Home Page Arts And Humanities History History of Europe Hans Holbein The Younger

Hans Holbein The Younger Flashcards, test questions and answers

Discover flashcards, test exam answers, and assignments to help you learn more about Hans Holbein The Younger and other subjects. Don’t miss the chance to use them for more effective college education. Use our database of questions and answers on Hans Holbein The Younger and get quick solutions for your test.

We've found 12 Hans Holbein The Younger tests

Art Appreciation Art History Eastern Orthodox Church Hans Holbein The Younger Holbein The Younger Notre Dame Cathedral

Art 20 Midterm. Artwork, image, artist paints, ancient art, criticism – Flashcards 50 terms

Ewan Knight

50 terms

Preview

Art 20 Midterm. Artwork, image, artist paints, ancient art, criticism – Flashcards

question

human

answer

Art is a ___ phenomenon.

question

a branch of philosophy

answer

Aesthetics is

question

art is primarily a ___ medium that is used to express our ideas about our human experience and the world around us

answer

visual

question

craft refers to which of the following

answer

pottery

question

the content of a work of art refers to ___

answer

it's meaning

question

an equestrian sculpture is one that includes a ___

answer

horse

question

in ancient Rome, ____ sculptures were seen as the ultimate symbol of dignity and power.

answer

equestrian

question

a graphite rod in a wood or metal holder is called ____

answer

a pencil

question

a silverpoint drawing is ____

answer

made by using a thin stylus made of silver

question

in ____ printing, areas that are not to be printed are cut away from the printing surface, so the areas to be printed are left higher.

answer

relief

question

a(n) ___ print is an example of a relief print

answer

woodblock

question

the word "intaglio" comes from the Italian verb meaning ____

answer

to cut into

question

____ is a type of printmaking process which uses a slab of limestone or metal and oily crayons, pencils or liquid.

answer

lithography

question

____ sculptures are meant to be viewed from all sides

answer

freestanding

question

except for very small sculptures, all cast sculptures are created using the ____ method of casting

answer

lost wax

question

the ___ is an early type of photographic process

answer

daguerreotype

question

content is about a work of art's ____

answer

theme

question

iconography uses ____ to suggest concepts and ideas

answer

symbols

question

ideological criticism deals with a work of art's ____ significance

answer

political

question

structuralists believe that in order to understand a work of art, one must study the structure of art and the complex ____ of all its parts

answer

interrelationship

question

deconstruction involves the belief that any image has ____ of meanings

answer

a multiplicity

question

feminist criticism deals with ____ in art

answer

gender

question

according to ____, all art supports some particular political agenda, cultural structure, or economic/class hierarchy.

answer

idealogical criticism

question

context refers to the social and ___ conditions that encompass a work of art

answer

political

question

the subtext in an artwork refers to ___

answer

the underlying theme or message

question

the role of the art critic is ____

answer

to describe works of art and evaluate their significance

question

artists such as leonardo and michelangelo were trained by the ____ method

answer

apprentice

question

museums became common in ____ during the nineteenth century

answer

europe

question

an example of a community artwork is the ___

answer

AIDS memorial quilt

question

the iconoclasts were known as

answer

image breakers

question

the view of an artist as a creative genius rather than a skilled worker began to form in Europe during the _____

answer

renaissance

question

the opposite of an artist working on a commission is an artist working on _____

answer

speculation

question

in medieval europe, specialized societies called ____ preserved technical information for artists and regulated art making

answer

guilds

question

prehistoric artists painted images in the ____ of the caves

answer

back

question

ancient chinese made ____ vessels for storing wine

answer

bronze

question

as its name suggests, the ancient Greek ____ was used for carrying and storing water

answer

hydria

question

Salt was considered so valuable that it was a source of wealth, the European nobility used elaborate saltcellars as a ____

answer

status symbol

question

ritual meals include

answer

weddings, holidays, religious ceremonies, meetings of government figures, all of these choices

question

the house of the vettii has a front atrium with a pool, called the ____, for collecting rainwater

answer

impluvium

question

the paintings in the Villa of Mysteries were done by the _____

answer

Roman

question

The Primordial Couple of the Dogon represents

answer

the father and mother of all

question

The Japanese shunga prints are translated as ____

answer

spring pictures

question

An odalisque was a member of

answer

a harem

question

Georgia O'Keeffe's work are often extreme close ups of ___

answer

flowers

question

The ancient cities required ____ in order to function

answer

major rivers

question

In mesopotamia, ____ symbols developed into the first writing

answer

cuneiform

question

In mesopotamia, the early city states were between the Tigris and the _____

answer

Euphrates

question

The Indus River Valley is in present day

answer

Pakistan

question

Historically in India, images of ideal erotic sexuality were

answer

common in temples and miniature paintings

question

When an artist paints thickly and directly onto the canvas, the work is called a(n) ____ painting

answer

alla prima

STUDY

AP World History Hans Holbein The Younger History of Europe World History

World History Chapter 17 Test-Renaissance – Flashcards 36 terms

Maxim Beck

36 terms

Preview

World History Chapter 17 Test-Renaissance – Flashcards

question

Period of European history known as the Renaissance roughly covers the time from a) 1100 to 1400 b) 1200 to 1500 c) 1300-1600 d) 1400-1700

answer

c) 1300-1600

question

The best synonym for secular is a) new b) worldly c) humane d) religious

answer

b) worldly

question

To become known as an important patron, one most needed to be a) wealthy b) creative c) religious d) intellectual

answer

a) Wealthy

question

The technique known as perspective is most useful in the creation of a) drama b) sculpture c) two-dimension art d) the sonnet form in poetry

answer

c) Two-dimension art

question

A person who produces work "in the vernacular" is one who a) relies on realism b) uses only natural light c) uses a verse form of writing d) writes in local, rather than a classical, language

answer

d) Writes in local, rather than a classical language

question

The intellectual and cultural movement known as humanism arose from the study of a) medieval scholarship b) original Christian writings c) classical Greek and Roman culture d) the contributions of the Tang and Song dynasties

answer

c) Classical Greek and Roman culture

question

What were the major causes of the European Renaissance?

answer

Plague- survivors desired to enjoy life and questioned christian technique City Growth- increased exchange of ideas and intellectual collaboration Fall of Constantinople- Scholars brought Greek texts back to Rome /Italy Rise of Merchant Class- more money available to support arts because of trade

question

Renaissance painters in Flanders, as in Italy, tended to produce work that was a) realistic b) idealistic c) distorted d) formal and tightly structured

answer

a) realistic

question

In Greek, the word "Utopia" means a) "highest" b) "no place" c) "everywhere" d) "an ideal place"

answer

b) "no place"

question

The first use of moveable type was in a) Greece b) Germany c) Italy d) China

answer

d) China

question

The printing press was invented by a) Jan van Eyck b) Johann Gutenberg c)Peter Bruegel the Elder d) Hans Holbein the Younger

answer

b) Johann Gutenberg

question

Which of the following correctly matches the author with something he or she wrote? a) Thomas More and "Utopia" b) Christine de Pizan and "Hamlet" c) William Shakespeare and "The Price of Folly" d) Desiderius Erasmus and "Gargantua and Pantagruel"

answer

A) Thomas More and "Utopia

question

Which of the following did Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More have in common? a) Both were French b) Both wrote in English c) Both were considered humanists d) Both rejected religion and the Bible

answer

c) Both were considered humanists

question

What was one important and lasting of the invention of the Printing press?

answer

a) made bible available decreasing reliance on Church b) increase in literacy c) increase in knowledge of the world

question

Machiavellian

answer

any leader who used deceit to impose his or her will

question

Castiglione

answer

wrote The Book of Courtier

question

Thomas More

answer

pressed for social reform, wrote "Utopia" was against the Act of Supremacy, executed for treason, was later canonized as a saint

question

Shakespeare

answer

writer who wrote 37 plays, expresses universal themes in everyday realistic settings, work explored Renaissance ideals such as the complexity of individuals and importance of the classics, characters spoke in language ordinary people could understand, his love of words enriched the English language

question

Rebelais

answer

monk, physician, greek scholar, author, used his characters to offer opinions on religion, education, and other serious subjects, he was deeply religious but had doubts about the organized church

question

Realism

answer

making thing look real through perspective or 3D art which represented humans and landscapes

question

The Prince

answer

written by Machiavelli, guide on how to gain and maintain power, urged rulers to use whatever methods in order to receive their goals, the ends justifies the meanings

question

The Courtier

answer

written by Castigilone, describes manners, skills, learning, and virtues a member of the court should have the person has to be well rounded like the people in Athens (lightness strength, wit, know how to perform weapons)

question

Utopia

answer

written by Thomas More, describes an ideal society where men and women live in peace and harmony

question

Erasmus

answer

Christian humanist who called for Church reforms, urged for a return to the simple ways of the early Christian Church

question

Medici

answer

family that ranked among the richest merchants and bankers in Europe, Lorenzo was a clever politician who helped Florence in hard times, family's wealth and influence transformed Florence, symbolized energy and brilliance of Renaissance

question

Secular

answer

not involving religion, church tried to protect papal states against these rulers, plotted against power monarchs who tried to seize control of the Church within their lands.

question

Patron

answer

financial supporter of the arts (ex. Lorenzo Medici)

question

Perspective

answer

artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings 3D effect

question

Leonardo De Vinci

answer

genius, sketched nature and models which lead to learning how bones and muscles work, created Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, artist but had many talents which included botany, architecture, anatomy, music, and engineering, sketches for flying machines and undersea boats, most of his paintings are lost now.

question

Michelangelo

answer

sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, poet, his work reflects his life-long spiritual and artistic struggles, created David and Pieta, created ceiling in Sistine chapel which took 4 years and left him partially crippled.

question

Vernacular

answer

everyday language of ordinary people

question

Machiavelli

answer

wrote "the prince", wanted people to unite northern Italy and insulate it from foreign interference, wanted to understand how to best obtain and hold power

question

Renaissance

answer

started in Italy, time of creativity and great change in many areas (political, social, economic, cultural) trade was more important during this time, knowledge helped more people comprehend the world more accurately

question

Humanities

answer

study of subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history, that were taught in ancient Greece and Rome/ was emphasized a lot

question

Humanism

answer

an intellectual movement at the hear of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics (Greek and Roman cultures which increased understanding of own times where pious Christians focused on worldly subjects)

question

Florence

answer

city that was center of the Italian Renaissance, Medici family ruled this city and helped it flourish

STUDY

Ancient Greeks And Romans AP European History AP World History Hans Holbein The Younger Santa Maria Del Fiore

The School Of Athens by Raphael (c.1508-11) – Flashcards 76 terms

John Smith

76 terms

Preview

The School Of Athens by Raphael (c.1508-11) – Flashcards

question

What were two major artistic innovations of the Renaissance that greatly aided naturalistic art?

answer

Atmospheric and Linear Perspective

question

Who invented linear perspective?

answer

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)

question

What was Brunelleschi inspired by?

answer

Study of ancient texts, especially Euclid and Ptolemy describing mathematical laws.

question

What are the elements of linear perspective?

answer

Horizon Line, Vanishing point, Orthogonal lines

question

How did Brunelleschi believe linear perspective could be structured?

answer

Through using mathematical systems to determine relative scale of objects within an image and organize them properly

question

What does the horizon line do?

answer

Mark location of horizon

question

What is located on the horizon line?

answer

Vanishing Point

question

What is the vanishing point?

answer

The ideal point of view when looking at the scene

question

What are orthogonal lines?

answer

Lines that stretch from edges of picture to the vanishing point

question

When did Brunelleschi demonstrate his linear perspective idea?

answer

In 1420

question

What is the purpose of linear perspective?

answer

Recreate 3D space on a 2D surface

question

What did Brunelleschi paint to demonstrate linear perspective?

answer

Piazza of the Baptistery of Florence

question

How did Brunelleschi paint the Baptistery with linear perspective?

answer

Drilled hole at the vanishing point, positioned viewer at same location within the piazza. Viewer holds up painting, faces Baptistery, looked through drilled hole at back. Mirror was held in front of painting, and painting was reflected in mirror. Viewer could then drop painting and see actual piazza.

question

Who systematized linear perspective?

answer

Leon Battista Alberti (1404-72)

question

What text did Alberti write detailing linear perspective?

answer

On Painting (1436)

question

What is atmospheric perspective?

answer

Suggesting depth in a painting by painting distant objects in softer focus, with less detail and paler colors

question

Why is the softer focus in atmospheric perspective recreate actual views of distant areas?

answer

Light scatters through particles in the air, such as smoke an water vapor, thus distorting far away objects

question

What kinds of paintings is atmospheric perspective especially effective in?

answer

Landscape views

question

How is atmospheric perspective compared to linear perspective?

answer

Less precise, subtler

question

What kinds of works exhibited atmospheric perspective?

answer

Ancient frescos, landscapes from Pompeii, Northern Renaissance in 15th century

question

What is Fresco?

answer

Painting where artist paints onto wet plaster wall

question

Why is fresco durable?

answer

Painting dries into the wall with the plaster

question

What is an early example of Fresco?

answer

Palace at Knossos on the island of Crete

question

Where can frescos be found historically?

answer

Roman architecture, ancient caves, palaces, and temples in India and Mexico

question

Where can frescos be found in more modern times?

answer

Mexican Muralists and American Artists working for the Works Progress Administration in 1920s and 30s.

question

What does fresco mean in Italian?

answer

Fresh

question

What is another name for true fresco?

answer

Buon fresco

question

What is the first step in buon fresco?

answer

Wall plastered, artist sketches image which is then transferred to the wall

question

How is the sketch transferred to the wall in fresco?

answer

Bag of chalk/ash hit along drawing, leaving line of dots on wall that serve as a guide

question

What is spolvero?

answer

Bag of chalk/ash that creates line of dots for guide in fresco

question

What is done each day before painting in fresco?

answer

Thin layer of wet lime plaster applied

question

What is the intonaco?

answer

The layer of plaster applied daily before painting

question

What is the giornata?

answer

The "day's work"; the area that that the artist will work on that day

question

What is a major challenge with fresco?

answer

Must finish painting before plaster dries, or will have to scrape clean area and restart.

question

What is fresco a secco?

answer

Dry fresco, painting onto dry plaster wall

question

When was Raphael born?

answer

April 6/March 28, 1483

question

What did Raphael's father do?

answer

Painter in court of Federico da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino

question

When and where did Raphael's formal artistic career begin?

answer

At age twelve in workshop of Perugino.

question

Why did Raphael leave Urbino in 1504?

answer

To work in Florence, where he painted his famous Virgin and Child images and received commissions for altar paintings and portraits

question

When did Pope Julius II call Raphael to work for him in Rome?

