the Bible to understand Christ and the Apostles • Interested in education of women • Sir Thomas More and Desiderius Erasmus were major humanists • Scholasticism was a dominant way of teaching in universities and schools
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Christian Humanism
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• Dutch, Christian Humanist, religious reformer • The Praise of Folly (1509) • Published first Greek Edition of the New Testament. • Dedicated his life to "restoring the connection of the individual Christian to the textual basis of the Christian Doctrine." • His goal was to make the experiences of Christ the focus of Christianity again, rather than the traditions and superstitions.
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Desiderius Erasmus
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• London Lawyer and Scholar. • Christian humanist • Wrote Utopia, a book describing his vision of the perfect society • Devoted to traditional church • Statesman to Henry VIII, rejected Henry's break from Rome and the church, beheaded for treason
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Sir Thomas More
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• Bible that combined Greek, Latin, Hebrew and vernacular biblical texts • A team of scholars at University of Alcala worked for 15 years on it. • To find Latin they went to Greek and to find Greek they went to Hebrew.
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Polyglot Bible
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• Written by Erasmus along the lines of Thomas More's conversations. • One of the Best Sellers in publishing history in 1509. • Includes Satire.
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In Praise of Folly
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• A Dominican friar, hired to preach the benefits of indulgence. • Served as a competition to churches and other clergy. • Martin Luther went against him and stated that grace couldn't be bought.
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Johann Tetzel
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• Ruler of Saxony. • Collector of nearly 17,000 relics. • A prime example of religion during the time period; Relics and possessions were the way to eternal life. • Banned the sell of indulgences
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Frederick III the Wise
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• A German professor • Became a priest in 1507 • Attacked powerful patrons in Wittenberg • Made 95 Theses • Always felt guilty for his sins and was excommunicated from Pope Leo X • Believed the papacy was a human rather than divine intention. • sola fide, sola scriptura - by faith alone, Bible is authority and taken literally
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Martin Luther
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• Attacked indulgences and their sale • Written by Martin Luther • Basis of Protestantism
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95 Theses
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• Martin Luther's Spiritual philosophy that justification came by faith alone • Sin could not be washed away by penance
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sola fide
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• Martin Luther's philosophy that God's mercy came through the knowledge and contemplation of the word of God. • All that was needed to understand God's justice is in the Bible
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sola scriptura
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• Reformed religion in the town of Zurich • 1519- Stricken by Plague o In his struggle he came to a personal realization of the power of God's mercy • Reformed Theology, Beliefs include: o Church had to recover purity o Equality of believers o Justification by faith alone
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Huldrych Zwingili
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• Switzerland • 1536 - John Calvin becomes Religious Reformer • 1559- Calvin establishes University of Geneva.
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Geneva
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• German town • 1517- Pope sells indulgences to rebuild St. Peters o Sales administered by Johann Tetzel, Prince Albert of Brandenburg • Martin Luther posted Ninety-five Theses on the door of the Wittenberg castle church which attacked the sale of indulgences
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Wittenberg
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• Institutes of a Christian Religion (1536) • Reformer of the Genevan Church - Calvinist Faith o Salvation from God's grace, predestined • Contributions to religious reform include: o Church structure o Discipline • Calvinism attracted Princes because of its independent structure (unlike Catholicism)
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John Calvin
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• A fundamental principle of Calvin's theology • Christians are destined to go to heaven or hell • Those destined to damnation were to be governed by those destined to salvation
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Predestination
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• Corrected abuses of the church o Sale of indulgences o Obligations of priests and bishops to preach to their congregations • Italian pope held upper hand at Council • Near total victory for Catholicism
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Council of Trent
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• 1509-1547 • Consolidated power in England • Second Tudor king • Confiscated the wealth of the church o Established Anglican Church to get a divorce • Head of the Church of England • Responsible for dividing up administration and reforming power
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Henry VIII
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• 1485-1536 • Henry VIII's first wife • Could not produce male heir • When they divorced, a great dispute came between the papacy and the crown
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Catherine of Aragon
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• 1507-1536 • Henry VIII's second wife o Reason for quick divorce from Catherine • Gave birth to daughter (Queen Elizabeth I) • Convicted of adultery • Beheaded in 1536
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Anne Boleyn
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• 1489-1556 • Archbishop of Canterbury o England's highest ecclesiastical officer • Practiced Lutheran reforms • Allowed the divorce of Henry and Catherine and let him marry a second time • Marked the start of a break with Rome • Executed by Mary I in later Reformation
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Thomas Cranmer
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• 1485-1540 • Chief Minister to Henry VIII • Divided administration by creating separate departments of state • Advised English parliament to make Henry VIII supreme head of the English church • Sponsored Lutheran reforms
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Thomas Cromwell
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• 1536 • Gentry and common people opposed the abolishment of the monasteries • Most serious threat to British Monarchy since the War of the Roses
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Pilgrimage of Grace
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• 1516-1558 • Child of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII • Reestablished Roman Catholicism • Forced many subjects into exile • Provoked two major revolts
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Mary Tudor
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• 1563 • Made Calvinism more demanding by exiles • Created the Calvinist Doctrine • Maintained traditional practices
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39 Articles
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• 1520s • Negative label for radical religious extremists • Part of radical reformation • Protestants that varied in belief but agreed on adult baptism • Spread to southern Bohemia and the eastern edges of the Holy Roman Empire • Greatly persecuted • Threatened the establishment of Orthodox Protestantism
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Anabaptists
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• 1520s • Anabaptists who settled in southern Bohemia were Moravian • Secured land for communities • Converted many nobles to their beliefs • Split on decision of pacifism when the Turkish armies began advancing on them • Survived and spread to Hungary and Poland