answer

1508

question

What did the Pope want Raphael to do?

answer

Decorate his private apartments at the Vatican

question

What other professions did Raphael have?

answer

Architect, designed churches, mansions, palaces, tapestry, drawing, printmaking

question

Who did Raphael succeed as chief architect of the Vatican in 1514?

answer

Donato Bramante

question

How did Raphael die?

answer

Became sick in late March of 1520, died 15 days later on April 6th. 37 years old

question

When did Pope Julius rule the church?

answer

1503-1513

question

When did the Pope move his private quarters to new rooms ?

answer

November 1507

question

Under who did the private quarters' decoration continue?

answer

Leo X, Julius' successor in 1513

question

When was Raphael's contribution to the private rooms finished?

answer

1524, after his own death in 1520

question

What is the room that the School of Athens in known as?

answer

Stanza della Segnatura

question

What did the Pope do in the Stana della Segnatura?

answer

Sign important documents

question

What had the room become by the 1500s?

answer

Julius' personal library

question

How did Julius organize his books?

answer

4 categories, summing up Western learning.

question

What frescos were on the larger walls?

answer

Philosophy and Theology

question

What frescos were on the shorter walls?

answer

Poetry and Law

question

What are the modern names of the wall paintings?

answer

Law-Jurisprudence, Poetry-Parnassus, Theology-The Disputa, Philosophy-School of Athens

question

What is common about all the frescos in the Segnatura?

answer

Present scenes based on Famous Men (Uomini famosi)

question

What is the Famous Men prototype?

answer

Echoes contemporary sacra conversazione (Sacred conversation) altarpieces, a group of important individuals within a unified space

question

What are 2 examples of Famous Men prototypes that influenced Raphael?

answer

Duke of Urbino's Studiolo, and Collegio del Cambio in Perugia

question

What did Raphael do in Perugia?

answer

Help paint with Perugino

question

What does the School of Athens illustrate?

answer

All the known philosophers and scientists of the ancient world

question

Describe the architectural space of the painting.

answer

3 massive, coffered barrel vaults that echo the baths and bascilicas in Rome, plaza decorated with classical statuary including Apollo and Athena (Art and Wisdom Gods)

question

How does Raphael include atmospheric perspective and linear perspective in The School of Athens?

answer

Orthogonal lines run through vaulting and stonework, gradual lightening of blue in sky as space recedes.

question

Which philosophers are centered in the painting?

answer

Plato and Aristotle

question

Where is the vanishing point of the composition?

answer

Above Plato and Aristotle's heads

question

Describe Plato's appearance

answer

Left side, bald and long gray beard. Holds Timaeus, his book, in left hand, points upward with right

question

Describe Aristotle's appearance

answer

Darker hair and beard, holds Ethics, his book, in left hand, and gestures, hand flattened and palm downward, with his right

question

What is the relationship between Plato and Aristotle?

answer

Divergent perspectives, one heavily and one worldly

question

How are the thinkers in the painting classified?

answer

Those concerned with the mysteries transcending the world on Plato's side (left), those concerned with nature and affairs of men with Aristotle (right)

question

Where is Socrates located and what is he doing?

answer

In a group at the base of Apollo statue, ticking points off fingers as he defends an argument-Socratic method of learning

question

Where is Euclid located and what is he doing?

answer

Right foreground, holding calipers and demonstrating theorem for group of students, each with a face corresponding to a different understanding of the process

question

Where is Pythagoras located and what is he doing?

answer

Seated and writing at lower left while a young figure holds up a harmonic scale

question

Where is Diogenes located and what is he doing?

answer

Sprawled on steps toward center of painting

question

What is an important aspect of the painting in relation to Raphael's contemporaries?

answer

He included his contemporaries in the painting.

question

Who else could Euclid be?

answer

Architect Bramante

question

Who could the character in the foreground be, who rests his head on hand in the pose of melancholy?

answer

Michelangelo, in the guise of the philosopher Heraclitus

question

Where is Raphael himself located?

answer

At the extreme right, looking directly at the viewer.

STUDY

Age Of Discovery French And Indian War Hans Holbein The Younger Modern World History New England Colonies North America Ohio River Valley World History

Transition to Modern Times UNIT REVIEW – Flashcards 15 terms

James Hopper

15 terms

Preview

Transition to Modern Times UNIT REVIEW – Flashcards

question

Which choice most accurately describes the consequences that France faced after the Seven Years' War?

answer

The French gave up their colonies west of the Mississippi and Canada to Britain, and they gave New Orleans to Spain.

question

Spain and Portugal competed over territory in North America as a result of the voyages of

answer

Christopher Columbus.

question

One of the long-reaching effects of the Spanish conquest was the spread of what religion across the Americas?

answer

Catholicism

question

In what country did the Renaissance begin?

answer

Italy

question

What caused Europe's population to increase, to provoke its interest in trade, and provided its population with large amounts of gold and silver?

answer

the Columbian Exchange

question

Which leader was defeated by Francisco Pizarro?

answer

Atahualpa

question

Which best explains how humanism affected the way Europeans thought about themselves?

answer

Humanism helped Europeans believe in their own potential.

question

Which best explains why Hans Holbein the Younger was a Renaissance artist?

answer

He used humanistic techniques to create realistic portraits of Europeans.

question

In The Prince, Machiavelli argues that leaders maintain power through

answer

fear and cruelty.

question

Which statement about women's power during the Renaissance is true?

answer

Women had little political or economic power.

question

Which best states how major works produced during the High Renaissance, such as Mona Lisa, affected European culture?

answer

Major works produced during the High Renaissance emphasized beauty and led to a revival of classical influenc

question

The Reformation in England stemmed from a difference of opinion between

answer

an English monarch and the Catholic pope.

question

Trade spread the Italian Renaissance across Europe by

answer

helping merchants become patrons.

question

During the 1500s, many Jesuits became

answer

missionaries.

question

Which best describes the Incas?

answer

a large and rich empire in South America

STUDY

Faith And Good Works France Hans Holbein The Younger History of Europe Holbein The Younger

World History 1st Unit Test – Flashcards 15 terms

John Smith

15 terms

Preview

World History 1st Unit Test – Flashcards

question

Which statement about women's power during the Renaissance is true? Women had great political power but little economic power. Women had great political and economic power. Women had little political or economic power. Women had great economic power but little political power.

answer

question

Trade spread the Italian Renaissance across Europe by helping merchants become patrons. helping monarchs become artists. helping merchants become politicians. helping artists become patrons

answer

question

Renaissance art was strongly influenced by ancient Greek and Roman trade routes. politics. architecture. social life.

answer

question

Which best states how major works produced during the High Renaissance, such as Mona Lisa, affected European culture? Major works produced during the High Renaissance emphasized beauty and led to a revival of classical influence. Major works produced during the High Renaissance emphasized spirituality and led to a revival of church influence. Major works produced during the High Renaissance emphasized naturalism and led to a revival of secular influence. Major works produced during the High Renaissance emphasized science and led to a revival of scientific influence.

answer

question

Jan van Eyck contributed to Renaissance art by developing new, realistic techniques. painting realistic watercolors of animals. developing precise, stylistic techniques. painting realistic watercolors of landscapes.

answer

question

A Renaissance writer considered one of the greatest poets of all time is Thomas More. Niccolo Machiavelli. Dante Alighieri. Baldassare Castiglione.

answer

question

A major Renaissance poem that included real people as its characters was The Prince. The Divine Comedy. Don Quixote. The Book of the Courtier.

answer

question

[W]ith God going before us . . . we may . . . deliberate and discuss . . . whatsoever is needful for repelling those assaults of barbarians and infidels, with which they seek the overthrow of all Christendom. What is the quotation most likely about? a refusal to accept the spread of Protestantism a vote of support for the Church of England a call to arms against the Catholic Church a desire to end the sale of indulgences

answer

question

In The Prince, Machiavelli argues that leaders maintain power through kindness and strength. love and kindness. selfishness and discipline. fear and cruelty.

answer

question

Which statement best compares Mary I to Elizabeth I? Mary I believed non-Catholics should be pardoned, while Elizabeth I believed in punishing non-Catholics. Mary I believed the monarch should lead the church, while Elizabeth I believed the pope should lead the church. Mary I opposed the creation of the Church of England, while Elizabeth I fully supported it. Mary I opposed the policies and practices of the Catholic Church, while Elizabeth I fully supported them.

answer

question

In what country did the Renaissance begin? Italy France Spain Germany

answer

question

Which statement best compares the ideas of Martin Luther to the ideas of the Catholic Church in the 1500s? Luther taught that salvation came from faith alone, while the Church taught that both faith and good works could bring about salvation. Luther taught that priests and popes were closer to God, while the Church taught that all Christians were equal in God's view. Luther believed the Bible should remain in Latin, while the Church believed the Bible should be translated into different languages. Luther believed people should pay for their sins to be forgiven, while the Church believed people should not pay for forgiveness

answer

question

Unlike during the Medieval period, church leaders commissioned works of art during the Renaissance to teach religious lessons. reward church supporters. demonstrate church wealth. decorate religious spaces.

answer

question

The Reformation in England stemmed from a difference of opinion between an English priest and other church leaders. an English priest and one of his churchgoers. an English monarch and the Catholic pope. an English monarch and a German monarch.

answer

question

Which best explains how humanism affected the way Europeans thought about themselves? Humanism helped Europeans believe in their own potential. Humanism helped Europeans strengthen their religious beliefs. Humanism helped Europeans create classical works of art. Humanism helped Europeans reject classical beliefs.

answer

STUDY

Baroque Art Hans Holbein The Younger History of Europe Holbein The Younger New Testament Peter Paul Rubens

Ap History Unit 1 Ap Euro Unit – Flashcards 324 terms

Marta Browning

324 terms

Preview

Ap History Unit 1 Ap Euro Unit – Flashcards

question

Famous Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling. (Knight Death, and Devil; Four Apostles)

answer

Albrecht Durer

question

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe although his criticisms of the Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther. he wrote The Praise of Folly, worked for Frobein and translated the New Testament from Greek to Latin(1466-1536)

answer

Desiderius Erasmus

question

a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church

answer

Christian Humanism

question

a period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office

answer

Great Schism

question

English scholar and theologian. He wrote the papal claims of temporal power had no foundation in the Scriptures and that the Scriptures should alone be the foundation of Christian belief and practice. He led the Lollards. (394)

answer

John Wyclif

question

Some Cardinals tried to work together to end the Great Schism. They wanted to end the chaos, as everyone was exasperated with the popes. A problem-solving council of cardinals was opposed by both popes, because it would show that God's authority did not rest solely in the pope's hands.

answer

conciliarism

question

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

answer

Indulgences

question

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

answer

Martin Luther

question

written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences

answer

95 theses

question

When Charles V exiled or outlawed Luther from The Holy Roman Empire or any of it's other lands.

answer

Edict of Worms

question

Wanting to be freed from serfdom - destroy everything. Luther is in shock & writes to the princes showing no mercy. The princes' armies kill 100,000 people, and many peasants reject Luther's religious leadership

answer

German Peasants' Revolt

question

reformers who protested some practices of the catholic church

answer

Protestants

question

Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).

answer

Charles V

question

protestant alliance formed by Lutherans against the Holy Roman Empire

answer

Schmalkaldic League

question

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

answer

Peace of Augsburg

question

Swiss priest who led the protestant movement in Switzerland

answer

Huldrych Zwingli

question

The doctrine of the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist had been established in the Romish church since the fourth Lateran Council in the year 1215. For three hundred years the mass and transubstantiation had been the principal bulwarks of Rome, and her greatest blasphemy. The idea of the corporeal presence of Christ in the holy supper threw a halo of sacred importance around it, excited the imagination of the people and fixed it deeply in their affections. It was the origin of many ceremonies and superstitions, of great wealth and dominion to the priesthood, and the most stupendous miracles were said to be wrought by the consecrated bread, both among the living and the dead. It thus became the corner stone of the papal edifice.

answer

Sacramentarian Controversy

question

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

answer

Anabaptists

question

French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America

answer

Jean Calvin

question

the belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power

answer

Predestination

question

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

answer

Henry VIII

question

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

answer

Act of Supremacy

question

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447)

answer

Catholic Reformation

question

Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.

answer

Ignatius loyola

question

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

answer

Council of Trent

question

elaborate an extensive ornamentation in decorative art and architecture that flourished in Europe in the 17th century

answer

Baroque

question

most influential figure of the Roman Baroque whose sculpture emphasizes drama and incites the viewer to respond to it rather than sit and observe; also influential in architecture

answer

Gianlorenzo Bernini

question

invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for war declarations, battle accounts, treaties, propaganda; laid basis for formation of distinct political parties; enhanced literacy, people sought books on all subjects

answer

Printing Press

question

An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. (p. 401)

answer

Hanseatic League

question

Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries

answer

Medici Family

question

Italian financier and statesman and friend of the pope he helped get into papal office. Supported Brunneleschi's completion of the Duomo. He also commissioned public art for the city of Florence.

answer

Cosimo de Medici

question

A short political treatise about political power how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it. Machiavelli explores the problems of human nature and concludes that human beings are selfish and out to advance their own interests

answer

Machiavelli's The Prince

question

May 5, 1527 - A military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States. It marked a crucial imperial victory in the conflict between Charles I of Spain Holy Roman Emperor, and the League of Cognac (1526-1529) — the alliance of France, Milan, Venice, Florence and the Papacy.

answer

Sack of Rome, 1527

question

Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).

answer

Charles V

question

an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics

answer

Humanism

question

the individual is responsible for applying his knowledge for public service

answer

Civic Humanism

question

(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.

answer

Petrarch

question

A work that portrays an acquisitive, sensual, and worldly society through descriptions of merchants, friars, and husbands

answer

Bocaccio's The Decameron

question

Epitomized the main ideas of Italian humanism. Said a successful man was one who could integrate knowledge of ancient languages and history with athletic, musical, and military skills, all while being polite and exhibiting a high moral character.

answer

Baldassare Castiglione's Book of the Courtier

question

The striving for excellence and being a virtuous person. Humanistic aspect of Renaissance.

answer

virtu

question

1400-1468. German goldsmith and printer who is credited with inventing movable printing type in Europe abround 1439. Created the 42-line Gutenberg Bible, noted for its high aesthetic and technical quality. HIs printing technology was a key factor in the European Renaissance, and is considered on eof the most important inventions of all time.

answer

Johannes Gutenberg

question

The cultural and artistic events of 15th century Italy, encompasses the artistic styles of the late Middle Ages (most notably International Gothic) and the early Renaissance.