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Moravian Brethren
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• Early-to-Mid 1500s • Menno Simons (1496-1561) - organized followers known as the Mennonites • They were the Dutch Anabaptists • Evangelical protestant sect, noted for their simplicity in lifestyle and plain dress
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Mennonites
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• 1427 • Central text of the New Piety • Thought to be written by Thomas à Kempis (1397-1471) • One of the most influential works of the Later Middle Ages • Taught that Christian life should be lived according to Jesus' dictates as expressed in the Sermon on the Mount
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The Imitation of Christ
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• 1436-1517 • Organized the first new translation project of the 16th century (aka the Polyglot Bible) • Was a Cardinal, Arch Bishop of Toledo, and Primate of Spain • Undertook a reorganization of Spanish religious life in the late 15th century • Project took the sting out of Protestant attacks on clerical abuse
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Jimenez de Cisneros
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• 1495-1543 • Reforming bishop of Verona • Emphasized frugal life and the role of bishops as pastors • Helped the poor and homeless, and improved the opinion of the Church
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Gian Matteo Giberti
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• Early 1500s • Sought to follow the strictest rule of the life of St. Francis of Assisi • New orders received papal charters • Devotion to a spiritual life of sacrifice
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Catholic Devotionalism
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• 1515-1582 • Led the reform of the Carmelites • Entered a convent at a young age • Believed that women had to withdraw from the world to achieve true devotion • Founded convents and religious houses for women • Wrote The Way of Perfection (1583) • She had mystic visions
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Saint Teresa of Avila
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• Young unmarried girls, lives with their families • Met monthly • Began in Northern Italy (spread to France) • Devoted to teaching other women • Lived chaste lives
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Ursulines
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• He was a self taught religious reformer • Started out training for military (service of Castile) • Claims to have been called directly by Jesus • Wrote The spiritual Exercises • 1540- together with Pope Paul III he established the society of Jesus • Followers were Jesuits ("soldiers of God") • 1566- became full time administrator in Rome
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Ignatious of Loyola
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• Founded by Ignatious of Loyola and approved by Pope Paul III • Founded at a time when the spiritual needs of the church were being extended outside the confines of Europe • Called Jesuits "Soldiers of God" • Both military and religious
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Society of Jesus
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• Written by Ignatious of Loyola • Handbook for Catholic devotion
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The Spiritual Exercises
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• Disciple of Ignatious • Sent to Portugal for 10 years • Converted people to Catholicism in Portuguese port cities and in the East in India and Japan
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Francis Xavier
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• Movement influenced by Erasmus, Luther, and Zwingli • Originated among the Brethren of the Common Life in Germany • Emphasized personal religious practice • Influenced Christian Humanism • Based on The Imitation of Christ 1427
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New Piety
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• Originally involved with funding crusades • Church bastardized the idea to sales of good deeds • No mention in spiritual texts • Spiritual bank account
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Indulgences
Ancient Rome
AP European History
Hans Holbein The Younger
History of Europe
Pieter Bruegel The Elder
The Fall Of Rome
World History
World History: Medici- program 1 – Flashcards 22 terms

Stephen Sanchez
22 terms
Preview
World History: Medici- program 1 – Flashcards
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Manuscripts
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The item(s) that Cosimo de Medici and his friends search Europe for. Because of this search, the Renaissance begins.
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Heresy
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A word that means believing anything other than what the church preached. People could be excommunicated from the Church if found guilty of this crime.
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Brunelleschi
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An architect and engineer who built the dome of the Florence Cathedral
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Columns
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These were used as supports for the Florence Cathedral dome. Because they haven't been used in 1000 years it created a revolution in architecture.
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Arches
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These were used to make the dome, and haven't been used since the fall of Rome. Florentines who came to watch the dome's construction were surprised that he ordered these.
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Concrete
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A building material whose recipe was lost. Brunelleschi had examined the dome of the Roman Pantheon, and unfortunately couldn't use the same technique because of the absence of this material.
question
Gears
answer
The part of pulleys that Brunelleschi altered so that the oxen could pull the 1700 pound sandstone beams 250 feet into the air and return them to the ground without changing direction.
question
Bricks
answer
Brunelleschi personally set some of these into place on his dome because his workers were afraid the technique would fail and they would die.
question
Power and Prestige
answer
The Medici family gained this because of Cosimo's patronage of Brunelleschi.
question
Albizzi
answer
A banking family who resented the power of Medici and had him arrested for treason against Florence.
question
Brunelleschi
answer
The man who was also jailed because of Cosimo's arrest.
question
Bribing
answer
Cosimo escaped from the tower that was his prison by doing this to the guards.
question
Pope
answer
Cosimo returned to Florence after the Albizzi family's control over Florence ended, and the Medici banks became the most important banks in Europe because they collected money for this person.
question
John XXIII
answer
The pope previously known as Baldesari Cossa. Cosimo's patronage of Cossa paid off when Cossa became pope.
question
Patronage
answer
Marcello Fantoni said: "[blank] is great for the production of art but totally irrational from an economic view. [blank] is a political strategy...high political competition..." (the two blanks are the same word)
question
Republic
answer
The type of government in Florence. Florence is the only country in Europe to have this type, but it was often corrupt.
question
Artists
answer
70% of all Renaissance [blank] lived and worked in Florence.
question
Perspective
answer
An invention created by Brunelleschi that changed the way we see, and made a new, modern way of looking at the world.
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Donatello
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The sculptor who made the bronze statue of David, which was the first free-standing sculpture since ancient Rome.
question
General Council
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This group was organized after the dome was completed. It brought people from all over the world to Florence, including scholars who knew Greek and could translate the ancient Greek texts that Cosimo and his friends had been searching for.
question
Il Duomo
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The name of Brunelleschi's dome.
question
Pater Patriae
answer
The name given to Cosimo de Medici when he died in 1464, it means 'the father of the fatherland'.
Adam And Eve
AP Art History
Art History
Hans Holbein The Younger
Painting
Pieter Bruegel The Elder
Medieval Art Questions – Flashcards 20 terms

Mary Moore
20 terms
Preview
Medieval Art Questions – Flashcards
question
Who painted the Merode Altarpiece ?
answer
Robert Campin
question
What is the Merode Altarpiece used for?
answer
Household prayer
question
What were the most distinctive products of the Hiberno-Saxon monasteries?
answer
Illuminated Christian books
question
What are the Christian art of early Medieval Britain & Ireland known as?
answer
Hiberno-Saxon or Insular art.
question
What are the medieval books made on vellum or parchment in monasteries known as?
answer
Scriptorium
question
Why were pre-Christian traders and pirates of Scandinavia known as Vikings?
answer
Named after viks—coves or harbors—of the Norwegian shoreline.
question
What was the most characteristic of the prestige adornments of the early medieval period that Romans wore?
answer
Fibula
question
What are full pages devoted neither to text nor to illustrations but to pure embellishment a characteristic of?
answer
Insular book illuminations?
question
What is the Merovingian looped fibula made up of?
answer
Silver gilt worked in filigree, with inlays of garnets and other stones.
question
What is the silver or gold wires fused together to create patchwork known as? It is used as the base.
answer
Filigree
question
What arrangement consists of a central figure with 2 symmetrical figures on both sides?
answer
Heraldic Arrangement
question
What is the technique popular in barbarian art in which semiprecious stones are separated by strips of flattened wire placed edgeways on a metal backing.
answer
Cloisonné
question
What is a bound book, made from sheets of paper or parchment?
answer
codex
question
Who were the 2 important figures that the Lindisfarne Gospels were made in honor of?
answer
God and Saint Cuthbert
question
What has ink, tempera, and gold leaf on vellum?
answer
Illuminated manuscripts
question
What previous styles of art influenced medieval European art?
answer
Classical, early Christian and Barbarian concepts
question
In what ways did medieval European art and architecture depart from classical Roman art and architecture?
answer
The emphasis on the church led craftsmen in monasteries created illuminated manuscripts. Also to show devotion to the church, monasteries and cathedrals were later made to be weightless with new technologies such as huge stained-glass windows, pointed vaults and arches and spires and flying buttresses.
question
What are the three major manuscript styles that developed in the Medieval Ages?
answer
Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic styles
question
What were the kind of encyclopedia that focused on the natural world called?
answer
Medieval Bestiaries
question
Where did the Merovingian kings rule and what did they wore?
answer
France and fibulas.
AP European History
AP World History
Hans Holbein The Younger
Modern World History
Santa Maria Del Fiore
World History
Medieval History – Flashcards 114 terms

Cindy Krause
114 terms
Preview
Medieval History – Flashcards
question
1861
answer
Italy United; before was a collection of regional principalities
question
Re Vittorio Emanuele II
answer
First King of Italy
question
Risorgimento
answer
Movement led by Garibaldi to unify Italy
question
Campanilismo
answer
civic pride, the italian having a stronger commitment to cities rather than country
question
1871
answer
Rome made capital of italy
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1946
answer
Italy becomes a democratic republic
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1994
answer
Mani pulite, cleansing of the government and destruction of parties such as demorazia cristiana
question
Giulio Andreotti
answer
main leader of Democrazia Cristiana; many terms as prime minister, helped to write the constitution
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Giuseppe Garibaldi
answer
unified italy; george washington
question
Aldo Moro
answer
prime ministers in 1970s; kidnapped held hostage and kill in 1978 by red brigades
question
Giovanni Falcone
answer
Italian Judge or prosecutor killed in tremendous fashion by the mafia; caused national uproar
question
Mani Pulite
answer
represented an end to the political parties through intensive investigations seeking to cleanse the government from corruption
question
Miracolo Italiano
answer
Period of tremendous Italian economic growth after World War II when Italy truly became a developed country thriving off of small businesss
question
Medio Evo
answer
476-1500
question
Lega Nord
answer
separatist political party
question
Umberto Bossi
answer
leader of Lega Nord
question
1943 - 1994
answer
period of time during which Democrazia Cristiana was the main political party in Italy
question
il rinascimento
answer
the renaissance or rebirth of classical (roman and greek) ideas and philosophies following the middle ages
question
476-1400s
answer
period of time generally referred to as medio evo - period in between classical civ. and the rebirth / looking back to classic
question
Alto Medio Evo
answer
476-1000 A.D.
question
Baso Medio Evo
answer
1000-1492 A.D.
question
Lombard Age
answer
7th and 8th century
question
Hercules
answer
Colle del Duomo is believed to have been dedicated to this god during ancient times
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Saint Lorenzo
answer
saint that the cathedral of viterbo is dedicated to
question
Pope that permannently moved to Viterbo in 1261
answer
Pope Urbano IV
question
Conclave
answer
when cardinals are locked into a room and not allowed out until they elect a new pope
question
Gregory X
answer
When Clement IV died in 1268 it took 33 months to elect the next pope...
question
French Gothic
answer
Artistic style of the duomo's loggia
question
Basilica
answer
artistic style that the cathedral was first built in
question
Cardinal Gambara
answer
named engraved on the Cathedral's facade; made relevant changes in BAROQUE style of his time
question
1944
answer
cathedral bombed
question
Cosmatesque
answer
artistic style of the cathedral's floor
question
Giovanni XXI
answer
only portuguese pope in history is buried in Viterbo's cathedral
question
773-774
answer
Charlemagne invades the kingdom of Italy/Lombardy and he crowns himself King of Italy
question
800
answer
Pope Leo II crowns Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor
question
846
answer
Arabs sack rome
question
962
answer
Otto I recieves political power from the pope in exchange for political protection
question
1024
answer
citizens of Pavia sack royal palace
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1072
answer
Normans capture Palermo and drive Arabs and Byzantines out of the south
question
Donation of Constantine
answer
created in the 8th century AD claims that Constantine gave the area of Rome to the pope before he died
question
9th century
answer
Arabs conquered Sicily
question
Ottonians
answer
events in northern italy in the second half nineteenth century were dominated by this family
question
The South and Sicily
answer
the area occupied by the Normans in XI century
question
Arab Kingdom
answer
other kingdom that the Arabs defeated and replaced
question
Virgil and Plini
answer
roman sources that mention the city of Surmo
question
Etymology of Moneta
answer
comes from Juno Moneta wife of Jupiter - at her temple was where money was coined and from there comes the word moneta for coin
question
Caetani
answer
family that pope bonifacio VIII gave sermonetum to
question
1265-1321
answer
Dante's life span
question
Guelfs and Ghibellines
answer
two factions that vied for control for florence;
question
Guelfs
answer
supported the Pope
question
Ghibellines
answer
those supporting the emperor.