answer

quattrocentro

question

viewpoint, sense of proportion

answer

perspective

question

The treatment of light and shade in a work of art, especially to give an illusion of depth.

answer

chiaroscuro

question

Italian architect, celebrated for work during Florentine Renaissance. He was anti-Gothic. Foundling Hospital in Florence.

answer

Brunelleschi

question

centered in Rome and the Popes provided tremendous patronage to the arts. It featured classical balance, harmony, and restraint

answer

High Renaissance

question

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

answer

Leonardo Da Vinci

question

Raphael - Italian Renassaince fresco wall painting of Greek philosophers drawn to scale in accordance with the vantage point of the viewer. The placement, in the center of the archway, of Plato and Aristotle emphasizes the importance of these two central figures. Raphael shows his style of basic one-point perspective converging in a single vanishing point just behind Plato and Aristotle. The exception is the cube in the foreground which gives a two-point perspective. It easy to see, that with the removal of the figures, the building is symmetrically balanced.

answer

The School of Athens

question

A large marble statue made by Michelangelo of the biblical king of the same name. Michelangelo porrays him as a youth just about to do battle with the giant Goliath.

answer

David

question

One of Michelangelo's only paintings, but considered as part of one of his greatest works of art (Creation of Adam)

answer

Ceiling of the Cistine Chapel

question

the movement in Art in Germany and Flanders that reflected greater religious tones; , Emphasized Critical Thinking, Developed Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature

answer

Northern Renaissance

question

a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church

answer

Christian Humanism

question

Written by Erasmus, criticized the Christian Church through the use of satire.

answer

In Praise of Folly

question

a book by Sir Thomas More (1516) describing the perfect society on an imaginary island

answer

Utopia

question

Marchesa of Mantua and one of the leading women of the Italian Renaissance as a major cultural and political figure. She was the regent of Mantua during the absence of her husband.

answer

Isabella d'Este

question

• Payments from the serfs to the lords who owned the lands • Supported the lifestyle of the Nobility • Combined with tithes and taxes, they consumed 50% of the wealth of the land

answer

Manorial Rents

question

• Supported the works of the church

answer

Parish Tithes

question

• The main fare of the peasant diet, monotonous • Two to three pounds a day was the average allotment for a male

answer

Black Bread

question

• Responsible for maintaining order, administering justice, and arbitrating disputes for those working their land • Peasants pay money to Lords • Extinct in England by 16th Century, France by Revolution

answer

Seigneur

question

• More common in Eastern Europe • Payment to a lord in the form of labor service • Aside: Western Europe replaced _______ with labor compensation—wage

answer

Robot

question

• Organized and regulated labor through requirements for training, standards for quality, and the conditions for exchange • Apprenticeship system • 17th Century: obstructed economic innovation through limited scale

answer

Guilds

question

• A laborer could only perform specific tasks • Due to the guild system • More intense in larger cities • Encouraged monopolies

answer

Specialization of Labor

question

• A critical source of household labor • Even extremely poor families had these people to do household tasks • They were not apprentices, however, they could become one

answer

Domestic Service

question

• 1500-1650 • A period where there was a fall in real wages and rapid inflation • Caused by influx of bullion from the Americas, population growth, and monetary debasement • Created town gentry/middle class

answer

Price Revolution

question

• Baltic port • Dominated grain and timber trade of northern Europe • Controlled commerce between Scandinavia and mainland

answer

Gdansk

question

• A principle of orderliness that governed social relations • Created social classes, not necessarily by wealth! • Prevalent in all organizations of society i.e. guilds, government, among nobility

answer

Hierarchy

question

• Determined social hierarchy • Conferred privileges and exacted responsibilities according to rank • Represented in actions, such as bowing and hat doffing, and clothing • Signified in titles

answer

Status

question

• A description of the universe • God is at the top of the chain, inanimate objects are at the bottom • Everything has it's place • Reinforced nature of hierarchy

answer

Great Chain of Being

question

• Describes society's interdependency • Head rules, arms protected, stomach nourished, feet labored • King—the head, Church—the soul, Nobles—the arms, Artisans—the hands, peasants—the feet

answer

Body Politic

question

• In Venice, Italy • A book that distinguished the local elite from the ranks of ordinary citizens

answer

Book of Gold

question

• The best land available, correlated with the wealthy. • Found in Germany. • Those on this land were tied to lord of estate • The ancient part of settlement

answer

Esch

question

• Term used in France to refer to serfs. • French peasants that owned their land revolted against the title

answer

Villein

question

• Widows, Orphans, and the Handicapped • Constituted for more than half the poor in the respected town or village. • Worthy of care from the community through the Church or through private alms givings.

answer

"Deserving Poor"

question

• Men and women capable of working, but incapable of finding more than occasional labor • In England these poor were labeled vagrants and branded • Venetian and Dutch vagrants were gathered and forced to do galley service • Hungary sold into slavery

answer

Sturdy Beggars

question

• Enclosing crop fields by fence or hedge • Kept parcel of land separate from strips of land that belonged to others. • Destroyed the farming traditions of villages • Point of resentment among peasants

answer

Enclosure

question

• Arose in eastern England, peasant opposition to enclosure. • Crushed by well trained forces. • Rebellion was for reform

answer

Ket's Rebellion

question

• Directed against secular and ecclesiastical lords. • Rebels attacked economic and religious abuse. • "Twelve Articles of the Peasants of Swabia" were the demands of the Peasants • Organized into large armies led by professional soldiers • 100,000 peasants slaughtered

answer

Peasants' War

question

• The man's domain • The fields in rural areas • The streets in cities • The field work and taking things to market • Labor service to the lord

answer

Public Sphere

question

Private dealings • A woman's domain while under the care of fathers, masters, or husbands • Household tasks and chores • A woman while stay in this sphere unless she is widowed, when in which she will assume head of the household

answer

Domestic Sphere

question

Occurred in rural parishes • An annual walk around the village fields • Usually occurred before planting began • Led by the priest carrying any particular sacred object that the parish possessed • Followed by the village farmers and in some cases, anyone villager that was able to walk • The priest blessed the fields and prayed for beautiful crop, the farmers assessed the damage done to their fields, the community defined its space, the villagers shared identity

answer

Annual Perambulation

question

took place in towns • might take place on saints' days in Catholic communities or on anniversaries of town liberties • the order of the march, the clothing worn, and the objects displayed the strict hierarchies of the town's organization • Order of this event: governors, guild members (organized by importance of guild and then internally organized by status) • in some towns, wives of citizens marched • ended with feasting and dancing

answer

Processions

question

a ceremony that preceded Lent • a frenzied round of feasts and parties • this resulted in a disproportionate amount of births nine months after • important in creating a shared sense of identity within the community

answer

Carnival

question

celebration of the rebirth of Spring • full of sexual-play among the young adults of the community • boys went "a-Maying" which was placing flowers at the homes of marriageable girls • a Queen of May was elected • dancing and sexual relations took place

answer

Rites of May

question

Occurred when a man or a woman cheated on their spouse, or a man didn't force obedience from his wife. • A man rode backwards on a donkey, to symbolize the misrule in his family • ________ was the English term, other countries used different terms (charivaris in France)

answer

Skimmingtons

question

• Black magic • Utilized beliefs in the presence of spiritual forces in nature • These women were believed to have special power that united them with the devil • Old women usually persecuted "inappropriate and dangerous levels of literacy"

answer

Witchcraft

question

Greatest architect of 14th century

answer

Peter Parler 1330-1339

question

hired Parler for the creation of the Bohemian capital

answer

Emperor Charless VI 1347-1378

question

edict of Emperor Charles VI in 1356--recognizing that German Princes and Kings were autonomous rulers

answer

Golden Bull

question

1337-1452 series of military engagements between England and France--over territorial and dynastic rivalries

answer

Hundred Years War

question

claimed "King" of France in 1340

answer

Edward III

question

cousin of the King, ruled through 16th Century

answer

Phillip VI

question

-large wool industry -England--major supplier -Flanders want major independence from french control

answer

Flemish Cloth

question

ideal of kinghthood, most notably fighting that spread from Northeaster France across Europe in high middle ages

answer

Chivalry

question

more penetrating than the crossbow---shoot from further distances

answer

Long - Bow

question

last significant English victory

answer

Agincourt

question

theives

answer

Pillage and Plunder

question

got Joan of Arc

answer

Charles VII 1422-1461

question

illiterate, but deeply religious girl, helped save her country -- burned at the stake

answer

Joan Of Arc 1412-1431

question

French had this new tool to defeat the English

answer

Gunpowder

question

struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII

answer

War of Roses

question

dynasty founded by Henry VII; includes some of England's most influential monarchs

answer

Tudors

question

commonly referred to on posters--naked,rotting corpses dancing in front of the living

answer

Dance With Death

question

self inflicted pain--believed that if this was done you wouldnt get the black death

answer

Flagellants

question

wrote the Decameron-- which was very graphic

answer

Giovanni Boccacio 1313-1375

question

the plague brought higher wages, and more food because everyone else was gone !

answer

The Plague Of Insurrection

question

Revolt from the peasants-named after Jacques Bonnehomme - archetypal French peasant

answer

The Jacquerie 1358

question

wealthy parisan cloth merchant--led uprising of parisan merchants--they wanted control of royal finances

answer

Etienne Marcel 1316-1358

question

1381. English peasant revolt protesting the attempted passage of a flat tax by Richard II. Led by Wat Tylar and John Bell. The tax is eventually repealed, though many peasants are arrested (most are pardoned).

answer

English Peasant Revolt

question

Florence 1378 wool workers in Florence's most prominent industry who revolted in 1378, some rights won but were taken back by 1392

answer

Ciompi

question

commercial and political alliance of Northern German towns established in late 14th C to monopoly grain and fish trade

answer

Hanseatic League

question

dealing with the even growling poverty #1 public space

answer

`Addressing Poverty and Crime

question

religious organizations of lay people and clergy who ministered the sick and poor

answer

confraternities

question

all purpose religious instituitions providiing lodging for : pilgrims, elderly and ill

answer

Hospitals

question

used for black death patients, to be isolated

answer

Pest Houses

question

unlawful premeditated killing of a human being by a human being

answer

Execution

question

hired to publicly execute "kill"a person or persons

answer

Executioners

question

pope who said that the king, Philip IV of France, must obey the pope; imprisoned by the king, but rescued

answer

Pope Boniface VII

question

Document written by Pope Boniface that states ultimate authority over the church and people's salvation

answer

Unam Sanctum

question

The period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome--Popes made their income higher

answer

Avignon Papacy

question

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.--get out of hell free card

answer

Indulgences

question

A period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office

answer

Great Schism

question

idea that council could end the Schism--both Popes denied it

answer

Conciliarism

question

In 1408, a council with bishops representing both popes met and elected a new pope, deposing both of the popes they represented. Neither former pope, however, would accept this new rival. Thus, the problem was not solved.

answer

Council Of Pisa

question

goal: not only end schism but reform the church to prevent a recurence--elect Sigismund 1410-1437

answer

Council Of Constance

question

a book that was published, made the "witch crave" happen

answer

Witch Hammer

question

group of instituitions with justice system with justice system- aimed to fight against heretics

answer

Inquisition

question

book of spiritual direction- still widely read after the bible

answer

Imition Of Christ

question

oxford theologian, -A priest and professor at Oxford. -He challenged a number of church practices and tried to reform the priesthood because it was corrupt. -Argued that indulgences were useless and attacked the church for its wealth and luxury. -He had the protection of the King.

answer

John Wycliffe 1330-1384

question

followers of John Wycliffe

answer

Lollards

question

leading proponet of Wycliffes teachings in Prague

answer

Jan Hus 1373-1415

question

dedicated Spiritual Francaism of radical poverty-led to his excommunication by Pope John XXII

answer

William of Ockham 1300-1349

question

(philosophy) the doctrine that the various objects labeled by the same term have nothing in common but their name

answer

Nominalism

question

LIterature not in Latin, used to make statements. Authors became critical of society and its values, and used their vernacular writing to express this.

answer

Vernacular Literature

question

an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)

answer

Dante Alighieri

question

-Father of humanism -celebrated ancient Rome -Classical & Christian values intermingled in his work -Teacher and friend of Giovanni Boccaccio

answer

Francisco Petrarch 1304-1374

question

view of the whole Christian universe from Dante's day

answer

The Divine Comedy

question

"Father of English Poetry" -Iambic Pantameter, rhymed couplet -Wrote in vernacular (Middle English) Expert in characterization and Satire

answer

Geoffrey Chaucer 1343 -1400

question

Re-birth

answer

Renaissance

question

dominant city in the region of Tuscany -banking -cloth/textile

answer

Florence

question

He used light and dark imagery to illustrate different feelings and emotions

answer

Masaccio

question

-Greek Mythology -

answer

Boticelli

question

translated classical styles into more naturalistic forms ( flowing robes )

answer

Donatello

question

challenged the principal of gothic architecture -- dome

answer

Brunelleschi

question

master at everything -artist -scientist -sculptor -engineer -inventor :Last Supper 1498 :Mona Lisa 1503

answer

Leonardo Da Vinci

question

sculpted David in 1504 -painted the systine chapel *wanted to be known for sculpting

answer

Michaelangelo

question

unity in his paintings -portraits

answer

Francesca

question

Madonnas -art is known for visual achievements

answer

Raphael

question

scholar, writer, artist 1404-1472

answer

Alberti

question

technique applying principles of geometry to create the illusion of depth and dimension

answer

Linear Perspective

question

the doctrine that people's duty is to promote human welfare

answer

Humanism

question

1. First to use the term "humanism" 2. Among the most important of the civic humanists 3. Served as a chancellor in Florence 4. Wrote a history of Florence, perhaps the first modern history, and wrote a narrative using primary source documents and the division of historical periods

answer

Leonardo Bruni

question

the art of language -rhetoric -expression

answer

Philology

question

very influential humanist

answer

Lorenzo Valla

question

humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society

answer

Civic Humanism

question

Italian architect and painter

answer

Leon Battista Alberti

question

writer- The Cartier- etiquette book describing the perfect servant

answer

Baldesar Castiglione

question

foundation for realistic 16th century -NO renaissance work has been more crucial

answer

Niccoio Machiavelli

question

vivid prose "men must be pampered or crushed"

answer

The Prince

question

the contrasting of light and darkness

answer

Chiaroseuro

question

shading

answer

Sfumato

question

self-governing political units centered upon an urban area

answer

City State

question

powerful family--, an important family of bankers in Florence, Italy who controlled Florence and used their wealth to support artists and scientists.and hire popes

answer

Medicis

question

established 2 blanced alliances -Florence and Milan -Venice and Naples *didnt bring peace