question
Black Guelfs
answer
more extreme guelfs; sided more with pope; faction in florence
question
White Guelfs
answer
Dante; more moderate valued economics, politics etc.
question
Giovanni Boccaccio
answer
titled la comedia di dante "divina"
question
1250
answer
death of holy roman emperor Frederick II - decisive moment in papal imperial confrontation.
question
Manfred
answer
Kingdom of Sicily left to this illegitamite son of Frederick II, gradually succumbed to rebellion
question
Angevin House
answer
papal invitation of this family was the key to the destruction of Hohenstaufen power in southern italy
question
Who ruled sicily after the sicilian vespers
answer
Peter of Aragon and the Arogonese were invited by the Sicilian barons, time of Franco hispanic conflict
question
476 A.D.
answer
Odoacre deposes Romulus Agustus, sacks Rome and bring to an end the W.R.E.
question
1167 A.D.
answer
northern communi create Lombard League to protect themselves against Barbarossa
question
1250 A.D.
answer
Frederick II dies, ending the gold age of sicily and leading to intense turmoil over the area involving the Angevins and Aragonese
question
Frederick I
answer
barbarossa, 1167, recognized Viterbo as an independent city
question
Frederick II
answer
in 1250, attacked Viterbo cursed by Santa Rosa and then died because of it
question
Cardinal Albornoz
answer
in 14th century, constructed la Rocca Albornoz by Porta Fiorentina so that the popes could stay there on their way back to rome
question
1300
answer
dante imagines that he starts his journey in the afterworld
question
Jerusalem
answer
where Dante enters the afterworld
question
la lonza
answer
lust
question
il leone
answer
pride
question
la lupa
answer
greed
question
Virgil
answer
chosen as his guide because Virgil was a very much his literary inspiration
question
how the hohenstaufen ousted the Normans
answer
The Hohenstaufen had been ruling the north under Barbarossa until Henry Iv, Frederick I's son married Roger II daughter Castanza di ville thus linking the two dynasties together in 1197 their son Frederick II assume control of the whole peninsula at age 3. Following his death in 1250, the hohenstaufen started to decline.
question
Donatello and Brunelleschi
answer
the two key figures that Alberti Inspired in teh visual arts at the beginning of the XV century in Florence
question
Bruneleschi
answer
-important florentine architect and sculptor - designed many buildings around florence like the duomo, santa croce, and santo spirito -initiated the use of re- use of the ancient roman arches (rounded) instead of pointed gothic arches
question
Donatello
answer
- important florentine sculptor who create the bronze davide..considered one of the best artist of the time
question
Lorenzo dei Medici
answer
died in 1492 - florentine ruler patron or Maecanas of the arts - used arts for political power and protected and fostered many famous italian artists
question
Marsilio Ficino
answer
famous florentine thinker who translated all of platos works into latin, worked a lot in neoplatonism through lorenzo's funding and protection
question
Poliziano
answer
-italian scholar and writer -wrote le stanze -revived the use of italian vernacular language
question
Boticelli
answer
-famous florentine painter -painted Birth of Venus - pagan painting but supported the idea of female beauty which he did a lot of work with through his time
question
1302 - 1321
answer
Dante writes the inferno after being expelled from Florence
question
1348
answer
black death wipes out 1/4 of europes population; stunts the growth of the renaissance
question
1450
answer
Francesco Sforza takes over Milan from the Visconti family; 1447 - last Visconti dies, Milanese try to install a republic; proved unable to protect the city so in 1450 Francesco Sforza, a soldier, took over the city.
question
1453
answer
Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman empire. Effect: new threat = turks; Also, "Roman" thinkers that have studied the continuation of rome under the Eastern Roman Empire come back to Italy where they influence the renaissance
question
1454
answer
Peace of Lodi
question
Peace of Lodi
answer
1454, agreement of Northern city states to stop fighting/ trying to take over eachother - decide that no one is stronger than the others; but leave the Italian peninsula weaker and less united thus prone to foreign occupation
question
Veneto Turkish War
answer
-seen by other states as useful distraction for venitian aggression on other italian states -
question
1492
answer
Lorenzo dei Medici dies
question
1494
answer
Piero di Lorenzo dei Medici forced to flee from florence - under increased influence of franciscan friar Savonarola - decided the Medici had gained too much elitist power
question
Treaty of Granada
answer
1500 - splits the south into two, kingdom of two sicilies between France and Spain
question
League of Cambrai
answer
1508; joined by Ferrara, Mantua and Pope Julius II - pope that plotted to and almost accomplished the destruction of venice
question
Council of Seventy
answer
- group of political elite in the north
question
1512
answer
Medici restored in Florence by Spanish troops - ends the florence republic; Spanish and French played off the elites to gain support
question
1527
answer
Spanish sack of Rome
question
1530
answer
Charles V coronated by pope Clement VII in Bologna; Holy Roman emperor that spoke italian and to whom italy was important; conquest of Milan and ownership of Naples and Sicily; recognized integrity of small city state; tensions between city states gradually start to slow period of relative tranquility
question
1556
answer
Charles V retires and power taken by Philip II - king of spain; focused more on apsin didnt have imperial authority - still remained relatively peaceful however
question
1559
answer
Treaty Cateuo Cambresis - temporary ending of Franco-Habsburg conflict; ends threat of foreign intervention on the spanish peninsula
question
1571
answer
Battle of Lepento - lead by venetian fleet in Greece - beat Turks removes ottoman threat
question
Dante
answer
1265-1321 • 1302-1321 : after exiled from Florence wrote the inferno • middle figure between middle ages and renaissance: work centered around god yet also focuses on the important human qualities such as love and passion • made Florentine dialect the main Italian language
question
Giotto
answer
florentine painter; also a middle man; chapel of Pantova, painted the story of St. Francis at Assissi
question
Marsilo Ficino
answer
renaissance thinker under Lorenzo dei medici; translated all of plato to latin; neoplatonism - focus on earth at center of universe and on the study of human values and morals such as freedom of expression; translated into art