answer

Peace of Lodi

question

conquered constantinople and athens and threatened rome

answer

Mehmed II

question

started when Naples, Florence and Papal States united against Milan

answer

The Wars of Italy

question

- Hybrid Ships -Chinese, Europeans, and Chinese had them -ideal for ocean travel- can travel with whatever wind

answer

Caravels

question

sent voyages to africa -had cartographers, ship builders, sailors, and scientists with him on board - accumulated detailed accounts of voyages

answer

Prince Henry the Navigator

question

portugese navigator *cape of good hope -hit the tip of Africa and went back

answer

Bartolomeau Dias

question

rounded the "cape of good hope" -sailors died of scurvy, mal-nutrition -journey took 2 years -spices he brought back were worth $$

answer

Vasco de Gama

question

muslims and portugese wanted Africans -sold them for money -used for work

answer

Slave Trade

question

portugese general -conquered ports in middle east -get and protect ships

answer

Alfonso de Albuquerque

question

sailed the ocean blue in 1492 -discovered new world -wanted to do it for portugal, they didnt want him to -so he went to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain - Landed in bahamas - Nina Pinta Santa Monica - his ships

answer

Christopher Columbus

question

New World

answer

Mundus Novos

question

confirmed portugals right to eastern route to indies-- and any undiscovered land east of imaginary line west of cape verde - pope alexander VI set a line of demarcation dividing non-euro world into 2 zones

answer

Treaty of Tordesillas

question

crossed land passage in panama ---first euro to see pacific ocean

answer

Vasco Nunez De Balboa

question

set off in 1519 ---fought mutiny,storms and tropical heat ------goal:to reach spice lands by sailing westward

answer

Ferdinand Magellan

question

when english explorers met the native americans---exchanged knowledge, disease (syphilis) and ideas

answer

Columbian Exchange

question

conquerer--looked for gold ----convert natives to christianity -------gain measure to profit from venture ---------------brought syphilis to europe -------------------conquered aztecs-killed many of them

answer

Hernando Cortes

question

"conquerers" spanish adventures

answer

Conquistadores

question

wiped out peruvians --1531 conquered peruvian empire

answer

Francisco Pizarro

question

motives for European explorers --Gold-spices ----God-missionary to convert other>catholic -------Glory-discover new world

answer

GOD GLORY GOLD

question

ones of the greatest work of portugese literature

answer

Lusiads

question

championed the cause of the native inhabitants at the court of the spanish kings

answer

Bartolone De Las Lasas

question

Spice Islands

answer

Indonesia

question

navigation tool to determine their latitude at sea

answer

Astrolobe-

question

Deeply religious girl. Came to Charles VII and claimed to have heard the voices of saints ordering her to save Orleans. Fought in the Hundred Years War and helped the French. Captured by the English. Burned as a heretic.

answer

Joan of Arc

question

English aristocratic families (with their armies) fighting other families for control. Lancaster vs York. Henry Tudor wins (Henry VII). Tudor dynasty begins in England.

answer

Wars of the Roses

question

Large, powerful kingdom with territory throughout central Europe Spanned from the North and Baltic Seas to the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas and from Bohemia to Burgundy Emperor Charles IV (1355-1378) Occupied almost entirely by Germanic people Decentralized

answer

Holy Roman Empire

question

• Passed the Golden Bull • Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire • Turned Prague into a cultural center • Fostered a literary and artistic Renaissance • Gave up political power as Emperor

answer

Emperor Charles IV

question

• Edict passed by Emperor Charles IV • Holy Roman Emperor chosen by seven great princes of the empire without consultation with the pope • Reduced power of emperor

answer

Golden Bull

question

• Virulent combination of pneumonia, bubonic plague, septicemia • Killed a third to one half of European population • Loss of social and moral codes • Created a labor surplus • Infrastructure fell apart as farming, manufacturing went dormant

answer

Black Death/ Plague

question

• Labor surplus led to higher wages for peasants • Nobles, aristocracy did not want to pay more, demanded pre-plague wages • Local nobles, French king increase taxes, local demands • Peasants revolt, not chivalric in nature • Anticlerical (attacked church structure) • Ended by completed dissection of French Army

answer

Jacquerie

question

• Wealthy Parisian cloth merchant • Angered with the French aristocracy, elite • Wanted to control French finances and fiscal reforms • Followers included merchants, guild elite, and peasants • Ended by complete force of the French Army

answer

Etienne Marcel

question

Monopolized northern grain trade along Baltic Coast League had rights to export Scandinavian fish throughout Europe Influx of Baltic Grain sent Europe into a 200+ year depression

answer

Hanseatic League

question

• Clement V (1305-1314) moved papacy to Avignon in 1305 from Rome • Under French control • Home of papacy from 1305-1377 • Papacy concentrated on legal and fiscal reforms • Led to Great Schism

answer

Avignon

question

• Pope transfers positive balance to sinners in return for pious acts including contributing money to church • Could be purchased for ones own use or to assist souls of family members in purgatory • Major source of church's revenue

answer

Indulgences

question

• Second source of major revenue, especially for Papal income • B/c Popes could appoint bishops/other leaders they would also collect taxes for such appointments • Benefices are Church offices • Encouraged pluralism: individuals could acquire many benefices

answer

benefices

question

• 1377: Pope Gregory XI returned papacy to Rome; died immediately after • Italians surrounded church demanding Italian Pope • Cardinals elected Urban VI who insulted all Italian Cardinals; Cardinals claim election null-and-void, elect Clement VII who takes up residence at Avignon • Church has two Popes • Great Schism created many questions: "Where do taxes go, where do appointments come from?" • Divided Europe

answer

Great Schism

question

• Idea that a church council could end schism • Popes disliked b/c it suggested that an assembly of the Church had more power than the Pope • At first worsened situation, electing a third Pope

answer

Conciliarism

question

• Held from 1414 to 1418 • Under Emperor-Elect Sigismund, cardinals, bishops, abbots, and theologians from across Europe met to resolve the Great Schism • Idea that Popes power could be controlled through frequent councils • Ends multiplicity of Papal office • Elected the impartial Pope, Martin V, ends schism

answer

Council of Constance

question

• Handbook for hunting witches, including procedures to induce their confessions • Written by Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger • Natural disasters such as plague and human disasters promoted fear of witchcraft, "witches" were blamed for troubles • Accused witches were most commonly women on the margins of society • Started witch hunting craze

answer

Witches Hammer

question

• 1330-1384 • Unorthodox Christian who questioned the church's right to wealth • Said that the value of ideals depended on the worthiness of the priest • Protected by secular lords and followers in England • Held ideas such as that Christ was present in Eucharist only in spirit, indulgences were useless and predestination was more important individual merit

answer

John Wycliffe

question

• Followers of John Wycliffe • Weren't suppressed until Henry V took power • Support made Wycliffe popular and protected him from persecution

answer

Lollards

question

• Leading teacher of Wycliffe's ideas in Prague, rejected his ideas about priests • Demanded reform of church's morals • Led attack on German dominance in Bohemia • Followers were called "Hussites" • Excommunicated by Pope John XXIII • Burned at the stake for heresy by the Council of Constance • His execution caused revolt in Bohemia • Martin Luther a follower

answer

Jan Hus

question

• Defended radical poverty- was excommunicated by Pope John XXIII • Said that church couldn't be based on logic, must be believed • Nominalism—denied reason could lead to truth • Believed that the church shouldn't have a role in the government • Denied absolute authority of the pope • Church should have elected officials • Defended radical poverty

answer

William of Ockham

question

• Doctrine of William of Ockham • Stated that reason could not lead to truth • Focused on names given to things rather than reality • Belief that philosophical speculation was essentially logical, linguistic exercise, not a way to certain knowledge

answer

Nominalism

question

• An Italian poet • Wrote The Divine Comedy—a poem • About hell, purgatory, and heaven • Reflected his views on politics through his poetry • Advanced writer for his time • Made Italian a literary language

answer

Dante Alighieri

question

• A poem by Dante Alighieri • Divided into three parts—journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven • Summary of good and bad in politics and culture in medieval times • View of the whole Christian universe • Written in the last years of Dante's life

answer

The Divine Comedy

question

• An English author and poet • His work weaved together a spectrum of late medieval literature and life • His most famous work is Canterbury Tales • Greatest English author before Shakespeare

answer

Geoffrey Chaucer

question

• Written by Geoffrey Chaucer • Involved characters from every spectrum of medieval society and every walk of life • Drawn from folklore, Italian literature, lives of Saints, courtly romance, and religious sermons • Used characters to comment on social, religious, and political life during the later Middle Ages

answer

The Canterbury Tales

question

• First woman to make a living writing • Wrote conventional love poems and autobiographical poems • Wrote Hymn to Joan of Arc • Fought against medieval stereotypes of women • Opened up new possibilities for women • Brought dignity to women, strived for justice and for peace in France

answer

Christine de Pisan

question

• Three main causes were the fight over Gascony, Flemish- cloth town revolts, and the dispute over the heir to the French throne. • Underlying cause is chivalry • English successes early on due to a more tactical leader (Edward III) • Salvation of France comes with Joan of Arc and gunpowder • Resulted in the English War of the Roses, higher taxes, and Italian banks bankrupted

answer

Hundred Years War

question

• Rebirth of thinking and renewed fascination of the Classical world • Emphasis on humanity • An era of rapid transitions • Three distinct phases (1350 - 1550) - First: decline in population, uncovering of classical texts, experimentation with art forms. - Second: artistic and literary achievements. - Third: invasion from France and Spain transformed Italian political life, ideas from Italian writers and artists spread across Europe

answer

Renaissance

question

• Father of humanism • Italian poet • Denounced the Babylonian captivity of the papacy • Considered church leaders as poor examples, saw them as materialistic • Among the first to differentiate the new age of the Renaissance • "Christ is my God; Cicero is the prince of the language I use."

answer

Petrarch

question

• Architect and engineer • One of the three Florentine Renaissance masters • Recombined basic elements of Gothic architecture with classical structures, based designs on geometric principles • First Renaissance artist to understand and make use of perspective • Greatest work was the dome on the Cathedral in Florence

answer

Brunelleschi

question

• Florentine master, interested in nude artwork • Revived the freestanding and equestrian statues • Translated classical styles into naturalistic forms • Use of linear perspective • Well-known for his bronze statue of David

answer

Donatello

question

• Florentine master, extremely influential paintings • Used inspiration of the Ancients to emphasize nature and perspective • Famous frescoes and was praised for his naturalism • Best known works: - The Expulsion of Adam and Eve(1425) - The Holy Trinity

answer

Massaccio

question

• Scholar, artist, architect, mathematician, poet, playwright, musician and inventor • Wrote "On Architecture", and "4 Books on the Family". • "4 Books on the Family" about raising children, choosing wives, and managing domestic affairs • Employed by the Papal Court • Showed classical form can be applied to traditional spaces

answer

Leon Batista Alberti

question

• Florentine painter • Mythologies depart from naturalism of the time • Painted Birth of Venus and Goddess of Love • Paintings concerned beauty and personality

answer

Sandro Botticelli

question

• Italian Renaissance artist and mathematician • First to challenge Donatello • Trained in the tradition of Masaccio • Focused on visual unity in his paintings • Concentrated on technical aspects of composition • Well-known for his fresco The Resurrection (1463)

answer

Piero della Francesca

question

• The epitome of the Renaissance Man • Image of Renaissance • Detailed anatomical drawings, engineered inventions, painted using science and math • Well-known for his works Mona Lisa(1503 - 1506), The Last Supper and La Gioconda • Recorded detailed anatomical drawings of body

answer

Leonardo da Vinci

question

• Paintings and sculptures used classical style • Very popular in Rome • Well-known for his work on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the dome of St. Peter, Creation of Man, his sculpture of David, and the Pieta • He claimed to have imbibed his love of sculpture from the milk of his wet nurse, who was the wife of a stonecutter

answer

Michelangelo

question

• Head of Medici Family • Diplomat • Held strong humanist values • Grandson of Cosimo de Medici • Spread artistic creativity in Florence

answer

Lorenzo de' Medici

question

• First popularized in Renaissance Italy • Secular in outlook, but not anti-religious • Focused on philology and rhetoric • Reacted strongly against scholasticism • Celebrated worldly achievements • Civic humanists saw their studies as a means of improving themselves and their societies • Christian humanists applied their techniques to the study of the authorities and texts of the church

answer

humanism

question

• Renaissance author • Influenced by Plato • Oration on the Dignity of Man • Believed that people determined their own fate

answer

Pico della Mirandola

question

• Influential humanist, studied in Philology • Incorporated humanism and liberal arts into politics • Proved that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery through application of philology and therefore proved all papal claims based upon it were without merit

answer

Lorenzo Valla

question

• Leader of the humanist movement after Petrarch • Stressed the importance of the works of Cicero, Plato, and Aristotle • Considered greatest Greek scholar of his day

answer

Leonardo Bruni

question

• The study of words, their meaning, and their grammatical structure • A leading concern of humanists • Lorenzo Valla

answer

Philology

question

• 1478-1529 • Wrote "The Courtier" in 1516 • Prominent author during the Renaissance

answer

Baldesar Castiglione

question

• Wrote "The Prince" and "Discourses on Livy, published after his death • Father of modern political theory

answer

Niccolo Machiavelli

question

• An etiquette book for aristocratic men • Published in 1516 • Written by Baldesar Castiglione

answer

The Courtier

question

• Written by Niccolo Machiavelli • Advice to monarchs on how to use and maintain their power over the people • Not published until 1532

answer

The Prince

question

• One of the five city-state powers of Italy • Hereditary monarchy • Peace was not established until 1443, by Alfonoso I of Aragon after continuous civil war

answer

Naples

question

• City-state in Renaissance Italy • Major concern was preventing foreign invasion • Northern Italy • Economy was oriented toward Switzerland and Germany

answer

Milan

question

• Center of Renaissance culture • One of the wealthiest cities in Europe • Northern Italy • 15th Century was ruled by the Medici banking family • Economy based on wool

answer

Florence

question

• Water was source of prosperity (trade) • Located on head of Adriatic sea (Northwest) • Was ruled by the hereditary elite and the Doge

answer

Venice

question

• Capital was Rome • Only city-state governed by a hereditary monarchy • Pope did not rule, only resided there • Alphonso I of Aragon gained throne, peace was restored

answer

Papal States

question

• Ruler of Venice • Title, not name • Was the elected chief of the magistrate

answer

doge

question

• 1401-1456 • Great military leader in Renaissance Italy • Seized power in Milan and became the Duke

answer

Francesco Sforza

question

• Name given to the leaders of the mercenary groups in Renaissance Italy. • Mostly used in the wars against the Italian city-states. • Sold services to the highest bidder. • Dangerous, even to their allies. • Often deserted their allies and drove them to bankruptcy.