question
Poliziano
answer
Italian poet under lorenzo; wrote le stanze; revived the italian vernacular language; wrote plays that inspired the beginning of the opera
question
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
answer
Renaissance painter who tried to blend christianity with paganism; pope disaproved but protected by Lorenzo
question
Savonarolo
answer
Franciscan Friar whose preachings effect florentine politics after lorenzo's death in 1492; dominated florence scene
question
Donatello
answer
-renaissance sculptor under Lorenzo -one of the best of his time -sculpted bronze david and mastered dramatic expression
question
Filipo Bruneleschi
answer
-Florentine sculptor and architect under Lorenzo; changed from goth pointed archs to old roman rounded archs -
question
Leonardo DaVinci
answer
epitome of a "Renaissance Man"; did everything painter and scientist - autodidact; interest in science and math and inventions; painted Mona lisa and the Last Supper ; skill like no other in facial expression and composition 1481 - 1499 worked in Milan; outshone his contemporaries
question
Michelangelo
answer
rival of Da Vinci; sculptor and painter; Doni Tondo to rival leonardo's drawing of holy family; sculpted Pieta; Invited by Julius II to paint the ceiling of the Sistine chapel and to build Julius tomb- "Slaves" in which men are shown breaking out of their shackles - inspired by Ficino and neoplatonism
question
Raphael
answer
less serious painter; also hired by Julius II; range in power of expression; painted papal apartments; painted the virgin mary in all styels
question
Botticelli
answer
One of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance, developed a highly personal style. The Birth of Venus
question
Niccolo Machiavelli
answer
Italian renaissance man who wrote il principe - discusses his idea that a ruler must be ruthless to be successful; end product of cultivation of new italian political though during the end of the 15th century;
question
Francesco Guicciardini
answer
wrote history of florence and history of italy; machiavelli's contemporary; rational portrayal of events related to causes
question
Ludovico Ariosto
answer
wrote Orlando Furioso; long poem and new romance epic; concerned history of love, pains, disasters; combination of the epic with fuller representation of character and emotion
question
Baldassare
answer
wrote the Courtier; modern taste; more lifelike conversations between characters; idealization of lov e - ficino
question
Boccaccio
answer
1313-1375 Contemp. with Petrarch & also a Florentine. Best known for his Decameron - collection of witty & often bawdy tales told over period of ten days by a group of ten young people fleeing Florence because of plague. Was encouraged by Petrarch, studied ancient manuscripts & learned Greek for this. Considered an early humanist also.
question
Petrarch
answer
Italian poet; known for petrarchan sonnet- one of the three "fathers" of italian language...with dante and boccaccio
AP European History
Greeks And Romans
Hans Holbein The Younger
History of Europe
Northern Renaissance Artists
Pieter Bruegel The Elder
Northern Renaissance vs. Italian Renaissance Art – Flashcards 10 terms

Kate Moore
10 terms
Preview
Northern Renaissance vs. Italian Renaissance Art – Flashcards
question
Northern Renaissance Art
answer
Northern Artists, sculptors, and architects were influenced by daily life, portraits, religious scenes, and scenes of nature. They were surrounded by Gothic Cathedrals in France, Germany and England, which contributed to their style. Since no wealthy patrons who wanted grand paintings were sponsoring them, artists focused on daily life and ordinary people such as peasants. The wealthier asked for portraits. Northern Renaissance painters were especially focused on detail. They wanted to make their art look as realistic as possible. They were very concerned on how their paintings looked (Colors brush strokes, flat, neat, non-detectable brush strokes). They were sponsored by monasteries or universities. However, monarchs often sponsored the arts because they believed that cultural achievement could lead to national pride, which would help unite the people and strengthen the monarchy. However, in the north, artists were scattered about and there wasn't many of them. They had fewer centers of free trade than Italy. Northern Europeans were more focused on religious reform because they thought that the Roman church strayed too far from Christian values. Northern Europe became more rebellious about the church's authority and art became secular.
question
Genre Painting
answer
Northern Renaissance painters painted subjects of daily life. They painted common people like peasants doing everyday things. They usually focused on the lives of peasants unlike Italian Renaissance painters. The rich in Italy did not want paintings of peasants. Since they were patronizing artists, they wanted grander paintings worth their money. Northern painters had more freedom to paint what they wanted to.
question
Naturalism
answer
Northern Renaissance painters enjoyed painting nature or natural scenes as the focus. They painted animals, landscapes, and plants. They focused on extreme detail. They more detail they put in a painting, the better. Color was extremely important. The artist's goal was to make their paintings look as real as possible.
question
Gothic Architecture
answer
Northern architects were surrounded by Gothic Cathedrals in France, Germany, and England. Architecture in the northern countries maintained a Gothic influence throughout the renaissance-high ceilings, large windows, arches, etc.
question
Daily Life/Portraits

answer
Northern artists were sometimes paid to paint people and preserve what a person looked like. For the first time, people wanted portraits-showing the value individualism. This was mainly for the wealthier because peasants couldn't afford expensive portraits.
question
Italian Renaissance Art
answer
Italian painters, sculptors, and architects were mainly influenced by the Classics. There was a lot of Roman ruins in Italy which contributed to their architecture. Wealthy patrons sponsored the arts, so artists usually painted their values, like humanism. Wealthy patrons did not want paintings of ordinary people, but more of the extraordinary. The Italians made sure their paintings were symmetrical, balanced, proportional, had depth, and were idealistic. They were focused on humanism, religious scenes, and Classical mythology. The Italians were still very connected to the Catholic church because they were very close to the Pope. For this reason, there wasn't a lot of protestants in Italy. They believed that humanism led to more dignified and worthy people.