answer

Condottieri

question

• 1454 • Established 2 balanced alliances of the city-states 1. Florence and Milan 2. Venice and Naples • Was unsuccessful in bringing about lasting peace • The states and the papacy pledged mutual non-aggression which lasted for only 40 years. • The large states continued to overtake the smaller cities and creating a quasi-empires.

answer

Peace of Lodi

question

• Means "rule by the few" • A government ruled by an elite few. • Example: ethnos was governed by an elite (oligarchy) • Made up of major land owners • Wealthier citizens governed

answer

Oligarchy

question

• Italian "lordship" in Italian city-states • Ruling council in Florence's republican form of government • Followers among the artisans to maintain eligibility of voters. • Emergency powers established to reduce number of citizens qualified to vote for the Signoria.

answer

Signoria

question

• Ruled in Florence • Patriarch of the Medici family banking company • Established a form of loose rule over the city • Secured a century long dynasty • Able to gain controlling influence on Signoria • Sought to make peace between Naples & Florence • One of the richest men in Christendom- 1434 • Practical- taught children humanistic principles • Funded Palazzo Medici • Grandfather of Lorenzo de' Medici

answer

Cosimo de' Medici

question

• Known as "The Conqueror" • One of the greatest military geniuses in history • Consolidated expansions of the Ottoman Empire in Asia minor • Organized the siege of Constantinople • Ottoman sultan at age of 19

answer

Mehmed II

question

• Series of wars that uprooted Italian hegemony • Began as Naples, Florence, and the Papal States against Milan • Milan called for help- the French and the Swiss • In retaliation, Venice and the Papal states called for Spain (Aragon) and the Holy Roman Empire • Foreign powers fighting for dynastic supremacy • Ended in destruction of the Italian peninsula • Sack of Rome (1527)- German mercenaries • Italian unification delayed and Italian culture became background in European development

answer

Wars of Italy

question

• The center of power, wealth, and culture in the Christian world during the beginning of the 15th century • Dotted the Italian peninsula • Differed in size, shape, and form • Milan • Florence • Venice • Naples • the Papal States

answer

City-states

question

• Portuguese • Attempted to establish southern bases • Helped capture North African port of Ceuta from the Muslims (1450) • Wanted to make contact with Africans and find an alternative route to India and the far east around Africa • Opened trade in ivory, gold & slaves

answer

Prince Henry the Navigator

question

• Portuguese explorer • Cavalier of the Royal Court • Rounded the Southern tip of Africa and opened the eastern African shores to Portuguese traders • First to pass the Cape of Good Hope

answer

Bartolomeu Dias

question

• Portuguese explorer • Rounded the Cape of Good Hope and took the first Portuguese fleet across the Indian Ocean • Returned to Lisbon with valuable spices of the east after a two year journey

answer

Vasco de Gama

question

• Portuguese • Understood the need for strategically placed garrisons (place of residence and armory for the soldiers) • Conquered vital parts of Middle East and India

answer

Alfonso de Albuquerque

question

• Italian • Was funded by Isabella de Castile • Landed in the Americas (October 12, 1492) • Landed with the ships the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa María • Originally sailed to find a water route to Asia • Returned from his expedition with gold, encouraging future exploration

answer

Christopher Columbus

question

• First to circumnavigate the globe • Died when he undertook a position in a Filipino war • The crew continued on a 90 day crossing of the Pacific and completed the journey without him

answer

Ferdinand Magellan

question

• Crossed the land passage of Panama • First European to see the Pacific Ocean (it's name comes from the Spanish word "pacifica", which means peaceful • Refueled Spanish ambitions to find a passage to the Indies via the Pacific Ocean

answer

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

question

• Colonized New World in three main interests of the Crown, gold, new land and convert natives to Christianity • Was mistaken for Quetzalcoatl by the Aztecs due to his light skin and beard • 1521, Conquered Aztecs • 1522, conquers area as large as Spain

answer

Hernando Cortes

question

• 1531 • Conquered Incas in Peru. • Vastly expanded the territory under the Spanish control. • Major profit from gold and silver mines went to Spain. • The gold and silver discoveries helped fund the Spanish dynastic ambitions in Europe.

answer

Francisco Pizarro

question

• Largest European political unit. • Heir to ancient state of Russia through conquest, alliance and good fortune. • Its military successes were almost unbroken. • Land once gained was never lost. • Famous rulers o Ivan III o Ivan IV o Michael Romanov

answer

Muscovy

question

• Had no competitors for his throne which helped administer new Muscovite territories. • Expands Muscovy North and West. • Military successes almost unbroken. • Wars waged to secure agricultural territory. • Facilitates phenomenal growth. • Extended the privileges of his nobility and organized a military class that received land as a reward for fidelity.

answer

Ivan III, the Great

question

• Defeated Mongols • Greatest ambition was to gain a portion of the Baltic Sea to establish a northern outlet for commerce. • Military campaigns in north weaken southern border. • 1571- Crimean Tatars burn Moscow. • Severe distrust of the boyars which leads to Time of Troubles which led to several thousand families to be massacred.

answer

Ivan IV, the Terrible

question

• One of three Muscovite society groups. • Hereditary nobility. • Powerful landlords of great estates. • Inherited lands did not benefit from expansion or conquest. • Obtained influence and government posts through their military support of princes. • Occupied the highest state offices through a council advised the prince. • Used as legislative advisers and in Ivan IV parliamentary council.

answer

boyars

question

• Chosen tsar by assembly of landlords • Comes to power during Russian Time of Troubles • Time of Troubles was a crisis of legitimacy in the Russian crown around 1601 • Humiliating peace with Swedes in return for Swedish assistance against the Poles

answer

Michael Romanov

question

• Kingdom spanned from the Baltic to Black Seas. • Crowns of Polish and Lithuanian Kingdoms in 14th Century. • Divided Teutonic Knight Territories. • The nobility developed strong local interest that increased over time.

answer

Poland- Lithuania

question

• Royal dynasty originating from Lithuanian House of Gediminas dynasty that reigned in Central European countries between the 14th and 16th century • At close of 15th Century Jagiellon family rules Poland, Lithuania, Bohemia, and Hungary

answer

Jagiellon Dynasty

question

• Began Tudor Dynasty at the end of the English War of the Roses • Married Elizabeth of York. • Extended power of Crown and restored order. • Financial problems limited domestic and international affairs. • Put an end to dynastic instability • Created a new peerage, new nobles indebted to Henry VII

answer

Henry VII Tudor

question

• Set up administration departments (e.g. State, Revenue Keeping) • Chief minister of Henry VIII from 1532 to 1540 • Expanding power of Privy Court (King's executive body)

answer

Thomas Cromwell

question

• Ruled France post Hundred Years Wars. • Expanded power of Crown. • Subdued nobility. • AKA "The Spider" • Took control of powerful fiefs: Brittany and Orleans

answer

Louis XI

question

• A direct French tax which nobles were exempt. • Heavy burden on people in comparison to English tax counterpart.

answer

taille

question

• A consumption tax on salt • Mostly throughout the Kingdom of France • Tax fell on all of the 3rd estate • No matter how poor a family was the tax had to be paid • Money used to raise army

answer

gabelle

question

• Tax on various commodities such as meat and wine • Many complaints on the tax • French Monarchy established a broad base for taxation with a high degree of compliance before other European countries

answer

aide

question

• Secretly exchanged wedding vows with Isabella of Castile • Marriage united France • Father was John II • Worked to forge Spanish states • Date:1479-1516

answer

Ferdinand of Aragon

question

• Married Ferdinand of Aragon • Marriage united France • Worked to form Spanish states • Recovered land conquered by Moors

answer

Isabella of Castile

question

• Created national identity for Spanish Christians • Date: circa 1480 • The re-capture and re-Christianization of the conquered territories. • Completed in 1492 • Expelled Jews from Spain • Collected Spanish settlers for an army

answer

reconquista

question

• People who converted to Christianity • Became most powerful members of church and state • Was taken over by a tribunal church • Date: Late 14th Century

answer

converses

question

• Emperor of Holy Roman Empire • Alliance With England • Victory over France at Pavia (1524) • Victory Seemingly made him the master of Europe • Alliance with France after the marriage of France to Charles' sister • Date: 1500s

answer

Emperor Charles V

question

• King of France • Led troops against the Holy Roman Empire • Captured by Charles V • Alliance with England through the marriage of Charles's sister • Date: 1500s

answer

Francis I of France

question

• Circa 1350 • Phillip VI (1328-1350) was the first king of France from Valois • Both the Kings of France and the Dukes of Burgundy share ancestry from the Valois Dynasty • Pitted against Habsburg Empire in the 16th century • Saved by Joan of Arc (1429)

answer

Valosi Dynasty

question

• Claimed many lands (Germany, Spain, Hungary, Bohemia, Silesia, Moravia, Naples, Sardinia, and part of the Netherlands) • Fueded with Valois 1522-1544, ended with the treaty of Crespy (Rule of King Charles) • One of the most powerful empires in Europe

answer

Habsburg Empire

question

• 1559 • Brought to close the sixty year conflict in 1559 • Henry II released from jail, celebrated treaty as victory • France and Spain declare bankruptcy

answer

Treaty of Cateau- Cambresis

question

• Dominican Priest • Published Apologetic History of the Indies in 1550 • Highlighted complexity of native societies and their destruction.

answer

Bartolome de las Casas

question

• Circa 1570's • Wrote Lusiad, one of the greatest Portugese literatures (1572) • Spoke of how New World had surpassed old World in conquest and exploration

answer

Luis de Camoes

question

The after affects of Columbus' discovery of the New World • Exchange of ideas, people, microbes, plants, and animals between the New World and Europe • Cocoa beans, tomatoes, potatoes, horses, pigs, dogs, and cows

answer

Columbian Exchange

question

• 1479-1516 • Effort to convert conquered Muslims and Jews to Christianity • 1492- Jews expelled from Spain • Led to religious unity and enhanced political centalization • Conversos- people who converted but still practiced their old religion in secret. • Tortured and killed heretics • King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella ruled during this time

answer

Spanish Inquistion

question

• 1494 • Confirmed Portugals rights to eastern routes to the Indies and undiscovered lands east of Cape Verde islands • Entitled Portugal to Brazil • Spanish got land west of the line • Line drawn through South America by the Pope

answer

Treaty of Tordesillas

question

• Invented process for printing with movable type • Published Bibles in 1450s • Made reading more available

answer

Johannes Gutenberg

question

• A program of reform rather than philosophy • Powerful, intellectual movement • Revival of classic literature • Analyzed the Bible to understand Christ and the Apostles • Interested in education of women • Sir Thomas More and Desiderius Erasmus were major humanists • Scholasticism was a dominant way of teaching in universities and schools

answer

Christian Humanism

question

• Dutch, Christian Humanist, religious reformer • The Praise of Folly (1509) • Published first Greek Edition of the New Testament. • Dedicated his life to "restoring the connection of the individual Christian to the textual basis of the Christian Doctrine." • His goal was to make the experiences of Christ the focus of Christianity again, rather than the traditions and superstitions.

answer

Desiderius Erasmus

question

• London Lawyer and Scholar. • Christian humanist • Wrote Utopia, a book describing his vision of the perfect society • Devoted to traditional church • Statesman to Henry VIII, rejected Henry's break from Rome and the church, beheaded for treason

answer

Sir Thomas More

question

• Bible that combined Greek, Latin, Hebrew and vernacular biblical texts • A team of scholars at University of Alcala worked for 15 years on it. • To find Latin they went to Greek and to find Greek they went to Hebrew.

answer

Polyglot Bible

question

• Written by Erasmus along the lines of Thomas More's conversations. • One of the Best Sellers in publishing history in 1509. • Includes Satire.

answer

In Praise of Folly

question

• A Dominican friar, hired to preach the benefits of indulgence. • Served as a competition to churches and other clergy. • Martin Luther went against him and stated that grace couldn't be bought.

answer

Johann Tetzel

question

• Ruler of Saxony. • Collector of nearly 17,000 relics. • A prime example of religion during the time period; Relics and possessions were the way to eternal life. • Banned the sell of indulgences

answer

Frederick III the Wise

question

• A German professor • Became a priest in 1507 • Attacked powerful patrons in Wittenberg • Made 95 Theses • Always felt guilty for his sins and was excommunicated from Pope Leo X • Believed the papacy was a human rather than divine intention. • sola fide, sola scriptura - by faith alone, Bible is authority and taken literally

answer

Martin Luther

question

• Attacked indulgences and their sale • Written by Martin Luther • Basis of Protestantism

answer

95 Theses

question

• Martin Luther's Spiritual philosophy that justification came by faith alone • Sin could not be washed away by penance

answer

sola fide

question

• Martin Luther's philosophy that God's mercy came through the knowledge and contemplation of the word of God. • All that was needed to understand God's justice is in the Bible

answer

sola scriptura

question

• Reformed religion in the town of Zurich • 1519- Stricken by Plague o In his struggle he came to a personal realization of the power of God's mercy • Reformed Theology, Beliefs include: o Church had to recover purity o Equality of believers o Justification by faith alone

answer

Huldrych Zwingili

question

• Switzerland • 1536 - John Calvin becomes Religious Reformer • 1559- Calvin establishes University of Geneva.