question
Humanism
answer
Italian Renaissance painters were usually paid by nobles or the rich. They wanted grand pictures that showed their wealth. Because wealthy patrons wanted glorious pictures, artists often recreated the ideals of the Classical Greeks and Romans. They glorified the human mind, body, life on earth, and education.
question
Classic Architecture
answer
Italian Renaissance architects were surrounded by Classical architecture ruins. They were inspired and buildings were created with the advancements of the Classics in mind. Houses were built with influence from Roman ruins, which was inspired by the Greeks.
question
Classic Mythology
answer
Italian Renaissance painters were inspired by the Classics. Paintings were often focused on glorifying humans, Greek, and Roman myths. These stories were recreated in paintings.
question
Perspective
answer
Italian Renaissance painters were inspired by the Classic's 3 main values in art. They wanted their sculptures and paintings to have balance, order, and perfection. The painters gave their paintings perspective-or a 3 dimensional feel. Instead of paintings looking flat, artists made sure to give a feeling of depth. They were the first to do this in their paintings.
Art Appreciation
Art History
Hans Holbein The Younger
Commemoration and Decoration 90% – Flashcards 35 terms

Rae Jordan
35 terms
Preview
Commemoration and Decoration 90% – Flashcards
question
Commemoration
answer
Many cultures used statues to document or commemorate their rulers
question
Example of documentation:
answer
Robert Capa, American Troops Landing on D-Day Gelatin silver print, photograph
question
Example of commemoration, documentation, and narration:
answer
Apollodurus, Column of Trajan Built in 113 A.D. as a monument to the Roman army. Marble sculpture (statue), Rome
question
Example of narration:
answer
Bayeux tapestry The Bayeux tapestry, depicts the naval battle, as the Normans invaded England in 1066. (Battle of Hastings)
question
Tapestry
answer
A heavy hand-woven textile used for depicting a story.
question
Monument
answer
A memorial, a lasting remembrance, evidence.
question
Commemorate
answer
To call to remembrance, to serve as a memorial.
question
Example of commemoration:
answer
A plaque made to commemorate the soldiers in battle.
question
Example of symbolism:
answer
Symbolism was used in the ancient wall paintings to produce a visual narrative of what had happened.
question
Symbolism
answer
Using an image to convey a deeper meaning in a piece of art.
question
Documentation
answer
Providing evidence that an event occurred Art was used as documentation for events in history.
question
Narrate
answer
To tell a story Egyptian wall paintings were used to narrate events.
question
Statue
answer
A 3-Dimensional piece of artwork
question
Sarcophagus
answer
An above ground tomb used by the Egyptians King Tut's sarcophagus was painted ornately
question
Why would the artist George Catlin's paintings from the 1800s be considered a form of artistic documentation? (site 1)
answer
Catlin was the first artist to record the Plains Indians in their own territories. Paintings in the Indian Gallery reveal the encounter of two different cultures in a frontier region undergoing dramatic transformation. Catlin began displaying the Indian Gallery in eastern capitals and in Europe, an advocate for the Indian way of life, offering rare insight into native cultures and a crucial chapter in American history. Catlin viewed his Indian Gallery as a way "to rescue from oblivion their primitive looks and customs."
question
What does the above photograph commemorate and document?
answer
This is a picture entitled, the Ruin's of Gallego Flour Mills, Richmond. It records an event and exists as an allegory of the costs of the Civil War. This was created as a document the hardships of the Civil War, but its purpose has also become to commemorate the Civil War so that we can remember the people who suffered and the reasons why the war occurred.
question
This photograph, American Troops Landing on D-Day, was taken by a war correspondent during WWII. What do you notice about this picture? How does it make you feel when you see it?
answer
The photograph, American Troops Landing on D-Day, is very chilling. I can see that it was taken in the middle of great chaos while the American troops have emptied out of the boats and stormed the beaches of Normandy. It makes me feel sad because I know many men died that way because they were chosen, not chose to. When I look at the photograph I also feel chills imagining how electric the air must have been and how cold the water was. Opinions for both questions will vary, but should include details and an explanation for each opinion, along with concepts/details discussed in the lecture.
question
Why have most cultures throughout history used artistic works as a form of representation?
answer
Artist works are often used to document or commemorate an event or important person. Art can convey both emotion and facts. Wars, troublesome times, and great rulers are often remembered through art.
question
Art expresses many things in culture. How does this image of an American flag being placed at Iwo Jima after the most infamous battle in the Pacific during WWII, use symbolism to commemorate, document, and narrate an event in history?
answer
This photograph symbolizes the event by displaying the sorrow and pain of the soldiers atop the rubble and death of battle, while at the same time commemorating their courage and strength as they place an American flag at the scene of the battle. It serves as a reminder of their courage and the strength America has as a nation. It documents history for ever more and narrates the final scene of the battle.
question
Explain the difference between a work of art intended for documentation and one intended for commemoration. How can a work of art, intended as a documentation, become also a piece of commemoration?
answer
A piece of art intended for documentation is a historical, factual account of a person, place, or event. A piece of art intended for commemoration is also a documentation, however its main purpose is to serve as a form of remembrance, or a memorial, rather than a historical documentation. Sometimes as time passes, historical events and/or people become increasingly appreciated by current cultures and/or generations, and therefore a piece that was originally a documentation, can become a memorial or visual remembrance as well.
question
Name the statue above. Explain three examples of symbolism used by the artist when designing this statue.
answer
Answers may vary, but should include at least three examples: The statues is called Augustus of Primaporta, and dates back to early 1st century CE. First, Augustus is looking down, as though to indicate his power and prestige. The artist has put a staff in his hand, which symbolized importance and leadership during this time. There is a small cherub below him, to the left, which could signify holiness and power, or it could also represent the people's worship of their emperor. His clothes are ornate and heavy, which were worn by the elite of society.