answer

Geneva

question

• German town • 1517- Pope sells indulgences to rebuild St. Peters o Sales administered by Johann Tetzel, Prince Albert of Brandenburg • Martin Luther posted Ninety-five Theses on the door of the Wittenberg castle church which attacked the sale of indulgences

answer

Wittenberg

question

• Institutes of a Christian Religion (1536) • Reformer of the Genevan Church - Calvinist Faith o Salvation from God's grace, predestined • Contributions to religious reform include: o Church structure o Discipline • Calvinism attracted Princes because of its independent structure (unlike Catholicism)

answer

John Calvin

question

• A fundamental principle of Calvin's theology • Christians are destined to go to heaven or hell • Those destined to damnation were to be governed by those destined to salvation

answer

Predestination

question

• Corrected abuses of the church o Sale of indulgences o Obligations of priests and bishops to preach to their congregations • Italian pope held upper hand at Council • Near total victory for Catholicism

answer

Council of Trent

question

• 1509-1547 • Consolidated power in England • Second Tudor king • Confiscated the wealth of the church o Established Anglican Church to get a divorce • Head of the Church of England • Responsible for dividing up administration and reforming power

answer

Henry VIII

question

• 1485-1536 • Henry VIII's first wife • Could not produce male heir • When they divorced, a great dispute came between the papacy and the crown

answer

Catherine of Aragon

question

• 1507-1536 • Henry VIII's second wife o Reason for quick divorce from Catherine • Gave birth to daughter (Queen Elizabeth I) • Convicted of adultery • Beheaded in 1536

answer

Anne Boleyn

question

• 1489-1556 • Archbishop of Canterbury o England's highest ecclesiastical officer • Practiced Lutheran reforms • Allowed the divorce of Henry and Catherine and let him marry a second time • Marked the start of a break with Rome • Executed by Mary I in later Reformation

answer

Thomas Cranmer

question

• 1485-1540 • Chief Minister to Henry VIII • Divided administration by creating separate departments of state • Advised English parliament to make Henry VIII supreme head of the English church • Sponsored Lutheran reforms

answer

Thomas Cromwell

question

• 1536 • Gentry and common people opposed the abolishment of the monasteries • Most serious threat to British Monarchy since the War of the Roses

answer

Pilgrimage of Grace

question

• 1516-1558 • Child of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII • Reestablished Roman Catholicism • Forced many subjects into exile • Provoked two major revolts

answer

Mary Tudor

question

• 1563 • Made Calvinism more demanding by exiles • Created the Calvinist Doctrine • Maintained traditional practices

answer

39 Articles

question

• 1520s • Negative label for radical religious extremists • Part of radical reformation • Protestants that varied in belief but agreed on adult baptism • Spread to southern Bohemia and the eastern edges of the Holy Roman Empire • Greatly persecuted • Threatened the establishment of Orthodox Protestantism

answer

Anabaptists

question

• 1520s • Anabaptists who settled in southern Bohemia were Moravian • Secured land for communities • Converted many nobles to their beliefs • Split on decision of pacifism when the Turkish armies began advancing on them • Survived and spread to Hungary and Poland

answer

Moravian Brethren

question

• Early-to-Mid 1500s • Menno Simons (1496-1561) - organized followers known as the Mennonites • They were the Dutch Anabaptists • Evangelical protestant sect, noted for their simplicity in lifestyle and plain dress

answer

Mennonites

question

• 1427 • Central text of the New Piety • Thought to be written by Thomas à Kempis (1397-1471) • One of the most influential works of the Later Middle Ages • Taught that Christian life should be lived according to Jesus' dictates as expressed in the Sermon on the Mount

answer

The Imitation of Christ

question

• 1436-1517 • Organized the first new translation project of the 16th century (aka the Polyglot Bible) • Was a Cardinal, Arch Bishop of Toledo, and Primate of Spain • Undertook a reorganization of Spanish religious life in the late 15th century • Project took the sting out of Protestant attacks on clerical abuse

answer

Jimenez de Cisneros

question

• 1495-1543 • Reforming bishop of Verona • Emphasized frugal life and the role of bishops as pastors • Helped the poor and homeless, and improved the opinion of the Church

answer

Gian Matteo Giberti

question

• Early 1500s • Sought to follow the strictest rule of the life of St. Francis of Assisi • New orders received papal charters • Devotion to a spiritual life of sacrifice

answer

Catholic Devotionalism

question

• 1515-1582 • Led the reform of the Carmelites • Entered a convent at a young age • Believed that women had to withdraw from the world to achieve true devotion • Founded convents and religious houses for women • Wrote The Way of Perfection (1583) • She had mystic visions

answer

Saint Teresa of Avila

question

• Young unmarried girls, lives with their families • Met monthly • Began in Northern Italy (spread to France) • Devoted to teaching other women • Lived chaste lives

answer

Ursulines

question

• He was a self taught religious reformer • Started out training for military (service of Castile) • Claims to have been called directly by Jesus • Wrote The spiritual Exercises • 1540- together with Pope Paul III he established the society of Jesus • Followers were Jesuits ("soldiers of God") • 1566- became full time administrator in Rome

answer

Ignatious of Loyola

question

• Founded by Ignatious of Loyola and approved by Pope Paul III • Founded at a time when the spiritual needs of the church were being extended outside the confines of Europe • Called Jesuits "Soldiers of God" • Both military and religious

answer

Society of Jesus

question

• Written by Ignatious of Loyola • Handbook for Catholic devotion

answer

The Spiritual Exercises

question

• Disciple of Ignatious • Sent to Portugal for 10 years • Converted people to Catholicism in Portuguese port cities and in the East in India and Japan

answer

Francis Xavier

question

• Movement influenced by Erasmus, Luther, and Zwingli • Originated among the Brethren of the Common Life in Germany • Emphasized personal religious practice • Influenced Christian Humanism • Based on The Imitation of Christ 1427

answer

New Piety

question

• Originally involved with funding crusades • Church bastardized the idea to sales of good deeds • No mention in spiritual texts • Spiritual bank account

answer

Indulgences

STUDY

Ancient Rome AP European History Hans Holbein The Younger History of Europe Pieter Bruegel The Elder The Fall Of Rome World History

World History: Medici- program 1 – Flashcards 22 terms

Stephen Sanchez

22 terms

Preview

World History: Medici- program 1 – Flashcards

question

Manuscripts

answer

The item(s) that Cosimo de Medici and his friends search Europe for. Because of this search, the Renaissance begins.

question

Heresy

answer

A word that means believing anything other than what the church preached. People could be excommunicated from the Church if found guilty of this crime.

question

Brunelleschi

answer

An architect and engineer who built the dome of the Florence Cathedral

question

Columns

answer

These were used as supports for the Florence Cathedral dome. Because they haven't been used in 1000 years it created a revolution in architecture.

question

Arches

answer

These were used to make the dome, and haven't been used since the fall of Rome. Florentines who came to watch the dome's construction were surprised that he ordered these.

question

Concrete

answer

A building material whose recipe was lost. Brunelleschi had examined the dome of the Roman Pantheon, and unfortunately couldn't use the same technique because of the absence of this material.

question

Gears

answer

The part of pulleys that Brunelleschi altered so that the oxen could pull the 1700 pound sandstone beams 250 feet into the air and return them to the ground without changing direction.

question

Bricks

answer

Brunelleschi personally set some of these into place on his dome because his workers were afraid the technique would fail and they would die.

question

Power and Prestige

answer

The Medici family gained this because of Cosimo's patronage of Brunelleschi.

question

Albizzi

answer

A banking family who resented the power of Medici and had him arrested for treason against Florence.

question

Brunelleschi

answer

The man who was also jailed because of Cosimo's arrest.

question

Bribing

answer

Cosimo escaped from the tower that was his prison by doing this to the guards.

question

Pope

answer

Cosimo returned to Florence after the Albizzi family's control over Florence ended, and the Medici banks became the most important banks in Europe because they collected money for this person.

question

John XXIII

answer

The pope previously known as Baldesari Cossa. Cosimo's patronage of Cossa paid off when Cossa became pope.

question

Patronage

answer

Marcello Fantoni said: "[blank] is great for the production of art but totally irrational from an economic view. [blank] is a political strategy...high political competition..." (the two blanks are the same word)

question

Republic

answer

The type of government in Florence. Florence is the only country in Europe to have this type, but it was often corrupt.

question

Artists

answer

70% of all Renaissance [blank] lived and worked in Florence.

question

Perspective

answer

An invention created by Brunelleschi that changed the way we see, and made a new, modern way of looking at the world.

question

Donatello

answer

The sculptor who made the bronze statue of David, which was the first free-standing sculpture since ancient Rome.

question

General Council

answer

This group was organized after the dome was completed. It brought people from all over the world to Florence, including scholars who knew Greek and could translate the ancient Greek texts that Cosimo and his friends had been searching for.

question

Il Duomo

answer

The name of Brunelleschi's dome.

question

Pater Patriae

answer

The name given to Cosimo de Medici when he died in 1464, it means 'the father of the fatherland'.

STUDY

Adam And Eve AP Art History Art History Hans Holbein The Younger Painting Pieter Bruegel The Elder

Medieval Art Questions – Flashcards 20 terms

Mary Moore

20 terms

Preview

Medieval Art Questions – Flashcards

question

Who painted the Merode Altarpiece ?

answer

Robert Campin

question

What is the Merode Altarpiece used for?

answer

Household prayer

question

What were the most distinctive products of the Hiberno-Saxon monasteries?

answer

Illuminated Christian books

question

What are the Christian art of early Medieval Britain & Ireland known as?

answer

Hiberno-Saxon or Insular art.

question

What are the medieval books made on vellum or parchment in monasteries known as?

answer

Scriptorium

question

Why were pre-Christian traders and pirates of Scandinavia known as Vikings?

answer

Named after viks—coves or harbors—of the Norwegian shoreline.

question

What was the most characteristic of the prestige adornments of the early medieval period that Romans wore?

answer

Fibula

question

What are full pages devoted neither to text nor to illustrations but to pure embellishment a characteristic of?

answer

Insular book illuminations?

question

What is the Merovingian looped fibula made up of?

answer

Silver gilt worked in filigree, with inlays of garnets and other stones.

question

What is the silver or gold wires fused together to create patchwork known as? It is used as the base.

answer

Filigree

question

What arrangement consists of a central figure with 2 symmetrical figures on both sides?

answer

Heraldic Arrangement

question

What is the technique popular in barbarian art in which semiprecious stones are separated by strips of flattened wire placed edgeways on a metal backing.

answer

Cloisonné

question

What is a bound book, made from sheets of paper or parchment?

answer

codex

question

Who were the 2 important figures that the Lindisfarne Gospels were made in honor of?

answer

God and Saint Cuthbert

question

What has ink, tempera, and gold leaf on vellum?

answer

Illuminated manuscripts

question

What previous styles of art influenced medieval European art?

answer

Classical, early Christian and Barbarian concepts

question

In what ways did medieval European art and architecture depart from classical Roman art and architecture?

answer

The emphasis on the church led craftsmen in monasteries created illuminated manuscripts. Also to show devotion to the church, monasteries and cathedrals were later made to be weightless with new technologies such as huge stained-glass windows, pointed vaults and arches and spires and flying buttresses.

question

What are the three major manuscript styles that developed in the Medieval Ages?

answer

Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic styles

question

What were the kind of encyclopedia that focused on the natural world called?

answer

Medieval Bestiaries

question

Where did the Merovingian kings rule and what did they wore?

answer

France and fibulas.

STUDY

AP European History AP World History Hans Holbein The Younger Modern World History Santa Maria Del Fiore World History

Medieval History – Flashcards 114 terms

Cindy Krause

114 terms

Preview

Medieval History – Flashcards

question

1861

answer

Italy United; before was a collection of regional principalities

question

Re Vittorio Emanuele II

answer

First King of Italy

question

Risorgimento

answer

Movement led by Garibaldi to unify Italy

question

Campanilismo

answer

civic pride, the italian having a stronger commitment to cities rather than country

question

1871

answer

Rome made capital of italy

question

1946

answer

Italy becomes a democratic republic

question

1994

answer

Mani pulite, cleansing of the government and destruction of parties such as demorazia cristiana

question

Giulio Andreotti

answer

main leader of Democrazia Cristiana; many terms as prime minister, helped to write the constitution

question

Giuseppe Garibaldi

answer

unified italy; george washington

question

Aldo Moro

answer

prime ministers in 1970s; kidnapped held hostage and kill in 1978 by red brigades

question

Giovanni Falcone

answer

Italian Judge or prosecutor killed in tremendous fashion by the mafia; caused national uproar

question

Mani Pulite

answer

represented an end to the political parties through intensive investigations seeking to cleanse the government from corruption

question

Miracolo Italiano

answer

Period of tremendous Italian economic growth after World War II when Italy truly became a developed country thriving off of small businesss

question

Medio Evo

answer

476-1500

question

Lega Nord

answer

separatist political party

question

Umberto Bossi

answer

leader of Lega Nord

question

1943 - 1994

answer

period of time during which Democrazia Cristiana was the main political party in Italy

question

il rinascimento

answer

the renaissance or rebirth of classical (roman and greek) ideas and philosophies following the middle ages

question

476-1400s

answer

period of time generally referred to as medio evo - period in between classical civ. and the rebirth / looking back to classic

question

Alto Medio Evo

answer

476-1000 A.D.

question

Baso Medio Evo

answer

1000-1492 A.D.

question

Lombard Age

answer

7th and 8th century

question

Hercules

answer

Colle del Duomo is believed to have been dedicated to this god during ancient times

question

Saint Lorenzo

answer

saint that the cathedral of viterbo is dedicated to

question

Pope that permannently moved to Viterbo in 1261

answer

Pope Urbano IV

question

Conclave

answer

when cardinals are locked into a room and not allowed out until they elect a new pope

question

Gregory X

answer

When Clement IV died in 1268 it took 33 months to elect the next pope...

question

French Gothic

answer

Artistic style of the duomo's loggia

question

Basilica

answer

artistic style that the cathedral was first built in

question

Cardinal Gambara

answer

named engraved on the Cathedral's facade; made relevant changes in BAROQUE style of his time

question

1944

answer

cathedral bombed

question

Cosmatesque

answer

artistic style of the cathedral's floor

question

Giovanni XXI

answer

only portuguese pope in history is buried in Viterbo's cathedral

question

773-774

answer

Charlemagne invades the kingdom of Italy/Lombardy and he crowns himself King of Italy

question

800

answer

Pope Leo II crowns Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor

question

846

answer

Arabs sack rome

question

962

answer

Otto I recieves political power from the pope in exchange for political protection

question

1024

answer

citizens of Pavia sack royal palace

question

1072

answer

Normans capture Palermo and drive Arabs and Byzantines out of the south

question

Donation of Constantine

answer

created in the 8th century AD claims that Constantine gave the area of Rome to the pope before he died

question

9th century

answer

Arabs conquered Sicily

question

Ottonians

answer

events in northern italy in the second half nineteenth century were dominated by this family

question

The South and Sicily

answer

the area occupied by the Normans in XI century

question

Arab Kingdom

answer

other kingdom that the Arabs defeated and replaced

question

Virgil and Plini

answer

roman sources that mention the city of Surmo

question

Etymology of Moneta

answer

comes from Juno Moneta wife of Jupiter - at her temple was where money was coined and from there comes the word moneta for coin

question

Caetani

answer

family that pope bonifacio VIII gave sermonetum to

question

1265-1321

answer

Dante's life span

question

Guelfs and Ghibellines

answer

two factions that vied for control for florence;

question

Guelfs

answer

supported the Pope

question

Ghibellines

answer

those supporting the emperor.

question

Black Guelfs

answer

more extreme guelfs; sided more with pope; faction in florence

question

White Guelfs

answer

Dante; more moderate valued economics, politics etc.

question

Giovanni Boccaccio

answer

titled la comedia di dante "divina"

question

1250

answer

death of holy roman emperor Frederick II - decisive moment in papal imperial confrontation.