question
Describe the Column of Trajan (above), including how it serves to both document and commemorate history.
answer
This column commemorated the emperor's reign, including holding his ashes at the base. The carvings found spiraling the column depict the events of the Dacian Wars, which are incredibly accurate according to scholars. The carving and the gilded statue of the emperor on top serve to document the past, as a history book does, and also to commemorate a great time in Roman History.
question
For the above visual narration, provide its title, medium, and both its historical and practical significance.
answer
Title: Bayeux Tapestry Medium: embroidered with needle and thread on cloth Historical Significance: It tells the story of the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. Practical Significance: It was durable, portable, and served as an insulator in the winter.
question
Above is an image of King Tut's Gold Sarcophagus, which is an example of how the Egyptian commemorated the dead. Explain how Egyptian commemorate the wealthy and royal dead and why?
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The Egyptians commemorated the wealthy and royal dead by mummifying their bodies, and placing them in sarcophaguses, which were often made or gold and other precious jewels. They placed them in tombs, which included paintings of their achievements. The purpose was to commemorate the greatness of the ruler buried and give glory to the Egyptian gods, as well as fulfill a functional purpose of documenting history and burying the body.
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Define the following terms: - tapestry - monument - portrait
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Tapestry: A heavy hand-woven textile used for depicting a story. Monument: A memorial, a lasting remembrance, evidence. Most often a statue or other physical three-dimensional structure. Portrait: A likeness of someone,usually painted or sculpted.
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Historically, the main purpose of statues has been to ______________
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Commemorate rulers and other important individuals.
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A documentation is intended to ______________________
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Depict a historical, factual event.
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Why was the conquest of England documented in a tapestry?
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Tapestries were known to be both durable and portable.
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The photograph above is a picture entitled, the Ruins of Gallego's Flour Mill, in Richmond. This picture is intended to _________________
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Record the losses caused by the Civil War.
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Symbolism is ____________________
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The art of using symbols, or having symbolic meaning.
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Look at the sculpture above of Augustus. A staff, like the one he is holding, symbolized __________ in Roman culture.
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Leadership
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There was much _____________ used in the ancient writings, to produce a visual narrative of what had happened.
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Symbolism
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This picture was taken as American troops _________________ during WWII.
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Landed on D-Day
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Above is a close-up of the narratives carved into the Column of Trajan. Which of the following is not true about the above narratives/column?
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Not "The column commemorates Trajan's greatness."
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The image above is a photograph of King Tut's _______________.
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Sarcophagus
Art Appreciation
Art History
Hans Holbein The Younger
Liberty Leading The People
Peter Paul Rubens
ART 109 Ch. 11-15 – Flashcards 97 terms

Tiffany Hanchett
97 terms
Preview
ART 109 Ch. 11-15 – Flashcards
question
The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti uses ____ as a protest strategy.
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narrative
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. The function of this painting was to ____. spanish war painting
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illustrate an event that occurred when Napoleon Bonaparte's army occupied Madrid
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Tomatsu Shomei's Woman with Keloidal Scars is an example of documentary photography.
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TRUE
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David Alfaro Siqueiros protested against the ____.
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Spanish Civil War
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The Rent Collection Courtyard documents a scene from ____ history.
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Chinese
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Eugene Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People is ____ in its portrayal of fighting as thrilling, dangerous, and liberating.
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romantic
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The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti was done by
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Shahn
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Francisco Goya's The Executions of May 3rd, 1808, sympathize with
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Spaniards
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The ____ Codex Barbonicus is a religious calendar that was made during the period of the Spanish conquest
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Aztex
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Robert Motherwell's Elegy to the Spanish Republic was made in response to the influenza epidemic of 1918
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False
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The Surrealists believed in automatism, which includes the idea of
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Intuition
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Leon Golub's Mercenaries I is particularly imposing because of its
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large size
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Edward Kienholz's work is based on his experiences as ____.
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a mental hospital worker
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Ester Hernandez uses ____ to make her artistic protests.
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humor
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Both Kathe Kollwitz and George Grosz
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protested against wars
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Lewis Hine's photos of child laborers have long ____, which fully documented their youthfulness.
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titles
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Most social protest works of art are designed to prescribe specific changes and actions
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FALSE
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Jacob Lawrence did a series of paintings describing the tribulations of
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African Americans
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Frida Kahlo's many self-portraits show her face as
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unemotional
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___ is known for the use of stop motion photography to document the physical movement of humans and animals.
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Eadweard Muybridge
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Rembrandt's portraits reveal that The Netherlands encouraged
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individualism
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Doryphoros translates to
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spear-bearer
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A Yakshi is a representation of
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fertility
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The Egyptian ____ canon, begun by Amenhotep III, was a new aesthetic which rejected the rigid, abstract style of the past for a more flowing, elegant, naturalistic approach.
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Armana
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Many African sculptures considered the head and ____ as most important.
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neck
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The Doryphoros is idealized in several ways, including
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its restrained emotions
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Polykleitos invented and applied a system of mathematical proportions called the Canon for the depiction of Greek figures.
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true
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Lucian Freud's Leigh under the Skylight is a portrait of
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everyman
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Chuck Close is a painter known for making highly idealized figurative paintings based on classical notions of ideal beauty.
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False
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Vincent van Gogh's Portrait of Dr. Gachet was a vehicle for commentary about ____.
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the suffering inherent in modern, urban life
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Nancy Burson achieved a grainy, fuzzy look in her photographic series Faces by using a cheap plastic camera.
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True
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Traditional African sculpture portrays the frontal view as
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symmetrical
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Nancy Burson's Faces are portraits of children with
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unusual faces
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Medieval Christians felt the ____ was more important than the ____.
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soul/body
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Viola's series titled The Passions is based on ____ paintings of figures in sorrow, ecstasy, or astonishment.
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Renaissance and Baroque
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A full-body portrait is always a life-size depiction of an individual.
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False
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The Study for the Portrait of Okakura Tenshin showed the Japanese characteristics of
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flat shapes and contour lines
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In Medieval Europe, human nature was held in high esteem and images of the body symbolized the purity of God's divine realm.
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False
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Aunt Jemima is considered a ____.
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caricature
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In Las Meninas, Velazquez places Infanta Margarita at the center of the painting and surrounds her with ____ to reveal her exalted rank.
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all of these choices
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James VanDerZee was a commercial studio photographer whose work was strongly influenced by depictions of female stereotypes in films from the 1950's and 1960's.
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False
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The Northwest Coastal people believed that the thunderbird represented a ____.
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chief
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In the 1960's and 1970's, high profile art exhibitions in prestigious American museums frequently included work by women artists.
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False
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Jacques-Louis David's The Oath of the Horatii revealed that heroic actions were ____.
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a mark of masculinity
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Hung Liu examined the Chinese practice
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foot binding
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A ____ is a group of people joined by blood or marriage ties.
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clan
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Ceremonies for a clan's living members took place in Zapotec ____.
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tombs
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Betye Saar's The Liberation of Aunt Jemima is a ____ piece.
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mixed media
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Kabuki theater was enjoyed by the ____ in Japanese society.
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middle class
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The ancient Greeks viewed Doric architecture as
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masculine
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Peter Paul Rubens' Abduction of the Daughters of Leucippus revealed that the women of that time were expected to be ____.
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helpless
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Art can forge racial identity and preserve the history and values of a(n) ____ group.
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ethnic
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The painting Abduction of the Daughters of Leucippus by Peter Paul Rubens is an example of ____ as subject matter.
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sexual exotica
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Because of restrictive laws emphasizing cultural separation, nineteenth century Russian Jews were unable to pursue careers in the arts and found work primarily in the areas of business and manual labor.
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False
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Painting from a Cult House done by the Tambaran cult of New Guinea ____ the cult teachings through a narrative.
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does not illustrate
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In ancient Egypt, the human body was sculpted in different ways depending on the class of the person
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true
question
In Papua New Guinea, Sepik men saw their rituals as creating men from infants, usurping women's procreative power.
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true
question
In Western culture, architecture is gendered - different styles are associated with certain qualities that are perceived to be masculine or feminine.
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true
question
Apricot Blossoms is a lyric painting by MaYuan with ____ by Empress Yang.
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lines of poetry
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Unicorns were first described in ancient Greece and Rome.
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true
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John Constable's works, while Romantic in essence, were the foundation for the ____.
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Impressionists
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Satyrs were men with ____ attributes and were prone to drunkenness and sexual excess.
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goats or men
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A shaman was believed to be ____ between humans, animals and spirits.
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a bridge
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In the later years of his life, Claude Monet's paintings approached abstraction, as ____ became more important than imagery.
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brushstrokes
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The bouquets Dutch artist Jan Bruegel painted never existed in real life.
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True
question
The ancient Greeks created woman-headed birds called ____.
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harpies
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Ansel Adams photographs helped raise public support for national parks and for the environmental movement in general.
answer
true
question
The Incan civilization in Peru produced huge animal drawings by scraping the desert floor to reveal the lighter-colored sand beneath it.
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false
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Landscapes were popular in China and Japan because ____.
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cities were noisy, polluted and crowded
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Animals appear in art in every culture.
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True
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Flowers were often symbols for the Christian religion in earlier times; for example, the iris represented ____.
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Jesus
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Visitors to the Zen Garden of Contemplation in Japan are expected to ____.
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sit still and meditate
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Ashurbanipal II Killing Lions is an example of ____ relief carving.
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Assyrian
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Due to technological advances in photography, medical books no longer contain drawn illustrations.
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False
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Ansel Adams' photographs emphasized the beauty of nature as ____.
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untouched by humans
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The European painter, John Constable painted his large landscapes outdoors from direct observation.
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False
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Robert Smithson created earthworks because ____.
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he was interested in moving his art outside the gallery system
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____ are metaphors for humans in Thai, Hindu and Buddhist art.
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Monkeys
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The Sydney Opera House owes a stylistic debt to the architecture of ____.
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Frank Lloyd Wright
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Architect Frank Gehry was originally trained as a ____.
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sculptor
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The North American Sioux Hoop Dance celebrated ____.
answer
springtime
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Matthew Barney's Cremaster I references Busby Berkley musical productions from 1930's Hollywood films.
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True
question
Ancient Greek comedies and tragedies were originally part of ritual festivals dedicated to the deity Dionysos.
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True
question
Deconstructivist architecture does not have ____.
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a unified whole
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Most contemporary houses for the arts are built in architectural styles that reflect modern values of innovation, bold movement or future potential.
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True
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The first examples of performance art were called ____.
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happenings
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In its original state, the Colosseum in Rome was a spartan amphitheater devoid of any ornamentation except for its Doric capitals.
answer
False
question
In 1927, ____ was/were added to motion pictures.
answer
sound
question
Western theater began as a form of worship of the god ____.
answer
Dionysos
question
Visual culture is an area of academic study that deals with the totality of images and visual objects produced in ____, and the ways that those images are disseminated, received, and used.
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industrial and postindustrial nations
question
In ancient Greece, art galleries were frequently near temple complexes.
answer
True
question
____ is a relatively early form of animation which uses clay sculptures that are moved and photographed in tiny increments.
answer
Claymation
question
Central Park was designed to be a(n) ____ from city life.
answer
retreat
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Animation grew out of ____, in which a series of drawn images seem to move as book pages are flipped rapidly.
answer
flip books
question
Frank Lloyd Wright's Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York is architecturally engineered to display paintings and sculptures at their best.
answer
False
question
The Mayan's ritualistic ball sport has similarities to the contemporary game of ____.
answer
soccer
question
The ultimate purpose of Visual Studies is to record the language of visual culture so that images have a universal meaning regardless of nationality or culture.
answer
False