question

Manfred

answer

Kingdom of Sicily left to this illegitamite son of Frederick II, gradually succumbed to rebellion

question

Angevin House

answer

papal invitation of this family was the key to the destruction of Hohenstaufen power in southern italy

question

Who ruled sicily after the sicilian vespers

answer

Peter of Aragon and the Arogonese were invited by the Sicilian barons, time of Franco hispanic conflict

question

476 A.D.

answer

Odoacre deposes Romulus Agustus, sacks Rome and bring to an end the W.R.E.

question

1167 A.D.

answer

northern communi create Lombard League to protect themselves against Barbarossa

question

1250 A.D.

answer

Frederick II dies, ending the gold age of sicily and leading to intense turmoil over the area involving the Angevins and Aragonese

question

Frederick I

answer

barbarossa, 1167, recognized Viterbo as an independent city

question

Frederick II

answer

in 1250, attacked Viterbo cursed by Santa Rosa and then died because of it

question

Cardinal Albornoz

answer

in 14th century, constructed la Rocca Albornoz by Porta Fiorentina so that the popes could stay there on their way back to rome

question

1300

answer

dante imagines that he starts his journey in the afterworld

question

Jerusalem

answer

where Dante enters the afterworld

question

la lonza

answer

lust

question

il leone

answer

pride

question

la lupa

answer

greed

question

Virgil

answer

chosen as his guide because Virgil was a very much his literary inspiration

question

how the hohenstaufen ousted the Normans

answer

The Hohenstaufen had been ruling the north under Barbarossa until Henry Iv, Frederick I's son married Roger II daughter Castanza di ville thus linking the two dynasties together in 1197 their son Frederick II assume control of the whole peninsula at age 3. Following his death in 1250, the hohenstaufen started to decline.

question

Donatello and Brunelleschi

answer

the two key figures that Alberti Inspired in teh visual arts at the beginning of the XV century in Florence

question

Bruneleschi

answer

-important florentine architect and sculptor - designed many buildings around florence like the duomo, santa croce, and santo spirito -initiated the use of re- use of the ancient roman arches (rounded) instead of pointed gothic arches

question

Donatello

answer

- important florentine sculptor who create the bronze davide..considered one of the best artist of the time

question

Lorenzo dei Medici

answer

died in 1492 - florentine ruler patron or Maecanas of the arts - used arts for political power and protected and fostered many famous italian artists

question

Marsilio Ficino

answer

famous florentine thinker who translated all of platos works into latin, worked a lot in neoplatonism through lorenzo's funding and protection

question

Poliziano

answer

-italian scholar and writer -wrote le stanze -revived the use of italian vernacular language

question

Boticelli

answer

-famous florentine painter -painted Birth of Venus - pagan painting but supported the idea of female beauty which he did a lot of work with through his time

question

1302 - 1321

answer

Dante writes the inferno after being expelled from Florence

question

1348

answer

black death wipes out 1/4 of europes population; stunts the growth of the renaissance

question

1450

answer

Francesco Sforza takes over Milan from the Visconti family; 1447 - last Visconti dies, Milanese try to install a republic; proved unable to protect the city so in 1450 Francesco Sforza, a soldier, took over the city.

question

1453

answer

Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman empire. Effect: new threat = turks; Also, "Roman" thinkers that have studied the continuation of rome under the Eastern Roman Empire come back to Italy where they influence the renaissance

question

1454

answer

Peace of Lodi

question

Peace of Lodi

answer

1454, agreement of Northern city states to stop fighting/ trying to take over eachother - decide that no one is stronger than the others; but leave the Italian peninsula weaker and less united thus prone to foreign occupation

question

Veneto Turkish War

answer

-seen by other states as useful distraction for venitian aggression on other italian states -

question

1492

answer

Lorenzo dei Medici dies

question

1494

answer

Piero di Lorenzo dei Medici forced to flee from florence - under increased influence of franciscan friar Savonarola - decided the Medici had gained too much elitist power

question

Treaty of Granada

answer

1500 - splits the south into two, kingdom of two sicilies between France and Spain

question

League of Cambrai

answer

1508; joined by Ferrara, Mantua and Pope Julius II - pope that plotted to and almost accomplished the destruction of venice

question

Council of Seventy

answer

- group of political elite in the north

question

1512

answer

Medici restored in Florence by Spanish troops - ends the florence republic; Spanish and French played off the elites to gain support

question

1527

answer

Spanish sack of Rome

question

1530

answer

Charles V coronated by pope Clement VII in Bologna; Holy Roman emperor that spoke italian and to whom italy was important; conquest of Milan and ownership of Naples and Sicily; recognized integrity of small city state; tensions between city states gradually start to slow period of relative tranquility

question

1556

answer

Charles V retires and power taken by Philip II - king of spain; focused more on apsin didnt have imperial authority - still remained relatively peaceful however

question

1559

answer

Treaty Cateuo Cambresis - temporary ending of Franco-Habsburg conflict; ends threat of foreign intervention on the spanish peninsula

question

1571

answer

Battle of Lepento - lead by venetian fleet in Greece - beat Turks removes ottoman threat

question

Dante

answer

1265-1321 • 1302-1321 : after exiled from Florence wrote the inferno • middle figure between middle ages and renaissance: work centered around god yet also focuses on the important human qualities such as love and passion • made Florentine dialect the main Italian language

question

Giotto

answer

florentine painter; also a middle man; chapel of Pantova, painted the story of St. Francis at Assissi

question

Marsilo Ficino

answer

renaissance thinker under Lorenzo dei medici; translated all of plato to latin; neoplatonism - focus on earth at center of universe and on the study of human values and morals such as freedom of expression; translated into art

question

Poliziano

answer

Italian poet under lorenzo; wrote le stanze; revived the italian vernacular language; wrote plays that inspired the beginning of the opera

question

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

answer

Renaissance painter who tried to blend christianity with paganism; pope disaproved but protected by Lorenzo

question

Savonarolo

answer

Franciscan Friar whose preachings effect florentine politics after lorenzo's death in 1492; dominated florence scene

question

Donatello

answer

-renaissance sculptor under Lorenzo -one of the best of his time -sculpted bronze david and mastered dramatic expression

question

Filipo Bruneleschi

answer

-Florentine sculptor and architect under Lorenzo; changed from goth pointed archs to old roman rounded archs -

question

Leonardo DaVinci

answer

epitome of a "Renaissance Man"; did everything painter and scientist - autodidact; interest in science and math and inventions; painted Mona lisa and the Last Supper ; skill like no other in facial expression and composition 1481 - 1499 worked in Milan; outshone his contemporaries

question

Michelangelo

answer

rival of Da Vinci; sculptor and painter; Doni Tondo to rival leonardo's drawing of holy family; sculpted Pieta; Invited by Julius II to paint the ceiling of the Sistine chapel and to build Julius tomb- "Slaves" in which men are shown breaking out of their shackles - inspired by Ficino and neoplatonism

question

Raphael

answer

less serious painter; also hired by Julius II; range in power of expression; painted papal apartments; painted the virgin mary in all styels

question

Botticelli

answer

One of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance, developed a highly personal style. The Birth of Venus

question

Niccolo Machiavelli

answer

Italian renaissance man who wrote il principe - discusses his idea that a ruler must be ruthless to be successful; end product of cultivation of new italian political though during the end of the 15th century;

question

Francesco Guicciardini

answer

wrote history of florence and history of italy; machiavelli's contemporary; rational portrayal of events related to causes

question

Ludovico Ariosto

answer

wrote Orlando Furioso; long poem and new romance epic; concerned history of love, pains, disasters; combination of the epic with fuller representation of character and emotion

question

Baldassare

answer

wrote the Courtier; modern taste; more lifelike conversations between characters; idealization of lov e - ficino

question

Boccaccio

answer

1313-1375 Contemp. with Petrarch & also a Florentine. Best known for his Decameron - collection of witty & often bawdy tales told over period of ten days by a group of ten young people fleeing Florence because of plague. Was encouraged by Petrarch, studied ancient manuscripts & learned Greek for this. Considered an early humanist also.

question

Petrarch

answer

Italian poet; known for petrarchan sonnet- one of the three "fathers" of italian language...with dante and boccaccio

STUDY

AP European History Greeks And Romans Hans Holbein The Younger History of Europe Northern Renaissance Artists Pieter Bruegel The Elder

Northern Renaissance vs. Italian Renaissance Art – Flashcards 10 terms

Kate Moore

10 terms

Preview

Northern Renaissance vs. Italian Renaissance Art – Flashcards

question

Northern Renaissance Art

answer

Northern Artists, sculptors, and architects were influenced by daily life, portraits, religious scenes, and scenes of nature. They were surrounded by Gothic Cathedrals in France, Germany and England, which contributed to their style. Since no wealthy patrons who wanted grand paintings were sponsoring them, artists focused on daily life and ordinary people such as peasants. The wealthier asked for portraits. Northern Renaissance painters were especially focused on detail. They wanted to make their art look as realistic as possible. They were very concerned on how their paintings looked (Colors brush strokes, flat, neat, non-detectable brush strokes). They were sponsored by monasteries or universities. However, monarchs often sponsored the arts because they believed that cultural achievement could lead to national pride, which would help unite the people and strengthen the monarchy. However, in the north, artists were scattered about and there wasn't many of them. They had fewer centers of free trade than Italy. Northern Europeans were more focused on religious reform because they thought that the Roman church strayed too far from Christian values. Northern Europe became more rebellious about the church's authority and art became secular.

question

Genre Painting

answer

Northern Renaissance painters painted subjects of daily life. They painted common people like peasants doing everyday things. They usually focused on the lives of peasants unlike Italian Renaissance painters. The rich in Italy did not want paintings of peasants. Since they were patronizing artists, they wanted grander paintings worth their money. Northern painters had more freedom to paint what they wanted to.

question

Naturalism

answer

Northern Renaissance painters enjoyed painting nature or natural scenes as the focus. They painted animals, landscapes, and plants. They focused on extreme detail. They more detail they put in a painting, the better. Color was extremely important. The artist's goal was to make their paintings look as real as possible.

question

Gothic Architecture

answer

Northern architects were surrounded by Gothic Cathedrals in France, Germany, and England. Architecture in the northern countries maintained a Gothic influence throughout the renaissance-high ceilings, large windows, arches, etc.

question

Daily Life/Portraits

answer

Northern artists were sometimes paid to paint people and preserve what a person looked like. For the first time, people wanted portraits-showing the value individualism. This was mainly for the wealthier because peasants couldn't afford expensive portraits.

question

Italian Renaissance Art

answer

Italian painters, sculptors, and architects were mainly influenced by the Classics. There was a lot of Roman ruins in Italy which contributed to their architecture. Wealthy patrons sponsored the arts, so artists usually painted their values, like humanism. Wealthy patrons did not want paintings of ordinary people, but more of the extraordinary. The Italians made sure their paintings were symmetrical, balanced, proportional, had depth, and were idealistic. They were focused on humanism, religious scenes, and Classical mythology. The Italians were still very connected to the Catholic church because they were very close to the Pope. For this reason, there wasn't a lot of protestants in Italy. They believed that humanism led to more dignified and worthy people.

question

Humanism

answer

Italian Renaissance painters were usually paid by nobles or the rich. They wanted grand pictures that showed their wealth. Because wealthy patrons wanted glorious pictures, artists often recreated the ideals of the Classical Greeks and Romans. They glorified the human mind, body, life on earth, and education.

question

Classic Architecture

answer

Italian Renaissance architects were surrounded by Classical architecture ruins. They were inspired and buildings were created with the advancements of the Classics in mind. Houses were built with influence from Roman ruins, which was inspired by the Greeks.

question

Classic Mythology

answer

Italian Renaissance painters were inspired by the Classics. Paintings were often focused on glorifying humans, Greek, and Roman myths. These stories were recreated in paintings.

question

Perspective

answer

Italian Renaissance painters were inspired by the Classic's 3 main values in art. They wanted their sculptures and paintings to have balance, order, and perfection. The painters gave their paintings perspective-or a 3 dimensional feel. Instead of paintings looking flat, artists made sure to give a feeling of depth. They were the first to do this in their paintings.

STUDY

Art Appreciation Art History Hans Holbein The Younger

Commemoration and Decoration 90% – Flashcards 35 terms

Rae Jordan

35 terms

Preview

Commemoration and Decoration 90% – Flashcards

question

Commemoration

answer

Many cultures used statues to document or commemorate their rulers

question

Example of documentation:

answer

Robert Capa, American Troops Landing on D-Day Gelatin silver print, photograph

question

Example of commemoration, documentation, and narration:

answer

Apollodurus, Column of Trajan Built in 113 A.D. as a monument to the Roman army. Marble sculpture (statue), Rome

question

Example of narration:

answer

Bayeux tapestry The Bayeux tapestry, depicts the naval battle, as the Normans invaded England in 1066. (Battle of Hastings)

question

Tapestry

answer

A heavy hand-woven textile used for depicting a story.

question

Monument

answer

A memorial, a lasting remembrance, evidence.

question

Commemorate

answer

To call to remembrance, to serve as a memorial.

question

Example of commemoration:

answer

A plaque made to commemorate the soldiers in battle.

question

Example of symbolism:

answer

Symbolism was used in the ancient wall paintings to produce a visual narrative of what had happened.

question

Symbolism

answer

Using an image to convey a deeper meaning in a piece of art.

question

Documentation

answer

Providing evidence that an event occurred Art was used as documentation for events in history.

question

Narrate

answer

To tell a story Egyptian wall paintings were used to narrate events.

question

Statue

answer

A 3-Dimensional piece of artwork

question

Sarcophagus

answer

An above ground tomb used by the Egyptians King Tut's sarcophagus was painted ornately

question

Why would the artist George Catlin's paintings from the 1800s be considered a form of artistic documentation? (site 1)

answer

Catlin was the first artist to record the Plains Indians in their own territories. Paintings in the Indian Gallery reveal the encounter of two different cultures in a frontier region undergoing dramatic transformation. Catlin began displaying the Indian Gallery in eastern capitals and in Europe, an advocate for the Indian way of life, offering rare insight into native cultures and a crucial chapter in American history. Catlin viewed his Indian Gallery as a way "to rescue from oblivion their primitive looks and customs."

question

What does the above photograph commemorate and document?

answer

This is a picture entitled, the Ruin's of Gallego Flour Mills, Richmond. It records an event and exists as an allegory of the costs of the Civil War. This was created as a document the hardships of the Civil War, but its purpose has also become to commemorate the Civil War so that we can remember the people who suffered and the reasons why the war occurred.

question

This photograph, American Troops Landing on D-Day, was taken by a war correspondent during WWII. What do you notice about this picture? How does it make you feel when you see it?

answer

The photograph, American Troops Landing on D-Day, is very chilling. I can see that it was taken in the middle of great chaos while the American troops have emptied out of the boats and stormed the beaches of Normandy. It makes me feel sad because I know many men died that way because they were chosen, not chose to. When I look at the photograph I also feel chills imagining how electric the air must have been and how cold the water was. Opinions for both questions will vary, but should include details and an explanation for each opinion, along with concepts/details discussed in the lecture.

question

Why have most cultures throughout history used artistic works as a form of representation?

answer

Artist works are often used to document or commemorate an event or important person. Art can convey both emotion and facts. Wars, troublesome times, and great rulers are often remembered through art.

question

Art expresses many things in culture. How does this image of an American flag being placed at Iwo Jima after the most infamous battle in the Pacific during WWII, use symbolism to commemorate, document, and narrate an event in history?

answer

This photograph symbolizes the event by displaying the sorrow and pain of the soldiers atop the rubble and death of battle, while at the same time commemorating their courage and strength as they place an American flag at the scene of the battle. It serves as a reminder of their courage and the strength America has as a nation. It documents history for ever more and narrates the final scene of the battle.

question

Explain the difference between a work of art intended for documentation and one intended for commemoration. How can a work of art, intended as a documentation, become also a piece of commemoration?

answer

A piece of art intended for documentation is a historical, factual account of a person, place, or event. A piece of art intended for commemoration is also a documentation, however its main purpose is to serve as a form of remembrance, or a memorial, rather than a historical documentation. Sometimes as time passes, historical events and/or people become increasingly appreciated by current cultures and/or generations, and therefore a piece that was originally a documentation, can become a memorial or visual remembrance as well.

question

Name the statue above. Explain three examples of symbolism used by the artist when designing this statue.

answer

Answers may vary, but should include at least three examples: The statues is called Augustus of Primaporta, and dates back to early 1st century CE. First, Augustus is looking down, as though to indicate his power and prestige. The artist has put a staff in his hand, which symbolized importance and leadership during this time. There is a small cherub below him, to the left, which could signify holiness and power, or it could also represent the people's worship of their emperor. His clothes are ornate and heavy, which were worn by the elite of society.

question

Describe the Column of Trajan (above), including how it serves to both document and commemorate history.

answer

This column commemorated the emperor's reign, including holding his ashes at the base. The carvings found spiraling the column depict the events of the Dacian Wars, which are incredibly accurate according to scholars. The carving and the gilded statue of the emperor on top serve to document the past, as a history book does, and also to commemorate a great time in Roman History.

question

For the above visual narration, provide its title, medium, and both its historical and practical significance.

answer

Title: Bayeux Tapestry Medium: embroidered with needle and thread on cloth Historical Significance: It tells the story of the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. Practical Significance: It was durable, portable, and served as an insulator in the winter.

question

Above is an image of King Tut's Gold Sarcophagus, which is an example of how the Egyptian commemorated the dead. Explain how Egyptian commemorate the wealthy and royal dead and why?

answer

The Egyptians commemorated the wealthy and royal dead by mummifying their bodies, and placing them in sarcophaguses, which were often made or gold and other precious jewels. They placed them in tombs, which included paintings of their achievements. The purpose was to commemorate the greatness of the ruler buried and give glory to the Egyptian gods, as well as fulfill a functional purpose of documenting history and burying the body.

question

Define the following terms: - tapestry - monument - portrait

answer

Tapestry: A heavy hand-woven textile used for depicting a story. Monument: A memorial, a lasting remembrance, evidence. Most often a statue or other physical three-dimensional structure. Portrait: A likeness of someone,usually painted or sculpted.

question

Historically, the main purpose of statues has been to ______________

answer

Commemorate rulers and other important individuals.

question

A documentation is intended to ______________________

answer

Depict a historical, factual event.

question

Why was the conquest of England documented in a tapestry?

answer

Tapestries were known to be both durable and portable.

question

The photograph above is a picture entitled, the Ruins of Gallego's Flour Mill, in Richmond. This picture is intended to _________________

answer

Record the losses caused by the Civil War.

question

Symbolism is ____________________

answer

The art of using symbols, or having symbolic meaning.

question

Look at the sculpture above of Augustus. A staff, like the one he is holding, symbolized __________ in Roman culture.

answer

Leadership

question

There was much _____________ used in the ancient writings, to produce a visual narrative of what had happened.

answer

Symbolism

question

This picture was taken as American troops _________________ during WWII.

answer

Landed on D-Day

question

Above is a close-up of the narratives carved into the Column of Trajan. Which of the following is not true about the above narratives/column?

answer

Not "The column commemorates Trajan's greatness."

question

The image above is a photograph of King Tut's _______________.

answer

Sarcophagus

STUDY

Art Appreciation Art History Hans Holbein The Younger Liberty Leading The People Peter Paul Rubens

ART 109 Ch. 11-15 – Flashcards 97 terms

Tiffany Hanchett

97 terms

Preview

ART 109 Ch. 11-15 – Flashcards

question

The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti uses ____ as a protest strategy.

answer

narrative

question

. The function of this painting was to ____. spanish war painting

answer

illustrate an event that occurred when Napoleon Bonaparte's army occupied Madrid

question

Tomatsu Shomei's Woman with Keloidal Scars is an example of documentary photography.

answer

TRUE

question

David Alfaro Siqueiros protested against the ____.

answer

Spanish Civil War

question

The Rent Collection Courtyard documents a scene from ____ history.

answer

Chinese

question

Eugene Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People is ____ in its portrayal of fighting as thrilling, dangerous, and liberating.

answer

romantic

question

The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti was done by

answer

Shahn

question

Francisco Goya's The Executions of May 3rd, 1808, sympathize with

answer

Spaniards

question

The ____ Codex Barbonicus is a religious calendar that was made during the period of the Spanish conquest

answer

Aztex

question

Robert Motherwell's Elegy to the Spanish Republic was made in response to the influenza epidemic of 1918

answer

False

question

The Surrealists believed in automatism, which includes the idea of

answer

Intuition

question

Leon Golub's Mercenaries I is particularly imposing because of its

answer

large size

question

Edward Kienholz's work is based on his experiences as ____.

answer

a mental hospital worker

question

Ester Hernandez uses ____ to make her artistic protests.

answer

humor

question

Both Kathe Kollwitz and George Grosz

answer

protested against wars

question

Lewis Hine's photos of child laborers have long ____, which fully documented their youthfulness.

answer

titles

question

Most social protest works of art are designed to prescribe specific changes and actions

answer

FALSE

question

Jacob Lawrence did a series of paintings describing the tribulations of

answer

African Americans

question

Frida Kahlo's many self-portraits show her face as

answer

unemotional

question

___ is known for the use of stop motion photography to document the physical movement of humans and animals.

answer

Eadweard Muybridge

question

Rembrandt's portraits reveal that The Netherlands encouraged

answer

individualism

question

Doryphoros translates to

answer

spear-bearer

question

A Yakshi is a representation of

answer

fertility

question

The Egyptian ____ canon, begun by Amenhotep III, was a new aesthetic which rejected the rigid, abstract style of the past for a more flowing, elegant, naturalistic approach.

answer

Armana

question

Many African sculptures considered the head and ____ as most important.

answer

neck

question

The Doryphoros is idealized in several ways, including

answer

its restrained emotions

question

Polykleitos invented and applied a system of mathematical proportions called the Canon for the depiction of Greek figures.

answer

true

question

Lucian Freud's Leigh under the Skylight is a portrait of

answer

everyman

question

Chuck Close is a painter known for making highly idealized figurative paintings based on classical notions of ideal beauty.

answer

False

question

Vincent van Gogh's Portrait of Dr. Gachet was a vehicle for commentary about ____.

answer

the suffering inherent in modern, urban life

question

Nancy Burson achieved a grainy, fuzzy look in her photographic series Faces by using a cheap plastic camera.

answer

True

question

Traditional African sculpture portrays the frontal view as

answer

symmetrical

question

Nancy Burson's Faces are portraits of children with

answer

unusual faces

question

Medieval Christians felt the ____ was more important than the ____.

answer

soul/body

question

Viola's series titled The Passions is based on ____ paintings of figures in sorrow, ecstasy, or astonishment.

answer

Renaissance and Baroque

question

A full-body portrait is always a life-size depiction of an individual.

answer

False

question

The Study for the Portrait of Okakura Tenshin showed the Japanese characteristics of

answer

flat shapes and contour lines

question

In Medieval Europe, human nature was held in high esteem and images of the body symbolized the purity of God's divine realm.

answer

False

question

Aunt Jemima is considered a ____.

answer

caricature

question

In Las Meninas, Velazquez places Infanta Margarita at the center of the painting and surrounds her with ____ to reveal her exalted rank.

answer

all of these choices

question

James VanDerZee was a commercial studio photographer whose work was strongly influenced by depictions of female stereotypes in films from the 1950's and 1960's.

answer

False

question

The Northwest Coastal people believed that the thunderbird represented a ____.

answer

chief

question

In the 1960's and 1970's, high profile art exhibitions in prestigious American museums frequently included work by women artists.

answer

False

question

Jacques-Louis David's The Oath of the Horatii revealed that heroic actions were ____.

answer

a mark of masculinity

question

Hung Liu examined the Chinese practice

answer

foot binding

question

A ____ is a group of people joined by blood or marriage ties.

answer

clan

question

Ceremonies for a clan's living members took place in Zapotec ____.

answer

tombs

question

Betye Saar's The Liberation of Aunt Jemima is a ____ piece.

answer

mixed media

question

Kabuki theater was enjoyed by the ____ in Japanese society.

answer

middle class

question

The ancient Greeks viewed Doric architecture as

answer

masculine

question

Peter Paul Rubens' Abduction of the Daughters of Leucippus revealed that the women of that time were expected to be ____.

answer

helpless

question

Art can forge racial identity and preserve the history and values of a(n) ____ group.

answer

ethnic

question

The painting Abduction of the Daughters of Leucippus by Peter Paul Rubens is an example of ____ as subject matter.

answer

sexual exotica

question

Because of restrictive laws emphasizing cultural separation, nineteenth century Russian Jews were unable to pursue careers in the arts and found work primarily in the areas of business and manual labor.

answer

False

question

Painting from a Cult House done by the Tambaran cult of New Guinea ____ the cult teachings through a narrative.

answer

does not illustrate

question

In ancient Egypt, the human body was sculpted in different ways depending on the class of the person

answer

true

question

In Papua New Guinea, Sepik men saw their rituals as creating men from infants, usurping women's procreative power.

answer

true

question

In Western culture, architecture is gendered - different styles are associated with certain qualities that are perceived to be masculine or feminine.

answer

true

question

Apricot Blossoms is a lyric painting by MaYuan with ____ by Empress Yang.

answer

lines of poetry

question

Unicorns were first described in ancient Greece and Rome.

answer

true

question

John Constable's works, while Romantic in essence, were the foundation for the ____.

answer

Impressionists

question

Satyrs were men with ____ attributes and were prone to drunkenness and sexual excess.

answer

goats or men

question

A shaman was believed to be ____ between humans, animals and spirits.

answer

a bridge

question

In the later years of his life, Claude Monet's paintings approached abstraction, as ____ became more important than imagery.

answer

brushstrokes

question

The bouquets Dutch artist Jan Bruegel painted never existed in real life.

answer

True

question

The ancient Greeks created woman-headed birds called ____.

answer

harpies

question

Ansel Adams photographs helped raise public support for national parks and for the environmental movement in general.

answer

true

question

The Incan civilization in Peru produced huge animal drawings by scraping the desert floor to reveal the lighter-colored sand beneath it.

answer

false

question

Landscapes were popular in China and Japan because ____.

answer

cities were noisy, polluted and crowded

question

Animals appear in art in every culture.

answer

True

question

Flowers were often symbols for the Christian religion in earlier times; for example, the iris represented ____.

answer

Jesus

question

Visitors to the Zen Garden of Contemplation in Japan are expected to ____.

answer

sit still and meditate

question

Ashurbanipal II Killing Lions is an example of ____ relief carving.

answer

Assyrian

question

Due to technological advances in photography, medical books no longer contain drawn illustrations.

answer

False

question

Ansel Adams' photographs emphasized the beauty of nature as ____.

answer

untouched by humans

question

The European painter, John Constable painted his large landscapes outdoors from direct observation.

answer

False

question

Robert Smithson created earthworks because ____.

answer

he was interested in moving his art outside the gallery system

question

____ are metaphors for humans in Thai, Hindu and Buddhist art.

answer

Monkeys

question

The Sydney Opera House owes a stylistic debt to the architecture of ____.

answer

Frank Lloyd Wright

question

Architect Frank Gehry was originally trained as a ____.

answer

sculptor

question

The North American Sioux Hoop Dance celebrated ____.

answer

springtime

question

Matthew Barney's Cremaster I references Busby Berkley musical productions from 1930's Hollywood films.

answer

True

question

Ancient Greek comedies and tragedies were originally part of ritual festivals dedicated to the deity Dionysos.

answer

True

question

Deconstructivist architecture does not have ____.

answer

a unified whole

question

Most contemporary houses for the arts are built in architectural styles that reflect modern values of innovation, bold movement or future potential.

answer

True

question

The first examples of performance art were called ____.

answer

happenings

question

In its original state, the Colosseum in Rome was a spartan amphitheater devoid of any ornamentation except for its Doric capitals.

answer

False

question

In 1927, ____ was/were added to motion pictures.

answer

sound

question

Western theater began as a form of worship of the god ____.

answer

Dionysos

question

Visual culture is an area of academic study that deals with the totality of images and visual objects produced in ____, and the ways that those images are disseminated, received, and used.

answer

industrial and postindustrial nations

question

In ancient Greece, art galleries were frequently near temple complexes.

answer

True

question

____ is a relatively early form of animation which uses clay sculptures that are moved and photographed in tiny increments.

answer

Claymation

question

Central Park was designed to be a(n) ____ from city life.

answer

retreat

question

Animation grew out of ____, in which a series of drawn images seem to move as book pages are flipped rapidly.

answer

flip books

question

Frank Lloyd Wright's Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York is architecturally engineered to display paintings and sculptures at their best.

answer

False

question

The Mayan's ritualistic ball sport has similarities to the contemporary game of ____.

answer

soccer

question

The ultimate purpose of Visual Studies is to record the language of visual culture so that images have a universal meaning regardless of nationality or culture.

answer

False

STUDY

Hans Holbein The Younger Flashcards, test questions and answers

We've found 12 Hans Holbein The Younger tests

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards